1105: «Εγώ, παιδί του Λαού της Ελλάδας και μαχητής του ΔΣΕ, ορκίζομαι: Να πολεμήσω με το όπλο στο χέρι, να χύσω το αίμα μου και να δώσω την ίδια μου τη ζωή, για να διώξω από τα χώματα της πατρίδας μου και τον τελευταίο ξένο καταχτητή. Για να εξαφανίσω κάθε ίχνος φασισμού. Για να εξασφαλίσω και να υπερασπίσω την εθνική ανεξαρτησία και την εδαφική ακεραιότητα της πατρίδας μου. Για να εξασφαλίσω και να υπερασπίσω τη Δημοκρατία, την τιμή, την εργασία, την περιουσία και πρόοδο του λαού μου. Ορκίζομαι να είμαι καλός, γενναίος και πειθαρχικός στρατιώτης, να εκτελώ όλες τις διαταγές των ανωτέρων μου, να τηρώ όλες τις διατάξεις του κανονισμού και να κρατώ τα μυστικά του ΔΣΕ. Ορκίζομαι να είμαι υπόδειγμα καλής συμπεριφοράς προς το λαό, φορέας και εμψυχωτής στη λαϊκή ενότητα και συμφιλίωση και να αποφεύγω κάθε πράξη, που θα με εκθέτει και θα με ατιμάζει σαν άτομο και σα μαχητή. Ιδανικό μου έχω τη λεύθερη και ισχυρή Δημοκρατική Ελλάδα, την πρόοδο και ευημερία του λαού. Και στην υπηρεσία του ιδανικού μου θέτω το όπλο μου και τη ζωή μου. Αν ποτέ φανώ επίορκος και από κακή πρόθεση παραβώ τον όρκο μου, ας πέσει πάνω μου αμείλικτο το τιμωρό χέρι της Πατρίδας και το μίσος και η καταφρόνια του λαού μου».
413:, saw Greek leftists targeted by right-wing paramilitaries and government security forces. DSE archives indicated that by 31 March 1946, 1,289 suspected Greek communists had been killed, 6,671 had been wounded, 84,931 had been arrested, 165 been raped, and the property of 18,767 were looted; the number of suspected communists who were imprisoned was in excess of 30,000. While British involvement in directly supporting far-right paramilitaries remains a controversial issue in Greek historiography and has not been conclusively proven, it is certain that British authorities tolerated their activities and made no effort to prevent the persecution of Greek leftists.
208:
252:
265:
174:
161:
516:
417:
187:
220:
508:
238:
497:
1005:"Στο γράμμα όμως κάνει ένα χοντροκομμένο πολιτικό λάθος γράφοντας ότι "στον πόλεμο αυτόν που τον διευθύνει η κυβέρνηση Μεταξά, εμείς (δηλ. οι έλληνες κομμουνιστές) πρέπει να δώσουμε ανεπιφύλαχτα όλες μας τις δυνάμεις"... Η υπόδειξη για ανεπιφύλακτη υποστήριξη του φασίστα δικτάτορα Μεταξά δεν μπορούσε να μην δημιουργήσει συγχύσεις για το ρόλο της μοναρχοφασιστικής δικτατορίας του Μεταξά και κείνων που βρίσκονται πίσω τους" ("Σαράντα χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958""
1170:
489:
476:
within the family of
Peoples' Republics to which the Greek people will belong. The Macedonian people are today fighting for this independent united state with a coequal position and is helping the DSE with all its soul...." The policy of self-determination for Macedonia within a People's Republic was reiterated during the 5th KKE Central Committee meeting held in January 1949, which declared that the "
702:“I, a child of the Greek people and a DSE fighter, swear to battle with gun in hand, to shed my blood, and give even my life to banish from the soil of my motherland every last foreign occupier. To banish every trace of fascism. To secure and defend the national independence and territorial integrity of my motherland. To secure and defend democracy, honor, work, fortune, and progress of my people.
40:
739:
571:, where it managed to defeat the DSE's III Division, numbering 20,000 fighters. In the battle of Grammos, forces of the Hellenic Army, with the codename Operation Koronis, deployed 70,000 troops, while the DSE had 12,000 fighters. The battle lasted from 16 June until 21 August 1948. On that day, DSE forces, after hard fight, retreated into Albanian territory and reformed towards
456:. Order number 19 of the General Command, issued on 27 December 1946, renamed the guerilla groups to the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The relevant order included the following comment regarding the DSE: "It is the national people’s revolutionary army of the new Democratic Greece and fights with gun in hand for our National independence and for People's Democracy."
