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Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the
English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
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century, education and intelligence had a strong positive impact on democracy, rule of law and political liberty independent from wealth (GDP) and chosen country sample. One possible mediator of these relationships is the attainment of higher stages of moral judgment fostered by cognitive ability, which is necessary for the function of democratic rules in society. The other mediators for citizens as well as for leaders could be the increased competence and willingness to process and seek information necessary for political decisions due to greater cognitive ability. There are also weaker and less stable reverse effects of the rule of law and political freedom on cognitive ability.
6856:. These broadcasting services should be accountable to an independent regulatory body that is adequately protected from interference from political and economic interests. Public service media have an obligation to provide reliable information to voters. Many countries have publicly funded radio and television stations with public service obligations, especially in Europe and Japan, while such media are weak or non-existent in other countries including the US. Several studies have shown that the stronger the dominance of commercial broadcast media over public service media, the less the amount of policy-relevant information in the media and the more focus on
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3251:
5648:
math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence suggests that average human capital (measured using literacy rates) of the masses does not explain the onset of industrialization in France from 1750 to 1850 despite arguments to the contrary. Together, these findings show that education does not always promote human capital and economic growth as is generally argued to be the case. Instead, the evidence implies that education provision often falls short of its expressed goals, or, alternatively, that political actors use education to promote goals other than economic growth and development.
5658:âwhich afflicts humans and livestockâreduced the ability of Africans to plough the land. This made Africa less settled. As a consequence, political power was less concentrated. This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa. Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths. This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take. As a result, some African countries ended up having democracies and others
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3870:
variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries. Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures. A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy. Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness or
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3193:
1992:
7365:. Quote: "There is no practical alternative to majority political rule â i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual. It would be next to impossible to obtain the consent of every individual before acting collectively ... No rational people could desire and constitute a society that had to dissolve straightaway because the majority was unable to make the final decision and the society was incapable of acting as one body."
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5218:
typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority. Russian-style democracy has often been referred to as a "guided democracy". Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power/ authority, as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government.
50:
6988:
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1488:
668:
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support for dismissal. In some countries, the prime minister can also call an election at any point in time, typically when the prime minister believes that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies, extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the "
5052:, and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue. Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council. Delegates are recallable at any time. Referendums are possible at any time via votes of lower-level councils, however, not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time. A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a
5431:
3366:, as well as other factors such as manipulation of civil society, "toxic polarization", foreign disinformation campaigns, racism and nativism, excessive executive power, and decreased power of the opposition. Within English-speaking Western democracies, "protection-based" attitudes combining cultural conservatism and leftist economic attitudes were the strongest predictor of support for authoritarian modes of governance.
5102:, is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale, either directly or through representatives. An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who, by definition, cannot vote. By contrast, in a cosmopolitan democracy, the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them.
3497:, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socialises and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites. Most importantly, citizens do not rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies.
2560:(1689), Locke posited that all individuals possessed the inalienable rights to life, liberty and estate (property). According to Locke, individuals would voluntarily come together to form a state for the purposes of defending their rights. Particularly important for Locke were property rights, whose protection Locke deemed to be a government's primary purpose. Furthermore, Locke asserted that governments were
18543:
4885:, is a form of democracy based on power-sharing formula between elites representing the social groups within the society. In 1969, Arendt Lijphart argued this would stabilize democracies with factions. A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno-religious constituencies, and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them. The
5669:. Trade brought economic development, which in turn, broadened power. Rulers wanting to increase revenues had to protect property-rights to create incentives for people to invest. As more people had more power, more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many places this process lead to democracy. These determinants defined the structure of the society moving the balance of political power.
2112:), and youths below the age of military service. Effectively, only 1 in 4 residents in Athens qualified as citizens. Owning land was not a requirement for citizenship. The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns.
2438:
5155:. The main idea about creative democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society. Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of "Creative Democracy: The Task Before Us" and an experience built on faith in human nature, faith in human beings, and faith in working with others. Democracy, in Dewey's view, is a
5930:
4376:. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people's interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so. Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy, pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy
3266:, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 per cent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 per cent of the global population. Also in 2007 the
5644:
modernization theory suggests: historically, most countries attained high levels of access to primary education well before transitioning to democracy. Rather than acting as a catalyst for democratization, in some situations education provision may instead be used by non-democratic regimes to indoctrinate their subjects and strengthen their power.
2410:, which wanted to increase their share in exercising power at the expense of the magnates. Magnates dominated the most important offices in the state (secular and ecclesiastical) and sat on the royal council, later the senate. The growing importance of the middle nobility had an impact on the establishment of the institution of the land
1748:, where various degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship was initially restricted to an elite class, which was later extended to all adult citizens. In most modern democracies, this was achieved through the
4422:. In consequence, however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas, Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia.
3470:, democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not "rule" because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded.
4126:, in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making, for example voting on policy initiatives directly. In most modern democracies, the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives; this is called a
3294:
Austria, Cuba, and
Nicaragua. In California, a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated. In 2008, the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth, to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves.
9346:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of
9316:
The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of
Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech
7540:
Democracy can be seen as a set of practices and principles that institutionalise and thus ultimately protect freedom. Even if a consensus on precise definitions has proved elusive, most observers today would agree that, at a minimum, the fundamental features of democracy include a government based on
6751:
This proposal has inspired a lot of discussions over whether the news media are actually fulfilling the requirements that a well functioning democracy requires. Commercial mass media are generally not accountable to anybody but their owners, and they have no obligation to serve a democratic function.
5408:
A 2019 study by
Acemoglu and others estimated that countries switching to democratic from authoritarian rule had on average a 20% higher GDP after 25 years than if they had remained authoritarian. The study examined 122 transitions to democracy and 71 transitions to authoritarian rule, occurring from
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argue that much constitutional thought, from
Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny". They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty,
4413:
Presidential democracy is a system where the public elects the president through an election. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. The legislature
3897:
Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not structured to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process,
2550:. In order to prevent the occurrence of an anarchic state of nature, Hobbes reasoned that individuals ceded their rights to a strong, authoritarian power. In other words, Hobbes advocated for an absolute monarchy which, in his opinion, was the best form of government. Later, philosopher and physician
2394:
links the fragmentation of Europe, and its subsequent democratization, to the manner in which the Roman Empire collapsed: Roman territory was conquered by small fragmented groups of
Germanic tribes, thus leading to the creation of small political units where rulers were relatively weak and needed the
2389:
Studies have linked the emergence of parliamentary institutions in Europe during the medieval period to urban agglomeration and the creation of new classes, such as artisans, as well as the presence of nobility and religious elites. Scholars have also linked the emergence of representative government
2127:
and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business. Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the
Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"), those
2017:
are as old as the human species and are found throughout human history, but up until the nineteenth century, major political figures have largely opposed democracy. Republican theorists linked democracy to small size: as political units grew in size, the likelihood increased that the government would
14201:
Political theory has described a positive linkage between education, cognitive ability and democracy. This assumption is confirmed by positive correlations between education, cognitive ability, and positively valued political conditions (N = 183â130). It is shown that in the second half of the 20th
5612:
concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy: Democracyâthis scenarioâtends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to obtain and use. By the 1800s, guns were the best personal weapons available, and in the United States of
America
5044:
structure. The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision-making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision. Local councils of 25â50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them, and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are
4394:
In a parliamentary system, the prime minister may be dismissed by the legislature at any point in time for not meeting the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a vote of no confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the prime minister from office with majority
3518:
argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses
5647:
The assumed link between education and economic growth is called into question when analyzing empirical evidence. Across different countries, the correlation between education attainment and math test scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and
5613:(already nominally democratic), almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments could not do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns. Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy.
4390:
Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by or can be dismissed by, representatives as opposed to a "presidential rule" wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary democracy,
8859:
Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in
England. ...Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III (in 1216, 1217 and 1225), and the text of the 1225 version was entered into the statute roll in 1297. ...The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted
5643:
by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier, more educated, or less unequal. In fact, empirical evidence shows that economic growth and education may not lead to increased demand for democratization as
5217:
Guided democracy is a form of democracy that incorporates regular popular elections, but which often carefully "guides" the choices offered to the electorate in a manner that may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them. Such democracies
3869:
measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomenaâwhether inequality, poverty, education etc. Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within-country variations on aspects of democracy, academics have largely studied cross-country variations, yet
3293:
to 18 years; the major democracies began to do so in the 1970s starting in Western Europe and North America. Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting. The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries, including Brazil,
2107:
of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices, and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city-state. However, Athenian citizenship
5105:
According to its supporters, any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy. The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy, including the rule of law; the non-violent resolution of
2734:
had similar property qualifications as Britain, and in the period before 1776 the abundance and availability of land meant that large numbers of colonists met such requirements with at least 60 per cent of adult white males able to vote. The great majority of white men were farmers who met the
3413:
theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities. Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic's shift to monarchism as it grew larger or smaller, these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny. Democracy was
5676:
The peasant in the fable, when on his deathbed, tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field. After the old man's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure. They do not find it. But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative
10827:
Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna LĂŒhrmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.
2686:, had both cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free". However, Parliament was only elected by male property owners, which amounted to 3% of the population in 1780. The first known British person of
2916:
and had full civil rights were allowed to stand for election. Reasons for disqualification included holding dual citizenship, being employed by a foreign government, being bankrupt, employed as a servant, or having "notoriety for ill deeds". Full universal suffrage was achieved in 1934.
4968:
have citizenship and are able to fully participate in the political process. However, critics of the "ethnic democracy" model argue it is a contradiction in terms, and thus conceptually inadequate or confusing; these critics allege that purported ethnic democracies, most notably
5681:
Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government, and many times it has faced opposition from social elites. The implementation of a democratic government from a non-democratic state is typically brought by peaceful or violent
2614:) in 1619. English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic; although these local assemblies had some small amounts of devolved power, the ultimate authority was held by the Crown and the English Parliament. The
6808:
the political debate. Thorough and balanced investigation of complex political issues does not fit into this format. The political communication is characterized by short time horizons, short slogans, simple explanations, and simple solutions. This is conducive to political
2508:
was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time,
6763:
and popularization of the news media is seen in an increasing focus on human examples rather than statistics and principles. There is more focus on politicians as personalities and less focus on political issues in the popular media. Election campaigns are covered more as
6784:. This person-centered focus may have far-reaching consequences not only for domestic problems but also for foreign policy when international conflicts are blamed on foreign heads of state rather than on political and economic structures. A strong media focus on fear and
5159:
requiring actual effort and work by people; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves. "The task of democracy", Dewey concludes, "is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute".
2821:. North Carolina was the last state to abolish property qualification in 1856 resulting in a close approximation to universal white male suffrage (however tax-paying requirements remained in five states in 1860 and survived in two states until the 20th century). In the
2142:
was an assembly of the people, held once a month, in which every male citizen of at least 20 years of age could participate. In the assembly, Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting (the vote is then decided on how loudly the crowd shouts).
3144:
brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many states, dubbed "third wave of democracy". Portugal, Spain, and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the 1970s and 1980s. This was followed by countries in
2891:
to a constitutional one, and held two elections the next year to elect members to her newly formed parliament. Provisional Electoral Regulations were issued, stating that the elected members of the Provincial Administrative Councils would elect members to the first
3458:
claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt. Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on
6906:
A serious problem with the social media is that they have no truth filters. The established news media have to guard their reputation as trustworthy, while ordinary citizens may post unreliable information. In fact, studies show that false stories are going more
3122:
3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
4850:
is the process of choosing decision-making bodies via a random selection. These bodies can be more representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large than an elected legislature or other decision-maker. The technique was in widespread use in
4292:. Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums). Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.
6803:
of the democratic system is compromised when lack of access to substantive, diverse, and undistorted information is handicapping the citizens' capability of evaluating the political process. The fast pace and trivialization in the competitive news media is
5356:
is logical proof that if each decision-maker has a better than chance probability of making the right decision, then having the largest number of decision-makers, i.e. a democracy, will result in the best decisions. This has also been argued by theories of
5457:, also referred to as democracy building, can be domestic policy to increase the quality of already existing democracy or a strand of foreign policy adopted by governments and international organizations that seek to support the spread of democracy as a
4252:
Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic. These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed
2147:
called this "childish", as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenian citizenry. Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity, and to prevent any biased voting, buying, or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections.
4897:
allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states. A consociational democracy requires consensus of representatives, while consensus democracy requires consensus of electorate.
3580:
is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. Democracy's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision-making processes.
2211:
in the Americas also developed a form of democratic society between 1450 and 1660 (and possibly in 1142), well before contact with the Europeans. This democracy continues to the present day and is the world's oldest standing representative democracy.
5437:
is conducive to democracy promotion and building in the developing world. Here, facilitator and former MICAH Police Commissioner Yves Bouchard shares mission experience with senior military and police officials in mission management to contribute to
4775:
there is a hostility to what is commonly called "liberal democracy", which is referred to as parliamentary democracy because of its centralised nature. Because of orthodox Marxists' desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism,
4492:
turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs (often gradually) with limited or symbolic roles. For example, in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom, constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the
2026:, the creation of the United States, with its large size and its system of checks and balances, was a solution to the dual problems of size. Forms of democracy occurred organically in societies around the world that had no contact with each other.
5412:
A 2023 study analyzed the long-term effects of democracy on economic prosperity using new data on GDP per capita and democracy for a dataset between 1789 and 2019. The results indicate that democracy substantially increases economic development.
6816:
Commercial mass media are often differentiated along the political spectrum so that people can hear mainly opinions that they already agree with. Too much controversy and diverse opinions are not always profitable for the commercial news media.
3528:
which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation. Similarly,
1783:
says that the "classical" view of democracy is, "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people and that the people have a right to rule". One study identified 2,234 adjectives used to describe democracy in the English language.
7541:
majority rule and the consent of the governed, the existence of free and fair elections, the protection of minorities and respect for basic human rights. Democracy presupposes equality before the law, due process and political pluralism.
4417:
The executive usually has the responsibility to execute or implement legislation and may have the limited legislative powers, such as a veto. However, a legislative branch passes legislation and budgets. This provides some measure of
14913:
Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of
3554:
is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups. If the decision-makers cannot reach
3523:
to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy. First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open
2416:(local assembly), which subsequently obtained more rights. During the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century, sejmiks received more and more power and became the most important institutions of local power. In 1454,
4675:, moderated by a constitution or laws that such as the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and constrained on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.
4184:
Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to:
6619:, or debate on democracy and the different aspects of how to implement democracy best have been widely discussed. There are both internal critics (those who call upon the constitutional regime to be true to its own highest
3550:. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting.
3135:
By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nominal democracies that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in
7059:, and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote; however, this was not enforced in practice. Some poor white men remained excluded at least until the passage of the
5590:
Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy. Other commentators have mentioned the influence of economic development. In a related theory,
4414:
often has limited ability to remove a president from office. Elections typically have a fixed date and aren't easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, specifically appointing the cabinet members.
15638:
Cushion, Stephen; Franklin, Bob (2015). "Public Service Broadcasting: Markets and Vulnerable Values in Broadcast and Print Journalism". In Coleman, Stephen; Moss, Giles; Parry, Katy; Halperin, John; Ryan, Michael (eds.).
2086:, but its usage was older by several decades, as two Athenians born in the 470s were named Democrates, a new political nameâlikely in support of democracyâgiven at a time of debates over constitutional issues in Athens.
1607:
to do so. Who is considered part of "the people" and how authority is shared among or delegated by the people has changed over time and at different rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include
2128:
who were citizens of Athens enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.
7510:
Economic Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, 2022, p. 4: "According to our measure of democracy, less than half (45.7%) of the world's population now live in a democracy of some sort, a significant decline from 2020
6646:
remarked that "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."
2155:
contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of
4208:
are referred to as forms of direct democracy. However, some advocates of direct democracy argue for local assemblies of face-to-face discussion. Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the
11135:
4629:
was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.
4399:". The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party (or opposition) opposes the governing party (or coalition), while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles.
3504:âwith half to their left and the other half to their right. This is not a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes.
15392:
Esser, Frank; Matthes, Jörg (2013). "Mediatization Effects on Political News, Political Actors, Political Decisions, and Political Audiences". In Kriesi, Hanspeter; Esser, Frank; BĂŒhlmann, Marc (eds.).
4322:
towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters.
2484:(1642â1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the
2385:
is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.
2705:
were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament. The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament, although with little influence, but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage.
11853:
Dahl, Robert A., Ian Shapiro, JosĂ© AntĂŽnio Cheibub, and Adam Przeworski. âMinimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.â Essay. In The Democracy Sourcebook, 12â17. Cambridge, MA, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
5665:
An example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers. This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of
2817:
was the first in which non-property-holding white males could vote in the vast majority of states. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult white male population in the
10715:
5008:
in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher
7853:
3422:
asserted, "It is, therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic, of middling ones to be subject to a monarch, and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince."
3297:
According to Freedom House, starting in 2005, there have been 17 consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements, as
2956:, and religious and economic circumstances. Global waves of "democratic regression" reversing democratization, have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s, in the 1960s and 1970s, and in the 2010s.
10966:
7124:
Other names include autocratization, democratic decline, de-democratization, democratic erosion, democratic decay, democratic recession, democratic regression, and democratic deconsolidation.
4646:
insisted, was that the government be "bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend." As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the US Constitution,
17472:
6883:
has profoundly altered the conditions for political communication. The social media have given ordinary citizens easy access to voice their opinion and share information while bypassing the
14795:
8239:
5290:
Shareholder democracy is a concept relating to the governance of corporations by their shareholders. In the United States, shareholders are typically granted voting rights according to the
2572:
against a government that acted against their interest or became tyrannical. Although they were not widely read during his lifetime, Locke's works are considered the founding documents of
2739:, which, on declaring independence of Great Britain in 1777, adopted a constitution modelled on Pennsylvania's citizenship and democratic suffrage for males with or without property. The
11414:
Joshua Cohen, "Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy" in Essays on Reason and Politics: Deliberative Democracy Ed. James Bohman and William Rehg (The MIT Press: Cambridge) 1997, 72â73.
10039:
6708:, policies, and candidates so that they can make a truly informed decision. Since the late 20'th century there has been a growing concern that voters may be poorly informed because the
3949:
2022:
wrote, "If a republic be small, it is destroyed by a foreign force; if it is large, it is ruined by an internal imperfection." According to Johns Hopkins University political scientist
1927:
It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. With its emphasis on notions of
2521:
have characterized the institutions implemented in the Glorious Revolution as a resounding success in terms of restraining the government and ensuring protection for property rights.
8945:
7367:
There is no practical alternative to majority political rule %E2%80%93 i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual." Google Books
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9636:
9196:
9174:
5654:
An example of this is the disease environment. Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world. For example, in Africa, the
4551:
Elite upper houses of legislatures, which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure, were common in many states. Over time, these either had their powers limited (as with the British
4180:'s citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.
12729:
Bookchin, Murray. Communalism: The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism. Anarchism, Marxism and the Future of the Left: Interviews and Essays, 1993â1998, AK Press 1999, p. 155
9441:
There is no practical alternative to majority political rule %E2%80%93 i.e., to take the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual." Google Books
17904:
14292:
Squicciarini, Mara and VoigtlÀnder, Nico, Knowledge Elites and Modernization: Evidence from Revolutionary France (October 2016). NBER Working Paper No. w22779, Available at SSRN:
6649:
Critics of democracy have often tried to highlight democracy's inconsistencies, paradoxes, and limits by contrasting it with other forms of government, such as a less democratic
4122:
Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will. One form of democracy is
3414:
therefore highly fragile and rare historically, as it could only survive in small political units, which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units.
4815:
argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. However,
4429:
is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country.
5595:
suggests that improved living-standards in modern developed countries can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted, leading to increased emphasis on
15702:
Udris, Linards; Lucht, Jens (2014). "Mediatization at the Structural Level: Independence from Politics, Dependence on the Market". In Esser, Frank; StrömbÀck, Jesper (eds.).
6780:, and less interest in voting. The ability to find effective political solutions to social problems is hampered when problems tend to be blamed on individuals rather than on
19469:
12574:
1707:
limit the majority and protect the minorityâusually through securing the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, such as freedom of speech or freedom of association.
5602:
Douglas M. Gibler and Andrew Owsiak in their study argued about the importance of peace and stable borders for the development of democracy. It has often been assumed that
4114:
The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another: many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system.
2755:, instead leaving the issue of suffrage to the individual states. Generally, states limited suffrage to white male property owners and taxpayers. At the time of the first
8989:
Abramson, Scott F.; Boix, Carles (2019). "Endogenous Parliaments: The Domestic and International Roots of Long-Term Economic Growth and Executive Constraints in Europe".
4829:
Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt-in favour of a non-majoritarian form of
2798:
that met in 1793. Nonetheless, the 1791 Constitution helped keep alive Polish aspirations for the eventual restoration of the country's sovereignty over a century later.
1576:
of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of
12628:
8860:
explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom, and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265, to approve the granting of taxation.
4335:, is a feature of some versions of direct democracies. In this system, important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery.
17465:
14935:
10179:
4391:
government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people.
2311:, provided representation and voting rights to its male aristocracy only. Various Italian city-states and polities had republic forms of government. For instance, the
1822:, and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality.
3865:
Because democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure, limitations exist in quantifying and
9359:
North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England".
7743:
5899:, which erode the democratic nature of governments. This has happened on a local level even in well-established democracies like the United States; for example, the
3508:
suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments. Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book
3989:
13538:
2096:, staged in c.463 BC, where he mentions "the demos's ruling hand" . Before that time, the word used to define the new political system of Cleisthenes was probably
13027:
5754:
to an undemocratic form of government. Domestic military coups or rebellions are the most common means by which democratic governments have been overthrown. (See
2767:
in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification.
1795:, every vote has (in theory) equal weight, and the freedom of eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically enshrined in a
22856:
7326:
3203:
The liberal trend spread to some states in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the
2790:, introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, mitigating the worst abuses of
5409:
1960 to 2010. Acemoglu said this was because democracies tended to invest more in health care and human capital, and reduce special treatment of regime allies.
3277:
17391:
12779:
7048:
2834:
2830:
13451:
11787:
Democracy and Autocracy, Why do Democracies Develop and Decline, Vol. 21(1) June 2023, Democracy and Autocracy Section, American Political Science Association
7830:
3737:
Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy, including the breadth of core democratic institutions, competitiveness and
3169:
countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now either part of the
2982:
empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states in Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democratic movements flourished and
17458:
16070:
15326:
Donges, Patrick; Jarren, Otfried (2014). "Mediatization of Organizations: Changing Parties and Interest Groups?". In Esser, Frank; StrömbÀck, Jesper (eds.).
6756:. Fierce economic competition may force the mass media to divert themselves from any democratic ideals and focus entirely on how to survive the competition.
5226:
Aside from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups. Many
4956:, purports to describe a political system that combines a structured ethnic dominance with democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both the dominant
2838:
15687:
Pickard, Victor (2020). "The Public Media Option: Confronting Policy Failure in an Age of Misinformation". In Bennett, W. Lance; Livingston, Steven (eds.).
10684:
22846:
10618:
6860:, personalities, and the pecadillos of politicians. Public service broadcasters are characterized by more policy-relevant information and more respect for
5672:
Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised, democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy:
2072:, what is generally held as the first example of a type of democracy in 508â507 BC was established in Athens. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of
12945:
9962:
2630:
who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters.
7559:
2775:
1516:
14183:
Rindermann, H (2008). "Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations: Democracy, rule of law and political liberty".
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5639:
Evidence consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by. Statistical analyses have challenged
22721:
13561:
9677:
The ungovernable rock: a history of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and its role in Britain's Mediterranean strategy during the Revolutionary War, 1793â1797
10977:
7863:
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of the large news media. This is often seen as an advantage for democracy. The new possibilities for communication have fundamentally changed the way
1667:. Today, the dominant form of democracy is representative democracy, where citizens elect government officials to govern on their behalf such as in a
21668:
16326:
15791:
Voltmer, Katrin; Sorensen, Lone (2019). "Media, Power, Citizenship: The Mediatization of Democratic Change". In Voltmer, Katrin; et al. (eds.).
10761:
8310:
15807:
15341:
Esser, Frank (2013). "Mediatization as a Challenge: Media Logic versus Political Logic". In Kriesi, Hanspeter; Esser, Frank; BĂŒhlmann, Marc (eds.).
2303:
in 1188, the Cortes had authority over setting taxation, foreign affairs and legislating, though the exact nature of its role remains disputed. The
15040:
9846:
9299:
6821:
is emerging when different people read different news and watch different TV channels. This polarization has been worsened by the emergence of the
3406:). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to timocracy).
15505:
Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (2016). "The Business of News". In Witschge, Tamara; Anderson, Christopher William; Domingo, David; Hermida, Alfred (eds.).
14764:
12289:; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003).
4103:
3354:
Countries autocratising (red) or democratising (blue) substantially and significantly (2010â2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.
2756:
12977:
11786:
10495:
8842:
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1818:
One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles: upward control (sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority),
22861:
19822:
18849:
18587:
17638:
16010:
11038:
3982:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
18960:
10795:
10105:
10046:
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obligations as a means to improve the democratic process by providing the kind of political contents that a free market does not provide. The
6772:, conflict, and competitive strategies has made voters perceive the politicians as egoists rather than idealists. This fosters mistrust and a
6744:
A principled resistance to the efforts of forces outside the media to subvert their independence, integrity, and ability to serve the audience
5628:
to increasing tolerance, rationality, political literacy and participation. Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished:
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17909:
17899:
13820:
10348:
10215:
9329:
6561:
5904:
5472:
3350:
3332:
654:
15672:
Gunther, Richard; Mugham, Anthony (2000). "The Political Impact of the Media: A Reassessment". In Gunther, Richard; Mugham, Anthony (eds.).
11817:"The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality"
11528:
10319:
9932:
8936:
6946:
1691:(e.g. Switzerland) are applied. They serve the crucial purpose of inclusiveness and broader legitimacy on sensitive issuesâcounterbalancing
22231:
14994:
10547:
10396:
6556:
5811:, in which the leader of the government extra-legally seizes all power or unlawfully extends the term in office. This can be done through:
649:
10829:
10644:"Archives of Maryland, Volume 0138, Page 0051 â Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968"
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9182:
5529:
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systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as
14648:
6895:
operate and organize. The internet and social media have provided powerful new tools for democracy movements in developing countries and
6603:
3363:
3177:. In 1986, after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship, the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the
3174:
696:
12209:
9270:
2373:, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with the right to appeal. The first representative national assembly in
20612:
20253:
18008:
17919:
5755:
5106:
conflicts; and equality among citizens, beyond the limits of the state. To be fully implemented, this would require reforming existing
12450:
Taussig, Capt. J. K., "Experiences during the Boxer Rebellion," in Quarterdeck and Fo'c'sle. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1963
12183:
10122:
7147:
1924:
are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed, enabling them to vote according to their own interests and beliefs.
22801:
18051:
17974:
16439:
15287:
Bucy, Erik P.; D'Angelo, Paul (1999). "The Crisis of Political Communication: Normative Critiques of News and Democratic Processes".
15210:
14001:
8872:
6639:
5651:
Some scholars have searched for the "deep" determinants of contemporary political institutions, be they geographical or demographic.
5442:
peacekeeping missions. The Planification Avancée des Missions Intégrées (APIM), or Advanced Mission Planning Course, was held by the
4349:
Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also
4225:
733:
14381:
12684:
The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: Including The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International
2247:, there existed various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small part of the population. In
1659:
The notion of democracy has evolved considerably over time. Throughout history, one can find evidence of direct democracy, in which
22075:
20797:
19602:
17535:
17336:
15269:
Gurevitch, Michael; Blumler, Jay G. (1990). "Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values". In Lichtenberg, Judith (ed.).
10517:
9829:
9780:
3418:
famously said, "if a republic is small, it is destroyed by an outside force; if it is large, it is destroyed by an internal vice."
2818:
2814:
2524:
Renewed interest in the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution in the 17th century prompted the growth of
947:
15374:
Vreese, Claes H. de (2014). "Mediatization of News: The Role of Journalistic Framing". In Esser, Frank; StrömbÀck, Jesper (eds.).
12655:
2369:(1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of
2172:, although it didn't have much of a democracy. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries.
21715:
21405:
20707:
18622:
18268:
10782:
3567:
report identifying citizens assemblies as an increasingly popular mechanism to involve citizens in governmental decision-making.
3154:
2826:
1509:
13977:
10643:
10253:
2990:
brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships.
22163:
20826:
19040:
18712:
17914:
17855:
17525:
11502:
10918:
9553:
7052:
6747:
A sense of respect for the audience member, as potentially concerned and able to make sense of his or her political environment
5393:
argue that democracies are more economically successful because undemocratic political systems tend to limit markets and favor
14675:
Chull Shin, Doh (2021). "Democratic deconsolidation in East Asia: exploring system realignments in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan".
10596:"General Assembly declares 15 September International Day of Democracy; Also elects 18 Members to Economic and Social Council"
9614:
4314:
are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This creates a hybrid form of government, with a local
3362:" in the 2010s were attributed to economic inequality and social discontent, personalism, poor government's management of the
3340:
1779:
Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy.
22741:
20814:
16319:
16221:
16106:
16087:
16029:
15986:
15965:
15432:
15020:
14873:
14564:
14492:
14461:
14415:
14317:
14061:
14027:
13923:
13790:
13757:
13716:
13675:
13374:
13126:
12692:
12665:
12638:
12352:
12327:
12161:
12070:
12024:
11982:
11958:
11934:
11911:
11687:
11653:
11512:
11403:
11382:
11362:
11338:
11314:
11241:
11103:
11013:
10479:
10149:
10082:
10009:
9887:
9732:
9684:
9583:
9519:
9495:
9420:
9158:
8905:
8818:
8781:
8754:
8646:
8619:
8592:
8531:
8475:
8451:
8280:
8214:
8157:
8120:
8050:
7992:
7967:
7896:
7800:
7770:
7681:
7653:
7429:
7405:
7281:
7186:
7065:
4603:
3115:
2861:
2731:
17:
15126:
14927:
7983:
Snyder, Richard; Samuels, David (2006), "Devaluing the vote in Latin America", in Diamond, Larry; Plattner, Marc F. (eds.),
17949:
17934:
14123:
9573:
9248:
7102:
5825:
3875:
3313:). In a Freedom House report released in 2018, Democracy Scores for most countries declined for the 12th consecutive year.
3208:
2909:
15520:
Cinelli, Matteo; Morales, Gianmarco De Francisci; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Starnini, Michele (2021).
7740:
5721:
in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the
5079:
are preferred. The term applies to all democratic countries in which religion is incorporated into the form of government.
2327:, a distinctly non-feudal society, the right to vote on local matters and on county officials was based on land size. The
21515:
21425:
18785:
17929:
17865:
16266:
10573:
5798:
4096:
3859:
2382:
57:
21540:
19080:
16667:
12682:
8173:
3874:, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as
3153:
by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the
19815:
18580:
17984:
17633:
16179:
16147:
15194:
15161:
13148:
13034:
11862:
Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynn Karl. 1991. "What Democracy is.. . and is Not." Journal of Democracy 2 (3): 75-88
11085:
7082:
5833:
2841:(1870) that gave black males a nominal right to vote. Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the
2752:
2675:
1502:
13850:
Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".
13431:
9226:
8967:
7298:
5121:
Cosmopolitan democracy has been promoted, among others, by physicist Albert Einstein, writer Kurt Vonnegut, columnist
2924:
became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century Corsican Republic) to establish active
2654:. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.
22906:
19607:
17964:
17959:
17939:
17764:
15584:"Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies"
13324:
12302:
12260:
9204:
8771:
7090:
5966:
5829:
5695:
5541:
4350:
3344:
3240:
2963:
Painting depicting the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901, one of the events that formed part of the
2936:
2659:
2378:
14431:
8744:
8674:
Lightfoot, Sheryl R. (2021). "Decolonizing Self-Determination: Haudenosaunee Passports and Negotiated Sovereignty".
5783:
3731:, or continuous values. The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying
22736:
22097:
21485:
19935:
19136:
18547:
18018:
17954:
17486:
16923:
16312:
14444:
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005). "Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth".
14398:
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005). "Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth".
13619:"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour"
11233:
Deudney, D.: Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. (eBook and Paperback)
6918:
Reliable information sources are essential for the democratic process. Less democratic governments rely heavily on
6513:
6413:
5635:
an ethical effect (support of democratic values, freedom, human rights etc.), which itself depends on intelligence.
2893:
606:
506:
15717:
Thoday, Jon (2018). "Public Service Television and the Crisis of Content". In Freedman, Des; Goblot, Vana (eds.).
10229:
10203:
4650:
asked him "Well, Doctor, what have we gotâa republic or a monarchy?". He replied "A republicâif you can keep it."
4204:
Within modern-day representative governments, certain electoral tools like referendums, citizens' initiatives and
22836:
22771:
21816:
20441:
20292:
19680:
19005:
17989:
16237:
14518:
Mietzner, Marcus (2021). "Sources of resistance to democratic decline: Indonesian civil society and its trials".
11059:
7106:
6861:
6596:
5900:
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in all fields of social life: political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated,
4709:
4217:
2983:
2500:
in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the
2165:
1387:
689:
19438:
14576:
Laebens, Melis G.; LĂŒhrmann, Anna (2021). "What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability".
9601:
Democracy's Privileged Few. Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions
9317:
in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.
8240:"The Dawn of Everything by David Graeber and David Wengrow review â inequality is not the price of civilisation"
6630:
Criticism of democracy has been a key part of democracy, its functions, and its development throughout history.
5815:
3723:
The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies,
2747:. The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties, but did not end
22027:
21642:
21495:
20381:
19553:
18795:
17924:
17681:
17369:
17172:
13939:
Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919â2001".
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12370:
10944:
9971:
7722:
7573:
4289:
4089:
3271:
3212:
1936:
1194:
1149:
18985:
11762:
11529:"Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave | en | OECD"
7525:
5787:
3559:
after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule.
2029:
Retrospectively different polities, outside of declared democracies, have been described as proto-democratic.
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21682:
21555:
20777:
19808:
19788:
19217:
18864:
18573:
18328:
18182:
18044:
17835:
17303:
14151:
12716:
10271:
Elections in the Ott Empire (1995).pdf "Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876â1919"
8609:
8578:
7086:
6712:
are focusing more on entertainment and gossip and less on serious journalistic research on political issues.
6368:
5869:
5390:
5374:
5227:
4890:
3720:
assessments of the state of democracy for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.
3607:
3315:
3204:
2596:
1768:
1542:
1020:
461:
19126:
8636:
6930:
in order to stay in power, while independent sources of information are able to undermine their legitimacy.
5775:
5606:, but this study shows that, historically, peace has almost always predated the establishment of democracy.
22791:
22776:
22671:
21580:
21575:
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pp. 6, 13, 18: "Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% of the world population â 5.4 billion people."
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6829:. Extreme political polarization may undermine the trust in democratic institutions, leading to erosion of
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2004:
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as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed
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and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities." What was critical to American values,
4610:, which in their view often came without the protection of a constitution enshrining inalienable rights;
4369:
3992:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
2884:
as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.
2556:
2259:. These deliberative bodies were responsible for settling political questions, and variants included the
1214:
729:
551:
316:
9303:
9032:
MĂžller, JĂžrgen (2014). "Why Europe Avoided Hegemony: A Historical Perspective on the Balance of Power".
2584:. His liberal democratic framework of governance remains the preeminent form of democracy in the world.
1869:, the principles also are potentially applicable to private organisations, such as clubs, societies and
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18955:
17883:
17845:
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11266:"Public Space as Emancipation: Meditations on Anarchism, Radical Democracy, Neoliberalism and Violence"
10830:
https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf
10423:"Did the United States Create Democracy in Germany?: The Independent Review: The Independent Institute"
6589:
5948:
4671:, where the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the
4548:). An elected person, with or without significant powers, became the head of state in these countries.
4281:
3979:
3128:
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2783:
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2740:
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are often identified by commentators as foundational characteristics for a well-functioning democracy.
1035:
682:
37:
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19065:
19015:
17450:
14214:
Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2012). "Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation".
12739:
10619:"'The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age"
5841:
Royal coup, in which a monarch not normally involved in government seizes all power. For example, the
5824:
to obtain re-election of a previously fairly elected official or political party. For example, in the
3103:
emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so. Countries that were once part of the
2168:
was the first case in the Western world of a polity being formed with the explicit purpose of being a
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20152:
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3556:
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2008:
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1699:, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but a
41:
14765:"Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement"
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8846:
5137:
in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy.
4280:
is a semi-direct democracy. At the federal level, citizens can propose changes to the constitution (
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in its favour, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy.
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Schulz, Winfried (2014). "Mediatization and New Media". In Esser, Frank; StrömbÀck, Jesper (eds.).
13816:"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization"
12933:
12765:
The Political Potential of Sortition: A study of the random selection of citizens for public office
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10973:
10735:
10551:
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extensively studied the historic attempts at and arguments on democracy in his preparation for the
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4501:. Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, have been referred to as
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1596:
785:
586:
431:
291:
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Broadcasting, voice, and accountability: A public interest approach to policy, law, and regulation
15311:
Blumler, Jay G. (2014). "Mediatization and Democracy". In Esser, Frank; StrömbÀck, Jesper (eds.).
14959:"Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1"
9333:
6872:
has put the public service model under increased pressure from competition with commercial media.
5118:, which ideally would enhance public control over, and accountability in, international politics.
4579:
has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected
2964:
2735:
property ownership or taxpaying requirements. With few exceptions, no blacks or women could vote.
2103:
Athenian democracy took the form of direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the
1939:
because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in
1880:
is the dominant form. Without compensation, like legal protections of individual or group rights,
1740:, as distinct from that which existed in antiquity, is generally considered to have originated in
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12575:"'A republic, if you can keep it': Did Ben Franklin really say Impeachment Day's favorite quote?"
11456:"When do deliberative citizens change their opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens' Assembly"
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believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called
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Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or
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systems. World public opinion strongly favors democratic systems of government. According to the
1633:
1443:
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591:
526:
436:
411:
266:
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O'Neil, Patrick H. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton 2010. Print
10422:
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9720:
Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 1776â1789
6719:
have proposed a number of functions that the mass media are expected to fulfill in a democracy:
6669:
moments in modern democracies; they have termed the societies produced by modern democracies as
4047:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
2076:". The first attested use of the word democracy is found in prose works of the 430s BC, such as
68: allowed tens of millions of South Africans, including Mandela, to vote for the first time.
22766:
22756:
22345:
22276:
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21701:
20772:
20752:
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The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States
14484:
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12907:
7858:
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6616:
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6313:
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6208:
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6143:
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6064:
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5326:
5089:
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are considered by many scholars as practical examples of deliberative democracy, with a recent
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32:
For representative democracy, which operates under the principles of classical liberalism, see
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15112:
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Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente; Rovira Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal (eds.).
12012:
10848:
Greskovitz, BĂ©la (2015). "The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East-Central Europe".
10371:
9877:
9332:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
8895:
6704:
The theory of democracy relies on the implicit assumption that voters are well informed about
3250:
1949:, though often popularly associated with democracy because of the shared principle of rule by
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17550:
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16519:
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13464:
Meernik, James (1996). "United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy".
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363:
338:
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12827:"The Calculus of Consensus Democracy: Rethinking Patterns of Democracy Without Veto Players"
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9440:
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5045:
again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council.
4811:. To many anarchists, the only form of democracy considered acceptable is direct democracy.
2295:
composed of cardinals since 1059. The first documented parliamentary body in Europe was the
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6000:
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in 1990 to nearly 20% in 2005. More controversially and rare, it can also take the form of
5463:
International democracy promotion typically takes three forms: assistance, monitoring, and
5458:
5398:
5302:. The shareholder democracy framework may be inaccurate for companies which have different
5269:
5194:
4856:
4766:
4717:
4705:
4692:
4668:
4419:
4385:
3918:
3899:
3717:
3501:
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2721:
2525:
2420:
granted the sejmiks the right to decide on taxes and to convene a mass mobilization in the
2417:
2316:
2312:
1986:
1921:
1668:
644:
446:
348:
281:
212:
207:
187:
93:
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19448:
15085:"Democratic Athens as an Experimental System: History and the Project of Political Theory"
14907:
14890:
14348:
13407:
13390:
13162:
13143:
12368:
Fenichel Pitkin, Hanna (September 2004). "Representation and democracy: uneasy alliance".
10595:
9118:
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4172:
and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a
1695:âand therefore mostly take precedence on a constitutional level. In the common variant of
8:
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16584:
14611:
Daly, Tom Gerald (2019). "Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field".
12579:
12236:
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8322:
R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,
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that allow people to communicate mainly with groups of like-minded people, the so-called
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In other countries, the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in
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first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of
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Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, RaĂșl L. (27 November 2019). "The perils of personalism".
10525:
9798:
9749:
8375:
Davies, John K. (1977). "Athenian Citizenship: The Descent Group and the Alternatives".
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8013:
The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760â1800
7792:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
4712:
are some examples. Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of
3745:, freedom of expression, various aspects of governance, democratic norm transgressions,
1969:. In a modern sense the republican form of government is a form of government without a
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a cognitive effect (competence to make rational choices, better information-processing)
5295:
5146:
4997:
4852:
4746:
4721:
4592:
4358:
4332:
4193:
3960:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
3892:
3761:
3430:
Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of democracy:
3108:
3099:, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions.
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2671:
2663:
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531:
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127:
115:
65:
21069:
19500:
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15410:
Soft news goes to war. Public opinion and american foreign policy in the new media era
15242:
Barnett, Steven (2002). "Will a crisis in journalism provoke a crisis in democracy?".
14453:
14407:
14085:
10783:"Freedom House: Democracy Scores for Most Countries Decline for 12th Consecutive Year"
9879:
Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
7340:
3331:, in countries like Poland, Turkey and Hungary. For example, in Poland, the President
2546:
led lives that were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and constantly waged a
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22648:
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22512:
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12920:
Smooha, S. 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state',
12898:
12811:
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5487:
Democracy promotion can increase the quality of already existing democracies, reduce
5130:
5001:
4893:
is a consociational democracy approach for supranational democracies. This system in
4882:
4816:
4793:
4792:). This system can begin with workplace democracy and ultimately manifests itself as
4742:
4659:
4615:
4556:
4024:
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2421:
2139:
1917:
1827:
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1696:
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1617:
1448:
1169:
1000:
952:
780:
713:
634:
561:
286:
276:
222:
103:
76:
33:
22891:
20654:
19574:
18995:
14990:
14168:
13879:
13782:
13708:
13652:
13485:
13097:
11840:
10305:
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
9548:
9135:
7619:
7178:
4357:. The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a
2728:, something that was not included in most other democracies until the 20th century.
2018:
turn despotic. At the same time, small political units were vulnerable to conquest.
22507:
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21878:
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15551:
15541:
15479:
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15092:
14970:
14902:
14833:
14779:
14729:
14710:
Hyde, Susan D. (2020). "Democracy's backsliding in the international environment".
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13512:
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13362:
13333:
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13244:
Daron Acemoglu; Suresh Naidu; Pascual Restrepo; James A. Robinson (February 2019).
13226:
13167:
13157:
13072:
12869:
12838:
12791:
12379:
12149:
11885:
11828:
11567:
11467:
11285:
11147:
11091:
10884:
10857:
10699:
9970:. Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Archived from
9813:
9764:
9388:
9368:
9113:
9072:
9041:
8998:
8806:
8683:
8468:
Reproducing Athens: Menander's Comedy, Democratic Culture, and the Hellenistic City
8145:
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7471:
7455:
7310:
7244:
7174:
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5169:
5115:
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4123:
3879:
3750:
3494:
3479:
3232:
3228:
3050:
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2913:
2852:
The voting franchise in the United Kingdom was expanded and made more uniform in a
2687:
2592:
2510:
2489:
2252:
2014:
1800:
1760:
1715:
1711:
1680:
1664:
1584:
1281:
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1048:
790:
770:
571:
566:
516:
343:
231:
192:
182:
162:
21209:
19453:
15734:
Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies
15704:
Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies
15376:
Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies
15328:
Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies
15313:
Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies
14838:
14821:
14783:
14688:
14589:
14531:
13516:
12873:
11832:
10888:
10157:
8324:
The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740
7816:
6788:
has allowed military logic to penetrate public institutions, leading to increased
5264:
3262:, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). According to
2959:
2335:
into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the
1641:
22881:
22821:
22706:
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22549:
22527:
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22010:
21987:
21970:
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16019:
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14051:
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10703:
10257:
9910:
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9507:
8543:
8303:
8011:
7955:
7747:
7660:
7535:
7271:
6993:
6971:
6888:
6698:
Further information on the role of the mass media in the democratic process:
6579:
6403:
6363:
6148:
5734:
5609:
5575:
5569:
5491:, and the chance of democratic backsliding. Democracy promotion measures include
5402:
5322:
4965:
4961:
4819:
4205:
4176:
system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to
4034:
3923:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
3754:
3483:
3310:
3216:
3141:
3137:
3065:
3054:
2979:
2857:
2725:
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2619:
2554:
would posit a different interpretation of social contract theory. Writing in his
2543:
2403:
2391:
2328:
2324:
2284:
2157:
1928:
1862:
1692:
1653:
1577:
1565:
1492:
1465:
1321:
1311:
1108:
1005:
672:
496:
456:
241:
19592:
16251:
16021:
The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations
15067:
A/AS Level History for AQA Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918â1945 Student Book
13500:
13477:
13230:
12477:"64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World"
8359:
7698:
6852:
has recommended public service broadcasting in order to strengthen democracy in
22911:
22831:
22786:
22726:
22691:
22483:
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22209:
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20959:
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20702:
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20489:
20346:
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19990:
19715:
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19400:
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19385:
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19111:
18934:
18909:
18889:
18874:
18859:
18844:
18491:
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18448:
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18358:
18323:
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18250:
18112:
18107:
18060:
17581:
17520:
17510:
17505:
17259:
17254:
17138:
16908:
16833:
16737:
16702:
16353:
16201:(2016) "What is Democracy? A Reconceptualization of the Quality of Democracy".
16123:
14624:
14305:
14227:
13834:
13815:
13539:"Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck"
12528:
12294:
12086:, Chapter Three: Who is Running the Show? The Workings of Zapatista Government.
11350:
10445:"World | South Asia | Country profiles | Country profile: India"
8921:
6927:
6800:
6768:
and less as debates about ideologies and issues. The dominating media focus on
6727:
6508:
6398:
6168:
5881:
5821:
5747:
5500:
5464:
5443:
5386:
5273:
5255:
5122:
5111:
5076:
4974:
4894:
4860:
4826:
for opposing democracy, and says "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism.
4638:
4596:
4552:
4461:
4448:
4044:
3871:
3651:
3530:
3515:
3487:
3339:. In Turkey, thousands of judges were removed from their positions following a
3267:
3196:
3182:
3170:
3162:
3104:
3096:
3081:
3073:
2975:
2953:
2905:
2698:
2514:
2485:
2453:
2292:
2280:
2272:
2184:
2152:
2023:
1881:
1866:
1838:
1823:
1804:
1745:
1470:
1401:
1306:
1139:
1053:
601:
491:
261:
53:
16261:
14974:
14270:
14253:
14101:
13908:
Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World
13685:
13634:
13338:
13319:
13214:
13012:
11231:
11151:
11023:
10581:
9453:
Curte, Merle (1937). "The Great Mr. Locke: America's Philosopher, 1783â1861".
9372:
9077:
9060:
9002:
8897:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
8828:
8687:
7400:. Vol. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215â23.
7055:. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding the
6634:
famously opposed democracy, arguing for a 'government of the best qualified';
5729:, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially
5040:
or participatory polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a
4992:
Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for
3192:
2638:
1935:
of all the voters, democracy can also be characterised as a form of political
1909:
1755:
Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is not vested in the
22932:
22866:
22751:
22666:
22611:
22471:
22391:
22286:
22136:
22129:
22022:
21975:
21868:
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21585:
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21274:
21244:
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21009:
20999:
20989:
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20809:
20727:
20634:
20607:
20592:
20534:
20217:
19743:
19700:
19670:
19650:
19314:
19240:
19167:
19070:
19000:
18914:
18869:
18854:
18751:
18700:
18501:
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18378:
18203:
18162:
18157:
18137:
18127:
17280:
16888:
16747:
16539:
16469:
16373:
16209:
15996:
15600:
15583:
15483:
14982:
14279:
13952:
13436:
13416:
12858:"The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia"
12842:
11889:
11579:
11571:
11479:
11471:
11326:
11159:
10896:
10807:
10300:
9958:
9534:
9462:
9380:
9127:
9086:
9010:
8798:
8695:
8584:
8388:
8251:
8181:
7597:
7554:
7530:
7467:
7322:
7256:
7248:
7202:
6753:
6738:
Mechanisms for holding officials to account for how they have exercised power
6670:
6635:
6408:
6275:
6228:
6104:
5802:
5751:
5714:
5702:
5621:
5557:
5545:
5461:. In practice, it entails consolidating and building democratic institutions
5439:
5012:
in "Towards An Inclusive Democracy" and was further developed in the journal
4917:
4611:
4580:
4568:
4169:
4149:
4144:
3969:
3724:
3505:
3410:
3259:
2529:
2445:
2370:
2192:
1996:
1954:
1877:
1704:
1684:
1676:
1645:
1637:
1357:
1252:
1154:
1144:
985:
501:
368:
321:
197:
21693:
16278:
16040:
15834:
15546:
15255:
15013:
Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics
14733:
14443:
14397:
13894:
Modernisation, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence
13618:
12153:
12126:
10861:
7552:
Popper, Karl (23 April 1988). "The open society and its enemies revisited",
7232:
7063:. For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6â3 in
2896:. Later that year, a new constitution was promulgated, which provided for a
2119:
in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the
1991:
22901:
22701:
22606:
22452:
22426:
22335:
22017:
22005:
21953:
21913:
21908:
21772:
21767:
21565:
21249:
21239:
21229:
21094:
21089:
21029:
21004:
20974:
20969:
20876:
20871:
20717:
20597:
20331:
20267:
20137:
20127:
20122:
20041:
20031:
19975:
19865:
19753:
19748:
19695:
19685:
19660:
19640:
19360:
19329:
19276:
19271:
19055:
18965:
18904:
18884:
18771:
18695:
18486:
18421:
18373:
18368:
18300:
18177:
18172:
17290:
17099:
17004:
16868:
16697:
16682:
16408:
16167:
15919:
15842:
15565:
15467:
15084:
14950:
14741:
14661:
14160:
13445:
12994:, first published in United Nations World New York, October 1947, pp. 13â14
12419:
Keen, Benjamin, A History of Latin America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.
11873:
11507:. Theories of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11455:
8007:
7589:
7485:
6880:
6869:
6865:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6805:
6793:
6789:
6705:
5885:
5625:
5586:, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.
5434:
5334:
5210:
5186:
4957:
4929:
4365:
4311:
3547:
3166:
3089:
3061:
3046:
2995:
2897:
2713:
2702:
2244:
2188:
2161:
2131:
1932:
1897:
1808:
1796:
1700:
1406:
1333:
1327:
1301:
1296:
1272:
1262:
1199:
1088:
908:
832:
16304:
15976:
13915:
13076:
12264:
12141:
11737:"The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure democracy?"
11703:
11095:
9817:
9768:
8810:
8224:
7459:
7314:
3533:
argues that "democracy is a substantive, not a merely procedural, ideal."
3037:
2801:
22841:
22589:
22584:
22576:
22561:
22386:
22291:
22102:
21938:
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21264:
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21194:
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20856:
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20644:
20582:
20519:
20302:
20277:
20202:
20162:
20132:
20107:
20087:
20066:
20046:
20026:
20016:
19985:
19850:
19705:
19490:
19286:
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18899:
18778:
18761:
18756:
18338:
18313:
18147:
18097:
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17014:
16933:
16717:
16692:
16642:
16554:
16514:
16509:
16489:
16484:
16474:
16459:
16454:
15096:
15080:
14377:
13273:
13060:
12501:
11729:
11440:
Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens' Assembly
11182:"Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII, Chapter 10 (1160a.31-1161a.9)"
11134:
Malka, Ariel; Lelkes, Yphtach; Bakker, Bert N.; Spivack, Eliyahu (2020).
10074:
The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?
9569:
9439:. Quote: "Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.
8922:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
7006:
6915:
may undermine public trust in the political system and public officials.
6834:
6716:
6662:
6388:
6079:
5873:
5659:
5303:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5206:
4928:
minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote-winning majorities.
4739:
4672:
4506:
4477:
4469:
4453:
4307:
4270:
4210:
3728:
3415:
3391:
3328:
3320:
3302:
3178:
2971:
2921:
2853:
2795:
2794:. In force for less than 19 months, it was declared null and void by the
2366:
2354:
2332:
2248:
2236:
2069:
2019:
1966:
1831:
1780:
1771:, less than half the world's population lives in a democracy as of 2022.
1741:
1719:
1660:
1629:
1411:
1396:
1338:
1209:
1073:
872:
867:
847:
837:
827:
481:
172:
49:
18720:
15654:
Buckley, Steve; Duer, Kreszentia; Mendel, Toby; SiochrĂș, SeĂĄn Ă (2008).
13245:
13172:
12113:
Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces in Latin America
11587:
11555:
11504:
Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation
11203:
10496:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
10468:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945â2000"
9637:"Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774"
9102:"Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere"
7203:"Democracy | Definition, History, Meaning, Types, Examples, & Facts"
7069:(1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the
6987:
6574:
5782:. Some military coups are supported by foreign governments, such as the
5004:, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i.e.
4160:
2587:
In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries, the
1487:
667:
22372:
22360:
22330:
22296:
22236:
21918:
21647:
21455:
21355:
21204:
21124:
20896:
20787:
20629:
20572:
20549:
20514:
20463:
20453:
20421:
20366:
20192:
20172:
20097:
20061:
19965:
19950:
19875:
19800:
19710:
19690:
19675:
19645:
18894:
18805:
18662:
18637:
18627:
18565:
18511:
18393:
18333:
18122:
17480:
17019:
16948:
16838:
16757:
16742:
16722:
16534:
16504:
16494:
16464:
16339:
16214:
Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose
15900:
13871:
13643:
13603:
12803:
12630:
The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove
10685:"Democratising democracy: the road from women's to children's suffrage"
9538:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 63â65, 74â75, 102â05, 114â15
9470:
9402:
9045:
8396:
8204:
7933:
7499:
V-Dem Institute DEMOCRACY REPORT 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?
6923:
6919:
6900:
6849:
6709:
6463:
6393:
6260:
5655:
5259:
5152:
5126:
4785:
4735:
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4643:
4373:
4300:
4296:
4266:
4262:
4197:
3911:
3866:
3290:
3236:
3150:
3129:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21, United Nations, 1948
2948:
20th-century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "
2573:
2551:
2441:
2300:
2256:
1756:
1592:
1573:
1561:
1416:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1348:
1189:
980:
862:
857:
721:
556:
486:
353:
15939:. National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. w27949.
13587:
12978:"letter by Einstein â "To the General Assembly of the United Nations""
12476:
12146:
Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy
12098:
Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca
11438:
11003:
10967:
Democracy Facing Global Challenges: V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019
10180:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years"
10024:
William G. Shade, "The Second Party System". in Paul Kleppner, et al.
9512:
The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower
7443:
5578:, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an
4587:, serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary
3905:
3305:
political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland (under the
3199:
taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia
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after the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed: the
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15468:"Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction"
14552:
14254:"The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years"
13457:
11874:"Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction"
11635:
11136:"Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?"
9175:"From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century"
6838:
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A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the
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2496:(1660) restored more autocratic rule, although Parliament passed the
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had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into
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List. By Peter Reddaway. 18 February 2009. Downloaded 28 April 2017.
12795:
12752:
Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement of the Twenty-first Century
12428:
Kuykendall, Ralph, Hawaii: A History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1948.
11669:
11645:
Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
10796:"As populism rises, fragile democracies move to weaken their courts"
10287:
Reconstructing Gender in Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power
9061:"Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence"
7789:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
5709:
in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and
5075:
is a form of democracy where the values of a particular religion or
4664:
A liberal democracy is a representative democracy which enshrines a
4177:
1905:
1901:
1865:. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a
1791:
and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a
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Prooijen, Jan-Willem van; Ligthart, Joline; Rosema, Sabine (2021).
15229:
Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times
14646:
Huq, Aziz Z (2021). "How (not) to explain a democratic recession".
14513:
14511:
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7925:
7795:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37â39.
6876:
6810:
6650:
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well-being. The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy.
5394:
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are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a
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brought a definitive reversal of this trend in Western Europe. The
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2000:
1962:
1946:
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Democratic principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being
1749:
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852:
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765:
576:
546:
511:
333:
18029:
15750:
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Petrova, Maria; Enikolopov, Ruben (2020).
15641:
Can the Media Serve Democracy?: Essays in Honour of Jay G. Blumler
15588:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
14333:
13814:
Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020).
13742:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
13668:
The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis
13014:
The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy
12502:"Republic â Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
11265:
10721:
from the original on 20 April 2017 – via Rutgers University.
8504:
6844:
Many media scholars have discussed non-commercial news media with
5430:
5333:, i.e. an election, and that political decisions must reflect the
4738:
groups have interpreted socialist democracy to be synonymous with
4361:
of the votes. Most western countries have representative systems.
2390:
to Europe's relative political fragmentation. Political scientist
22711:
22566:
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16727:
16549:
16449:
15211:
Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy
14864:
Cassani, Andrea; Tomini, Luca (2019). "What Autocratization Is".
14430:
Mellinger, Andrew D., Jeffrey Sachs, and John L. Gallup. (1999).
13665:
13320:"Reanalysing the link between democracy and economic development"
11609:
11554:
Geissel, Brigitte; Kneuer, Marianne; Lauth, Hans-Joachim (2016).
10004:] (in Polish). Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. p. 12.
8174:"Book IX. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force"
6674:
6666:
5856:
can end democracy in a gradual manner, by increasing emphasis on
5294:
principle. Shareholders may vote annually to elect the company's
4777:
4588:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4473:
4319:
4233:
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3015:
3011:
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was elected by the representatives from the country's districts.
2264:
2260:
1970:
1649:
1093:
930:
920:
16275:, hundreds of interviews with democracy experts around the world
14822:"A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?"
14756:
14508:
13188:
11755:
10230:"1848 " DĂ©sormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil ""
8480:
6657:. They have characterized most modern democracies as democratic
2424:. He also pledged not to create new laws without their consent.
1876:
Democracies may use many different decision-making methods, but
22731:
20406:
20207:
19995:
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17234:
17069:
17024:
16363:
16358:
16018:
Livy; De SĂ©lincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002).
14957:
Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (June 2008).
14891:"Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding"
13101:
11454:
Suiter, Jane; Farrell, David M; O'Malley, Eoin (1 March 2016).
11039:"History tells us there are four key threats to U.S. democracy"
7442:
Anderson, Christopher J.; Bol, Damien; Ananda, Aurelia (2021).
7073:
of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.
6503:
5583:
5447:
5202:
4970:
4541:
4521:
4513:
4489:
4241:
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3019:
2873:
2647:
2643:
2406:
was characterized by an increase in the activity of the middle
2399:
2240:
2232:
2164:, came from a few wealthy and noble families. In addition, the
2135:
2053:
1569:
1257:
596:
15089:
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 110512
12740:
Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm
12604:
The Founders' Constitution: Volume 1, Chapter 18, Introduction
12462:
12460:
12458:
12456:
11997:
U.K. Preuss, "Perspectives of Democracy and the Rule of Law".
11058:
Lieberman, By Suzanne Mettler and Robert C. (10 August 2020).
9665:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188â221.
9437:
Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English
7363:
Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English
5258:
has postulated a system that fuses elements of democracy with
4037:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
2480:
in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The
1803:, in which citizens vote on issues directly. According to the
22696:
22686:
22681:
22153:
22148:
20436:
19925:
19860:
18652:
16291:
16080:
DÄmokratia: a conversation on democracies, ancient and modern
15625:
The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter
14852:
The decline of democratic regime attributes â autocratization
7644:
Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, José AntÎnio (2003).