441:
690:Α Provisional Democratic Government decree dating to 24 March 1949, awarded 33 participants of the Battle of Litochoro with the Medal of Military Valor which bore the inscription "LITOCHORO". A total of 970 DSE members received medals during the course of the civil war, including 557 men and 413 women.
480:
people participating in the liberation struggle would find their full national re-establishment as they want giving their blood for this acquisition... Macedonian
Communists should pay great attentions to foreign chauvinist and counteractive elements that want to break the unity between the Greek and
475:
expressed the KKE's strategy after the envisioned victory of the
Democratic Army of Greece regarding what was then known as the "Macedonian Issue": "The Macedonian people will acquire an independent, united state with a coequal position within the family of free peoples' republics within the Balkans,
462:
As well as issues regarding the war effort, the
Provisional Government had to deal with issues regarding the "People's Law" in the territories controlled by the DSE. These had to do with the judicial, financial, and political systems. As the Provisional Government was based on political forces which
424:
After the second party congress of KKE in
February 1946, approximately 250 leftist self-defence militias, known as Groups of Democratic Armed Persecuted Fighters (ODEKA), were formed across Greece, totaling some 3,000 men. Most of the militiamen were former ELAS fighters. By April, ODEKA membership
642:
On 4 April 1948, the
Provisional Democratic Government's Law Number 13 established awards and decorations in order to mark extraordinary bravery and courage, as well as distinguished service during times of war by individual DSE soldiers and well as units. The aforementioned law established the
523:
The
Provisional Government never achieved international recognition. During the first two years, from 1946 to the beginning of 1948, it managed to control large rural areas but no major town. At the same time, the Hellenic Army, advised by the British up to 1947 and afterwards by US military
609:
The post-Civil War era left a country in ruins. Many of the nation's youth were either killed on the battlefield, imprisoned or became political refugees. The political situation was quite unstable for most of the next two decades – the decisive factor leading to the
535:
After the fatal blow in early 1948, when DSE's III Brigade numbering 20,000 men and women was completely wiped out, DSE lost support in southern Greece as well as the political and economic control of a huge area. That was the beginning of the end of the
629:
In 1989, the Greek
Parliament voted unanimously a law that declared the three-year war of 1946–1949 as formally having been the "Greek Civil War" and accepted the former "Communist Bandits" as "Fighters of DSE", giving some of them privileges of
560:. At the same time, DSE had a huge problem regarding reserves. Most of the men and women capable and willing to join its ranks were imprisoned or unable to reach areas controlled by DSE.
548:
led to catastrophic defeat of the partisan army, which never recovered. On the other hand, the DSE did manage to achieve some military victories in 1948 and early 1949, in the battles of
459:
In 1947, KKE and the
Democratic Army formed the "Provisional Democratic Government" ("Mountain Government") under the premiership of Markos Vafiadis. After this, KKE turned illegal.
618:(PASOK) party came to power in Greece following a long period of right-wing dominance, the political refugees of the DSE were finally given permission to return to their homeland (
429:
and right wing paramilitary squads. The first coordinated attack by ODEKA took place on the night of 30/31 March 1946 when a band of 33 guerillas struck the
Gendarmerie station at
1569:
712:
I swear to be a good example to the people, to encourage popular unity and reconciliation, and to avoid any action that reduces and dishonors me, as a person and as a fighter.
1354:
1538:
722:
If I ever prove to be a liar, and with bad intent violate my oath, let the vengeful hand of the nation, and the hate and scorn of the people, fall upon me implacably.”
707:
I swear to be a good, brave and disciplined soldier, to carry out all the orders of my superiors, to observe all regulations, and not betray any secrets of the DSE.
1349:
434:
1574:
1359:
717:
My ideal is a free and strong democratic Greece and the progress and prosperity of the people. And in the service of my ideal I offer my gun and my life.
425:
had grown to 4,400 fighters, reaching 5,400 fighters by August. Between April and June 1946, ODEKA fighters took part in 72 clashes, mainly targeting the
1615:
1334:
575:. The maneuver from Grammos to Vitsi is considered one of the most important tactical actions of DSE during the war, from a military point of view.