7270:
Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, Jose Antonio (2003).
6741:
Incentives for citizens to learn, choose, and become involved
6631:
5666:
5198:
4555:) or else became elective and remained powerful (as with the
4545:
4537:
4517:
4485:
4465:
3100:
3031:
3027:
3003:
2999:
2437:
2283:, was a similar body to the Scandinavian thing. In the Roman
2276:
2221:
1888:". Majority rule involves a competitive approach, opposed to
1854:
1723:
15978:
The Democracy Project : a history, a crisis, a movement
15749:
14604:
14000:, American Historical Review, Feb 1984, p. 98, available at
9679:. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 31.
7444:"Humanity's Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders"
5556:, often created as a result of an incomplete change from an
3860:
Democracy indices § Difficulties in measuring democracy
3500:
Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are
3327:
political ideologies were gaining ground, at the expense of
2743:
of 1787 is the oldest surviving, still active, governmental
22826:
20431:
19855:
18218:
16097:
Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W (2007).
16041:"A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee"
15793:
Media, Communication and the Struggle for Democratic Change
15170:
15145:
15119:
12453:
10397:"Age of Dictators: Totalitarianism in the inter-war period"
9847:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties â The Right of Suffrage"
5814:
Suspension of the constitution by decree, such as with the
5467:. In financial terms, democracy promotion grew from 2% of
5314:
Several justifications for democracy have been postulated.
5190:
3882:, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.
3564:
3023:
2412:
2288:
1870:
1547:
14882:
13562:"Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists"
13142:
Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Berge, Jonas (2022).
8492:
8085:
7987:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 168,
6911:
than true stories. The proliferation of false stories and
4063: Dependent territories and places without governments
4017:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
20000:
19895:
17030:
16172:
Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone
13777:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â7.
13733:
13703:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â7.
13061:"From Democratization to "Guided Democracy""
11808:
11453:
11087:
Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World
10349:"Mini-Trumps Are Running for Election All Over the World"
10040:"The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World"
7912:
Kelsen, Hans (October 1955). "Foundations of democracy".
7051:
in 1868 altered the way each state is represented in the
5552:
A democratic transition describes a phase in a countries
5468:
4318:
and a representative state government. For example, most
4303:, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters.
3466:
Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under
3463:, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented.
3070:
American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany
2825:, the slave population had grown to four million, and in
15653:
14956:
13813:
13423:
13215:"Democracy and the Management of International Conflict"
12946:"Article on Cosmopolitan democracy by Daniele Archibugi"
12914:
11133:
11005:
Four Threats: The Recurring Crises of American Democracy
9799:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787â1828"
9750:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787â1828"
8137:
8042:
The end of kings: a history of republics and republicans
7862:. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited. Archived from
5151:
Creative democracy is advocated by American philosopher
5114:, as well as the creation of new institutions such as a
2542:(1651), Hobbes theorized that individuals living in the
22811:
15395:
Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization
15343:
Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization
14432:"Climate, Water Navigability, and Economic Development"
14083:
13849:
13098:
Putin's Rule: Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy
13005:
Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order
12285:
11799:"Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023"
11711:"Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?"
11423:
Ethan J. "Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative?",
10785:, VOA News, 16 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
10762:"Biden Says Democracy Is Winning. It's Not That Simple"
8773:
Heritage and Identity: Shaping the Nations of the North
8634:
8607:
8273:
Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC â 1993 AD
6732:
Platforms for an intelligible and illuminating advocacy
3546:
is based on the notion that democracy is government by
2940:
The number of nations 1800â2003 scoring 8 or higher on
2759:, about 6% of the population was eligible to vote. The
2682:(restated in the Bill of Rights 1689) and the Scottish
1580:
and human rights in addition to competitive elections.
15881:
13501:"Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications"
13391:"How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals"
12437:
Brown, Charles H., The Correspondents' War. New York:
9701:
The right to vote and the rise of democracy, 1787â1828
8655:
8544:"Ancient Rome from the earliest times down to 476 A.D"
8326:(Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.
8073:
8045:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7960:
Women and human development: the capabilities approach
7788:
7049:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6623:) and external ones who reject the values promoted by
5306:
that further alter the distribution of voting rights.
4973:, are not democratic at all, or are at best a sort of
4833:, similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy.
4168:, without needing to register, every citizen receives
3853:
3757:, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.
2860:
and continued into the 20th century, notably with the
2307:, established in 1358 and centered around the city of
15356:
Cappella, Joseph N.; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1997).
15349:
15262:
14868:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 15â35.
14349:"The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development"
12043:. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2008. Print.
8770:
Fladmark, J. M.; Heyerdahl, Thor (17 November 2015).
8135:
7620:"direct democracy | Definition, History, & Facts"
7297:
MĂžller, JĂžrgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (January 2013).
5483:
Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019
4057:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
2912:. Only men above the age of 30 who were competent in
2716:(all men and women above age of 25 could vote). This
2602:
In North America, representative government began in
2576:
thought and profoundly influenced the leaders of the
2395:
consent of the governed to ward off foreign threats.
15752:"Political effects of the internet and social media"
15631:
15387:
15385:
15271:
Democracy and the mass media: A collection of essays
14247:
14245:
13775:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
13701:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
13692:
13011:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995, Daniele Archibugi,
12825:
McGann, Anthony J.; Latner, Michael (16 July 2013).
10227:
8576:
7854:"All-party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy"
6983:
5790:. Other types of a sudden end to democracy include:
5746:
Some democratic governments have experienced sudden
3886:
16096:
15745:
15743:
15156:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1â16.
14448:. Vol. 1. pp. 385â472, Sections 5 to 10.
13773:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".
13699:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".
13141:
12039:Beramendi, Virginia, and Jennifer Somalie. Angeyo.
10104:. A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study. 2009.
10038:Engerman, Stanley L.; Sokoloff, Kenneth L. (2005).
9578:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 145â49.
8937:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
8486:
8291:
5185:countries that do not claim to be democratic (only
2837:(1869) that gave black people citizenship, and the
2786:of 3 May 1791 sought to implement a more effective
2776:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2712:in 1755 was an early attempt to adopt a democratic
2532:was the first philosopher to articulate a detailed
2339:. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a
2160:, so most high officials, including members of the
2123:in the sense that the people through the assembly,
1973:. Because of this, democracies can be republics or
1807:, democracy "provides an environment that respects
15674:Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective
15577:
15575:
15425:Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis
15185:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
15035:
14888:
14866:Autocratization in post-Cold War Political Regimes
14402:. Vol. 1. pp. 385â472, Sections 1 to 4.
14053:Weapons systems and political stability: a history
14019:Weapons systems and political stability: a history
14011:
14009:
12345:Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy
12148:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 65â121,
11556:"Measuring the quality of democracy: Introduction"
11553:
10919:"Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections"
10874:
9149:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (January 2019).
8935:
7962:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
7851:
7720:Kimber, Richard (September 1989). "On democracy".
7643:
7269:
5849:dismissed parliament and started ruling by decree.
4700:thought has several different views on democracy.
3950:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
2928:by recognizing women as having the right to vote.
17541:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
16140:Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy
16069:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
16017:
15806:Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (2018).
15667:
15665:
15382:
15358:Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good
14242:
14152:20.500.11820/a86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b
13118:The Sharia State: Arab Spring and Democratization
12674:
12041:Direct Democracy: The International Idea Handbook
10147:
9395:
8769:
8564:
8136:Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (2017),
7441:
6868:than the commercial media. However, the trend of
4007:holds significant executive and legislative power
2887:In 1876, the Ottoman Empire transitioned from an
2662:was established in 1707, after the merger of the
22930:
16163:, 6 Volumes New York : Bloomsbury Academic.
15884:"The entertainment value of conspiracy theories"
15877:
15875:
15740:
15465:
15446:
15444:
15355:
15286:
15268:
14928:"The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe"
14819:
14304:
14084:Glaeser, E.; Ponzetto, G.; Shleifer, A. (2007).
12261:"Radical Revolution â The Thermidorean Reaction"
11871:
10123:"Introduction â Social Aspects of the Civil War"
9148:
7519:
7517:
5713:. The process typically restricts the space for
5020:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy
4932:typically require consensus or supermajorities.
3478:. Contemporary proponents of minimalism include
3474:articulated this view most famously in his book
1799:, while other uses of "democracy" may encompass
16130:. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199697670.
15953:
15805:
15790:
15691:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 238â258.
15676:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 402â448.
15637:
15572:
15526:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
15466:Esaiasson, Peter; Wlezien, Christopher (2017).
15306:
15304:
15302:
15273:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269â289.
15220:
14575:
14559:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.86-96.
14346:
14213:
14049:
14022:. University Press of America. pp. 38â39.
14015:
14006:
12367:
12015:. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.).
11872:Esaiasson, Peter; Wlezien, Christopher (2017).
10672:. United States: Raintree Steck- Vaugh company.
10550:. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from
10289:. Columbia University Press. 1995. p. 101.
10150:"Fifteenth Amendment: Framing and ratification"
10099:"Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights"
8796:
8510:
8361:The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues
7784:
7782:
6903:, voice their opinions, and organize protests.
5943:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
5250:. Corporations may also employ systems such as
4156:, an example of direct democracy in Switzerland
3735:mechanisms of regime transformation processes.
3140:and the former colonies). A subsequent wave of
3043:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Saint Petersburg
3010:, as well as non-democratic governments in the
2952:", variously resulting from wars, revolutions,
2944:scale, another widely used measure of democracy
2195:, is considered one of the first examples of a
2108:excluded women, slaves, foreigners (ÎŒÎÏÎżÎčÎșÎżÎč /
1718:, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to
16133:
15662:
15658:. World Bank and University of Michigan Press.
15369:
15367:
14963:South African Journal of International Affairs
14476:
14310:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
14121:
13740:Munck, G.L. (2001). "Democratic Transitions".
13498:
12856:Kasuya, Yuko; Reilly, Benjamin (4 July 2023).
12234:
12184:"Article on direct democracy by Imraan Buccus"
12127:"A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East"
11622:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
11083:
11036:
10472:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
9197:"Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century"
7758:
7676:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7296:
6723:Surveillance of the sociopolitical environment
4368:), or represent the entire electorate through
3898:or any branch of government from altering the
2805:1850s lithograph marking the establishment of
2090:also strongly alludes to the word in his play
1961:the people are to rule. Classically the term "
1857:, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the
21723:
21709:
19816:
18581:
18045:
17466:
17392:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
16320:
16283:
15872:
15799:
15671:
15441:
15416:
14863:
14820:LĂŒhrmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019).
14122:Deary, I.J.; Batty, G.D.; Gale, C.R. (2008).
13896:, 2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
13821:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
13617:Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008).
13359:The Oxford Handbook of Authoritarian Politics
13295:
13017:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008
13007:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995; David Held,
12516:
12241:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8â11.
10031:
9957:
9411:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
9358:
7982:
7514:
7391:
7389:
6597:
5905:disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
5580:authoritarian government to a more democratic
5230:decide policy and leadership by voting. Most
5221:
4331:The use of a lot system, a characteristic of
4097:
2763:limited U.S. citizenship to whites only. The
1510:
690:
20322:
18710:
18681:
18667:
16045:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
15784:
15647:
15616:
15513:
15498:
15391:
15325:
15299:
15282:
15280:
15235:
15015:. University of Toronto Press. p. 285.
15010:
14056:. University Press of America. p. 307.
13938:
13616:
12855:
12824:
11791:
11436:
10942:
10274:International Journal of Middle East Studies
9153:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8988:
8443:The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens
7779:
7671:
7523:
7168:
5733:. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of
5560:regime to a democratic one (or vice versa).
5276:that are co-governed by students and staff.
3185:, who would later be known as the mother of
20258:
18776:
16334:
16077:
16039:Mann, Barbara A.; Fields, Jerry L. (1997).
15932:
15725:
15710:
15364:
15319:
15181:The Principles of Representative Government
15006:
15004:
14649:International Journal of Constitutional Law
14124:"Bright children become enlightened adults"
12228:
12210:"A Citizen's Guide To Vermont Town Meeting"
12140:SerdĂŒlt, Uwe (2014), Qvortrup, Matt (ed.),
11953:, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 40,
11929:, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 26,
10346:
10251:Movement toward greater democracy in Europe
9989:
9951:
9294:
9292:
8676:European Journal of International Relations
8635:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).
8498:
7169:Schwartzberg, Melissa (2014). "Democracy".
6715:The media professors Michael Gurevitch and
6693:
5599:, which correlates closely with democracy.
4078:
4070:
3584:
1811:and fundamental freedoms, and in which the
1730:
1710:The term appeared in the 5th century BC in
21716:
21702:
19823:
19809:
18588:
18574:
18052:
18038:
17587:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
17473:
17459:
16327:
16313:
16038:
16009:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15933:Egorov, Georgy; Sonin, Konstantin (2020).
15808:"The spread of true and false news online"
15701:
15695:
15581:
15453:Media edge: Media logic and social reality
15334:
15226:
14674:
14182:
13003:Daniele Archibugi & David Held, eds.,
12010:
11394:Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson (2002).
11084:Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021).
10847:
10498:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
10091:
10064:
9995:
8716:
8661:
8470:, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 4,
8237:
8209:( ed.). : Syracuse University Press.
8171:
7759:Diamond, Larry; Morlino, Leonardo (2005).
7386:
7230:
6673:; and they have contrasted democracy with
6604:
6590:
5756:List of coups and coup attempts by country
5298:, who themselves may choose the company's
4437:
4104:
4090:
3409:A common view among early and renaissance
3076:served as a model for the later theory of
2931:
2633:
2464:. His ideas form the ideological basis of
1752:movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.
1744:such as those in Classical Athens and the
1517:
1503:
697:
683:
15909:
15899:
15767:
15599:
15555:
15545:
15522:"The echo chamber effect on social media"
15401:
15277:
15069:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
14906:
14837:
14367:
14269:
14150:
13905:
13833:
13642:
13406:
13337:
13272:
13171:
13161:
13028:"Creative Democracy â The Task Before Us"
12934:AbdolKarim Soroush :: ŰčۚۯۧÙک۱ÙÙ
۳۱ÙŰŽ
12718:The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution
12566:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12051:
12049:
11615:
11057:
10959:
10692:The International Journal of Human Rights
10465:
10154:Encyclopedia of the American Constitution
9796:
9747:
9330:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
9117:
9099:
9076:
8673:
7672:HĂ©naff, Marcel; Strong, Tracy B. (2001).
7475:
5967:Learn how and when to remove this message
5616:Other theories stressed the relevance of
5518:
5348:
5213:do not claim to be democratic as of 2022)
4226:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
2845:gained passage by the US Congress of the
734:List of countries by system of government
19830:
18595:
15936:The political economics of non-democracy
15450:
15422:
15064:
15001:
14762:
14555:and Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal Rovira (2017)
14517:
14251:
13499:Germann, Micha; Gemenis, Kostas (2019).
13430:Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de (Spring 2004).
13429:
13388:
12572:
12342:
11682:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95â97.
11437:Warren, Mark E.; Pearse, Hilary (2008).
11263:
9869:
9289:
8608:Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000).
8439:
8202:
8142:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
8038:
7954:
7396:Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy".
7299:"Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing"
7142:
7140:
6735:Dialogue across a diverse range of views
5895:and government interference can prevent
5528:
5478:
5429:
5279:
5181:countries that claim to be a democracy
5173:
4755:mass participation of the working masses
4447:
4261:. Examples include Switzerland and some
4159:
4143:
3904:
3760:
3601:
3349:
3276:
3249:
3191:
3036:
2958:
2935:
2800:
2690:heritage to vote in a general election,
2637:
2436:
2349:
1990:
1640:, freedom from unwarranted governmental
48:
21406:Reflections on the Revolution in France
15974:
15769:10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
15686:
15622:
15507:The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism
15504:
15397:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 177â201.
15345:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 155â176.
15310:
15241:
15154:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition
14387:from the original on 24 September 2015.
14252:Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021).
13998:Weapons Systems and Political Stability
13986:Weapons Systems and Political Stability
13585:
13463:
13432:"Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn't Work"
12680:
12343:Urbinati, Nadia (1 October 2008). "2".
12317:
12238:Principles of Representative Government
12139:
12110:
12065:, Ăditions loisirs et pĂ©dagogie, 2008.
11641:
11377:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
11229:
11001:
10667:
10616:
10518:"Age of democracies at the end of 2015"
10317:
10026:Evolution of American Electoral Systems
9875:
9851:Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom
9674:
9598:
8611:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5
8440:Manville, Philip Brook (14 July 2014).
8206:The Iroquois in the American Revolution
8108:
8091:
8079:
7648:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
7395:
6752:They are controlled mainly by economic
5910:
5701:Democratic backsliding is a process of
5503:, increasing civic education, reducing
3382:contrasted rule by the many (democracy/
2513:would not prevail. Economic historians
2476:. The Parliament of England passed the
1675:. Most democracies apply in most cases
14:
22931:
16208:
16166:
16099:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece
15731:
15719:A Future for Public Service Television
15716:
15582:McCoy, Jennifer; Somer, Murat (2019).
15373:
15041:"King of Yugoslavia Assumes All Power"
13772:
13698:
13186:
12762:
12687:. Pathfinder Press. pp. 145â146.
12653:
12573:Brockell, Gillian (19 December 2019).
12320:The Crisis of Representative Democracy
12263:. Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999. Archived from
12095:
12046:
11814:
11675:
11616:Greenwood, Shannon (6 December 2022).
11560:International Political Science Review
11460:International Political Science Review
11230:Deudney, Daniel H. (9 November 2008).
11225:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11217:
10821:
10730:
10728:
10342:
10340:
10307:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
10299:
10204:Transcript of Voting Rights Act (1965)
9716:
9661:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sweden".
9031:
8893:
8374:
8357:
8337:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece
8308:La democrazias:Storia di un'ideologia,
8180:. Constitution Society. Archived from
8150:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484
7911:
7719:
7571:
7333:
7329:from the original on 22 February 2024.
5507:for new political parties, increasing
5416:
5238:are governed by democratic elections.
5094:Cosmopolitan democracy, also known as
4881:Consociational democracy, also called
4295:Examples include the extensive use of
3910:World's states coloured by systems of
3502:close to the views of the median voter
3425:
3281:Meeting of the Grand Committee of the
2974:and the dissolution of the autocratic
2432:
2315:, established in 1115, was led by the
1953:, are not necessarily democracies, as
21697:
19804:
18826:
18607:
18569:
18033:
17454:
16308:
16295:
16282:
15795:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35â58.
15340:
15176:
14997:from the original on 21 January 2020.
14908:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628
13892:Inglehart, Ronald. Welzel, Christian
13739:
13408:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033504
13367:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198871996.013.28
13352:
13317:
13212:
13163:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060820-060910
13058:
12777:
12750:Graeber, David and Grubacic, Andrej.
12626:
12550:Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson,
12524:"The Federalist Papers : No. 10"
12404:
12279:
11977:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 36,
11679:Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences
11618:"Appendix A: Classifying democracies"
11500:
10369:
10070:
9911:"The Bill of Rights: A Brief History"
9723:. US: Greenwood Publishing. pp.
9603:. Yale University Press. p. 274.
9568:
9490:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 11, 18â19.
9452:
9401:
9273:. The British Library. Archived from
9119:10.1146/annurev-polisci-043014-105648
8845:. The British Library. Archived from
8803:The Cortes of Castile-Leon, 1188â1350
8238:Priestland, David (23 October 2021).
8104:
8102:
8100:
7884:
7492:
7171:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought
7137:
7066:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
5337:. Some proponents of the theory like
5065:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
4941:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
4604:Founding Fathers of the United States
3394:), and with rule by a single person (
3333:appointed 27 new Supreme Court judges
3254:Age of democracies at the end of 2015
3116:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2862:Representation of the People Act 1918
1845:), the dominant principle is that of
18542:
15407:
15151:
15079:
14925:
14801:from the original on 6 February 2023
14709:
14610:
14086:"Why does democracy need education?"
13996:see also Chester G Starr, Review of
13623:British Journal of Political Science
13559:
13114:
12633:. Taylor & Francis. p. 31.
12606:, "Epilogue: Securing the Republic""
11815:Krauss, Alexander (2 January 2016).
11648:. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
11357:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
11307:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy
10682:
10610:
10318:Diamond, Larry (15 September 2015).
10216:The Constitution: The 24th Amendment
10037:
9201:The Society of Antiquaries of London
8948:from the original on 10 January 2022
8742:
8577:Bindloss, Joe; Sarina Singh (2007).
8001:
7852:Daily Express News (2 August 2013).
7226:
7224:
6837:and in some cases even reversion to
5923:
5880:, which lawfully ended democracy in
5826:1999 Ukrainian presidential election
5268:. There is also a growing number of
3770:
3612:
3591:
3476:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy
3072:(disputed), Austria, Italy, and the
2782:was elected by all men in 1792. The
2595:, the holder of the highest post of
1900:, be substantively and procedurally
21516:The End of History and the Last Man
21426:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
18059:
17546:Speaker / President of the assembly
16267:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
16057:10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510
14645:
14557:Populism: a Very Short Introduction
13355:"International Democracy Promotion"
13193:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
11214:
11208:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10725:
10347:Kurlantzick, Joshua (11 May 2017).
10337:
9853:. National Archives. Archived from
9058:
8109:Deudney, Daniel (9 November 2008).
7696:
5799:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
5368:
4753:, internal party democracy and the
4621:, that what distinguished a direct
4288:to be held on any law voted by the
3854:Difficulties in measuring democracy
2920:In 1893, the self-governing colony
2472:In 17th century England, there was
2255:consisted of freemen presided by a
1965:" encompassed both democracies and
60:. In the 1990s, the dissolution of
58:1994 South African general election
24:
17634:International development minister
16216:. London: Zed Books. p. 371.
16117:
16101:. University of California Press.
15957:Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought
15954:Clarke, P.; Foweraker, J. (2001).
14938:from the original on 13 April 2021
14895:Annual Review of Political Science
13395:Annual Review of Political Science
13149:Annual Review of Political Science
12924:, p. 475. Volume 8 Issue s4, 2002.
12186:. Themercury.co.za. Archived from
10320:"Timeline: Democracy in Recession"
9300:"Britain's unwritten constitution"
9227:"Origins and growth of Parliament"
9106:Annual Review of Political Science
8968:"Origins and growth of Parliament"
8743:Dahl, Robert A. (1 October 2008).
8614:. Popular Prakashan. p. 208.
8411:"Women and Family in Athenian Law"
8097:
7762:Assessing the Quality of Democracy
7736:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1989.tb00090.x
6813:rather than serious deliberation.
5834:2004 Russian presidential election
5689:
5563:
4228:, communities affiliated with the
2753:voting rights in the United States
2037:
1999:depicting the Athenian politician
1837:In some countries, notably in the
1774:
25:
22965:
22907:Western European and Others Group
18009:Government ministers by portfolio
17765:Ministry of Education and Culture
16231:
14294:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2861711
14258:American Political Science Review
13852:American Political Science Review
13325:International Area Studies Review
12017:Encyclopedia of Political Thought
11566:(5). Sage Publications: 571â579.
11037:Farrell, Henry (14 August 2020).
10972:(Report). V-Dem Institute at the
10111:from the original on 2 July 2015.
9835:from the original on 2 June 2023.
9797:Ratcliffe, Donald (Summer 2013).
9786:from the original on 2 June 2023.
9748:Ratcliffe, Donald (Summer 2013).
9639:. British Library. Archived from
9514:, DK Publishing, Inc., New York,
9302:. British Library. Archived from
8487:Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 2007
8292:Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 2007
8275:, Oxford University Press, 1994,
7574:"2,234 Descriptions of Democracy"
7572:Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018).
7233:"Who Decides What Is Democratic?"
7221:
5830:2003 Russian legislative election
5696:Democratic backsliding by country
5542:number of countries autocratizing
5401:which is necessary for sustained
5242:are ultimately governed by their
4870:
4338:
3887:Types of governmental democracies
2876:in March 1848 in the wake of the
2660:first Parliament of Great Britain
21486:The Open Society and Its Enemies
19784:
19783:
18541:
18530:
18529:
18014:
18013:
18003:
18002:
16078:Ober, J.; Hedrick, C.W. (1996).
15926:
15680:
15459:
15203:
15073:
15058:
15029:
14919:
14857:
14813:
14703:
14668:
14639:
14613:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
14569:
14546:
14470:
14437:
14424:
14391:
14340:
14326:
14298:
14286:
14207:
14175:
14143:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02036.x
14115:
14077:
14043:
13990:
13967:
13932:
13899:
13886:
13842:
13807:
13744:. Elsevier. pp. 3425â3428.
13659:
13610:
13579:
13553:
13531:
13492:
13382:
13346:
13311:
13289:
13237:
13206:
13180:
13135:
13107:
13091:
13052:
13020:
12997:
12970:
12938:
12927:
12880:
12849:
12818:
12778:Arend, Lijphart (January 1969).
12771:
12756:
12744:
12732:
12723:
12701:
12647:
12620:
12594:
12557:
12544:
12494:
12469:
12444:
12431:
12422:
12413:
12398:
12384:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2004.00109.x
12361:
12336:
12322:. Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York.
12311:
12253:
12202:
12176:
12133:
12119:
12104:
12089:
12076:
12061:Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix,
12033:
12004:
11991:
11967:
11943:
11920:
11896:
11865:
11856:
11847:
11780:
11521:
11494:
11447:
11430:
11417:
11408:
11388:
11367:
11344:
11320:
11296:
11290:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00827.x
11257:
11196:
11174:
11127:
11077:
11051:
11030:
11008:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
10995:
10943:Repucci, Sarah; Slipowitz, Amy.
10936:
10911:
10868:
10841:
10788:
10776:
10754:
10676:
10661:
10636:
10617:Bingham, Adrian (25 June 2019).
10588:
10566:
10540:
10510:
10488:
10470:. In Arjomand, SaĂŻd Amir (ed.).
10459:
10437:
10415:
10389:
10363:
10311:
10293:
10279:
10263:
10260:". Indiana University Northwest.
10243:
10221:
10209:
10197:
10172:
10141:
10115:
10045:. pp. 14â16. Archived from
10018:
9925:
9903:
9839:
9790:
9741:
9100:Stasavage, David (11 May 2016).
7833:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
7118:
7076:
7041:
6986:
6573:
5928:
5916:This section is an excerpt from
5450:'s Ecole de maintien de la paix.
5422:This section is an excerpt from
5309:
5025:
4920:to obtain a larger support than
4809:majority-rule is tyrannic or not
4379:
4265:, where frequent use is made of
2994:and dictatorships flourished in
2708:The creation of the short-lived
2175:
2115:Athenian democracy was not only
1486:
666:
20293:Family as a model for the state
17337:Social and political philosophy
16161:A Cultural History of Democracy
15231:. University of Illinois Press.
13973:Foreword, written by historian
13783:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1
13709:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1
13296:Peter Dizikes (24 April 2019).
12660:. Verso Books. pp. 84â86.
12347:. University of Chicago Press.
12297:: Parragon Books. p. 341.
11906:, SAGE, 2004, pp. 143â45,
11821:Journal of Economic Methodology
11331:An Economic Theory of Democracy
10574:"List of Electoral Democracies"
9935:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
9710:
9693:
9668:
9655:
9629:
9607:
9592:
9562:
9550:Plymouth Colony Legal Structure
9541:
9525:
9501:
9477:
9455:The Huntington Library Bulletin
9446:
9429:
9405:(1988) . Laslett, Peter (ed.).
9361:The Journal of Economic History
9352:
9322:
9263:
9241:
9219:
9167:
9142:
9093:
9065:The Journal of Economic History
9052:
9034:International Studies Quarterly
9025:
8982:
8960:
8914:
8900:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173â74.
8887:
8865:
8835:
8797:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1989).
8790:
8763:
8736:
8710:
8667:
8628:
8601:
8570:
8558:
8536:
8516:
8460:
8433:
8403:
8368:
8351:
8342:
8329:
8316:
8297:
8265:
8231:
8196:
8165:
8129:
8059:
8032:
8019:
7985:Electoral systems and democracy
7976:
7948:
7905:
7878:
7845:
7809:
7752:
7713:
7690:
7665:
7637:
7612:
7565:
7546:
7524:Staff writer (22 August 2007).
7504:
7435:
7424:. New York: Routledge. p. 511.
7414:
7179:10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0248
6557:Latin America and the Caribbean
5901:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
5820:An "electoral self-coup" using
5254:to handle internal governance.
5083:
4710:dictatorship of the proletariat
4402:
4353:then it is called a democratic
4077:systems of government, not the
3766:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index
3536:
3510:An Economic Theory of Democracy
3374:
3335:over legal objections from the
2882:revolutions broke out in Europe
2833:(1865) that ended slavery; the
2778:and, although short-lived, the
2474:renewed interest in Magna Carta
1995:Nineteenth-century painting by
1914:freedom of political expression
1813:freely expressed will of people
1736:), meaning "rule of an elite".
650:Latin America and the Caribbean
21643:Separation of church and state
21541:Collectivism and individualism
21496:The Origins of Totalitarianism
17682:Ministry of trade and industry
17173:Political history of the world
16296:
16082:. Princeton University Press.
15946:
14312:. Cambridge University Press.
13941:Journal of Conflict Resolution
13910:. Cambridge University Press.
13750:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01135-9
13219:Journal of Conflict Resolution
13009:Democracy and the Global Order
12709:General Idea of the Revolution
12563:Novanglus, no. 7. 6 March 1775
12371:Scandinavian Political Studies
11975:Problems in American Democracy
11236:. Princeton University Press.
11090:. Cambridge University Press.
10372:"The Signs of Deconsolidation"
10370:Mounk, Yascha (January 2017).
10077:. Routledge. p. viiiâix.
8843:"Magna Carta: an introduction"
8446:. Princeton University Press.
8115:. Princeton University Press.
8039:Everdell, William R. (2000) .
7891:. Princeton University Press.
7723:Scandinavian Political Studies
7526:"Liberty and justice for some"
7422:Encyclopedia of ancient Greece
7372:
7355:
7290:
7263:
7195:
7162:
5228:non-governmental organisations
4751:worker's control of production
4747:autonomous union organizations
4247:
4117:
3449:
3272:International Day of Democracy
3161:, and the democratisation and
3053:were as an early example of a
2784:Polish-Lithuanian Constitution
2568:. For Locke, citizens had the
2379:Simon de Montfort's Parliament
2226:
2166:overthrow of the Roman Kingdom
2100:, meaning political equality.
1977:, such as the United Kingdom.
1599:, the people choose governing
1195:Intergovernmental organisation
1150:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
21683:Category:Political philosophy
21556:Critique of political economy
18329:Needle and syringe programmes
18183:Universal access to education
17836:Ministry of religious affairs
16059:(inactive 15 September 2024).
15888:British Journal of Psychology
15736:. Springer. pp. 114â136.
15706:. Springer. pp. 114â136.
15472:Comparative Political Studies
15412:. Princeton University Press.
15378:. Springer. pp. 137â155.
15227:MacChesney, Robert W (1999).
14889:Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018).
14839:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029
14784:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194
14763:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020).
14689:10.1080/13510347.2020.1826438
14590:10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109
14532:10.1080/13510347.2020.1796649
14454:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
14408:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
14308:; Robinson, James A. (2006).
13906:Inglehart, Ronald F. (2018).
13560:Wong, Alia (5 October 2018).
13517:10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237
13246:"Democracy Does Cause Growth"
12874:10.1080/09512748.2022.2035426
12831:Comparative Political Studies
12654:Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020).
12627:Wiles, Peter (14 June 2023).
12084:Developing Zapatista Autonomy
11878:Comparative Political Studies
11833:10.1080/1350178X.2015.1069372
11443:. Cambridge University Press.
10889:10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310
10800:The Christian Science Monitor
10125:. Itd.nps.gov. Archived from
9806:Journal of the Early Republic
9757:Journal of the Early Republic
9705:Journal of the Early Republic
8565:Livy & De SĂ©lincourt 2002
8526:, Leiden Netherlands (1979).
7131:
6369:Democracy and economic growth
5884:and marked the transition to
5870:independence of the judiciary
5741:
5534:
5375:Democracy and economic growth
5361:. Democracy tends to improve
5317:
4912:Consensus democracy requires
4891:European Council of Ministers
4326:
4027:: Monarch has unlimited power
3990:Assembly-independent republic
3751:electoral system manipulation
3608:The Economist Democracy Index
3316:The Christian Science Monitor
3289:Many countries reduced their
3205:Indonesian Revolution of 1998
3088:fell into the non-democratic
2757:Presidential election in 1789
2452:and developed the concept of
2427:
2319:whose members were chosen by
1769:The Economist Democracy Index
1595:and decide legislation. In a
1587:, the people have the direct
462:Democracy and economic growth
21581:Institutional discrimination
21576:History of political thought
20308:Negative and positive rights
18827:
18713:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
17178:History of political thought
16195:Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
15721:. MIT Press. pp. 29â39.
14197:10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.003
13592:The American Economic Review
13588:"Entry Barriers in Politics"
13253:Journal of Political Economy
12142:"Referendums in Switzerland"
12063:Swiss political institutions
11904:Handbook of Political Theory
11398:Princeton University Press.
10704:10.1080/13642987.2014.944807
10276:, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 265â286
9876:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).
9547:Christopher Fennell (1998),
9531:Clifton E. Olmstead (1960),
8746:On Democracy: Second Edition
8364:. Uchitel' Publishing House.
8138:"Small State Foreign Policy"
7034:
6562:Middle East and North Africa
6429:Peaceful transition of power
5723:peaceful transition of power
5544:(blue) is higher than those
5135:International Criminal Court
5059:
4981:
4901:
4859:and is still used in modern
4836:
4799:
4678:
4633:Professors Richard Ellis of
4015:Semi-constitutional monarchy
3309:) to the Philippines (under
3157:, the associated end of the
3155:collapse of the Soviet Union
2880:. During that year, several
2676:UK's uncodified constitution
2652:Austrian Parliament Building
2207:Other cultures, such as the
1548:
992:(socio-political ideologies)
655:Middle East and North Africa
522:Peaceful transition of power
7:
21591:Justification for the state
21376:Two Treatises of Government
18682:
18412:Publicly funded health care
17851:Ministry of social security
17732:Ministry of water resources
17612:Ministry of foreign affairs
17481:Common types of government
15643:. Springer. pp. 65â75.
15451:Altheide, David L. (2014).
15423:Altheide, David L. (2002).
15330:. Springer. pp. 31â41.
15315:. Springer. pp. 31â41.
14446:Handbook of Economic Growth
14400:Handbook of Economic Growth
13478:10.1177/0022343396033004002
13361:, Oxford University Press,
13231:10.1177/0022002793037001002
12212:. July 2008. Archived from
11396:Why Deliberative Democracy?
11375:Is Democracy Possible Here?
11184:. Internet Classics Archive
10683:Wall, John (October 2014).
9882:. Oryx Press. p. 284.
9533:History of Religion in the
9408:Two Treatises of Government
9151:A Concise History of Poland
8511:Clarke & Foweraker 2001
8144:, Oxford University Press,
8067:"Pericles' Funeral Oration"
7817:"Parliamentary sovereignty"
6933:
6776:attitude to politics, less
6459:Proportional representation
6005:
5784:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
5140:
5108:international organisations
4562:
4497:of 1688 and passage of the
4460:Many countries such as the
4432:
4189:Change constitutional laws,
3965: Presidential republic
3942:with a ceremonial president
3493:According to the theory of
2674:. Two key documents of the
2606:, with the election of the
2557:Two Treatises of Government
2323:. In the 10thâ15th century
2202:
2199:around the 6th century BC.
1060:(socio-economic ideologies)
730:List of forms of government
552:Proportional representation
98:
10:
22970:
20261:Bellum omnium contra omnes
18608:
17884:Minister without portfolio
17846:Ministry of social affairs
17677:Ministry of infrastructure
16273:Podcast: Democracy Paradox
16193:Why Bother With Elections?
15756:Annual Review of Economics
15360:. Oxford University Press.
14625:10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2
14228:10.5129/001041512798838003
14090:Journal of Economic Growth
13835:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7
13389:Matanock, Aila M. (2020).
13213:Dixon, William J. (1993).
13121:. Routledge. p. 161.
12780:"Consociational Democracy"
11999:Journal of Law and Society
10976:. May 2019. Archived from
10945:"Democracy under Lockdown"
10736:"Freedom in the Word 2017"
10228:French National Assembly.
10148:Gillette, William (1986).
10071:Scher, Richard K. (2015).
9933:"The French Revolution II"
8991:International Organization
8580:India: Lonely planet Guide
8524:Literacy in Ancient Sparta
8358:Grinin, Leonid E. (2004).
8203:Graymont, Barbara (1972).
7674:Public space and democracy
6947:Democracy in Chola Dynasty
6899:, enabling them to bypass
6697:
5915:
5876:. A famous example is the
5845:, begun in 1929 when King
5693:
5567:
5522:
5493:voting advice applications
5421:
5372:
5283:
5222:Non-governmental democracy
5167:
5144:
5087:
5064:
5029:
4985:
4940:
4905:
4874:
4840:
4764:
4760:
4682:
4657:
4653:
4566:
4456:, a constitutional monarch
4441:
4406:
4383:
4342:
4282:federal popular initiative
4137:
3980:Semi-presidential republic
3890:
3857:
3595:
3570:
3270:declared 15 September the
3107:often adopted the British
2819:1840 presidential election
2815:1828 presidential election
2813:In the United States, the
2761:Naturalization Act of 1790
2741:United States Constitution
2694:, voted in 1774 and 1780.
2680:Declaration of Right, 1689
2381:in 1265. The emergence of
2219:
2041:
2032:
1984:
1980:
1724:
1537:
56:casting his ballot in the
38:Democracy (disambiguation)
31:
22677:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
22657:
22575:
22412:
22247:
22118:Standard Average European
21986:
21815:
21735:
21678:
21528:
21297:
20945:
20678:
20558:
20477:
20389:
20380:
20246:
20080:
20009:
19838:
19770:
19724:
19626:
19583:
19562:
19509:
19478:
19462:
19409:
19343:
19295:
19259:
19226:
19145:
19104:
18948:
18837:
18833:
18822:
18727:Methodological skepticism
18618:
18614:
18603:
18525:
18469:
18437:National health insurance
18402:
18389:Supervised injection site
18299:
18249:
18196:
18090:
18067:
17998:
17935:Communications ministries
17892:
17876:
17740:
17695:
17647:
17595:
17559:
17493:
17421:
17414:
17273:
17215:
17163:
17156:
17124:
17117:
17057:
17050:
16985:
16976:
16859:
16852:
16766:
16635:
16422:
16384:National unity government
16346:
16302:
16289:
16284:Links to related articles
16252:Resources in your library
15623:Cushion, Stephen (2012).
15408:Baum, Matthew A. (2003).
14975:10.1080/10220460802217934
14271:10.1017/S0003055420000647
14102:10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1
13635:10.1017/S0007123408000161
13466:Journal of Peace Research
13339:10.1177/22338659231194945
12906:Cite uses generic title (
12608:. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu
12001:, 18:3 (1991). pp. 353â64
11763:"Breaking Down Democracy"
11355:Democracy and its Critics
11333:. HarperCollins College.
11152:10.1017/S1537592720002091
11002:Mettler, Suzanne (2020).
10835:14 September 2021 at the
10764:. Bloomberg. 16 July 2023
10474:. Brill. pp. 92â94.
9675:Gregory, Desmond (1985).
9373:10.1017/S0022050700009451
9078:10.1017/S0022050717000729
9003:10.1017/S0020818319000286
8799:"The Cortes and Taxation"
8749:. Yale University Press.
8723:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
8688:10.1177/13540661211024713
8641:. Routledge. p. 57.
8172:de Montesquieu, Charles.
7901:– via Google Books.
7775:– via Google Books.
7380:Oxford English Dictionary
7341:"Definition of DEMOCRACY"
7276:. MIT Press. p. 31.
7231:Przeworski, Adam (2024).
7150:. Oxford University Press
7061:Voting Rights Act of 1965
6640:Constitutional Convention
5847:Alexander I of Yugoslavia
5816:1992 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
5780:First Portuguese Republic
5163:
4935:
4914:consensus decision-making
4887:Qualified majority voting
4259:participatory democracies
4240:, and Kurdish cantons of
4133:
3932:with a ceremonial monarch
3386:), with rule by the few (
3369:
2967:in the early 20th century
2878:French Revolution of 1848
2847:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2823:1860 United States census
2612:Virginia General Assembly
2458:right to private property
2215:
1975:constitutional monarchies
1892:, creating the need that
1884:can be oppressed by the "
1847:parliamentary sovereignty
1181:(geo-cultural ideologies)
42:Democrat (disambiguation)
22817:Lancaster House Treaties
22307:Christian existentialism
22267:Ancient Roman philosophy
22257:Ancient Greek philosophy
21466:The Revolt of the Masses
18432:Single-payer health care
18241:Universal basic services
18188:Universal basic services
17930:Climate change ministers
17831:Ministry of home affairs
16814:Environmental regulation
16620:Representative democracy
16159:(general editor). 2021.
15960:. Taylor & Francis.
15601:10.1177/0002716218818782
15484:10.1177/0010414016633226
15152:Dahl, Robert A. (1972).
14477:Robert Michels (1999) .
14356:American Economic Review
14347:Alsan, Marcella (2015).
14334:"Rainfall and Democracy"
14050:Carroll Quigley (1983).
14016:Carroll Quigley (1983).
13980:1 September 2013 at the
13953:10.1177/0022002717708599
13586:Tullock, Gordon (1965).
13189:"Social Contract Theory"
13187:Friend, Celeste (n.d.).
13144:"Does Democracy Matter?"
12843:10.1177/0010414012463883
12707:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
12504:. M-W.com. 25 April 2007
12019:. Taylor & Francis.
11951:The Judge in a Democracy
11927:The Judge in a Democracy
11902:G.F. Gaus, C. Kukathas,
11890:10.1177/0010414016633226
11572:10.1177/0192512116669141
11472:10.1177/0192512114544068
11373:Dworkin, Ronald (2006).
11264:Springer, Simon (2011).
11140:Perspectives on Politics
10974:University of Gothenburg
10578:World Forum on Democracy
9510:and David Rubel (2002),
7888:The Judge in a Democracy
7646:The democracy sourcebook
7448:Public Opinion Quarterly
7273:The Democracy Sourcebook
7249:10.1353/jod.2024.a930423
7107:Chile in the early 1990s
7053:House of Representatives
7022:Territorial peace theory
7012:Parliament in the Making
6967:FoucaultâHabermas debate
6694:Importance of mass media
6625:constitutional democracy
6514:Wars between democracies
6494:Territorial peace theory
6339:Democratic confederalism
5788:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
5762:.) Examples include the
5354:Condorcet's jury theorem
5327:legitimacy of government
4877:Consociational democracy
4824:individualist anarchists
4730:representative democracy
4427:semi-presidential system
4345:Representative democracy
4200:and suggestions for laws
4128:representative democracy
3585:Measurement of democracy
3264:World Forum on Democracy
3095:The war was followed by
3086:Soviet sector of Germany
2908:and a popularly elected
2866:Equal Franchise Act 1928
2724:principles and included
2646:, the patron goddess of
2138:as early as 700 BC. The
1793:representative democracy
1597:representative democracy
607:Wars between democracies
587:Territorial peace theory
432:Democratic confederalism
22595:Equality before the law
21802:Romano-Germanic culture
21446:The Communist Manifesto
20372:Tyranny of the majority
20283:Consent of the governed
18133:Public good (economics)
18019:Ministries by portfolio
17990:Public works ministries
17722:Ministry of electricity
17662:Ministry of the economy
17536:Office of the president
16879:Uncodified constitution
16404:Administrative division
16142:. Bloomsbury Academic.
15975:Graeber, David (2013).
15835:10.1126/science.aap9559
15547:10.1073/pnas.2023301118
15509:. Sage. pp. 51â67.
15256:10.1111/1467-923X.00494
15244:The Political Quarterly
15177:Manin, Bernard (1997).
15065:Pinfield, Nick (2015).
14734:10.1126/science.abb2434
13505:Political Communication
13353:Donno, Daniela (2024),
12922:Nations and Nationalism
12763:Dowlen, Oliver (2008).
12711:See also commentary by
12552:Debating the presidency
12439:Charles Scribner's Sons
12235:Manin, Bernard (1997).
12154:10.1057/9781137314703_4
10862:10.1111/1758-5899.12225
10447:. BBC News. 7 June 2010
9717:Dinkin, Robert (1982).
9663:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
9617:. The National Archives
9251:. The National Archives
9229:. The National Archives
8970:. The National Archives
8894:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
8875:. The National Archives
8499:Ober & Hedrick 1996
7746:17 October 2016 at the
7624:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7398:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7207:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7071:Equal Protection Clause
7057:three-fifths compromise
6952:Democratic peace theory
6799:The responsiveness and
6665:; they have identified
6499:Tyranny of the majority
6434:Political demonstration
6344:Democratic peace theory
6319:Deliberative referendum
5897:free and fair elections
5891:Temporary or long-term
5862:free and fair elections
5776:28 May 1926 coup d'Ă©tat
5727:free and fair elections
5719:political participation
5497:participatory democracy
5359:the wisdom of the crowd
5331:consent of the governed
5050:tyranny of the majority
4648:Elizabeth Willing Powel
4444:Constitutional monarchy
4438:Constitutional monarchy
4255:semi-direct democracies
3930:Constitutional monarchy
2965:first wave of democracy
2932:20th and 21st centuries
2870:Universal male suffrage
2807:universal male suffrage
2788:constitutional monarchy
2720:was the first based on
2701:in Sweden (1718â1772),
2634:18th and 19th centuries
2566:consent of the governed
2488:of 1647. Subsequently,
2462:consent of the governed
2341:constitutional monarchy
1951:consent of the governed
1886:tyranny of the majority
1765:V-Dem Democracy indices
1687:(e.g. constitution) or
1663:make decisions through
1634:consent of the governed
1560:'rule') is a system of
1444:Administrative division
1388:International relations
592:Tyranny of the majority
527:Political demonstration
437:Democratic peace theory
412:Deliberative referendum
22757:Eastern European Group
22346:Continental philosophy
22277:Judeo-Christian ethics
22262:Hellenistic philosophy
21743:Cradle of civilization
20323:
20273:Clash of civilizations
20259:
18777:
18711:
18677:Enlightened absolutism
18668:
17955:Environment ministries
17925:Agriculture ministries
17920:Presidents of assembly
17915:Deputy prime ministers
16174:. Metropolitan Books.
15289:Communication Yearbook
14485:Transaction Publishers
13984:in 1982, to Quigley's
13059:Brown, Archie (2001).
12681:Trotsky, Leon (1977).
12657:Trotsky as Alternative
12318:Köchler, Hans (1987).
12111:Zibechi, Raul (2013).
12096:Denham, Diana (2008).
11642:Dobratz, B.A. (2015).
11501:Smith, Graham (2009).
11060:"The Fragile Republic"
10668:Sanders, Mark (2000).
9599:Chavetz, Josh (2007).
9484:Tocqueville, Alexis de
9413:Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222
8924:. BBC. 19 January 2015
8662:Mann & Fields 1997
7885:Barak, Aharon (2006).
7859:The New Indian Express
7590:10.3167/dt.2018.050107
6819:Political polarization
6617:Criticism of democracy
6324:Democratic backsliding
6314:Criticism of democracy
5918:Criticism of democracy
5854:Democratic backsliding
5843:6 January Dictatorship
5679:
5604:democracy causes peace
5597:self-expression values
5549:
5519:Democratic transitions
5484:
5451:
5397:at the expense of the
5349:Better decision-making
5323:Social contract theory
5270:Democratic educational
5214:
5133:. The creation of the
5090:Cosmopolitan democracy
5032:Participatory politics
5015:Democracy & Nature
4966:minority ethnic groups
4926:majoritarian democracy
4813:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4637:and Michael Nelson of
4614:argued, especially in
4478:Scandinavian countries
4457:
4351:democratically elected
4181:
4157:
4111:
4079:
4071:
4069:this chart represents
4055:Provisional government
3940:Parliamentary republic
3850:
3704:
3552:Authentic deliberation
3543:Deliberative democracy
3437:deliberative democracy
3360:Democratic backsliding
3355:
3286:
3255:
3200:
3133:
3058:
2968:
2945:
2810:
2655:
2564:only if they held the
2548:war of all against all
2534:social contract theory
2528:on the British Isles.
2469:
2450:social contract theory
2358:
2291:has been elected by a
2231:While most regions in
2183:, capital city of the
2064:'(common) people' and
2060:. The word comes from
2011:
2003:delivering his famous
1841:(which originated the
1731:
1673:presidential democracy
417:Democratic backsliding
407:Criticism of democracy
69:
36:. For other uses, see
22877:Three Seas Initiative
22852:Pacific Islands Forum
22717:BritishâIrish Council
22465:Greek Orthodox Church
21924:Industrial Revolution
21894:Scientific Revolution
20288:Divine right of kings
18643:Counter-Enlightenment
18281:Public infrastructure
18118:Public administration
18103:Free-culture movement
17950:Environment ministers
17856:Minister for Veterans
17727:Ministry of Petroleum
17687:Ministry of transport
17526:Deputy First Minister
17516:Deputy prime minister
17370:aspects of capitalism
17286:History of philosophy
16784:Unemployment benefits
16520:Military dictatorship
15427:. Aldine de Gruyter.
15011:Alan Siaroff (2009).
14926:Lindberg, Staffan I.
14131:Psychological Science
13916:10.1017/9781108613880
13115:Tibi, Bassam (2013).
13077:10.1353/jod.2001.0063
12876:– via CrossRef.
12845:– via CrossRef.
11843:– via CrossRef.
11096:10.1017/9781108957809
10256:4 August 2010 at the
10206:US National Archives.
9964:The Third of May 1791
9818:10.1353/jer.2013.0033
9769:10.1353/jer.2013.0033
9707:33.2 (2013): 219â254.
9556:29 April 2012 at the
9059:Cox, Gary W. (2017).
8873:"Citizen or Subject?"
8811:10.9783/9781512819571
8377:The Classical Journal
7420:Wilson, N.G. (2006).
7315:10.1353/jod.2013.0010
6875:The emergence of the
6858:horse race journalism
6700:Mediatization (media)
6653:or a more democratic
6379:Electoral competition
6359:Democratic transition
6334:Democratic centralism
6329:Democratic capitalism
5903:and African-American
5866:freedom of expression
5772:French First Republic
5731:freedom of expression
5694:Further information:
5684:democratic revolution
5674:
5532:
5525:Democratic transition
5482:
5473:military intervention
5433:
5339:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5286:Shareholder democracy
5280:Shareholder democracy
5272:institutions such as
5248:shareholder democracy
5177:
5054:participatory economy
4635:Willamette University
4451:
4218:Appenzell Innerrhoden
4163:
4147:
4085:degree of democracy.
3919:Parliamentary systems
3908:
3876:judicial independence
3764:
3671:Authoritarian regimes
3605:
3456:aggregative democracy
3432:aggregative democracy
3353:
3307:Law and Justice Party
3283:Parliament of Finland
3280:
3253:
3195:
3120:
3090:Soviet-dominated bloc
3040:
2962:
2939:
2843:civil rights movement
2804:
2745:codified constitution
2718:Corsican Constitution
2641:
2460:and the principle of
2440:
2363:Parliament of England
2353:
2068:'force/might'. Under
2015:Democratic assemblies
1994:
1912:. In some countries,
1859:Constitution of India
1851:judicial independence
1454:Democratic transition
1317:Self-governing colony
914:Military dictatorship
472:Electoral competition
452:Democratic transition
427:Democratic centralism
422:Democratic capitalism
52:
18:Democratic government
22872:Special Relationship
22282:Christian philosophy
22227:Western Christianity
21889:Age of Enlightenment
21763:Hellenistic Kingdoms
21436:Democracy in America
20815:political philosophy
20798:political philosophy
20613:political philosophy
20442:political philosophy
20352:Separation of powers
20313:Night-watchman state
20298:Monopoly on violence
19832:Political philosophy
18597:Age of Enlightenment
17945:Education ministries
17782:Information minister
17717:Environment minister
17617:Immigration minister
17304:Political ideologies
16580:Parliamentary system
16024:. Penguin Classics.
15097:10.2139/ssrn.1426841
14662:10.1093/icon/moab058
14378:10.1257/aer.20130604
14216:Comparative Politics
13318:Pelke, Lars (2023).
13298:"Democracy dividend"
13065:Journal of Democracy
12405:Aristotle. "Ch. 9".
11309:. Harper Perennial.
10802:. 13 November 2018.
10623:History & Policy
10376:Journal of Democracy
10269:Hasan Kayalı (1995)
9699:Donald Ratcliffe, "
9643:on 30 September 2020
9488:Democracy in America
9249:"Rise of Parliament"
9207:on 25 September 2018
8522:Terrence A. Boring,
8313:(2004) 2018 pp.12â13
8069:. the-athenaeum.org.
7303:Journal of Democracy
7237:Journal of Democracy
7002:Industrial democracy
6897:emerging democracies
6854:developing countries
6354:Democratic socialism
5911:Debates on democracy
5878:Enabling Act of 1933
5641:modernisation theory
5624:âand within them of
5459:system of government
5399:creative destruction
4954:political scientists
4865:citizens' assemblies
4857:Renaissance Florence
4767:Democracy in Marxism
4706:democratic socialism
4693:Democratic socialism
4669:political philosophy
4420:separation of powers
4386:Parliamentary system
3900:separation of powers
3345:government crackdown
3209:Bulldozer Revolution
3118:mandated democracy:
2856:that began with the
2772:Revolutionary France
2526:political philosophy
2418:Casimir IV Jagiellon
2313:Republic of Florence
1987:History of democracy
1922:freedom of the press
1882:political minorities
1849:, while maintaining
1789:equal before the law
1759:of a state, such as
1679:, but in some cases
447:Democratic socialism
22897:West Nordic Council
22762:Eastern Partnership
22351:Analytic philosophy
22052:Classical tradition
21874:Early modern period
21830:Classical antiquity
21825:European Bronze Age
21626:Right-wing politics
21506:A Theory of Justice
21476:The Road to Serfdom
21396:The Social Contract
20103:Christian democracy
19603:FeijĂło y Montenegro
19554:Vorontsova-Dashkova
18517:Public viewing area
18286:Public water system
18274:Municipal broadband
18231:Public broadcasting
17841:Ministry of science
17799:Ministry of justice
17792:Ministry of housing
17753:Ministry of culture
17667:Ministry of finance
17607:Ministry of defence
17426:Forms of government
17359:Conservatism navbox
16964:Legislative council
16789:National healthcare
16663:Christian democracy
16585:Presidential system
16440:Countries by system
15827:2018Sci...359.1146V
15821:(6380): 1146â1151.
15538:2021PNAS..11823301C
14726:2020Sci...369.1192H
14720:(6508): 1192â1196.
13040:on 12 February 2015
12767:. Imprint Academic.
12580:The Washington Post
12409:. Vol. Book 4.
12011:Budge, Ian (2001).
11676:Michie, J. (2014).
11282:2011Antip..43..525S
11044:The Washington Post
10584:on 16 October 2013.
10548:"Tables and Charts"
10528:on 15 February 2020
10403:on 7 September 2006
10052:on 11 November 2020
10002:The Preamble of Law
9996:Jan Ligeza (2017).
9977:on 5 September 2019
9277:on 22 December 2016
9179:The British Library
8944:. 20 January 2015.
8513:, pp. 194â201.
8184:on 22 December 2019
8094:, pp. 168â169.
7730:(3): 201, 199â219.
7460:10.1093/poq/nfab056
7027:Spatial citizenship
7017:Power to the people
6957:Empowered democracy
6942:Defensive democracy
6913:conspiracy theories
6792:and the erosion of
6580:Politics portal
6374:Democracy promotion
6349:Democratic republic
5768:Coup of 18 Brumaire
5455:Democracy promotion
5424:Democracy promotion
5417:Democracy promotion
5363:conflict resolution
5292:one share, one vote
5252:workplace democracy
5073:Religious democracy
5067:Religious democracy
4988:Inclusive democracy
4908:Consensus democracy
4831:consensus democracy
4726:workplace democracy
4685:Socialist democracy
4505:by writers such as
4499:Bill of Rights 1689
4495:Glorious Revolution
4409:Presidential system
4299:in the US state of
4278:Swiss confederation
3956:Presidential system
3561:Citizens assemblies
3426:Contemporary theory
3341:failed coup attempt
3337:European Commission
3080:. However, most of
3049:in the center. The
2910:Chamber of Deputies
2872:was established in
2780:National Convention
2684:Claim of Right 1689
2668:Kingdom of Scotland
2610:(forerunner of the
2604:Jamestown, Virginia
2578:American Revolution
2502:Glorious Revolution
2494:English Restoration
2466:liberal democracies
2433:Early modern period
2345:democratic republic
2058:classical antiquity
1890:consensus democracy
1622:freedom of religion
1610:freedom of assembly
1493:Politics portal
1378:Supranational union
1287:Dependent territory
1200:National government
673:Politics portal
467:Democracy promotion
442:Democratic republic
64: in favour of
22954:Types of democracy
22356:Post-structuralism
22319:Christian humanism
21949:Universal suffrage
21638:Political violence
21633:Political theology
21616:Left-wing politics
21611:Political spectrum
18742:Natural philosophy
18482:Government auction
18168:Public procurement
17985:Interior ministers
17866:Minister for women
17821:Ministry of sports
17809:Ministry of labour
17804:Minister of labour
17775:Ministry of health
17760:Education minister
17710:Ministry of energy
17567:Secretary of state
17431:Types of democracy
17326:Political spectrum
16939:Legislative bodies
16894:Head of government
16819:Banking regulation
16379:Federal government
16369:Central government
15901:10.1111/bjop.12522
15532:(9): e2023301118.
15189:, 67â93, 132â160.
15133:. 11 November 1947
15045:The New York Times
15039:(7 January 1929).
15037:Edwin Leland James
14002:carrollquigley.net
12862:The Pacific Review
12738:Bookchin, Murray.
12532:. 29 December 1998
12267:on 3 February 1999
12190:on 17 January 2010
12013:"Direct democracy"
11743:. 30 November 2022
11425:Buffalo Law Review
10670:Your Right To Vote
10466:Julian Go (2007).
10324:The New York Times
9615:"Getting the vote"
9336:on 24 October 2014
9306:on 8 December 2015
9185:on 18 October 2017
9046:10.1111/isqu.12153
8638:A history of India
8335:Kurt A. Raaflaub,
8178:The Spirit of Laws
8029:, Bk. II, ch. 2â3.
6862:journalistic norms
6679:anarcho-capitalism
6519:Waves of democracy
6479:Right to candidacy
6449:Popular referendum
6439:Political equality
6309:Citizens' assembly
5947:You can assist by
5893:political violence
5801:, and the fall of
5797:, for example the
5760:List of civil wars
5550:
5485:
5452:
5296:board of directors
5215:
5147:Creative democracy
5018:and its successor
4998:economic democracy
4952:, as used by some
4924:. In contrast, in
4853:Athenian Democracy
4593:head of government
4458:
4333:Athenian democracy
4182:
4158:
4112:
3893:Types of democracy
3878:or quality of the
3851:
3705:
3634:Flawed democracies
3356:
3287:
3256:
3241:Jasmine Revolution
3201:
3138:"Communist" states
3109:Westminster system
3059:
2986:advanced, but the
2969:
2950:waves of democracy
2946:
2926:universal suffrage
2900:Parliament with a
2811:
2664:Kingdom of England
2656:
2650:, in front of the
2608:House of Burgesses
2492:(1653â59) and the
2470:
2359:
2305:Republic of Ragusa
2251:, bodies known as
2074:Athenian democracy
2044:Athenian democracy
2012:
1843:Westminster system
1820:political equality
1757:general population
1685:supermajority rule
1574:general population
612:Waves of democracy
572:Right to candidacy
542:Popular referendum
532:Political equality
402:Citizens' assembly
70:
66:universal suffrage
29:Form of government
22926:
22925:
22920:
22919:
22747:Council of Europe
22649:International law
22602:Constitutionalism
22460:Eastern Orthodoxy
21966:PostâCold War era
21899:Age of Revolution
21753:Greco-Roman world
21691:
21690:
21601:Philosophy of law
21546:Conflict theories
21386:The Spirit of Law
21293:
21292:
20342:Original position
19798:
19797:
19766:
19765:
19762:
19761:
18818:
18817:
18814:
18813:
18791:Scientific method
18648:Critical thinking
18563:
18562:
18557:
18556:
18384:Public university
18364:Public open space
18309:Drinking fountain
18269:Telecommunication
18027:
18026:
17975:Health ministries
17970:Forest ministries
17965:Foreign ministers
17960:Finance ministers
17940:Defence ministers
17861:Ministry of women
17816:Regional minister
17698:natural resources
17672:Industry minister
17657:Commerce minister
17627:Interior ministry
17622:Interior minister
17598:foreign affairs /
17572:Minister of state
17448:
17447:
17444:
17443:
17436:Political parties
17315:Political culture
17240:International law
17211:
17210:
17203:U.S. Constitution
17152:
17151:
17134:Political science
17113:
17112:
17085:Political parties
17046:
17045:
16972:
16971:
16688:Constitutionalism
16399:County government
16238:Library resources
16223:978-1-78360-542-2
16199:Munck, Gerardo L.