1056:
830:
1060:
368:
1620:
1174:
1201:
192:
626:. Markos Vafiadis also returned to Greece and supported the PASOK government, and was elected a Member of Parliament for PASOK.
1364:
1427:
1153:
952:
611:
20:
1004:
931:
Timothy Boatswain and Colin Nicholson: A Traveller's History of Greece, The Windrush Press, Gloucestershire, 1989, p. 240
467:
of national minorities living in Greece was one priority. The Provisional Government and the KKE intended to establish a
1625:
1605:
1239:
394:
1074:
698:
The following text was the oath that DSE members must swear and abide by. During enrollment, the member would swear:
1543:
1410:
1244:
1130:
778:
382:
99:
749:
452:
led the armed struggle, through the General Partisan Command, which was created on 28 October 1946, and headed by
1559:
1478:
1313:
1256:
813:
615:
1194:
444:
Organization and military bases of the "Democratic Army", as well as entry routes to Greece (legend in Greek)
345:(1946–1949). At its height, it had a strength of around 50,000 men and women. The DSE was backed up by the
107:
619:
540:. At the same time, the efforts of the HQ of DSE to capture and hold a major town in the North such as
477:
1142:Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας. Ιδρυση - Μονάδες - Αξιωματικοί - Δυνάμεις - Απώλειες - Κοινωνική Σύνθεση
1405:
1268:
1229:
532:, established the Greek government's position in the rest of the country as well as internationally.
471:
of Greece in which all nationalities would work together in a Socialist state. An article written by
449:
338:
95:
69:
1610:
1564:
1528:
1187:
756:
582:, deployed 180,000 troops, and achieved the defeat of the DSE army of about 7,000 fighters on the
1508:
1293:
1146:
Democratic Army of Greece. Creation – Units – Officers – Strength – Casualties – Social Structure
1488:
463:
aimed to establish a socialist state, its decisions were driven by this political agenda. The
420:
One of the flags used by the Greek Democratic Army during the Greek Civil War, from 1946–1949.
1498:
1483:
1384:
1318:
1308:
942:
410:
327:
120:
1224:
468:
229:
515:
8:
1468:
1420:
1374:
1288:
1273:
1261:
482:
346:
416:
1503:
1493:
1442:
1379:
1278:
591:
529:
464:
406:
386:
276:
132:
1533:
1513:
1447:
1432:
1369:
1344:
1303:
1283:
1149:
1126:
1050:
948:
809:
623:
583:
579:
472:
426:
378:
296:
212:
65:
61:
944:
The withered vine : logistics and the communist insurgency in Greece, 1945-1949
614:. The ghost of the Civil War haunted Greece for many years after. In 1981, when the
567:
mountains in 1948. The operation took place after the Hellenic Army had secured the
16:
Military force of the Communist Party of Greece during the Greek Civil War (1946-49)
1389:
1234:
500:
1518:
1452:
1437:
1339:
1210:
553:
537:
525:
453:
385:, the main Partisan Army in Greece, agreed to a disarmament), the persecution of
342:
291:
74:
755:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1473:
760:
563:
One of the biggest battles of the three-year Greek Civil War took place in the
507:
398:
318:
243:
45:
1008:
1599:
1584:
1523:
270:
224:
116:
1031:
578:
Towards the end of August 1949, the Hellenic Army, under the leadership of
256:
152:
124:
1579:
1298:
831:"Στρατηγοί και αντάρτες του Δημοκρατικού Στρατού στην Ανατολική Γερμανία"
568:
496:
373:
599:
549:
430:
390:
137:
112:
557:
402:
179:
141:
1179:
481:
Macedonian people. This will only serve the monarcho-fascists and
631:
595:
587:
564:
545:
541:
166:
437:
marked the beginning of the third phase of the Greek Civil War.
1169:
586:. After this defeat, the DSE fighters crossed the border into
364:
572:
488:
39:
1249:
961:
900:
magazine, edited by Ριζοσπάστης, 1996, vol. I, pp. 408-412.
603:
668:
Distinguished Service in the Monarchist-Fascist Army Medal
77:(military leader, President of the Provisional Government)
861:
985:
973:
849:
828:
440:
401:
groups, such as those of Sourlas and Kalabalikis in
947:( ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 70.
879:
Daily Orders General Command, DSE, 28 December 1946
808:] (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens: Vivliorama.
332:
590:and scattered to camps all over the newly founded
397:, started. At the time, there were 166 different
1597:
802:Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949
355:), the Communist Party's security police force.
659:Distinguished Service in an Occupied City Medal
594:, with the main body of the fighters camped in
693:
409:. This persecution, which became known as the
1195:
19:For other uses of "Delta Sigma Epsilon", see
1123:The Civil War in the Peloponesse (1946-1949)
1119:Ο εμφύλιος πόλεμος στη Πελοπόννησο 1946-1949
1055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
350:
1616:Paramilitary organizations based in Greece
1202:
1188:
1148:] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi.
1125:] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi.
1059:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
799:
1116:
1030:Epochi, rizospastis gr | Synchroni.
855:
779:Learn how and when to remove this message
637:
492:Fighters of the Democratic Army of Greece
1139:
991:
979:
967:
867:
806:History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949
622:excluded) by the new Interior Minister,
514:
506:
495:
487:
439:
415:
1250:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
940:
829:Βραζιτούλη, Γιώργου Μ. (10 June 2010).
612:Greek military junta of 1967–1974
1598:
1365:Massacre of the First Sapper Battalion
1428:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
1183:
662:Artillery Distinguished Service Medal
647:Medal of Military Valor Grade A and B
732:
683:Distinction for Past Service in ELAS
677:Distinguished Scouting Service Medal
656:Saboteur Distinguished Service Medal
52:, meaning "Democracy" and "Republic"
21:Delta Sigma Epsilon (disambiguation)
1621:Military wings of socialist parties
1209:
1102:
13:
1029:
653:Sniper Distinguished Service Medal
643:following awards and decorations:
511:Democratic Army deployment in 1948
334:Dimokratikós Stratós Elládas - DSE
323:Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας - ΔΣΕ
14:
1637:
1411:Provisional Democratic Government
1163:
1168:
737:
665:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
263:
250:
236:
218:
206:
185:
172:
159:
38:
1479:Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens
1067:
1023:
997:
934:
925:
519:Fighters of the Democratic Army
1245:Greek People's Liberation Army
1075:"Flags of the Greek Civil War"
1007:. 8 March 2008. Archived from
916:
903:
891:
882:
873:
822:
793:
616:Panhellenic Socialist Movement
337:) was the army founded by the
1:
1570:Sacred Bond of Greek Officers
728:
44:Badge of the DSE. The letter
1257:Collaborationist governments
941:Shrader, Charles R. (1999).
888:Study on the History of KKE.
800:Margaritis, Giorgos (2005).
433:, killing 13 gendarmes. The
33:Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας
7:
1117:Kamarinos, Aristos (2015).
694:The oath of the DSE fighter
503:, commander-in-chief of DSE
333:
10:
1642:
1539:Countryside Security Units
1110:
671:Aircraft Destruction Medal
524:delegation led by General
358:
18:
1626:Communist Party of Greece
1606:Democratic Army of Greece
1552:
1461:
1416:Democratic Army of Greece
1406:Communist Party of Greece
1398:
1327:
1269:Greek government-in-exile
1240:National Liberation Front
1230:Axis occupation of Greece
1217:
1175:Democratic Army of Greece
1079:www.balkanflaghistory.org
450:Communist Party of Greece
351:
339:Communist Party of Greece
322:
311:Democratic Army of Greece
284:
201:
147:
131:
106:
91:
81:
57:
37:
31:Democratic Army of Greece
30:
1529:Royal Hellenic Air Force
1140:Kyritsis, Nikos (2012).
1096:
922:Δοκίμιο Ιστορίας του ΚΚΕ
835:Ιχνηλατώντας την Ιστορία
363:After the liberation of
1509:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
1294:Battle of Kilkis (1944)
913:, vol. 6, pp. 356, 338.
352:Λαϊκή Πολιτοφυλακή - ΛΠ
133:Political position
1489:Konstantinos Tsaldaris
674:Tank Destruction Medal
638:Awards and decorations
520:
512:
504:
493:
445:
421:
405:, and Papadopoulos in
1499:Konstantinos Ventiris
1484:Themistoklis Sofoulis
1177:at Wikimedia Commons
686:Seniority Distinction
518:
510:
499:
491:
443:
419:
121:Left-wing nationalism
100:Democratic Government
1553:Impact and aftermath
1355:Capture of Ierapetra
1350:Thessaloniki bombing
1225:4th of August Regime
898:Δημοκρατικός Στρατός
230:Hellenic Gendarmerie
1469:George II of Greece
1462:National Government
1421:Popular Civil Guard
1375:Operation Peristera
1289:Battle of Meligalas
1262:Security Battalions
970:, pp. 298–299.