16134:Provost, Claire;
16128:Democracy: A Life
16108:978-0-520-24562-4
16089:978-0-691-01108-0
16031:978-0-14-044809-2
15988:978-0-8129-9356-1
15967:978-0-415-19396-2
15434:978-1-138-52143-8
15217:, 6 November 2002
15131:api.parliament.uk
15127:"Parliament Bill"
15091:. Rochester, NY.
15022:978-1-4426-0012-6
14875:978-3-030-03125-1
14565:978-0-19-023487-4
14494:978-1-4128-3116-1
14480:Political Parties
14463:978-0-444-52041-8
14417:978-0-444-52041-8
14319:978-0-521-85526-6
14063:978-0-8191-2947-5
14029:978-0-8191-2947-5
13925:978-1-108-61388-0
13792:978-3-319-74336-3
13759:978-0-08-043076-8
13718:978-3-319-74336-3
13677:978-1-315-19692-3
13541:. 20 October 2016
13376:978-0-19-887199-6
13303:Technology Review
13128:978-1-135-92468-3
12694:978-0-87348-524-1
12667:978-1-78960-701-7
12640:978-1-000-88190-5
12354:978-0-226-84279-0
12329:978-3-8204-8843-2
12163:978-1-137-31470-3
12071:978-2-606-01295-3
12026:978-0-415-19396-2
11987:Google Books link
11983:978-1-4191-4316-8
11973:T.R. Williamson,
11963:Google Books link
11959:978-0-691-12017-1
11939:Google Books link
11935:978-0-691-12017-1
11916:Google Books link
11912:978-0-7619-6787-3
11741:Our World in Data
11715:Our World in Data
11689:978-1-135-93226-8
11655:978-1-317-34529-9
11514:978-0-521-51477-4
11404:978-0-691-12019-5
11383:978-0-691-13872-5
11363:978-0-300-04938-1
11339:978-0-06-041750-5
11315:978-0-06-133008-7
11303:Joseph Schumpeter
11243:978-0-691-13830-5
11105:978-1-108-95780-9
11015:978-1-250-24442-0
10522:Our World in Data
10481:978-90-04-15174-1
10425:. Independent.org
10084:978-1-317-45536-3
10011:978-83-945455-0-5
9939:on 27 August 2008
9889:978-1-57356-148-8
9734:978-0-313-23091-2
9686:978-0-8386-3225-3
9585:978-0-415-30066-7
9520:978-0-7894-8903-6
9496:978-0-7607-5230-2
9422:978-0-521-35448-6
9160:978-1-108-33399-3
8907:978-1-84725-226-5
8820:978-1-5128-1957-1
8783:978-1-317-74224-1
8756:978-0-300-23332-2
8648:978-0-415-32919-4
8621:978-0-85229-760-5
8594:978-1-74104-308-2
8532:978-90-04-05971-9
8476:978-1-4008-2591-2
8453:978-1-4008-6083-8
8281:978-0-19-827934-1
8216:978-0-8156-0083-1
8159:978-0-19-022863-7
8122:978-0-691-13830-5
8052:978-0-226-22482-4
7994:978-0-8018-8475-7
7969:978-0-521-00385-8
7898:978-0-691-12017-1
7802:978-1-139-99138-4
7772:978-0-8018-8287-6
7697:Nations, United.
7683:978-0-8166-3388-3
7655:978-0-262-54147-3
7578:Democratic Theory
7430:978-0-415-97334-2
7407:978-0-85229-135-1
7343:. Merriam-Webster
7283:978-0-262-54147-3
7188:978-1-4051-9129-6
7091:Argentina in 1983
6893:protest movements
6782:structural causes
6687:absolute monarchy
6644:Winston Churchill
6614:
6613:
6469:Right to petition
5977:
5976:
5969:
5858:national security
5764:Spanish Civil War
5626:cognitive ability
5505:barriers to entry
5391:James A. Robinson
5131:Daniele Archibugi
5125:, and professors
4883:consociationalism
4817:anarcho-communist
4794:council democracy
4773:Marxist orthodoxy
4660:Liberal democracy
4606:often criticised
4557:Australian Senate
4503:crowned republics
4236:city councils of
4152:(in 2009) of the
4025:Absolute monarchy
3848:
3847:
3836: 0.000â0.099
3830: 0.100â0.199
3822: 0.200â0.299
3816: 0.300â0.399
3810: 0.400â0.499
3804: 0.500â0.599
3796: 0.600â0.699
3790: 0.700â0.799
3784: 0.800â0.899
3778: 0.900â1.000
3710:Democracy indices
3702:
3701:
3598:Democracy indices
3592:Democracy indices
3577:Radical democracy
3472:Joseph Schumpeter
3443:radical democracy
3404:absolute monarchy
3364:COVID-19 pandemic
3225:Orange Revolution
3181:with the rise of
3078:government change
2889:absolute monarchy
2854:series of reforms
2809:in France in 1848
2710:Corsican Republic
2589:Cossack Hetmanate
2582:French Revolution
2536:. Writing in the
2498:Habeas Corpus Act
2482:English Civil War
2478:Petition of Right
2422:Nieszawa Statutes
2299:. Established by
1957:does not specify
1918:freedom of speech
1828:political freedom
1738:Western democracy
1712:Greek city-states
1697:liberal democracy
1618:personal property
1546:
1527:
1526:
1478:
1477:
1449:Democracy indices
1424:
1423:
1227:
1226:
1036:Semi-presidential
961:
960:
707:
706:
562:Right to petition
34:Liberal democracy
16:(Redirected from
22961:
22939:Classical Greece
22792:EU Customs Union
22324:Secular humanism
22272:Christian ethics
22222:EastâWest Schism
22205:Physical culture
21929:Great Divergence
21879:Age of Discovery
21718:
21711:
21704:
21695:
21694:
21606:Political ethics
21596:Machiavellianism
21536:Authoritarianism
21521:
21511:
21501:
21491:
21481:
21471:
21461:
21451:
21441:
21431:
21421:
21411:
21401:
21391:
21381:
21371:
21361:
21351:
21341:
21331:
21321:
21311:
20387:
20386:
20328:
20264:
20254:Balance of power
20228:Social democracy
20223:Social Darwinism
20198:Multiculturalism
20143:Environmentalism
20118:Communitarianism
19825:
19818:
19811:
19802:
19801:
19787:
19786:
18835:
18834:
18824:
18823:
18782:
18716:
18687:
18673:
18616:
18615:
18605:
18604:
18590:
18583:
18576:
18567:
18566:
18545:
18544:
18533:
18532:
18444:Social insurance
18291:Waste management
18259:Electric utility
18236:Public transport
18153:Public ownership
18072:Municipalization
18054:
18047:
18040:
18031:
18030:
18017:
18016:
18006:
18005:
17826:Tourism minister
17787:Housing minister
17748:Culture minister
17475:
17468:
17461:
17452:
17451:
17419:
17418:
17407:
17403:World government
17401:
17396:
17390:
17385:
17379:
17374:
17368:
17363:
17357:
17352:
17346:
17341:
17335:
17330:
17324:
17319:
17313:
17308:
17302:
17250:World government
17161:
17160:
17122:
17121:
17105:Environmentalism
17055:
17054:
16983:
16982:
16857:
16856:
16794:Public education
16774:Social insurance
16708:Environmentalism
16678:Communitarianism
16653:Authoritarianism
16615:Direct democracy
16394:Local government
16329:
16322:
16315:
16306:
16305:
16293:
16292:
16280:
16279:
16227:
16189:Przeworski, Adam
16185:
16157:Biagini, Eugenio
16153:
16112:
16093:
16074:
16068:
16060:
16035:
16014:
16008:
16000:
15971:
15941:
15940:
15930:
15924:
15923:
15913:
15903:
15879:
15870:
15869:
15867:
15865:
15860:on 29 April 2019
15859:
15853:. Archived from
15812:
15803:
15797:
15796:
15788:
15782:
15781:
15771:
15747:
15738:
15737:
15729:
15723:
15722:
15714:
15708:
15707:
15699:
15693:
15692:
15684:
15678:
15677:
15669:
15660:
15659:
15651:
15645:
15644:
15635:
15629:
15628:
15620:
15614:
15613:
15603:
15579:
15570:
15569:
15559:
15549:
15517:
15511:
15510:
15502:
15496:
15495:
15463:
15457:
15456:
15448:
15439:
15438:
15420:
15414:
15413:
15405:
15399:
15398:
15389:
15380:
15379:
15371:
15362:
15361:
15353:
15347:
15346:
15338:
15332:
15331:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15308:
15297:
15296:
15284:
15275:
15274:
15266:
15260:
15259:
15239:
15233:
15232:
15224:
15218:
15215:CommonDreams.org
15209:Thom Hartmann, "
15207:
15201:
15200:
15184:
15174:
15168:
15167:
15149:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15138:
15123:
15117:
15116:
15077:
15071:
15070:
15062:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15051:
15033:
15027:
15026:
15008:
14999:
14998:
14954:
14948:
14947:
14945:
14943:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14910:
14886:
14880:
14879:
14861:
14855:
14854:
14841:
14832:(7): 1095â1113.
14817:
14811:
14810:
14808:
14806:
14800:
14778:(8): 1533â1542.
14769:
14760:
14754:
14753:
14707:
14701:
14700:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14643:
14637:
14636:
14608:
14602:
14601:
14573:
14567:
14550:
14544:
14543:
14515:
14506:
14505:
14503:
14501:
14474:
14468:
14467:
14441:
14435:
14434:. Working Paper.
14428:
14422:
14421:
14395:
14389:
14388:
14386:
14371:
14369:10.1.1.1010.2955
14353:
14344:
14338:
14337:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14302:
14296:
14290:
14284:
14283:
14273:
14249:
14240:
14239:
14211:
14205:
14204:
14179:
14173:
14172:
14154:
14128:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14108:
14081:
14075:
14074:
14072:
14070:
14047:
14041:
14040:
14038:
14036:
14013:
14004:
13994:
13988:
13971:
13965:
13964:
13936:
13930:
13929:
13903:
13897:
13890:
13884:
13883:
13846:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13811:
13805:
13804:
13770:
13764:
13763:
13737:
13731:
13730:
13696:
13690:
13689:
13663:
13657:
13656:
13646:
13614:
13608:
13607:
13598:(1/2): 458â466.
13583:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13546:
13535:
13529:
13528:
13496:
13490:
13489:
13461:
13455:
13449:
13444:. Archived from
13427:
13421:
13420:
13410:
13386:
13380:
13379:
13350:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13276:
13250:
13241:
13235:
13234:
13210:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13199:
13184:
13178:
13177:
13175:
13165:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13111:
13105:
13095:
13089:
13088:
13056:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13039:
13033:. Archived from
13032:
13024:
13018:
13001:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12980:. Archived from
12974:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12963:
12957:
12951:. Archived from
12950:
12942:
12936:
12931:
12925:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12904:
12902:
12894:
12888:"Redirecting..."
12884:
12878:
12877:
12853:
12847:
12846:
12822:
12816:
12815:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12760:
12754:
12748:
12742:
12736:
12730:
12727:
12721:
12705:
12699:
12698:
12678:
12672:
12671:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12624:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12598:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12570:
12564:
12561:
12555:
12548:
12542:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12498:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12487:
12473:
12467:
12464:
12451:
12448:
12442:
12435:
12429:
12426:
12420:
12417:
12411:
12410:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12365:
12359:
12358:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12272:
12257:
12251:
12250:
12232:
12226:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12216:on 5 August 2012
12206:
12200:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12137:
12131:
12130:
12123:
12117:
12116:
12108:
12102:
12101:
12093:
12087:
12082:Niels Barmeyer,
12080:
12074:
12059:
12044:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12008:
12002:
11995:
11989:
11971:
11965:
11947:
11941:
11924:
11918:
11900:
11894:
11893:
11869:
11863:
11860:
11854:
11851:
11845:
11844:
11812:
11806:
11805:
11803:
11795:
11789:
11784:
11778:
11777:
11775:
11773:
11759:
11753:
11752:
11750:
11748:
11733:
11727:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11639:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11613:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11525:
11519:
11518:
11498:
11492:
11491:
11451:
11445:
11444:
11434:
11428:
11421:
11415:
11412:
11406:
11392:
11386:
11371:
11365:
11348:
11342:
11324:
11318:
11300:
11294:
11293:
11261:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11227:
11212:
11211:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11081:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11055:
11049:
11048:
11034:
11028:
11027:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10982:
10971:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10872:
10866:
10865:
10845:
10839:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10792:
10786:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10769:
10758:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10740:freedomhouse.org
10732:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10689:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10665:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10648:msa.maryland.gov
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10614:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10598:. United Nations
10592:
10586:
10585:
10580:. Archived from
10570:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10524:. Archived from
10514:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10492:
10486:
10485:
10463:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10430:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10408:
10399:. Archived from
10393:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10382:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10351:. Bloomberg News
10344:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10283:
10277:
10267:
10261:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10225:
10219:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10156:. Archived from
10145:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10119:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10103:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10051:
10044:
10035:
10029:
10028:(1983) pp 77â111
10022:
10016:
10015:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9976:
9969:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9907:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9803:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9754:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9714:
9708:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9672:
9666:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9611:
9605:
9604:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9566:
9560:
9545:
9539:
9529:
9523:
9505:
9499:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9450:
9444:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9399:
9393:
9392:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9343:
9341:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9313:
9311:
9296:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9271:"Putney debates"
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9203:. Archived from
9193:
9192:
9190:
9181:. Archived from
9171:
9165:
9164:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9121:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9080:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9029:
9023:
9022:
8986:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8939:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8869:
8863:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8849:on 23 April 2021
8839:
8833:
8832:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8717:Communications.
8714:
8708:
8707:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8540:
8534:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8417:. Archived from
8407:
8401:
8400:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8355:
8349:
8348:Aristotle Book 6
8346:
8340:
8333:
8327:
8320:
8314:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8106:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8017:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7956:Nussbaum, Martha
7952:
7946:
7945:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7866:on 27 March 2016
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7786:
7777:
7776:
7756:
7750:
7739:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7701:. United Nations
7694:
7688:
7687:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7569:
7563:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7521:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7479:
7439:
7433:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7393:
7384:
7376:
7370:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7209:. 16 August 2023
7199:
7193:
7192:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7144:
7125:
7122:
7110:
7083:Portugal in 1974
7080:
7074:
7045:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6977:Horseshoe theory
6962:Energy democracy
6889:social movements
6778:civic engagement
6606:
6599:
6592:
6578:
6577:
6474:Right to protest
6424:Nomination rules
5979:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5778:which ended the
5593:Ronald Inglehart
5554:political system
5539:
5536:
5489:political apathy
5382:Why Nations Fail
5369:Economic success
5343:direct democracy
5325:argues that the
5304:classes of stock
5170:Guided democracy
5116:World Parliament
5100:world federalism
5096:global democracy
5010:Takis Fotopoulos
4994:direct democracy
4950:ethnic democracy
4943:Ethnic democracy
4745:representation,
4728:combined with a
4702:Social democracy
4689:Social democracy
4608:direct democracy
4397:loyal opposition
4316:direct democracy
4206:recall elections
4174:direct democracy
4154:canton of Glarus
4140:Direct democracy
4124:direct democracy
4106:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4062:
4052:
4042:
4032:
4022:
4012:
3998:
3987:
3977:
3964:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3880:electoral system
3841:
3835:
3829:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3628:
3623: 9.00â10.00
3622:
3617:Full democracies
3613:
3495:direct democracy
3480:William H. Riker
3233:Tulip Revolution
3231:in Lebanon, the
3229:Cedar Revolution
3227:in Ukraine, the
3175:candidate states
3131:
3084:, including the
3034:, among others.
2988:Great Depression
2984:women's suffrage
2980:Austro-Hungarian
2732:Colonial America
2593:Zaporizhian Sich
2511:royal absolutism
2490:the Protectorate
2151:Even though the
2140:Spartan ecclesia
2105:random selection
2007:in front of the
1896:, and generally
1801:direct democracy
1734:
1727:
1726:
1716:Classical Athens
1665:popular assembly
1585:direct democracy
1551:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1438:
1437:
1282:Associated state
1240:
1239:
1215:Internationalism
1205:World government
1182:
1061:
993:
974:
973:
948:Free association
935:
896:
815:
758:
746:
745:
709:
708:
699:
692:
685:
671:
670:
567:Right to protest
517:Nomination rules
72:
71:
21:
22969:
22968:
22964:
22963:
22962:
22960:
22959:
22958:
22929:
22928:
22927:
22922:
22921:
22916:
22882:UKUSA Agreement
22822:Lublin Triangle
22707:Baltic Assembly
22659:
22653:
22571:
22408:
22243:
22113:Eurolinguistics
21982:
21971:Information age
21944:Interwar period
21811:
21731:
21722:
21692:
21687:
21674:
21663:Totalitarianism
21524:
21519:
21509:
21499:
21489:
21479:
21469:
21459:
21449:
21439:
21429:
21419:
21409:
21399:
21389:
21379:
21369:
21359:
21349:
21339:
21336:Treatise on Law
21329:
21319:
21309:
21289:
20947:
20941:
20680:
20674:
20560:
20554:
20473:
20376:
20362:State of nature
20357:Social contract
20337:Ordered liberty
20325:Noblesse oblige
20242:
20076:
20005:
19834:
19829:
19799:
19794:
19793:
19780:
19758:
19720:
19622:
19579:
19558:
19505:
19474:
19470:Carvalho e Melo
19458:
19405:
19339:
19291:
19255:
19222:
19141:
19100:
18944:
18829:
18810:
18796:Spanish America
18670:Encyclopédistes
18633:Civil liberties
18610:
18599:
18594:
18564:
18559:
18558:
18553:
18521:
18507:Public security
18497:Public offering
18465:
18454:Social security
18404:Social services
18398:
18354:Public hospital
18349:Public computer
18344:Public bookcase
18295:
18245:
18214:Law enforcement
18209:Fire department
18192:
18143:Public interest
18086:
18082:Progressive tax
18077:Nationalization
18063:
18061:Public services
18058:
18028:
18023:
17994:
17910:Prime ministers
17905:Vice presidents
17888:
17872:
17770:Health minister
17736:
17705:Energy minister
17697:
17691:
17649:
17643:
17599:
17597:
17591:
17577:Deputy minister
17555:
17489:
17479:
17449:
17440:
17410:
17405:
17399:
17394:
17388:
17383:
17381:Western culture
17377:
17372:
17366:
17361:
17355:
17350:
17344:
17339:
17333:
17328:
17322:
17317:
17311:
17306:
17300:
17269:
17207:
17148:
17129:Fields of study
17109:
17090:Advocacy groups
17042:
16978:
16968:
16848:
16844:Street cleaning
16824:Food inspection
16779:Law enforcement
16762:
16631:
16565:Totalitarianism
16418:
16342:
16333:
16298:
16285:
16258:
16257:
16256:
16246:
16245:
16241:
16234:
16224:
16203:Democratization
16182:
16150:
16124:Cartledge, Paul
16120:
16118:Further reading
16115:
16109:
16090:
16062:
16061:
16032:
16002:
16001:
15989:
15968:
15949:
15944:
15931:
15927:
15880:
15873:
15863:
15861:
15857:
15810:
15804:
15800:
15789:
15785:
15748:
15741:
15730:
15726:
15715:
15711:
15700:
15696:
15685:
15681:
15670:
15663:
15652:
15648:
15636:
15632:
15621:
15617:
15580:
15573:
15518:
15514:
15503:
15499:
15464:
15460:
15449:
15442:
15435:
15421:
15417:
15406:
15402:
15390:
15383:
15372:
15365:
15354:
15350:
15339:
15335:
15324:
15320:
15309:
15300:
15285:
15278:
15267:
15263:
15240:
15236:
15225:
15221:
15208:
15204:
15197:
15175:
15171:
15164:
15150:
15146:
15136:
15134:
15125:
15124:
15120:
15078:
15074:
15063:
15059:
15049:
15047:
15034:
15030:
15023:
15009:
15002:
14955:
14951:
14941:
14939:
14932:Carnegie Europe
14924:
14920:
14887:
14883:
14876:
14862:
14858:
14826:Democratization
14818:
14814:
14804:
14802:
14798:
14772:Democratization
14767:
14761:
14757:
14708:
14704:
14677:Democratization
14673:
14669:
14644:
14640:
14609:
14605:
14578:Democratization
14574:
14570:
14551:
14547:
14520:Democratization
14516:
14509:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14487:. p. 243.
14475:
14471:
14464:
14442:
14438:
14429:
14425:
14418:
14396:
14392:
14384:
14351:
14345:
14341:
14332:
14331:
14327:
14320:
14306:Acemoglu, Daron
14303:
14299:
14291:
14287:
14250:
14243:
14212:
14208:
14180:
14176:
14126:
14120:
14116:
14106:
14104:
14082:
14078:
14068:
14066:
14064:
14048:
14044:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14014:
14007:
13995:
13991:
13982:Wayback Machine
13972:
13968:
13937:
13933:
13926:
13904:
13900:
13891:
13887:
13864:10.2307/1951731
13847:
13843:
13812:
13808:
13793:
13771:
13767:
13760:
13738:
13734:
13719:
13697:
13693:
13678:
13670:. p. 281.
13664:
13660:
13615:
13611:
13584:
13580:
13570:
13568:
13558:
13554:
13544:
13542:
13537:
13536:
13532:
13497:
13493:
13462:
13458:
13448:on 5 July 2008.
13428:
13424:
13387:
13383:
13377:
13351:
13347:
13316:
13312:
13294:
13290:
13248:
13242:
13238:
13211:
13207:
13197:
13195:
13185:
13181:
13140:
13136:
13129:
13112:
13108:
13096:
13092:
13057:
13053:
13043:
13041:
13037:
13030:
13026:
13025:
13021:
13002:
12998:
12987:
12985:
12976:
12975:
12971:
12961:
12959:
12958:on 25 July 2011
12955:
12948:
12944:
12943:
12939:
12932:
12928:
12919:
12915:
12905:
12896:
12895:
12886:
12885:
12881:
12854:
12850:
12823:
12819:
12796:10.2307/2009820
12776:
12772:
12761:
12757:
12749:
12745:
12737:
12733:
12728:
12724:
12706:
12702:
12695:
12679:
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12652:
12648:
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12625:
12621:
12611:
12609:
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12599:
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12571:
12567:
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12483:
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12454:
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12399:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12341:
12337:
12330:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12284:
12280:
12270:
12268:
12259:
12258:
12254:
12233:
12229:
12219:
12217:
12208:
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12193:
12191:
12182:
12181:
12177:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12138:
12134:
12125:
12124:
12120:
12109:
12105:
12094:
12090:
12081:
12077:
12060:
12047:
12038:
12034:
12027:
12009:
12005:
11996:
11992:
11972:
11968:
11948:
11944:
11925:
11921:
11901:
11897:
11870:
11866:
11861:
11857:
11852:
11848:
11813:
11809:
11801:
11797:
11796:
11792:
11785:
11781:
11771:
11769:
11761:
11760:
11756:
11746:
11744:
11735:
11734:
11730:
11720:
11718:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11674:
11670:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11640:
11636:
11626:
11624:
11614:
11610:
11600:
11598:
11552:
11548:
11538:
11536:
11527:
11526:
11522:
11515:
11499:
11495:
11452:
11448:
11435:
11431:
11427:, Vol. 54, 2006
11422:
11418:
11413:
11409:
11393:
11389:
11372:
11368:
11349:
11345:
11325:
11321:
11301:
11297:
11262:
11258:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11228:
11215:
11202:
11201:
11197:
11187:
11185:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11132:
11128:
11118:
11116:
11106:
11082:
11078:
11068:
11066:
11064:Foreign Affairs
11056:
11052:
11035:
11031:
11016:
11000:
10996:
10986:
10984:
10980:
10969:
10965:
10964:
10960:
10950:
10948:
10947:. Freedom House
10941:
10937:
10927:
10925:
10917:
10916:
10912:
10877:Democratization
10873:
10869:
10846:
10842:
10837:Wayback Machine
10826:
10822:
10812:
10810:
10794:
10793:
10789:
10781:
10777:
10767:
10765:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10745:
10743:
10734:
10733:
10726:
10718:
10687:
10681:
10677:
10666:
10662:
10652:
10650:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10627:
10625:
10615:
10611:
10601:
10599:
10594:
10593:
10589:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10557:
10555:
10554:on 13 July 2009
10546:
10545:
10541:
10531:
10529:
10516:
10515:
10511:
10501:
10499:
10494:
10493:
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10448:
10443:
10442:
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10416:
10406:
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10395:
10394:
10390:
10380:
10378:
10368:
10364:
10354:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10328:
10326:
10316:
10312:
10298:
10294:
10285:
10284:
10280:
10268:
10264:
10258:Wayback Machine
10248:
10244:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10222:
10214:
10210:
10202:
10198:
10188:
10186:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10163:
10161:
10160:on 10 June 2014
10146:
10142:
10132:
10130:
10129:on 14 July 2007
10121:
10120:
10116:
10108:
10101:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10085:
10069:
10065:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10042:
10036:
10032:
10023:
10019:
10012:
9998:PreambuĆa Prawa
9994:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9967:
9961:(15 May 1991).
9956:
9952:
9942:
9940:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9916:
9914:
9909:
9908:
9904:
9894:
9892:
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9874:
9870:
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9858:
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9791:
9783:
9752:
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9711:
9698:
9694:
9687:
9673:
9669:
9660:
9656:
9646:
9644:
9635:
9634:
9630:
9620:
9618:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9597:
9593:
9586:
9567:
9563:
9558:Wayback Machine
9546:
9542:
9530:
9526:
9508:Allen Weinstein
9506:
9502:
9482:
9478:
9457:(11): 107â151.
9451:
9447:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9400:
9396:
9357:
9353:
9339:
9337:
9328:
9327:
9323:
9309:
9307:
9298:
9297:
9290:
9280:
9278:
9269:
9268:
9264:
9254:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9232:
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9210:
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9188:
9186:
9173:
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9168:
9161:
9147:
9143:
9098:
9094:
9057:
9053:
9030:
9026:
8987:
8983:
8973:
8971:
8966:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8949:
8934:
8927:
8925:
8920:
8919:
8915:
8908:
8892:
8888:
8878:
8876:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8852:
8850:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8821:
8795:
8791:
8784:
8768:
8764:
8757:
8741:
8737:
8727:
8725:
8715:
8711:
8672:
8668:
8660:
8656:
8649:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8587:. p. 556.
8575:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8546:. Annourbis.com
8542:
8541:
8537:
8521:
8517:
8509:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8465:
8461:
8454:
8438:
8434:
8424:
8422:
8421:on 1 March 2018
8409:
8408:
8404:
8373:
8369:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8339:, pp. 108, 109.
8334:
8330:
8321:
8317:
8304:Luciano Canfora
8302:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8270:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8236:
8232:
8217:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8107:
8098:
8090:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8037:
8033:
8024:
8020:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7953:
7949:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7883:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7850:
7846:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7820:
7819:. UK Parliament
7815:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7757:
7753:
7748:Wayback Machine
7718:
7714:
7704:
7702:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7570:
7566:
7551:
7547:
7536:Economist Group
7522:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7440:
7436:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7394:
7387:
7377:
7373:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7295:
7291:
7284:
7268:
7264:
7229:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7099:Uruguay in 1984
7081:
7077:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7031:
6994:Politics portal
6992:
6985:
6981:
6972:Good governance
6936:
6702:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6661:and democratic
6610:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6532:
6524:
6523:
6404:Majoritarianism
6364:Democratization
6299:
6291:
6290:
6025:
6015:
5984:Politics series
5973:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5946:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5913:
5770:that ended the
5744:
5739:
5738:
5735:democratization
5698:
5692:
5690:Autocratization
5610:Carroll Quigley
5588:
5587:
5576:Democratization
5572:
5570:Democratization
5566:
5564:Democratization
5537:
5527:
5521:
5513:presidentialism
5509:proportionality
5477:
5476:
5427:
5419:
5403:economic growth
5377:
5371:
5351:
5345:on this basis.
5341:advocate for a
5320:
5312:
5288:
5282:
5274:Sudbury schools
5224:
5172:
5166:
5149:
5143:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5062:
5034:
5028:
5006:self-management
4990:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4962:ethnic majority
4946:
4938:
4910:
4904:
4879:
4873:
4845:
4839:
4820:Murray Bookchin
4802:
4769:
4763:
4695:
4683:Main articles:
4681:
4662:
4656:
4571:
4565:
4446:
4440:
4435:
4411:
4405:
4388:
4382:
4347:
4341:
4329:
4284:) or ask for a
4250:
4142:
4136:
4120:
4110:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4035:One-party state
4030:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4008:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3916:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3867:econometrically
3862:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3759:
3758:
3755:electoral fraud
3749:of opposition,
3703:
3697:
3696: 0.00â0.99
3693:
3691:
3690: 1.00â1.99
3687:
3685:
3684: 2.00â2.99
3681:
3679:
3678: 3.00â3.99
3675:
3666:
3665: 4.00â4.99
3662:
3660:
3659: 5.00â5.99
3656:
3647:
3646: 6.00â6.99
3643:
3641:
3640: 7.00â7.99
3637:
3630:
3629: 8.00â8.99
3626:
3624:
3620:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3573:
3539:
3484:Adam Przeworski
3452:
3428:
3377:
3372:
3311:Rodrigo Duterte
3217:Rose Revolution
3187:Asian democracy
3142:democratisation
3132:
3127:
3066:democratisation
3055:workers council
2934:
2858:Reform Act 1832
2726:female suffrage
2692:Ignatius Sancho
2636:
2620:Pilgrim Fathers
2570:right to revolt
2544:state of nature
2435:
2430:
2404:noble democracy
2392:David Stasavage
2357:, 1215, England
2329:Kouroukan Fouga
2285:Catholic Church
2229:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2178:
2158:weighted voting
2046:
2040:
2038:Greece and Rome
2035:
2005:funeral oration
1989:
1983:
1933:collective will
1929:social contract
1867:political state
1863:judicial review
1861:which includes
1815:is exercised."
1777:
1775:Characteristics
1693:majoritarianism
1654:minority rights
1578:civil liberties
1523:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1466:Democratisation
1459:Autocratization
1435:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1382:
1343:
1322:Tributary state
1312:Satellite state
1267:
1237:
1236:Power structure
1229:
1228:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1132:
1118:
1109:Totalitarianism
1059:
1058:
1040:
991:
990:
971:
963:
962:
957:
933:
925:
890:
882:
813:
805:
752:
743:
742:Source of power
720:Basic forms of
714:Politics series
703:
665:
660:
659:
625:
617:
616:
497:Majoritarianism
457:Democratization
392:
384:
383:
118:
108:
77:Politics series
45:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22967:
22957:
22956:
22951:
22946:
22941:
22924:
22923:
22918:
22917:
22915:
22914:
22912:Westernization
22909:
22904:
22899:
22894:
22892:VisegrĂĄd Group
22889:
22884:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22864:
22859:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22839:
22834:
22832:Nordic Council
22829:
22824:
22819:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22799:
22794:
22789:
22784:
22779:
22774:
22769:
22764:
22759:
22754:
22749:
22744:
22739:
22734:
22729:
22727:Bucharest Nine
22724:
22719:
22714:
22709:
22704:
22699:
22694:
22692:Arctic Council
22689:
22684:
22679:
22674:
22669:
22663:
22661:
22655:
22654:
22652:
22651:
22646:
22641:
22640:
22639:
22634:
22629:
22624:
22619:
22614:
22604:
22599:
22598:
22597:
22587:
22581:
22579:
22573:
22572:
22570:
22569:
22564:
22559:
22558:
22557:
22552:
22547:
22542:
22537:
22536:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22520:
22510:
22505:
22500:
22490:
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22474:
22469:
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22457:
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22418:
22416:
22410:
22409:
22407:
22406:
22405:
22404:
22394:
22389:
22384:
22383:
22382:
22370:
22369:
22368:
22358:
22353:
22348:
22343:
22338:
22333:
22328:
22327:
22326:
22321:
22311:
22310:
22309:
22302:Existentialism
22299:
22294:
22289:
22284:
22279:
22274:
22269:
22264:
22259:
22253:
22251:
22245:
22244:
22242:
22241:
22240:
22239:
22234:
22229:
22224:
22214:
22213:
22212:
22202:
22201:
22200:
22195:
22185:
22184:
22183:
22173:
22168:
22167:
22166:
22161:
22156:
22146:
22145:
22144:
22134:
22133:
22132:
22122:
22121:
22120:
22115:
22105:
22100:
22095:
22090:
22089:
22088:
22078:
22073:
22072:
22071:
22061:
22060:
22059:
22049:
22048:
22047:
22037:
22032:
22031:
22030:
22020:
22015:
22014:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21992:
21990:
21984:
21983:
21981:
21980:
21979:
21978:
21973:
21963:
21962:
21961:
21956:
21951:
21946:
21941:
21936:
21931:
21926:
21921:
21916:
21911:
21906:
21901:
21896:
21891:
21886:
21881:
21876:
21866:
21861:
21860:
21859:
21854:
21849:
21839:
21838:
21837:
21835:Late antiquity
21827:
21821:
21819:
21813:
21812:
21810:
21809:
21804:
21799:
21794:
21789:
21788:
21787:
21786:
21785:
21780:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21750:
21745:
21739:
21737:
21733:
21732:
21721:
21720:
21713:
21706:
21698:
21689:
21688:
21686:
21685:
21679:
21676:
21675:
21673:
21672:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21653:Social justice
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21629:
21628:
21623:
21618:
21608:
21603:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21561:Egalitarianism
21558:
21553:
21551:Contractualism
21548:
21543:
21538:
21532:
21530:
21526:
21525:
21523:
21522:
21512:
21502:
21492:
21482:
21472:
21462:
21452:
21442:
21432:
21422:
21412:
21402:
21392:
21382:
21372:
21362:
21352:
21342:
21332:
21322:
21312:
21301:
21299:
21295:
21294:
21291:
21290:
21288:
21287:
21282:
21277:
21272:
21267:
21262:
21257:
21252:
21247:
21242:
21237:
21232:
21227:
21222:
21217:
21212:
21207:
21202:
21197:
21192:
21187:
21182:
21177:
21172:
21167:
21162:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21107:
21102:
21097:
21092:
21087:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20992:
20987:
20982:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20957:
20951:
20949:
20943:
20942:
20940:
20939:
20934:
20929:
20924:
20919:
20914:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20894:
20889:
20884:
20879:
20874:
20869:
20864:
20859:
20854:
20849:
20844:
20839:
20834:
20829:
20824:
20819:
20818:
20817:
20807:
20802:
20801:
20800:
20790:
20785:
20780:
20775:
20770:
20765:
20760:
20755:
20750:
20745:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20725:
20720:
20715:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20684:
20682:
20676:
20675:
20673:
20672:
20667:
20662:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20617:
20616:
20615:
20605:
20600:
20595:
20590:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20564:
20562:
20556:
20555:
20553:
20552:
20547:
20542:
20537:
20532:
20527:
20522:
20517:
20512:
20507:
20502:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20481:
20479:
20475:
20474:
20472:
20471:
20466:
20461:
20456:
20451:
20446:
20445:
20444:
20434:
20429:
20424:
20419:
20414:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20393:
20391:
20384:
20378:
20377:
20375:
20374:
20369:
20364:
20359:
20354:
20349:
20347:Overton window
20344:
20339:
20334:
20329:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20265:
20256:
20250:
20248:
20244:
20243:
20241:
20240:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20215:
20210:
20205:
20200:
20195:
20190:
20185:
20180:
20178:Libertarianism
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20155:
20150:
20145:
20140:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20084:
20082:
20078:
20077:
20075:
20074:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20049:
20044:
20039:
20034:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20013:
20011:
20007:
20006:
20004:
20003:
19998:
19993:
19988:
19983:
19978:
19973:
19968:
19963:
19958:
19953:
19948:
19943:
19938:
19933:
19928:
19923:
19918:
19913:
19908:
19903:
19898:
19893:
19888:
19883:
19878:
19873:
19868:
19863:
19858:
19853:
19848:
19842:
19840:
19836:
19835:
19828:
19827:
19820:
19813:
19805:
19796:
19795:
19792:
19791:
19773:
19772:
19771:
19768:
19767:
19764:
19763:
19760:
19759:
19757:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19730:
19728:
19722:
19721:
19719:
19718:
19713:
19708:
19703:
19698:
19693:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19658:
19653:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19632:
19630:
19624:
19623:
19621:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19589:
19587:
19581:
19580:
19578:
19577:
19572:
19566:
19564:
19560:
19559:
19557:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19515:
19513:
19507:
19506:
19504:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19482:
19480:
19476:
19475:
19473:
19472:
19466:
19464:
19460:
19459:
19457:
19456:
19451:
19446:
19441:
19436:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19415:
19413:
19407:
19406:
19404:
19403:
19398:
19393:
19388:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19368:
19363:
19358:
19353:
19347:
19345:
19341:
19340:
19338:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19301:
19299:
19293:
19292:
19290:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19263:
19261:
19257:
19256:
19254:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19232:
19230:
19224:
19223:
19221:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19149:
19147:
19143:
19142:
19140:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19108:
19106:
19102:
19101:
19099:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18958:
18952:
18950:
18946:
18945:
18943:
18942:
18940:Wollstonecraft
18937:
18932:
18927:
18922:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18841:
18839:
18831:
18830:
18820:
18819:
18816:
18815:
18812:
18811:
18809:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18774:
18769:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18724:
18717:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18679:
18674:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18630:
18625:
18619:
18612:
18611:
18601:
18600:
18593:
18592:
18585:
18578:
18570:
18561:
18560:
18555:
18554:
18552:
18551:
18539:
18526:
18523:
18522:
18520:
18519:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18492:Public holiday
18489:
18484:
18479:
18473:
18471:
18467:
18466:
18464:
18463:
18461:Youth services
18458:
18457:
18456:
18451:
18449:Social pension
18441:
18440:
18439:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18417:Public housing
18414:
18408:
18406:
18400:
18399:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18361:
18359:Public library
18356:
18351:
18346:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18324:Infrastructure
18321:
18319:Free education
18316:
18311:
18305:
18303:
18297:
18296:
18294:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18277:
18276:
18266:
18261:
18255:
18253:
18251:Public utility
18247:
18246:
18244:
18243:
18238:
18233:
18228:
18227:
18226:
18224:Savings system
18219:Postal service
18216:
18211:
18206:
18200:
18198:
18197:Basic services
18194:
18193:
18191:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18113:Product sample
18110:
18108:Free newspaper
18105:
18100:
18094:
18092:
18088:
18087:
18085:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18068:
18065:
18064:
18057:
18056:
18049:
18042:
18034:
18025:
18024:
18022:
18021:
18011:
17999:
17996:
17995:
17993:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17972:
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17922:
17917:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17896:
17894:
17890:
17889:
17887:
17886:
17880:
17878:
17874:
17873:
17871:
17870:
17869:
17868:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17843:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17812:
17811:
17801:
17796:
17795:
17794:
17784:
17779:
17778:
17777:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17756:
17755:
17744:
17742:
17738:
17737:
17735:
17734:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17713:
17712:
17701:
17699:
17696:Environment /
17693:
17692:
17690:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17653:
17651:
17650:infrastructure
17645:
17644:
17642:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17630:
17629:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17603:
17601:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17589:
17584:
17582:Undersecretary
17579:
17574:
17569:
17563:
17561:
17557:
17556:
17554:
17553:
17548:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17521:First minister
17518:
17513:
17511:Prime minister
17508:
17506:Vice president
17503:
17497:
17495:
17491:
17490:
17478:
17477:
17470:
17463:
17455:
17446:
17445:
17442:
17441:
17439:
17438:
17433:
17428:
17422:
17416:
17412:
17411:
17409:
17408:
17397:
17386:
17375:
17364:
17353:
17342:
17331:
17320:
17309:
17298:
17293:
17288:
17283:
17277:
17275:
17271:
17270:
17268:
17267:
17262:
17260:European Union
17257:
17255:United Nations
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17219:
17217:
17213:
17212:
17209:
17208:
17206:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17175:
17170:
17164:
17158:
17154:
17153:
17150:
17149:
17147:
17146:
17141:
17139:Urban planning
17136:
17131:
17125:
17119:
17115:
17114:
17111:
17110:
17108:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17058:
17052:
17048:
17047:
17044:
17043:
17041:
17040:
17035:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16986:
16980:
16974:
16973:
16970:
16969:
16967:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16909:Prime minister
16906:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16860:
16854:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16834:Traffic lights
16831:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16811:
16806:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16770:
16768:
16764:
16763:
16761:
16760:
16755:
16753:Theoreticians:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16738:Fundamentalism
16735:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16705:
16703:Egalitarianism
16700:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16639:
16637:
16633:
16632:
16630:
16629:
16628:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16582:
16577:
16568:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16426:
16424:
16420:
16419:
16417:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16350:
16348:
16344:
16343:
16332:
16331:
16324:
16317:
16309:
16303:
16300:
16299:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16277:
16276:
16270:
16255:
16254:
16248:
16247:
16236:
16235:
16233:
16232:External links
16230:
16229:
16228:
16222:
16210:Fuller, Roslyn
16206:
16196:
16186:
16181:978-1250179845
16180:
16164:
16154:
16149:978-1350269989
16148:
16131:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16113:
16107:
16094:
16088:
16075:
16051:(2): 105â163.
16036:
16030:
16015:
15987:
15972:
15966:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15942:
15925:
15871:
15798:
15783:
15739:
15724:
15709:
15694:
15679:
15661:
15646:
15630:
15615:
15594:(1): 234â271.
15571:
15512:
15497:
15478:(6): 699â710.
15458:
15440:
15433:
15415:
15400:
15381:
15363:
15348:
15333:
15318:
15298:
15276:
15261:
15250:(4): 400â408.
15234:
15219:
15202:
15196:978-0521458917
15195:
15169:
15163:978-0300015652
15162:
15144:
15118:
15072:
15057:
15028:
15021:
15000:
14949:
14918:
14881:
14874:
14856:
14812:
14755:
14702:
14683:(1): 142â160.
14667:
14656:(2): 723â737.
14638:
14603:
14584:(5): 908â928.
14568:
14545:
14526:(1): 161â178.
14507:
14493:
14469:
14462:
14436:
14423:
14416:
14390:
14362:(1): 382â410.
14339:
14325:
14318:
14297:
14285:
14264:(1): 179â198.
14241:
14206:
14174:
14114:
14076:
14062:
14042:
14028:
14005:
13989:
13966:
13947:(9): 1847â75.
13931:
13924:
13898:
13885:
13841:
13806:
13791:
13765:
13758:
13732:
13717:
13691:
13676:
13658:
13629:(2): 311â334.
13609:
13578:
13552:
13530:
13491:
13472:(4): 391â402.
13456:
13422:
13401:(1): 357â383.
13381:
13375:
13345:
13332:(4): 361â383.
13310:
13288:
13265:10.1086/700936
13236:
13205:
13179:
13134:
13127:
13106:
13090:
13051:
13019:
12996:
12984:on 10 May 2013
12969:
12937:
12926:
12913:
12891:heinonline.org
12879:
12868:(4): 844â870.
12848:
12837:(7): 823â850.
12817:
12790:(2): 207â225.
12784:World Politics
12770:
12755:
12743:
12731:
12722:
12713:Graham, Robert
12700:
12693:
12673:
12666:
12646:
12639:
12619:
12593:
12565:
12556:
12543:
12529:Avalon Project
12515:
12493:
12468:
12452:
12443:
12430:
12421:
12412:
12397:
12360:
12353:
12335:
12328:
12310:
12303:
12295:Bath, Somerset
12278:
12252:
12227:
12201:
12175:
12162:
12132:
12118:
12103:
12088:
12075:
12045:
12032:
12025:
12003:
11990:
11966:
11942:
11919:
11895:
11884:(6): 699â710.
11864:
11855:
11846:
11807:
11790:
11779:
11754:
11728:
11717:. 17 June 2022
11702:
11688:
11668:
11654:
11634:
11608:
11546:
11520:
11513:
11493:
11466:(2): 198â212.
11446:
11429:
11416:
11407:
11387:
11366:
11343:
11319:
11295:
11256:
11242:
11213:
11195:
11173:
11146:(3): 808â827.
11126:
11104:
11076:
11050:
11029:
11014:
10994:
10983:on 5 June 2019
10958:
10935:
10910:
10883:(2): 321â339.
10867:
10840:
10820:
10787:
10775:
10753:
10724:
10675:
10660:
10635:
10609:
10587:
10565:
10539:
10509:
10487:
10480:
10458:
10436:
10414:
10388:
10362:
10336:
10310:
10301:Nohlen, Dieter
10292:
10278:
10262:
10242:
10220:
10208:
10196:
10171:
10140:
10114:
10090:
10083:
10063:
10030:
10017:
10010:
9988:
9950:
9924:
9902:
9888:
9868:
9857:on 6 July 2016
9838:
9812:(2): 225â229.
9789:
9740:
9733:
9709:
9692:
9685:
9667:
9654:
9628:
9606:
9591:
9584:
9561:
9540:
9524:
9500:
9476:
9445:
9428:
9421:
9394:
9367:(4): 803â832.
9351:
9321:
9288:
9262:
9240:
9218:
9166:
9159:
9141:
9112:(1): 145â162.
9092:
9071:(3): 724â755.
9051:
9040:(4): 660â670.
9024:
8997:(4): 793â837.
8981:
8959:
8913:
8906:
8886:
8864:
8834:
8829:j.ctv513b8x.12
8819:
8789:
8782:
8762:
8755:
8735:
8709:
8666:
8654:
8647:
8627:
8620:
8600:
8593:
8569:
8557:
8535:
8515:
8503:
8501:, p. 107.
8491:
8479:
8459:
8452:
8432:
8402:
8383:(2): 105â121.
8367:
8350:
8341:
8328:
8315:
8296:
8284:
8264:
8230:
8215:
8195:
8164:
8158:
8128:
8121:
8112:Bounding Power
8096:
8084:
8082:, p. 184.
8072:
8058:
8051:
8031:
8018:
8000:
7993:
7975:
7968:
7947:
7926:10.1086/291036
7904:
7897:
7877:
7844:
7831:"Independence"
7808:
7801:
7778:
7771:
7751:
7712:
7689:
7682:
7664:
7654:
7636:
7611:
7564:
7545:
7513:
7503:
7491:
7454:(4): 957â986.
7434:
7413:
7406:
7385:
7383:: "democracy".
7371:
7354:
7332:
7309:(1): 142â155.
7289:
7282:
7262:
7220:
7194:
7187:
7161:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7103:Brazil in 1985
7075:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6928:misinformation
6846:public service
6801:accountability
6761:tabloidization
6749:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6728:agenda setting
6724:
6695:
6692:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:War referendum
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:Libertarianism
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:Related topics
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6201:
6199:Representative
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5975:
5974:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5882:Weimar Germany
5851:
5850:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5822:election fraud
5818:
5806:
5748:state collapse
5743:
5740:
5715:public contest
5700:
5699:
5691:
5688:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5574:
5573:
5568:Main article:
5565:
5562:
5523:Main article:
5520:
5517:
5501:youth suffrage
5465:conditionality
5444:Pearson Centre
5428:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5387:Daron Acemoglu
5373:Main article:
5370:
5367:
5350:
5347:
5319:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5284:Main article:
5281:
5278:
5256:Amitai Etzioni
5223:
5220:
5168:Main article:
5165:
5162:
5145:Main article:
5142:
5139:
5123:George Monbiot
5112:United Nations
5088:Main article:
5085:
5082:
5077:state religion
5071:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5042:nested council
5030:Main article:
5027:
5024:
4986:Main article:
4983:
4980:
4975:semi-democracy
4960:âtypically an
4947:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4906:Main article:
4903:
4900:
4895:Treaty of Rome
4875:Main article:
4872:
4871:Consociational
4869:
4861:jury selection
4841:Main article:
4838:
4835:
4801:
4798:
4762:
4759:
4680:
4677:
4658:Main article:
4655:
4652:
4639:Rhodes College
4617:The Federalist
4597:prime minister
4567:Main article:
4564:
4561:
4553:House of Lords
4462:United Kingdom
4442:Main article:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4407:Main article:
4404:
4401:
4384:Main article:
4381:
4378:
4343:Main article:
4340:
4339:Representative
4337:
4328:
4325:
4249:
4246:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4138:Main article:
4135:
4132:
4119:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4059:
4049:
4045:Military junta
4039:
4029:
4019:
4009:
4005:Supreme Leader
3995:
3984:
3974:
3970:Hybrid systems
3961:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3891:Main article:
3888:
3885:
3872:accountability
3864:
3863:
3858:Main article:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3725:hybrid regimes
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3652:Hybrid regimes
3648:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3596:Main article:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3572:
3569:
3538:
3535:
3531:Ronald Dworkin
3516:Robert A. Dahl
3488:Richard Posner
3454:The theory of
3451:
3448:
3427:
3424:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3319:reported that
3268:United Nations
3197:Corazon Aquino
3183:Corazon Aquino
3171:European Union
3165:of the former
3163:liberalisation
3125:
3105:British Empire
3097:decolonisation
3082:Eastern Europe
3074:occupied Japan
2954:decolonisation
2933:
2930:
2839:15th Amendment
2835:14th Amendment
2831:13th Amendment
2827:Reconstruction
2765:Bill of Rights
2699:Age of Liberty
2678:, the English
2635:
2632:
2580:and later the
2519:Barry Weingast
2515:Douglass North
2506:Bill of Rights
2486:Putney Debates
2454:natural rights
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2297:Cortes of LeĂłn
2293:papal conclave
2281:Eastern Europe
2273:Faeroe Islands
2239:were ruled by
2228:
2225:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2185:Vajjika League
2177:
2174:
2153:Roman Republic
2093:The Suppliants
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2024:Daniel Deudney
1985:Main article:
1982:
1979:
1839:United Kingdom
1824:Legal equality
1805:United Nations
1776:
1773:
1746:Roman Republic
1689:consensus rule
1681:plurality rule
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:Hybrid regimes
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Regional power
1399:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:Puppet monarch
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1140:State religion
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Constitutional
1008:
1003:
995:
994:
989:
988:
983:
977:
972:
970:Power ideology
969:
968:
965:
964:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
937:
936:
934:(rule by none)
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
898:
897:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
817:
816:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Representative
783:
778:
773:
768:
760:
759:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
725:
724:
717:
716:
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
602:War referendum
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Libertarianism
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
391:Related topics
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
294:
292:Representative
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
80:
79:
54:Nelson Mandela
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22966:
22955:
22952:
22950:
22947:
22945:
22942:
22940:
22937:
22936:
22934:
22913:
22910:
22908:
22905:
22903:
22900:
22898:
22895:
22893:
22890:
22888:
22885:
22883:
22880:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22857:PROSUR/PROSUL
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22800:
22798:
22795:
22793:
22790:
22788:
22785:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22770:
22768:
22765:
22763:
22760:
22758:
22755:
22753:
22752:Craiova Group
22750:
22748:
22745:
22743:
22740:
22738:
22735:
22733:
22730:
22728:
22725:
22723:
22720:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22667:ABCANZ Armies
22665:
22664:
22662:
22656:
22650:
22647:
22645:
22642:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22628:
22625:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22610:
22609:
22608:
22605:
22603:
22600:
22596:
22593:
22592:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22582:
22580:
22578:
22574:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22556:
22553:
22551:
22548:
22546:
22543:
22541:
22538:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22516:
22515:
22514:
22511:
22509:
22506:
22504:
22501:
22499:
22496:
22495:
22494:
22491:
22485:
22482:
22481:
22480:
22477:
22473:
22472:Protestantism
22470:
22466:
22463:
22462:
22461:
22458:
22454:
22451:
22450:
22449:
22446:
22442:
22438:
22435:
22434:
22433:
22430:
22429:
22428:
22425:
22424:
22423:
22420:
22419:
22417:
22415:
22411:
22403:
22400:
22399:
22398:
22395:
22393:
22392:Sovereigntism
22390:
22388:
22385:
22381:
22380:
22376:
22375:
22374:
22371:
22367:
22364:
22363:
22362:
22359:
22357:
22354:
22352:
22349:
22347:
22344:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22316:
22315:
22312:
22308:
22305:
22304:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22287:Scholasticism
22285:
22283:
22280:
22278:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22260:
22258:
22255:
22254:
22252:
22250:
22246:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22219:
22218:
22215:
22211:
22208:
22207:
22206:
22203:
22199:
22196:
22194:
22191:
22190:
22189:
22186:
22182:
22179:
22178:
22177:
22174:
22172:
22169:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22155:
22152:
22151:
22150:
22147:
22143:
22140:
22139:
22138:
22135:
22131:
22128:
22127:
22126:
22123:
22119:
22116:
22114:
22111:
22110:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22087:
22084:
22083:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22070:
22067:
22066:
22065:
22062:
22058:
22055:
22054:
22053:
22050:
22046:
22043:
22042:
22041:
22038:
22036:
22033:
22029:
22026:
22025:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21998:
21997:
21994:
21993:
21991:
21989:
21985:
21977:
21976:War on terror
21974:
21972:
21969:
21968:
21967:
21964:
21960:
21957:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21947:
21945:
21942:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21932:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21920:
21917:
21915:
21912:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21902:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21890:
21887:
21885:
21882:
21880:
21877:
21875:
21872:
21871:
21870:
21869:Modern period
21867:
21865:
21862:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21848:
21845:
21844:
21843:
21840:
21836:
21833:
21832:
21831:
21828:
21826:
21823:
21822:
21820:
21818:
21814:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21776:
21775:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21755:
21754:
21751:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21741:
21740:
21738:
21734:
21730:
21726:
21725:Western world
21719:
21714:
21712:
21707:
21705:
21700:
21699:
21696:
21684:
21681:
21680:
21677:
21671:
21670:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21617:
21614:
21613:
21612:
21609:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21586:Jurisprudence
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21533:
21531:
21527:
21518:
21517:
21513:
21508:
21507:
21503:
21498:
21497:
21493:
21488:
21487:
21483:
21478:
21477:
21473:
21468:
21467:
21463:
21458:
21457:
21453:
21448:
21447:
21443:
21438:
21437:
21433:
21428:
21427:
21423:
21418:
21417:
21416:Rights of Man
21413:
21408:
21407:
21403:
21398:
21397:
21393:
21388:
21387:
21383:
21378:
21377:
21373:
21368:
21367:
21363:
21358:
21357:
21353:
21348:
21347:
21343:
21338:
21337:
21333:
21328:
21327:
21326:De re publica
21323:
21318:
21317:
21313:
21308:
21307:
21303:
21302:
21300:
21296:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21256:
21253:
21251:
21248:
21246:
21243:
21241:
21238:
21236:
21233:
21231:
21228:
21226:
21223:
21221:
21218:
21216:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21201:
21198:
21196:
21193:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21163:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21101:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21091:
21088:
21086:
21083:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20991:
20988:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20976:
20973:
20971:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20961:
20958:
20956:
20953:
20952:
20950:
20946:20th and 21st
20944:
20938:
20935:
20933:
20930:
20928:
20925:
20923:
20920:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20910:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20816:
20813:
20812:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20799:
20796:
20795:
20794:
20791:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20776:
20774:
20771:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20761:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20749:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20739:
20736:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20726:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20714:
20711:
20709:
20706:
20704:
20701:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20685:
20683:
20679:18th and 19th
20677:
20671:
20668:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20614:
20611:
20610:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20565:
20563:
20557:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20536:
20535:Nizam al-Mulk
20533:
20531:
20528:
20526:
20523:
20521:
20518:
20516:
20513:
20511:
20508:
20506:
20503:
20501:
20498:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20488:
20486:
20483:
20482:
20480:
20476:
20470:
20467:
20465:
20462:
20460:
20457:
20455:
20452:
20450:
20447:
20443:
20440:
20439:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20394:
20392:
20388:
20385:
20383:
20379:
20373:
20370:
20368:
20365:
20363:
20360:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20327:
20326:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20263:
20262:
20257:
20255:
20252:
20251:
20249:
20245:
20239:
20236:
20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20218:Republicanism
20216:
20214:
20211:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20189:
20186:
20184:
20181:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20166:
20164:
20161:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20085:
20083:
20079:
20073:
20070:
20068:
20065:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20014:
20012:
20008:
20002:
19999:
19997:
19994:
19992:
19989:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19977:
19974:
19972:
19969:
19967:
19964:
19962:
19959:
19957:
19954:
19952:
19949:
19947:
19944:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19917:
19914:
19912:
19909:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19877:
19874:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19859:
19857:
19854:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19844:
19843:
19841:
19837:
19833:
19826:
19821:
19819:
19814:
19812:
19807:
19806:
19803:
19790:
19782:
19781:
19779:
19777:
19769:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19731:
19729:
19727:
19726:United States
19723:
19717:
19714:
19712:
19709:
19707:
19704:
19702:
19699:
19697:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19657:
19654:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19633:
19631:
19629:
19625:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19590:
19588:
19586:
19582:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19568:
19567:
19565:
19561:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19516:
19514:
19512:
19508:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19486:Budai-Deleanu
19484:
19483:
19481:
19477:
19471:
19468:
19467:
19465:
19461:
19455:
19452:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19420:
19417:
19416:
19414:
19412:
19408:
19402:
19399:
19397:
19394:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19348:
19346:
19342:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19302:
19300:
19298:
19294:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19264:
19262:
19258:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19233:
19231:
19229:
19225:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19150:
19148:
19144:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19109:
19107:
19103:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18953:
18951:
18947:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18850:Ashley-Cooper
18848:
18846:
18843:
18842:
18840:
18836:
18832:
18825:
18821:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18781:
18780:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18752:Progressivism
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18722:
18718:
18715:
18714:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18701:Individualism
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18686:
18685:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18672:
18671:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18620:
18617:
18613:
18606:
18602:
18598:
18591:
18586:
18584:
18579:
18577:
18572:
18571:
18568:
18550:
18549:
18540:
18538:
18537:
18528:
18527:
18524:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18502:Public sector
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18468:
18462:
18459:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18446:
18445:
18442:
18438:
18435:
18434:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18427:Job guarantee
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18405:
18401:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18379:Public toilet
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18369:Public school
18367:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18306:
18304:
18302:
18298:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18275:
18272:
18271:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18264:Oil & gas
18262:
18260:
18257:
18256:
18254:
18252:
18248:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18232:
18229:
18225:
18222:
18221:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18204:Civil service
18202:
18201:
18199:
18195:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18163:Public rights
18161:
18159:
18158:Public policy
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18138:Public health
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18128:Public domain
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18095:
18093:
18089:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18069:
18066:
18062:
18055:
18050:
18048:
18043:
18041:
18036:
18035:
18032:
18020:
18012:
18010:
18001:
18000:
17997:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17980:
17979:mental health
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17897:
17895:
17891:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17867:
17864:
17863:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17793:
17790:
17789:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17776:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17768:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17754:
17751:
17750:
17749:
17746:
17745:
17743:
17739:
17733:
17730:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17711:
17708:
17707:
17706:
17703:
17702:
17700:
17694:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17654:
17652:
17646:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17628:
17625:
17624:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17604:
17602:
17600:public safety
17594:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17564:
17562:
17558:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17498:
17496:
17492:
17488:
17484:
17476:
17471:
17469:
17464:
17462:
17457:
17456:
17453:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17423:
17420:
17417:
17413:
17404:
17398:
17393:
17387:
17382:
17376:
17371:
17365:
17360:
17354:
17349:
17343:
17338:
17332:
17327:
17321:
17316:
17310:
17305:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17281:Human history
17279:
17278:
17276:
17272:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17225:
17221:
17220:
17218:
17216:International
17214:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17165:
17162:
17159:
17155:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17126:
17123:
17120:
17116:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17064:
17060:
17059:
17056:
17053:
17049:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17032:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16987:
16984:
16981:
16975:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16889:Head of state
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16858:
16855:
16851:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16771:
16769:
16765:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16748:Progressivism
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16634:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16595:Collaborative
16593:
16591:
16588:
16587:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16574:
16570:
16569:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16540:Republicanism
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16470:Confederation
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16427:
16425:
16421:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16374:Unitary state
16372:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16351:
16349:
16345:
16341:
16337:
16330:
16325:
16323:
16318:
16316:
16311:
16310:
16307:
16301:
16294:
16288:
16281:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16268:
16263:
16260:
16259:
16253:
16250:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16225:
16219:
16215:
16211:
16207:
16204:
16200:
16197:
16194:
16190:
16187:
16183:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16168:Taylor, Astra
16165:
16162:
16158:
16155:
16151:
16145:
16141:
16137:
16136:Kennard, Matt
16132:
16129:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16110:
16104:
16100:
16095:
16091:
16085:
16081:
16076:
16072:
16066:
16058:
16054:
16050:
16046:
16042:
16037:
16033:
16027:
16023:
16022:
16016:
16012:
16006:
15998:
15994:
15990:
15984:
15980:
15979:
15973:
15969:
15963:
15959:
15958:
15952:
15951:
15938:
15937:
15929:
15921:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15885:
15878:
15876:
15856:
15852:
15848:
15844:
15840:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15820:
15816:
15809:
15802:
15794:
15787:
15779:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15746:
15744:
15735:
15728:
15720:
15713:
15705:
15698:
15690:
15683:
15675:
15668:
15666:
15657:
15650:
15642:
15634:
15626:
15619:
15611:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15585:
15578:
15576:
15567:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15539:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15523:
15516:
15508:
15501:
15493:
15489:
15485:
15481:
15477:
15473:
15469:
15462:
15455:. Peter Lang.