592:Socialist Republics
584:Grammos-Vitsi front
483:British imperialism
435:Battle of Litochoro
347:Popular Civil Guard
1575:Centrist Interlude
1504:Konstantinos Dovas
1494:Alexandros Papagos
1443:Charilaos Florakis
1380:Operation Pyravlos
1360:Operation Charavgi
1328:Events (1946-1949)
1279:Lebanon Conference
1036:www.rizospastis.gr
911:Official Documents
870:, pp. 98–102.
620:Slavic Macedonians
521:
513:
505:
494:
465:self-determination
446:
422:
277:United States Army
83:Dates of operation
1593:
1592:
1534:Greek Gendarmerie
1514:Dimitrios Giatzis
1448:Alexandros Rosios
1433:Nikos Zachariadis
1385:Tito–Stalin split
1370:Operation Koronis
1345:Battle of Konitsa
1304:Treaty of Varkiza
1284:Caserta Agreement
1173:Media related to
1155:978-960-451-146-4
954:978-0-275-96544-0
789:
788:
781:
624:George Gennimatas
598:, the capital of
580:Alexander Papagos
473:Nikos Zachariadis
469:People's Republic
427:Greek Gendarmerie
393:and officials of
379:Varkiza Agreement
331:
307:
306:
297:Battle of Grammos
213:Kingdom of Greece
195:(until July 1949)
62:Nikos Zachariadis
1633:
1390:Operation Pyrsos
1335:Litochoro attack
1235:Greek Resistance
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1159:
1136:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
958:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
907:
901:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
826:
820:
819:
797:
784:
777:
773:
770:
764:
741:
740:
733:
501:Markos Vafeiadis
354:
353:
336:
326:
324:
285:Battles and wars
269:
267:
266:
255:
254:
253:
242:
240:
239:
223:
222:
221:
211:
210:
209:
191:
189:
188:
178:
176:
175:
165:
163:
162:
84:
42:
28:
27:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1611:Greek Civil War
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1548:
1519:James Van Fleet
1457:
1453:Petros Kokkalis
1438:Markos Vafiadis
1394:
1340:Truman Doctrine
1323:
1319:1946 referendum
1213:
1211:Greek Civil War
1208:
1166:
1156:
1133:
1113:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:on 8 March 2008
1003:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
955:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
908:
904:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
840:
838:
827:
823:
816:
798:
794:
785:
774:
768:
765:
754:
748:has an unclear
742:
738:
731:
696:
640:
538:Greek Civil War
526:James Van Fleet
454:Markos Vafiadis
369:Axis occupation
361:
343:Greek Civil War
303:
292:Greek Civil War
264:
262:
251:
249:
237:
235:
219:
217:
207:
205:
186:
184:
173:
171:
160:
158:
127:
123:
119:
115:
98:
82:
75:Markos Vafiadis
73:
53:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Internal exile
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Paul of Greece
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
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374:Dekemvriana
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1399:Communists
1274:Red Terror
1218:Background
837:(in Greek)
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761:footnoting
729:References
600:Uzbekistan
478:Macedonian
391:communists
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381:(in which
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92:Allegiance
50:Demokratia
841:28 August
550:Karpenisi
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387:left wing
367:from the
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113:Communism
87:1946–1949
66:Gen. Sec.
1560:Refugees
1051:cite web
757:citation
558:Karditsa
403:Thessaly
377:and the
180:Bulgaria
142:far-left
108:Ideology
1111:Sources
1084:31 July
1041:31 July
1015:31 July
632:pension
602:in the
596:Taskent
588:Albania
565:Grammos
546:Florina
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359:History
330::
167:Albania
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148:Allies
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909:KKE,
804:[
573:Vitsi
319:Greek
46:Delta
1150:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1086:2024
1061:link
1057:link
1043:2024
1017:2024
949:ISBN
843:2019
810:ISBN
759:and
604:USSR
448:The
383:ELAS
309:The
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544:or
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315:DAG
140:to
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