15454:
15447:
15445:
15436:
15430:
15426:
15419:
15411:
15404:
15396:
15388:
15386:
15377:
15370:
15368:
15359:
15352:
15344:
15337:
15329:
15322:
15314:
15307:
15305:
15303:
15294:
15290:
15283:
15281:
15272:
15265:
15257:
15253:
15249:
15245:
15238:
15230:
15223:
15216:
15212:
15206:
15198:
15192:
15188:
15183:
15182:
15173:
15165:
15159:
15155:
15148:
15132:
15128:
15122:
15114:
15110:
15106:
15102:
15098:
15094:
15090:
15086:
15082:
15076:
15068:
15061:
15046:
15042:
15038:
15032:
15024:
15018:
15014:
15007:
15005:
14996:
14992:
14988:
14984:
14980:
14976:
14972:
14968:
14964:
14960:
14953:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14922:
14915:
14909:
14904:
14901:(1): 93â113.
14900:
14896:
14892:
14885:
14877:
14871:
14867:
14860:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14816:
14797:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14766:
14759:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14714:
14706:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14678:
14671:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14651:
14650:
14642:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14607:
14599:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14572:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14554:
14549:
14541:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14525:
14521:
14514:
14512:
14496:
14490:
14486:
14482:
14481:
14473:
14465:
14459:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14440:
14433:
14427:
14419:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14394:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14350:
14343:
14335:
14329:
14321:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14301:
14295:
14289:
14281:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14263:
14259:
14255:
14248:
14246:
14237:
14233:
14229:
14225:
14222:(2): 151â69.
14221:
14217:
14210:
14203:
14198:
14194:
14191:(4): 306â22.
14190:
14186:
14178:
14170:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14144:
14140:
14136:
14132:
14125:
14118:
14103:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14087:
14080:
14065:
14059:
14055:
14054:
14046:
14031:
14025:
14021:
14020:
14012:
14010:
14003:
13999:
13993:
13987:
13983:
13979:
13976:
13975:Harry J Hogan
13970:
13962:
13958:
13954:
13950:
13946:
13942:
13935:
13927:
13921:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13902:
13895:
13889:
13881:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13858:(1): 69â105.
13857:
13853:
13848:For example:
13845:
13836:
13831:
13827:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13810:
13802:
13798:
13794:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13769:
13761:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13736:
13728:
13724:
13720:
13714:
13710:
13706:
13702:
13695:
13687:
13683:
13679:
13673:
13669:
13662:
13654:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13613:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13589:
13582:
13567:
13563:
13556:
13540:
13534:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13514:
13510:
13506:
13502:
13495:
13487:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13460:
13453:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13438:
13437:Hoover Digest
13433:
13426:
13418:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13385:
13378:
13372:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13356:
13349:
13340:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13326:
13321:
13314:
13307:. p. 03.
13306:
13304:
13299:
13292:
13284:
13280:
13275:
13274:1721.1/124287
13270:
13266:
13262:
13259:(1): 47â100.
13258:
13254:
13247:
13240:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13209:
13194:
13190:
13183:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13150:
13145:
13138:
13130:
13124:
13120:
13119:
13110:
13103:
13099:
13094:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13062:
13055:
13036:
13029:
13023:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13006:
13000:
12983:
12979:
12973:
12954:
12947:
12941:
12935:
12930:
12923:
12917:
12909:
12900:
12892:
12889:
12883:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12852:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12832:
12828:
12821:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12801:
12797:
12793:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12774:
12766:
12759:
12753:
12747:
12741:
12735:
12726:
12720:
12719:
12714:
12710:
12704:
12696:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12677:
12669:
12663:
12659:
12658:
12650:
12642:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12623:
12607:
12605:
12597:
12582:
12581:
12576:
12569:
12560:
12554:(2009) p. 211
12553:
12547:
12531:
12530:
12525:
12519:
12503:
12497:
12482:
12478:
12472:
12463:
12461:
12459:
12457:
12447:
12440:
12434:
12425:
12416:
12408:
12401:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12378:(3): 335â42.
12377:
12373:
12372:
12364:
12356:
12350:
12346:
12339:
12331:
12325:
12321:
12314:
12306:
12304:0-75258-227-5
12300:
12296:
12292:
12291:World History
12288:
12287:Black, Jeremy
12282:
12266:
12262:
12256:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12239:
12231:
12215:
12211:
12205:
12189:
12185:
12179:
12165:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12136:
12128:
12122:
12114:
12107:
12099:
12092:
12085:
12079:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12058:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12042:
12036:
12028:
12022:
12018:
12014:
12007:
12000:
11994:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11970:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11946:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11923:
11917:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11899:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11868:
11859:
11850:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11830:
11827:(1): 97â109.
11826:
11822:
11818:
11811:
11800:
11794:
11788:
11783:
11768:
11767:Freedom House
11764:
11758:
11742:
11738:
11732:
11716:
11712:
11706:
11691:
11685:
11681:
11680:
11672:
11657:
11651:
11647:
11646:
11638:
11623:
11619:
11612:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11550:
11535:. 9 June 2020
11534:
11530:
11524:
11516:
11510:
11506:
11505:
11497:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11450:
11442:
11441:
11433:
11426:
11420:
11411:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11391:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11370:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11327:Anthony Downs
11323:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11299:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11276:(2): 525â62.
11275:
11271:
11267:
11260:
11245:
11239:
11235:
11234:
11226:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11209:
11205:
11199:
11183:
11177:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11130:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11088:
11080:
11065:
11061:
11054:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11033:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11011:
11007:
11006:
10998:
10979:
10975:
10968:
10962:
10946:
10939:
10924:
10920:
10914:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10871:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10850:Global Policy
10844:
10838:
10834:
10831:
10824:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10791:
10784:
10779:
10763:
10757:
10741:
10737:
10731:
10729:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10698:(6): 646â59.
10697:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10671:
10664:
10649:
10645:
10639:
10624:
10620:
10613:
10597:
10591:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10569:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10497:
10491:
10483:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10462:
10446:
10440:
10424:
10418:
10402:
10398:
10392:
10377:
10373:
10366:
10350:
10343:
10341:
10325:
10321:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10296:
10288:
10282:
10275:
10272:
10266:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10246:
10231:
10224:
10217:
10212:
10205:
10200:
10185:
10181:
10175:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10144:
10128:
10124:
10118:
10107:
10100:
10094:
10086:
10080:
10076:
10075:
10067:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10027:
10021:
10013:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9992:
9973:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9959:Norman Davies
9954:
9938:
9934:
9928:
9912:
9906:
9891:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9872:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9842:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9736:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9713:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9688:
9682:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9658:
9642:
9638:
9632:
9616:
9610:
9602:
9595:
9587:
9581:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9536:
9535:United States
9528:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9480:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9438:
9435:Locke, John.
9432:
9424:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9318:
9305:
9301:
9295:
9293:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9250:
9244:
9228:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9170:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9145:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9096:
9088:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9028:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8985:
8969:
8963:
8947:
8943:
8942:The Telegraph
8938:
8923:
8917:
8909:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8890:
8874:
8868:
8861:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8785:
8779:
8776:. Routledge.
8775:
8774:
8766:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8739:
8724:
8720:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8658:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8631:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8604:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8585:Lonely Planet
8582:
8581:
8573:
8566:
8561:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8512:
8507:
8500:
8495:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8436:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8362:
8354:
8345:
8338:
8332:
8325:
8319:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8199:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8132:
8124:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8093:
8088:
8081:
8076:
8068:
8062:
8054:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8035:
8028:
8027:Spirit of Law
8025:Montesquieu,
8022:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7996:
7990:
7986:
7979:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7908:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7881:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7848:
7832:
7818:
7812:
7804:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7785:
7783:
7774:
7768:
7765:. JHU Press.
7764:
7763:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7716:
7700:
7693:
7685:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7584:(1): 92â113.
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7555:The Economist
7549:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7531:The Economist
7527:
7520:
7518:
7507:
7500:
7495:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7390:
7382:
7381:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7361:Locke, John.
7358:
7342:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7285:
7279:
7275:
7274:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7225:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7136:
7121:
7117:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7087:Spain in 1975
7084:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7044:
7040:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6827:echo chambers
6824:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6754:market forces
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:social issues
6701:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6663:aristocracies
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6636:James Madison
6633:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6607:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6484:Right to vote
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:Majority rule
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:Supermajority
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Participatory
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Hybrid regime
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5971:
5968:
5960:
5957:February 2024
5950:
5944:
5942:
5937:This article
5935:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5803:South Vietnam
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5752:regime change
5749:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5703:regime change
5697:
5687:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:human capital
5619:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5558:authoritarian
5555:
5547:
5546:democratizing
5543:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5511:and reducing
5510:
5506:
5502:
5499:, increasing
5498:
5494:
5490:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5440:African Union
5436:
5432:
5425:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:, economists
5384:
5383:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5315:
5310:Justification
5307:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5026:Participatory
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4933:
4931:
4930:Constitutions
4927:
4923:
4919:
4918:supermajority
4915:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:participatory
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4612:James Madison
4609:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4581:head of state
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:Republicanism
4560:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4387:
4380:Parliamentary
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4312:town meetings
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:ballot papers
4167:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4150:Landsgemeinde
4146:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4056:
4046:
4036:
4026:
4016:
4006:
4002:
3991:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3842: No data
3825:
3799:
3773:
3772:
3768:map for 2023
3767:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:inclusiveness
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3635:
3632:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:Anthony Downs
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:Freedom House
3258:According to
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3114:In 1948, the
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:appointed by
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:Enlightenment
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Acts of Union
2669:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2530:Thomas Hobbes
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:of 1688, the
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:Thomas Hobbes
2443:
2439:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:habeas corpus
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:Ancient India
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Philipp Foltz
1993:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:aristocracies
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:republicanism
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:majority rule
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:authoritarian
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1705:supreme court
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:majority rule
1674:
1670:
1669:parliamentary
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:right to life
1643:
1639:
1638:voting rights
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:is vested in
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:'people' and
1555:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1534:Ancient Greek
1531:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
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22902:Western Bloc
22702:AUSCANNZUKUS
22658:Contemporary
22643:
22607:Human rights
22453:Latin Church
22427:Christianity
22377:
22336:Conservatism
22181:contemporary
22018:Architecture
21954:World War II
21914:Emancipation
21909:Abolitionism
21797:Romanization
21792:Roman legacy
21773:Roman Empire
21667:
21566:Elite theory
21514:
21504:
21494:
21484:
21474:
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21314:
21304:
20603:Guicciardini
20559:Early modern
20382:Philosophers
20332:Open society
20268:Body politic
20138:Distributism
20128:Conservatism
20123:Confucianism
20042:Gerontocracy
20036:
20032:Dictatorship
19986:Sovereigntyâ
19976:Ruling class
19866:Emancipation
19851:Citizenshipâ
19774:
19519:Catherine II
18971:Beaumarchais
18801:Universality
18772:Reductionism
18719:
18696:Human rights
18657:
18546:
18534:
18487:Public float
18422:Job creation
18374:Public space
18301:Public works
18178:Public value
18173:Public trust
17406:}}
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17100:Civil rights
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17079:
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17009:
17005:Town meeting
16989:
16938:
16913:
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16869:Constitution
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16683:Conservatism
16668:Collectivism
16636:Philosophies
16610:Cosmopolitan
16605:Conservative
16572:
16571:
16444:
16435:Govt systems
16429:
16409:Municipality
16388:
16265:
16242:
16213:
16205:23(1): 1â26.
16202:
16192:
16171:
16160:
16139:
16127:
16098:
16079:
16065:cite journal
16048:
16044:
16020:
15981:. New York.
15977:
15956:
15935:
15928:
15894:(1): 25â48.
15891:
15887:
15862:. Retrieved
15855:the original
15818:
15814:
15801:
15792:
15786:
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15718:
15712:
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15633:
15627:. Macmillan.
15624:
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15237:
15228:
15222:
15214:
15205:
15180:
15172:
15153:
15147:
15135:. Retrieved
15130:
15121:
15088:
15081:Ober, Josiah
15075:
15066:
15060:
15048:. Retrieved
15044:
15031:
15012:
14969:(1): 29â40.
14966:
14962:
14952:
14940:. Retrieved
14931:
14921:
14912:
14898:
14894:
14884:
14865:
14859:
14851:
14829:
14825:
14815:
14803:. Retrieved
14775:
14771:
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14705:
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14641:
14616:
14612:
14606:
14581:
14577:
14571:
14556:
14548:
14523:
14519:
14498:. Retrieved
14479:
14472:
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14328:
14309:
14300:
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14261:
14257:
14219:
14215:
14209:
14200:
14188:
14185:Intelligence
14184:
14177:
14134:
14130:
14117:
14105:. Retrieved
14096:(2): 77â99.
14093:
14089:
14079:
14067:. Retrieved
14052:
14045:
14033:. Retrieved
14018:
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13622:
13612:
13595:
13591:
13581:
13571:17 September
13569:. Retrieved
13566:The Atlantic
13565:
13555:
13543:. Retrieved
13533:
13508:
13504:
13494:
13469:
13465:
13459:
13446:the original
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13291:
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13252:
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13208:
13196:. Retrieved
13192:
13182:
13173:10852/100947
13153:
13147:
13137:
13117:
13109:
13093:
13071:(4): 35â41.
13068:
13064:
13054:
13042:. Retrieved
13035:the original
13022:
13013:
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12986:. Retrieved
12982:the original
12972:
12960:. Retrieved
12953:the original
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12610:. Retrieved
12603:
12596:
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12578:
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12534:. Retrieved
12527:
12518:
12506:. Retrieved
12496:
12484:. Retrieved
12481:bartleby.com
12480:
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12265:the original
12255:
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12230:
12218:. Retrieved
12214:the original
12204:
12192:. Retrieved
12188:the original
12178:
12167:, retrieved
12145:
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11678:
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11659:. Retrieved
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11621:
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11599:. Retrieved
11563:
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11537:. Retrieved
11532:
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11351:Dahl, Robert
11346:
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11322:
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11269:
11259:
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11232:
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11086:
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11067:. Retrieved
11063:
11053:
11042:
11032:
11004:
10997:
10985:. Retrieved
10978:the original
10961:
10949:. Retrieved
10938:
10926:. Retrieved
10922:
10913:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10856:(1): 28â37.
10853:
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10799:
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10756:
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10590:
10582:the original
10577:
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10556:. Retrieved
10552:the original
10542:
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10526:the original
10521:
10512:
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10490:
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10449:. Retrieved
10439:
10427:. Retrieved
10417:
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10401:the original
10391:
10379:. Retrieved
10375:
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10353:. Retrieved
10327:. Retrieved
10323:
10313:
10304:
10295:
10286:
10281:
10273:
10265:
10245:
10235:26 September
10233:. Retrieved
10223:
10211:
10199:
10187:. Retrieved
10183:
10174:
10162:. Retrieved
10158:the original
10153:
10143:
10131:. Retrieved
10127:the original
10117:
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10073:
10066:
10054:. Retrieved
10047:the original
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9972:the original
9963:
9953:
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9937:the original
9927:
9915:. Retrieved
9905:
9893:. Retrieved
9878:
9871:
9859:. Retrieved
9855:the original
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9657:
9645:. Retrieved
9641:the original
9631:
9619:. Retrieved
9609:
9600:
9594:
9574:
9570:Deacy, Susan
9564:
9549:
9543:
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9334:the original
9324:
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9304:the original
9279:. Retrieved
9275:the original
9265:
9253:. Retrieved
9243:
9231:. Retrieved
9221:
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9205:the original
9200:
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9183:the original
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9037:
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8984:
8972:. Retrieved
8962:
8950:. Retrieved
8941:
8926:. Retrieved
8916:
8896:
8889:
8877:. Retrieved
8867:
8858:
8851:. Retrieved
8847:the original
8837:
8802:
8792:
8772:
8765:
8745:
8738:
8726:. Retrieved
8722:
8719:"Government"
8712:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8657:
8637:
8630:
8610:
8603:
8579:
8572:
8567:, p. 34
8560:
8548:. Retrieved
8538:
8523:
8518:
8506:
8494:
8489:, p. 5.
8482:
8467:
8466:Susan Lape,
8462:
8442:
8435:
8423:. Retrieved
8419:the original
8414:
8405:
8380:
8376:
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8360:
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8336:
8331:
8323:
8318:
8307:
8299:
8287:
8272:
8267:
8255:. Retrieved
8244:The Guardian
8243:
8233:
8205:
8198:
8186:. Retrieved
8182:the original
8177:
8167:
8141:
8131:
8111:
8092:Graeber 2013
8087:
8080:Graeber 2013
8075:
8061:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8021:
8012:
8008:R. R. Palmer
8003:
7984:
7978:
7959:
7950:
7920:(1): 1â101.
7917:
7913:
7907:
7887:
7880:
7868:. Retrieved
7864:the original
7857:
7847:
7835:. Retrieved
7821:. Retrieved
7811:
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7754:
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7703:. Retrieved
7692:
7673:
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7645:
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7623:
7614:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7560:2016 reprint
7553:
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7335:
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7206:
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7152:. Retrieved
7120:
7078:
7064:
7043:
6917:
6905:
6881:social media
6874:
6870:deregulation
6866:impartiality
6843:
6831:civil rights
6823:social media
6815:
6806:dumbing down
6798:
6794:civil rights
6790:surveillance
6758:
6750:
6714:
6703:
6629:
6615:
6281:Totalitarian
6164:Non-partisan
6144:Majoritarian
6125:Jeffersonian
6065:Deliberative
6055:Cosmopolitan
6050:Conservative
6030:Anticipatory
5990:
5982:Part of the
5963:
5954:
5941:copy editing
5939:may require
5938:
5890:
5886:Nazi Germany
5860:and eroding
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5411:
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5335:general will
5329:is based on
5321:
5313:
5289:
5263:
5244:shareholders
5240:Corporations
5236:cooperatives
5232:trade unions
5225:
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5187:Saudi Arabia
5182:
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5110:, e.g., the
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5084:Cosmopolitan
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4958:ethnic group
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4632:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4601:
4583:, such as a
4574:
4572:
4550:
4511:
4459:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4403:Presidential
4393:
4389:
4370:proportional
4366:constituency
4363:
4348:
4330:
4305:
4294:
4275:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4203:
4183:
4121:
4113:
4066:
3968:
3954:
3917:
3909:
3896:
3722:
3714:quantitative
3708:
3669:
3650:
3633:
3616:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3551:
3548:deliberation
3541:
3540:
3537:Deliberative
3514:
3509:
3499:
3492:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3408:
3378:
3375:Early theory
3357:
3314:
3296:
3288:
3263:
3257:
3202:
3167:Eastern bloc
3134:
3121:
3113:
3094:
3062:World War II
3060:
3047:Leon Trotsky
2996:Nazi Germany
2970:
2947:
2919:
2886:
2851:
2812:
2774:adopted the
2769:
2730:
2714:constitution
2707:
2703:civil rights
2696:
2657:
2601:
2586:
2555:
2537:
2523:
2471:
2444:expanded on
2411:
2397:
2388:
2360:
2336:
2331:divided the
2245:feudal lords
2230:
2206:
2189:mahajanapada
2179:
2150:
2134:appeared in
2132:Range voting
2130:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2091:
2081:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2013:
1958:
1945:
1937:collectivism
1926:
1898:deliberation
1875:
1836:
1817:
1809:human rights
1797:constitution
1786:
1778:
1754:
1732:aristokratĂa
1729:
1725:áŒÏÎčÏÏÎżÎșÏαÏία
1709:
1701:constitution
1658:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1529:
1528:
1407:Middle power
1334:Vassal state
1328:Buffer state
1326:
1302:Puppet state
1297:Protectorate
1273:Client state
1263:Principality
1089:Distributism
1031:Presidential
909:Dictatorship
833:Gerontocracy
755:rule by many
749:
728:
712:Part of the
374:Totalitarian
257:Non-partisan
237:Majoritarian
218:Jeffersonian
158:Deliberative
148:Cosmopolitan
143:Conservative
123:Anticipatory
83:
75:Part of the
46:
26:
22842:Open Balkan
22660:integration
22590:Rule of law
22585:Natural law
22562:Agnosticism
22540:Hellenistic
22518:Anglo-Saxon
22448:Catholicism
22387:Atlanticism
22292:Rationalism
22098:Immigration
22081:Esotericism
21939:World War I
21904:Romanticism
21884:Reformation
21864:Renaissance
21842:Middle Ages
21807:Christendom
21736:Foundations
21440:(1835â1840)
21320:(c. 350 BC)
21310:(c. 375 BC)
20927:Tocqueville
20892:Saint-Simon
20857:Montesquieu
20708:Bolingbroke
20640:Machiavelli
20520:Ibn Khaldun
20485:Alpharabius
20478:Middle Ages
20303:Natural law
20278:Common good
20203:Nationalism
20163:Imperialism
20133:Corporatism
20108:Colonialism
20088:Agrarianism
20067:Technocracy
20047:Meritocracy
20027:Bureaucracy
20017:Aristocracy
19776:Romanticism
19598:Charles III
19439:Poniatowski
19376:Leeuwenhoek
19356:de la Court
19344:Netherlands
19188:Mendelssohn
19183:Lichtenberg
19061:Montesquieu
18779:Sapere aude
18762:Rationalism
18757:Rationality
18747:Objectivity
18339:Public bank
18314:Free clinic
18148:Public land
18098:Common good
17648:Economics /
17265:World Court
17198:Magna Carta
17015:Legislation
16977:Governance
16934:Legislature
16809:Regulation:
16718:Familialism
16693:Corporatism
16673:Communalism
16643:Agrarianism
16555:Technocracy
16515:Meritocracy
16510:Kleptocracy
16490:Ergatocracy
16485:Electocracy
16475:Colonialism
16460:Bureaucracy
16455:Aristocracy
15947:Works cited
15762:: 415â438.
14914:governance.
13644:10036/64393
13511:: 149â170.
13156:: 357â375.
13044:12 February
11627:27 December
11539:20 November
11204:"Aristotle"
10813:14 November
10628:31 December
10532:15 February
10502:16 December
10407:7 September
10189:18 November
9981:5 September
9403:Locke, John
9310:27 November
9281:22 December
8974:17 November
8879:17 November
8805:: 130â151.
8294:, p. .
8271:John Dunn,
8188:22 December
7699:"Democracy"
7243:(3): 5â16.
7173:: 851â862.
7154:24 February
7148:"Democracy"
7007:Meritocracy
6835:free speech
6766:horse races
6726:Meaningful
6717:Jay Blumler
6659:polyarchies
6651:epistocracy
6389:Kleroterion
6271:Substantive
6246:Semi-direct
5874:rule of law
5660:autocracies
5538: 2010
5265:Islamocracy
5207:Afghanistan
5157:moral ideal
4822:criticised
4786:Trotskyists
4740:multi-party
4673:rule of law
4507:H. G. Wells
4470:Netherlands
4454:Charles III
4374:referendums
4308:New England
4297:referendums
4271:initiatives
4267:referendums
4263:U.S. states
4248:Semi-direct
4198:referendums
4194:initiatives
4166:Switzerland
4118:Basic forms
3729:autocracies
3718:comparative
3450:Aggregative
3416:Montesquieu
3392:aristocracy
3329:rule of law
3321:nationalist
3303:nationalist
3179:Philippines
2972:World War I
2922:New Zealand
2796:Grodno Sejm
2751:nor extend
2697:During the
2383:petitioning
2367:Magna Carta
2355:Magna Carta
2333:Mali Empire
2279:, found in
2249:Scandinavia
2237:Middle Ages
2235:during the
2227:Middle Ages
2121:most direct
2070:Cleisthenes
2020:Montesquieu
1832:rule of law
1781:Karl Popper
1742:city-states
1720:aristocracy
1661:communities
1642:deprivation
1630:citizenship
1614:association
1566:state power
1412:Great power
1397:Small power
1339:Viceroyalty
1210:Nationalism
1074:Colonialism
1054:Libertarian
1016:Directorial
893:rule by one
873:Technocracy
868:Stratocracy
848:Meritocracy
838:Kleptocracy
828:Aristocracy
482:Kleroterion
364:Substantive
339:Semi-direct
22933:Categories
22862:Rio Treaty
22373:Relativism
22331:Liberalism
22297:Empiricism
22249:Philosophy
22237:Secularism
22188:Philosophy
22125:Literature
21919:Capitalism
21648:Separatism
21456:On Liberty
21356:The Prince
21085:Huntington
20588:Campanella
20515:al-Ghazali
20464:Thucydides
20422:Lactantius
20367:Statolatry
20193:Monarchism
20173:Liberalism
20098:Capitalism
20081:Ideologies
20062:Plutocracy
20010:Government
19966:Revolution
19951:Propaganda
19901:Legitimacy
19876:Government
19618:Villarroel
19613:Jovellanos
19549:Radishchev
19496:Micu-Klein
19434:Niemcewicz
19401:Swammerdam
19391:Nieuwentyt
19381:Mandeville
19236:Farmakidis
19122:Burlamaqui
19031:La Mettrie
19006:Fontenelle
18961:d'Argenson
18956:d'Alembert
18880:Harrington
18806:Utopianism
18706:Liberalism
18663:Empiricism
18638:Classicism
18628:Capitalism
18512:Public use
18394:Urban park
18334:Public art
18123:Public bad
17900:Presidents
17596:Defence /
17494:Leadership
17487:ministries
17415:Categories
17348:liberalism
17296:Templates:
17193:Documents:
17168:Overviews:
17020:Regulation
16949:Parliament
16853:Components
16839:Sanitation
16829:Municipal:
16758:John Locke
16743:Liberalism
16723:Fanaticism
16535:Plutocracy
16505:Geniocracy
16495:Federalism
16465:Capitalism
16340:government
16297:Government
15864:12 October
15295:: 301â339.
15050:10 October
14942:27 January
14805:7 November
14553:Mudde, Cas
14137:(1): 1â6.
13686:1053623603
13100:Johnson's
12586:20 January
12220:12 October
11949:A. Barak,
11353:, (1989).
11329:, (1957).
11305:, (1950).
11119:21 January
11024:1155487679
10951:28 January
10928:28 January
10329:25 January
10056:12 October
9763:(2): 231.
9340:30 October
9211:16 October
9189:16 October
8952:28 January
8928:19 January
8853:28 January
8682:(4): 978.
7837:9 November
7741:Full text.
7629:2 February
7132:References
6924:propaganda
6920:censorship
6901:censorship
6850:World Bank
6710:news media
6671:neo-feudal
6655:lottocracy
6621:principles
6552:Historical
6464:Referendum
6419:Ochlocracy
6394:Liberalism
6384:Initiative
6261:Sociocracy
6189:Procedural
6159:Multiparty
6120:Jacksonian
6115:Industrial
6095:Grassroots
6080:Electronic
5949:editing it
5774:, and the
5742:Disruption
5711:repressive
5656:tsetse fly
5582:political
5395:monopolies
5318:Legitimacy
5300:executives
5260:sharia law
5209:, and the
5153:John Dewey
5127:David Held
4805:Anarchists
4765:See also:
4736:Trotskyist
4718:industrial
4708:, and the
4644:John Adams
4595:such as a
4327:Lot system
4301:California
4290:parliament
4286:referendum
4192:Put forth
4003:republic:
4001:Theocratic
3912:government
3468:minimalism
3411:Republican
3291:voting age
3239:, and the
3237:Kyrgyzstan
3213:Yugoslavia
3151:South Asia
2906:the Sultan
2894:Parliament
2670:under the
2642:Statue of
2562:legitimate
2552:John Locke
2442:John Locke
2428:Modern era
2301:Alfonso IX
2257:lawspeaker
2042:See also:
1714:, notably
1593:deliberate
1570:the people
1562:government
1549:dÄmokratĂa
1538:ÎŽÎ·ÎŒÎżÎșÏαÏία
1417:Superpower
1373:Superstate
1368:Federation
1363:Devolution
1349:Federalism
1190:City-state
863:Plutocracy
858:Particracy
722:government
645:Historical
557:Referendum
512:Ochlocracy
487:Liberalism
477:Initiative
354:Sociocracy
282:Procedural
252:Multiparty
213:Jacksonian
208:Industrial
188:Grassroots
173:Electronic
22949:Elections
22944:Democracy
22807:Five Eyes
22802:EUâUK TCA
22644:Democracy
22533:Old Norse
22422:Abrahamic
22379:Peritrope
22361:Tolerance
22341:Socialism
22171:Mythology
22159:Classical
22108:Languages
22086:Astrology
21934:Modernism
21748:Old World
21366:Leviathan
21346:Monarchia
21340:(c. 1274)
21175:Oakeshott
21120:Mansfield
21115:Luxemburg
21100:Kropotkin
20995:Bernstein
20948:centuries
20862:Nietzsche
20805:Jefferson
20733:Condorcet
20681:centuries
20660:Pufendorf
20525:Marsilius
20412:Confucius
20397:Aristotle
20390:Antiquity
20318:Noble lie
20238:Third Way
20233:Socialism
20158:Feudalism
20113:Communism
20093:Anarchism
20072:Theocracy
20057:Oligarchy
20037:Democracy
20022:Autocracy
19936:Pluralism
19921:Obedience
19886:Hierarchy
19846:Authority
19739:Jefferson
19681:Hutcheson
19570:ObradoviÄ
19539:Lomonosov
19534:Kheraskov
19444:Ćniadecki
19208:Weishaupt
19203:Thomasius
19193:Pufendorf
19036:Lavoisier
19021:d'Holbach
19016:Helvétius
18996:Descartes
18991:Condorcet
18986:Condillac
18920:Priestley
18737:Modernity
18658:Democracy
17501:President
17483:ministers
17224:Diplomacy
17144:Sociology
17075:Campaigns
17063:Elections
17038:Precedent
17010:Outcomes:
17000:Committee
16979:processes
16929:Judiciary
16904:President
16864:Documents
16804:Espionage
16767:Functions
16713:Extremism
16648:Anarchism
16600:Consensus
16590:Cellular
16573:Democracy
16560:Theocracy
16545:Socialism
16530:Oligarchy
16500:Feudalism
16480:Communism
16347:Overviews
16262:Democracy
16243:Democracy
16005:cite book
15997:769425385
15778:219769484
15610:150169330
15492:155126179
15105:146975709
14983:1022-0461
14848:150992660
14792:225378571
14750:221472047
14697:228959708
14633:159354232
14598:234870008
14540:225475139
14364:CiteSeerX
14280:0003-0554
14236:153949862
14181:Compare:
13961:158036471
13801:240235199
13727:240235199
13525:149640396
13452:this page
13450:Also see
13417:1094-2939
13283:222452675
13225:: 42â68.
13113:Compare:
13085:201790528
12962:22 August
12812:251572712
12612:22 August
12536:7 January
12508:22 August
12486:8 January
12392:154048078
12271:22 August
12247:153766786
12194:22 August
11596:151808737
11580:0192-5121
11488:155953192
11480:0192-5121
11385:, p. 134.
11168:225207244
11160:1537-5927
11114:242013001
11069:15 August
10905:212974380
10897:1351-0347
10808:0882-7729
10712:144895426
10653:3 January
10602:22 August
10558:22 August
10451:22 August
10429:22 August
10184:USA Today
10133:22 August
9943:22 August
9895:8 October
9826:145135025
9777:145135025
9647:2 October
9621:22 August
9463:1935-0708
9381:1471-6372
9128:1094-2939
9087:0022-0507
9019:211428630
9011:0020-8183
8704:237710260
8696:1354-0661
8550:22 August
8389:0009-8353
8252:0261-3077
7942:144699481
7870:18 August
7823:18 August
7705:17 August
7606:149825810
7598:2332-8894
7511:(49.4%)."
7468:0033-362X
7323:1045-5736
7257:1086-3214
7213:17 August
7035:Footnotes
6839:autocracy
6786:terrorism
6683:theocracy
6489:Sortition
6444:Polyarchy
6304:Anarchism
6286:Workplace
6266:Sovereign
6256:Socialist
6236:Sectarian
6214:Christian
6204:Religious
6179:Pluralist
6134:Illiberal
6110:Inclusive
6085:Empowered
6060:Defensive
6045:Consensus
5991:Democracy
5809:Self-coup
5707:autocracy
5618:education
5548:(yellow).
5262:, termed
5060:Religious
5038:parpolity
5002:stateless
4982:Inclusive
4964:âand the
4948:The term
4902:Consensus
4848:Sortition
4843:Sortition
4837:Sortition
4800:Anarchist
4782:Leninists
4743:socialist
4698:Socialist
4679:Socialist
4623:democracy
4585:president
4573:The term
4359:plurality
3747:co-option
3743:polyarchy
3606:The 2023
3557:consensus
3526:elections
3521:polyarchy
3519:the term
3400:autocracy
3398:or today
3388:oligarchy
3384:timocracy
3380:Aristotle
3343:during a
3045:in 1905:
2942:Polity IV
2898:bicameral
2770:In 1789,
2539:Leviathan
2321:sortition
2309:Dubrovnik
2145:Aristotle
2088:Aeschylus
2083:Histories
2078:Herodotus
2050:democracy
2048:The term
1947:Republics
1941:lawmaking
1910:equitable
1894:elections
1605:elections
1601:officials
1589:authority
1564:in which
1543:romanized
1530:Democracy
1244:Unitarism
1220:Globalism
1126:Religious
1114:Tribalism
1104:Socialism
1099:Feudalism
1084:Despotism
1079:Communism
1069:Anarchism
1006:Communist
953:Stateless
943:Anarchism
904:Despotism
888:Autocracy
878:Theocracy
843:Kritarchy
811:Oligarchy
796:Socialist
750:Democracy
582:Sortition
537:Polyarchy
397:Anarchism
379:Workplace
359:Sovereign
349:Socialist
329:Sectarian
307:Christian
297:Religious
272:Pluralist
227:Illiberal
203:Inclusive
178:Empowered
153:Defensive
138:Consensus
84:Democracy
62:apartheid
22867:Schengen
22797:Eurozone
22637:Property
22632:Religion
22523:Frankish
22513:Germanic
22493:Paganism
22414:Religion
22402:European
22314:Humanism
22217:Religion
22176:Painting
22142:Internet
22093:Folklore
22064:Clothing
22035:Calendar
22011:Cyrillic
21996:Alphabet
21959:Cold War
21621:Centrism
21316:Politics
21306:Republic
21275:Voegelin
21255:Spengler
21240:Shariati
21215:Rothbard
21170:Nussbaum
21070:Habermas
21045:Fukuyama
21035:Foucault
20960:Ambedkar
20937:Voltaire
20907:de Staël
20882:Rousseau
20763:Franklin
20738:Constant
20698:Beccaria
20530:Muhammad
20510:Gelasius
20495:Averroes
20469:Xenophon
20449:Polybius
20402:Chanakya
20247:Concepts
20213:Populism
20183:Localism
20168:Islamism
20153:Feminism
20052:Monarchy
19956:Property
19946:Progress
19911:Monopoly
19881:Hegemony
19789:Category
19734:Franklin
19701:Playfair
19671:Ferguson
19628:Scotland
19575:MrazoviÄ
19529:Kantemir
19524:Fonvizin
19463:Portugal
19429:Krasicki
19424:Konarski
19419:KoĆĆÄ
taj
19371:Koerbagh
19320:Genovesi
19305:Beccaria
19267:Berkeley
19198:Schiller
19163:Humboldt
19137:Saussure
19132:Rousseau
19096:Voltaire
19051:Maréchal
19026:Jaucourt
18981:ChĂątelet
18976:Chamfort
18925:Reynolds
18828:Thinkers
18732:Midlands
18721:LumiĂšres
18691:Humanism
18684:Haskalah
18536:Category
18470:See also
18091:Concepts
17551:Minister
17188:Suffrage
17118:Academic
17051:Politics
16990:Process:
16959:Assembly
16944:Congress
16924:Ministry
16799:Military
16733:Feminism
16658:Centrism
16625:Republic
16525:Monarchy
16445:Systems:
16414:Township
16336:Politics
16212:(2015).
16170:(2019).
16138:(2023).
16126:(2016).
15920:34260744
15843:29590045
15566:33622786
15137:22 April
15083:(2005).
14995:Archived
14991:55589140
14936:Archived
14796:Archived
14742:32883862
14619:: 9â36.
14382:Archived
14169:21297949
14161:18181782
13978:Archived
13880:53686238
13653:55486399
13545:10 March
13486:51897214
13305:MIT News
13198:26 April
12899:cite web
12407:Politics
12129:. Rudaw.
11841:51782149
11721:17 April
11661:30 April
11588:26556872
11533:oecd.org
11270:Antipode
11249:14 March
10987:26 April
10923:idea.int
10833:Archived
10716:Archived
10303:(2001).
10254:Archived
10106:Archived
9917:21 April
9861:21 April
9830:Archived
9781:Archived
9572:(2008).
9554:Archived
9486:(2003).
9136:14393625
8946:Archived
8415:stoa.org
7958:(2000).
7744:Archived
7661:Details.
7486:35035302
7327:Archived
6934:See also
6879:and the
6877:internet
6811:populism
6454:Populism
6209:Buddhist
6154:Monitory
6075:Economic
6040:Cellular
6035:Athenian
5795:Invasion
5786:and the
5246:through
5141:Creative
4922:majority
4889:rule in
4778:Marxists
4722:economic
4627:republic
4576:republic
4563:Republic
4482:Thailand
4433:Typology
4355:republic
4234:Bolivian
4230:CIPO-RFM
4081:de facto
3420:Rousseau
3325:populist
3299:populist
3159:Cold War
3126:â
3008:Portugal
2864:and the
2666:and the
2624:Baptists
2616:Puritans
2408:nobility
2317:Signoria
2267:and the
2209:Iroquois
2203:Americas
2197:republic
2187:(Vrijji
2181:Vaishali
2170:republic
2110:métoikoi
2098:isonomia
2009:Assembly
2001:Pericles
1963:republic
1931:and the
1904:," i.e.
1750:suffrage
1603:through
1292:Dominion
1021:Legalist
1001:Absolute
986:Republic
981:Monarchy
853:Noocracy
823:Anocracy
776:Economic
766:Demarchy
547:Populism
302:Buddhist
247:Monitory
168:Economic
133:Cellular
128:Athenian
22712:Benelux
22617:Thought
22567:Atheism
22508:Finnish
22484:Culture
22479:Judaism
22441:Eastern
22437:Western
22432:Culture
22366:Paradox
22232:Decline
22193:Science
22069:History
22057:Studies
22040:Cuisine
22028:Periods
21988:Culture
21817:History
21783:Eastern
21778:Western
21729:culture
21658:Statism
21571:Elitism
21529:Related
21330:(51 BC)
21260:Strauss
21235:Scruton
21230:Schmitt
21220:Russell
21140:Michels
21135:Maurras
21130:Marcuse
21090:Kautsky
21060:Gramsci
21055:Gentile
21025:Dworkin
21015:Du Bois
21010:Dmowski
21005:Chomsky
21000:Burnham
20985:Benoist
20955:Agamben
20922:Thoreau
20912:Stirner
20902:Spencer
20847:Mazzini
20837:Maistre
20832:Madison
20827:Le Play
20758:Fourier
20723:Carlyle
20703:Bentham
20693:Bastiat
20688:Bakunin
20665:Spinoza
20655:MĂŒntzer
20625:Leibniz
20598:Grotius
20578:Bossuet
20545:Plethon
20490:Aquinas
20459:Sun Tzu
20427:Mencius
20417:Han Fei
20188:Marxism
20148:Fascism
19981:Society
19906:Liberty
19891:Justice
19871:Freedom
19744:Madison
19716:Stewart
19656:Burnett
19651:Boswell
19636:Beattie
19608:MoratĂn
19593:Cadalso
19544:Novikov
19479:Romania
19454:Wybicki
19449:Staszic
19396:Spinoza
19366:Huygens
19361:Grotius
19315:Galvani
19310:Galiani
19260:Ireland
19241:Feraios
19213:Wieland
19178:Lessing
19173:Leibniz
19146:Germany
19127:Prévost
19112:Abauzit
19076:Quesnay
19066:Morelly
19056:Meslier
19041:Leclerc
19001:Diderot
18890:Johnson
18865:Collins
18860:Bentham
18845:Addison
18838:England
18786:Science
18623:Atheism
18548:Commons
18477:Commons
17531:Premier
17274:Related
17230:Embassy
17183:Reforms
17157:History
17095:Issues:
17080:Groups:
16995:Hearing
16954:Council
16919:Cabinet
16914:Bodies:
16899:Monarch
16874:Charter
16728:Fascism
16550:Statism
16450:Anarchy
16423:Systems
16389:Levels:
16264:at the
16191:(2018)
15911:9290699
15851:4549072
15823:Bibcode
15815:Science
15557:7936330
15534:Bibcode
15113:1426841
14722:Bibcode
14713:Science
13872:1951731
13828:(106).
13604:1816288
12804:2009820
12441:, 1967.
12169:17 June
11772:3 April
11747:3 April
11695:3 April
11601:3 April
11278:Bibcode
11188:21 June
10768:19 July
10164:23 June
9522:, p. 61
9471:3818115
9389:3198200
9255:7 April
9233:7 April
8425:1 March
8397:3296866
8311:Laterza
8257:4 March
7934:2378551
7477:8754486
7095:Bolivia
6885:filters
6774:cynical
6675:fascism
6667:fascist
6219:Islamic
6194:Radical
6184:Popular
6130:Liberal
6011:Indices
6001:History
5705:toward
5620:and of
5211:Vatican
4790:soviets
4771:Within
4761:Marxist
4724:and/or
4666:liberal
4654:Liberal
4625:from a
4589:monarch
4534:Hungary
4530:Austria
4526:Germany
4474:Belgium
4320:Vermont
4214:cantons
4073:de jure
3571:Radical
3396:tyranny
3285:in 2008
3245:Tunisia
3221:Georgia
3068:of the
3051:soviets
3016:Balkans
3012:Baltics
2992:Fascism
2976:Ottoman
2914:Turkish
2792:serfdom
2749:slavery
2737:Vermont
2688:African
2628:Quakers
2574:liberal
2375:England
2343:than a
2271:in the
2269:LĂžgting
2265:Iceland
2261:Althing
2056:during
2033:Origins
1981:History
1971:monarch
1650:liberty
1644:of the
1572:or the
1545::
1434:Related
1129:Secular
1094:Fascism
931:Anarchy
921:Tyranny
781:Liberal
312:Islamic
287:Radical
277:Popular
223:Liberal
104:Indices
94:History
22732:CANZUK
22622:Speech
22550:Slavic
22528:Gothic
22503:Celtic
22498:Baltic
22397:Values
22198:Values
21758:Greece
21520:(1992)
21510:(1971)
21500:(1951)
21490:(1945)
21480:(1944)
21470:(1929)
21460:(1859)
21450:(1848)
21430:(1820)
21420:(1791)
21410:(1790)
21400:(1762)
21390:(1748)
21380:(1689)
21370:(1651)
21360:(1532)
21350:(1313)
21280:Walzer
21270:Taylor
21225:Sartre
21190:Popper
21185:Pareto
21180:Ortega
21165:Nozick
21155:Mouffe
21105:Laclau
21065:Guénon
21050:Gandhi
20990:Berlin
20980:Bauman
20975:Badiou
20965:Arendt
20932:Tucker
20822:Le Bon
20783:Herder
20773:Haller
20768:Godwin
20753:Fichte
20748:Engels
20743:Cortés
20713:Bonald
20670:SuĂĄrez
20645:Milton
20635:Luther
20608:Hobbes
20593:Filmer
20583:Calvin
20568:Boétie
20561:period
20540:Ockham
20407:Cicero
20208:Nazism
19996:Utopia
19971:Rights
19961:Regime
19931:People
19916:Nation
19696:Newton
19686:Hutton
19666:Cullen
19563:Serbia
19511:Russia
19501:Èincai
19411:Poland
19351:Bekker
19325:Pagano
19287:Toland
19251:Korais
19246:Kairis
19228:Greece
19158:Herder
19153:Goethe
19117:Bonnet
19105:Geneva
19091:Turgot
19081:Raynal
19071:Pascal
19011:Gouges
18949:France
18935:Tindal
18930:Sidney
18905:Newton
18900:Milton
18875:Godwin
18870:Gibbon
18767:Reason
18609:Topics
18007:
17741:Social
17639:Europe
17560:Titles
17245:World:
17235:Treaty
17070:Voting
17025:Zoning
16884:Roles:
16430:Lists:
16364:Empire
16359:Nation
16240:about
16220:
16178:
16146:
16105:
16086:
16028:
15995:
15985:
15964:
15918:
15908:
15849:
15841:
15776:
15608:
15564:
15554:
15490:
15431:
15193:
15160:
15111:
15103:
15019:
14989:
14981:
14872:
14846:
14790:
14748:
14740:
14695:
14631:
14596:
14563:
14538:
14500:5 June
14491:
14460:
14414:
14366:
14316:
14278:
14234:
14167:
14159:
14107:3 July
14069:20 May
14060:
14035:20 May
14026:
13959:
13922:
13878:
13870:
13799:
13789:
13756:
13725:
13715:
13684:
13674:
13651:
13602:
13523:
13484:
13415:
13373:
13281:
13125:
13102:Russia
13083:
12988:2 July
12810:
12802:
12691:
12664:
12637:
12390:
12351:
12326:
12301:
12245:
12160:
12069:
12023:
11981:
11957:
11933:
11910:
11839:
11686:
11652:
11594:
11586:
11578:
11511:
11486:
11478:
11402:
11381:
11361:
11337:
11313:
11240:
11166:
11158:
11112:
11102:
11022:
11012:
10903:
10895:
10806:
10746:16 May
10742:. 2016
10710:
10478:
10381:16 May
10355:16 May
10081:
10008:
9913:. ACLU
9886:
9824:
9775:
9731:
9683:
9582:
9575:Athena
9518:
9494:
9469:
9461:
9419:
9387:
9379:
9157:
9134:
9126:
9085:
9017:
9009:
8904:
8827:
8817:
8780:
8753:
8728:19 May
8702:
8694:
8645:
8618:
8591:
8530:
8474:
8450:
8395:
8387:
8279:
8250:
8225:194977
8223:
8213:
8156:
8119:
8049:
8016:(1959)
7991:
7966:
7940:
7932:
7914:Ethics
7895:
7799:
7769:
7680:
7652:
7604:
7596:
7484:
7474:
7466:
7428:
7404:
7347:5 July
7321:
7280:
7255:
7185:
7105:, and
6926:, and
6685:, and
6642:; and
6547:Europe
6537:Africa
6531:Region
6504:Voting
6414:Motion
6251:Social
6229:Mormon
6224:Jewish
6139:Liquid
6100:Guided
6090:Ethnic
6070:Direct
6006:Theory
5832:, and
5766:, the
5584:regime
5540:, the
5533:Since
5448:Bamako
5203:Brunei
5193:, the
5179:Green:
5164:Guided
4971:Israel
4936:Ethnic
4784:, and
4691:, and
4619:No. 10
4544:, and
4542:Greece
4522:Russia
4514:France
4490:Bhutan
4468:, the
4242:Rojava
4238:FEJUVE
4232:, the
4224:, the
4222:Glarus
4134:Direct
4061:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4011:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3976:
3963:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3926:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3733:causal
3727:, and
3698:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3663:
3657:
3644:
3638:
3627:
3621:
3461:voting
3440:, and
3370:Theory
3223:, the
3215:, the
3207:, the
3030:, and
3020:Brazil
3014:, the
2902:Senate
2874:France
2648:Athens
2644:Athena
2626:, and
2597:Hetman
2468:today.
2456:, the
2413:sejmik
2400:Poland
2325:Frisia
2287:, the
2275:. The
2253:things
2241:clergy
2233:Europe
2216:Africa
2162:Senate
2136:Sparta
2117:direct
2066:krĂĄtos
2054:Athens
1920:, and
1902:"fair"
1652:, and
1626:speech
1558:kratos
1532:(from
1258:Empire
1170:Global
801:Others
791:Social
771:Direct
640:Europe
630:Africa
624:Region
597:Voting
507:Motion
344:Social
322:Mormon
317:Jewish
232:Liquid
193:Guided
183:Ethnic
163:Direct
99:Theory
22887:USMCA
22742:CEFTA
22697:AUKUS
22687:ANZUS
22682:ANZUK
22627:Press
22545:Roman
22210:Sport
22154:Chant
22149:Music
22137:Media
22130:Canon
22076:Dance
22006:Latin
22001:Greek
21847:early
21669:Index
21298:Works
21285:Weber
21250:Spann
21245:Sorel
21210:Röpke
21205:Rawls
21160:Negri
21150:Mosca
21145:Mises
21110:Lenin
21080:Hoppe
21075:Hayek
21040:Fromm
21030:Evola
21020:Dugin
20917:Taine
20897:Smith
20877:Renan
20872:Paine
20793:Iqbal
20778:Hegel
20728:Comte
20718:Burke
20630:Locke
20620:James
20573:Bodin
20505:Dante
20500:Bruni
20454:Shang
20437:Plato
19991:State
19941:Power
19926:Peace
19861:Elite
19839:Terms
19754:Paine
19749:Mason
19711:Smith
19661:Burns
19646:Blair
19641:Black
19585:Spain
19491:Maior
19386:Meyer
19330:Verri
19297:Italy
19282:Swift
19277:Burke
19272:Boyle
19218:Wolff
19046:Mably
18966:Bayle
18915:Price
18895:Locke
18885:Hooke
18855:Bacon
18653:Deism
17893:Lists
17877:Other
16354:State
15858:(PDF)
15847:S2CID
15811:(PDF)
15774:S2CID
15606:S2CID
15488:S2CID
15101:S2CID
14987:S2CID
14844:S2CID
14799:(PDF)
14788:S2CID
14768:(PDF)
14746:S2CID
14693:S2CID
14629:S2CID
14594:S2CID
14536:S2CID
14385:(PDF)
14352:(PDF)
14232:S2CID
14165:S2CID
14127:(PDF)
13957:S2CID
13876:S2CID
13868:JSTOR
13797:S2CID
13723:S2CID
13649:S2CID
13600:JSTOR
13521:S2CID
13482:S2CID
13279:S2CID
13249:(PDF)
13081:S2CID
13038:(PDF)
13031:(PDF)
12956:(PDF)
12949:(PDF)
12808:S2CID
12800:JSTOR
12388:S2CID
12243:S2CID
11837:S2CID
11802:(PDF)
11592:S2CID
11584:JSTOR
11484:S2CID
11164:S2CID
11110:S2CID
10981:(PDF)
10970:(PDF)
10901:S2CID
10719:(PDF)
10708:S2CID
10688:(PDF)
10218:Time.
10109:(PDF)
10102:(PDF)
10050:(PDF)
10043:(PDF)
10000:[
9975:(PDF)
9968:(PDF)
9833:(PDF)
9822:S2CID
9802:(PDF)
9784:(PDF)
9773:S2CID
9753:(PDF)
9725:37â42
9467:JSTOR
9385:S2CID
9132:S2CID
9015:S2CID
8825:JSTOR
8700:S2CID
8393:JSTOR
7938:S2CID
7930:JSTOR
7602:S2CID
6909:viral
6632:Plato
6149:Media
6023:Types
5667:trade
5199:Qatar
5000:in a
4546:Egypt
4538:Italy
4518:China
4486:Japan
4466:Spain
4452:King
4211:Swiss
4178:Berne
4067:Note:
3101:India
3032:Japan
3028:China
3004:Spain
3000:Italy
2337:Gbara
2277:veche
2222:Gadaa
2193:India
2191:) of
2125:boule
2062:dĂȘmos
1871:firms
1855:India
1853:. In
1583:In a
1554:dÄmos
1175:Local
242:Media
116:Types
22847:OSCE
22827:NATO
22772:EFTA
22737:CBSS
22722:BSEC
22612:Life
22164:Folk
22045:Diet
21857:late
21852:high
21768:Rome
21727:and
21200:Rand
21195:Qutb
21095:Kirk
20970:Aron
20887:Sade
20867:Owen
20852:Mill
20842:Marx
20810:Kant
20788:Hume
20650:More
20550:Wang
20432:Mozi
19856:Duty
19706:Reid
19691:Mill
19676:Hume
19335:Vico
19168:Kant
19086:Sade
18910:Pope
17485:and
16338:and
16218:ISBN
16176:ISBN
16144:ISBN
16103:ISBN
16084:ISBN
16071:link
16026:ISBN
16011:link
15993:OCLC
15983:ISBN
15962:ISBN
15916:PMID
15866:2021
15839:PMID
15562:PMID
15429:ISBN
15191:ISBN
15158:ISBN
15139:2018
15109:SSRN
15052:2023
15017:ISBN
14979:ISSN
14944:2021
14870:ISBN
14807:2022
14738:PMID
14561:ISBN
14502:2013
14489:ISBN
14458:ISBN
14412:ISBN
14314:ISBN
14276:ISSN
14157:PMID
14109:2017
14071:2013
14058:ISBN
14037:2013
14024:ISBN
13920:ISBN
13787:ISBN
13754:ISBN
13713:ISBN
13682:OCLC
13672:ISBN
13573:2020
13547:2019
13413:ISSN
13371:ISBN
13200:2022
13123:ISBN
13046:2015
12990:2013
12964:2010
12908:help
12689:ISBN
12662:ISBN
12635:ISBN
12614:2010
12588:2021
12538:2022
12510:2010
12488:2022
12349:ISBN
12324:ISBN
12299:ISBN
12273:2010
12222:2012
12196:2010
12171:2022
12158:ISBN
12067:ISBN
12021:ISBN
11979:ISBN
11955:ISBN
11931:ISBN
11908:ISBN
11774:2023
11749:2023
11723:2023
11697:2023
11684:ISBN
11663:2023
11650:ISBN
11629:2022
11603:2023
11576:ISSN
11541:2020
11509:ISBN
11476:ISSN
11400:ISBN
11379:ISBN
11359:ISBN
11335:ISBN
11311:ISBN
11251:2017
11238:ISBN
11190:2018
11156:ISSN
11121:2021
11100:ISBN
11071:2020
11020:OCLC
11010:ISBN
10989:2021
10953:2021
10930:2021
10893:ISSN
10815:2018
10804:ISSN
10770:2023
10748:2017
10655:2023
10630:2022
10604:2010
10560:2010
10534:2020
10504:2013
10476:ISBN
10453:2010
10431:2010
10409:2006
10383:2017
10357:2017
10331:2016
10237:2009
10191:2020
10166:2013
10135:2010
10079:ISBN
10058:2020
10006:ISBN
9983:2019
9945:2010
9919:2015
9897:2015
9884:ISBN
9863:2015
9729:ISBN
9681:ISBN
9649:2020
9623:2010
9580:ISBN
9516:ISBN
9492:ISBN
9459:ISSN
9417:ISBN
9377:ISSN
9342:2014
9312:2015
9283:2016
9257:2015
9235:2015
9213:2017
9191:2017
9155:ISBN
9124:ISSN
9083:ISSN
9007:ISSN
8976:2013
8954:2015
8930:2015
8902:ISBN
8881:2013
8855:2015
8815:ISBN
8778:ISBN
8751:ISBN
8730:2022
8692:ISSN
8643:ISBN
8616:ISBN
8589:ISBN
8552:2010
8528:ISBN
8472:ISBN
8448:ISBN
8427:2018
8385:ISSN
8277:ISBN
8259:2024
8248:ISSN
8221:OCLC
8211:ISBN
8190:2019
8154:ISBN
8117:ISBN
8047:ISBN
7989:ISBN
7964:ISBN
7893:ISBN
7872:2013
7839:2014
7825:2014
7797:ISBN
7767:ISBN
7707:2023
7678:ISBN
7650:ISBN
7631:2022
7594:ISSN
7482:PMID
7464:ISSN
7426:ISBN
7402:ISBN
7349:2018
7319:ISSN
7278:ISBN
7253:ISSN
7215:2023
7183:ISBN
7156:2021
7047:The
6891:and
6864:and
6833:and
6770:spin
6759:The
6542:Asia
6241:Semi
6169:Oral
5758:and
5750:and
5717:and
5389:and
5234:and
5191:Oman
5183:Red:
5129:and
4916:and
4863:and
4855:and
4602:The
4488:and
4276:The
4269:and
4220:and
3716:and
3712:are
3610:map
3565:OECD
3323:and
3301:and
3149:and
3147:East
3041:The
3024:Cuba
3006:and
2978:and
2658:The
2591:and
2517:and
2377:was
2361:The
2289:pope
1908:and
1906:just
1830:and
1767:and
1703:and
1648:and
1624:and
635:Asia
334:Semi
262:Oral
40:and
22837:OAS
22782:ESA
22777:EPC
22767:EEA
22672:AER
22577:Law
22555:Neo
22103:Law
22023:Art
21265:Sun
21125:Mao
20001:War
19896:Law
17031:Law
16053:doi
15906:PMC
15896:doi
15892:113
15831:doi
15819:359
15764:doi
15596:doi
15592:681
15552:PMC
15542:doi
15480:doi
15252:doi
15213:,"
15093:doi
14971:doi
14903:doi
14834:doi
14780:doi
14730:doi
14718:369
14685:doi
14658:doi
14621:doi
14586:doi
14528:doi
14450:doi
14404:doi
14374:doi
14360:105
14266:doi
14262:115
14224:doi
14193:doi
14147:hdl
14139:doi
14098:doi
13949:doi
13912:doi
13860:doi
13830:doi
13779:doi
13746:doi
13705:doi
13639:hdl
13631:doi
13513:doi
13474:doi
13403:doi
13363:doi
13334:doi
13269:hdl
13261:doi
13257:127
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