283:
structural and functional study of these proteins. This may help improve our understanding of the roles played by individual channel types, as well as assist in the pharmacological classification of these diverse channel types. Furthermore, the availability of radiolabelled dendrotoxins provides a tool for the screening of other sources in a search for new potassium channel toxins, such as the kalicludine class of potassium channel toxins in sea anemones. Lastly, the structural information provided by dendrotoxins may provide clues to the synthesis of
170:(BPTI). Alpha-dendrotoxin and BPTI have been shown to have 35% sequence identity as well as identical disulfide bonds. Despite the structural homology between these two proteins, dendrotoxins do not appear to exhibit any measurable inhibitory protease activity like BPTI. This loss of activity appears to result from the absence of key amino acid residues that produce structural differences that hinder the key interactions necessary for the protease activity seen in BPTI.
5564:
197:(Arg) residues that are concentrated in three primary regions of the protein: near the N-terminus (Arg3, Arg4, Lys5), near the C-terminus (Arg54, Arg55) and at the narrow β-turn region (Lys28, Lys29, Lys30). It is believed that these positively charged residues can play a critical role in dendrotoxin binding activity, as they can make potential interactions with the anionic sites (negatively charged amino acids) in the pore of potassium channels.
111:
244:-helix, play a very important role in the dendrotoxin binding to their potassium channel targets. The lysine residues in the β-turn region has provided more confounding results, appearing to be biologically critical in some dendrotoxin homologues and not necessary for others. Furthermore, mutation of the entire lysine triplet (K28-K29-K30) to Ala-Ala-Gly in alpha-DTX resulted in very little change in biological activity.
248:
interactions of individual toxins to their individual target sites. This not only helps explain the stringent specificity of some dendrotoxins for different subtypes of voltage-gated K channels, but also accounts for differences in the potency of dendrotoxins for common K channels. For example, Wang et al. showed that the interaction of dendrotoxin-K with K
73:
218:. Potassium channels, similar to other cation-selective channels, are believed to have a cloud of negative charges that precede the opening to the channel pore that help conduct potassium ions through the permeation pathway. It is generally believed (though not proven) that a dendrotoxin molecules bind to
282:
has led to the isolation of peptide toxins such as the dendrotoxins, which have become useful pharmacological tools for the study of potassium channels. Because of their potency and selectivity for different subtypes of potassium channels, dendrotoxins have become useful as molecular probes for the
269:
neurons display a high degree of diversity that allows neurons to precisely tune their electrical signaling properties by expression of different combinations of potassium channel subunits. Furthermore, because they regulate ionic flux across biological membranes, they are important in many aspects
252:
1.1 is mediated by its lysine residues in both the N-terminus and the β-turn region, while alpha-dendrotoxin appears to interact with its target solely through the N-terminus. This less expansive interactive domain may help explain why alpha-dendrotoxin is less discriminative while dendrotoxin-K is
362:
Gasparini S, Danse J-M, Licoq A, Pinkasfeld S, Zinn-Justin S, Young LC, C.L. de
Medeiros C, Rowan EG, Harvey AL, and Me’nez A (1998). Delineation of the Functional Site of alpha-dendrotoxin: The functional topographies of dendrotoxins are different but share a conserved core with those of other
222:
sites near the extracellular surface of the channel and physically occlude the pore, thereby preventing ion conductance. However, Imredy and MacKinnon have proposed that delta-dendrotoxin may have an off-center binding site on their target proteins, and may inhibit the channel by altering the
247:
There is a general agreement that the conserved lysine residue near the N-terminus (Lys5 in alpha-DTX) is crucial for the biological activity of all dendrotoxins, while additional residues, such as those in the beta-turn region, might play a role in dendrotoxin specificity by mediating the
231:
Many studies have attempted to identify which amino acid residues are important for binding activity of dendrotoxins to their potassium channel targets. Harvey et al. used residue-specific modifications to identify positively charged residues that were crucial to the blocking activity of
101:
and to block the activity of these potassium channels. In this way, dendrotoxins prolong the duration of action potentials and increase acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, which may result in muscle hyperexcitability and convulsive symptoms.
122:. Several homologues of alpha-dendrotoxin have been isolated, all possessing a slightly different sequence. However, the molecular architecture and folding conformation of these proteins are all very similar. Dendrotoxins possess a very short
146:
occupies the central part of the molecular structure. These two β-strands are connected by a distorted β-turn region that is thought to be important for the binding activity of the protein. All dendrotoxins are cross-linked by three
287:
compounds that may target particular classes of potassium channels. Dendrotoxin I has also been used to help purify and characterize the K+ channel protein to which it binds via different binding assay and chromatography techniques.
80:
Dendrotoxins have been shown to block particular subtypes of voltage-gated potassium (K) channels in neuronal tissue. In the nervous system, voltage-gated K channels control the excitability of nerves and muscles by controlling the
232:
dendrotoxin-I. They reported that acetylation of Lys5 near the N-terminal region and Lys29 in the beta-turn region led to substantial decreases in DTX-I binding affinity. Similar results have been shown with dendrotoxin-K using
393:
Swaminathan P, Hariharan M, Murali R, Singh CU (1996). Molecular
Structure, Conformational Analysis, and Structure-Activity Studies of Dendrotoxin and Its Homologues Using Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics Techniques.
270:
of cellular regulation and signal transduction of different cell types. Therefore, voltage-gated potassium channels are targets for a wide range of potent biological toxins from such organisms as snakes,
72:
432:
Wang FC, Bell N, Reid P, Smith LA, McIntosh P, Robertson B, and Dolly JO (1999). Identification of residues in dendrotoxin K responsible for its discrimination between neuronal K channels containing K
155:
residues forming these disulfide bonds have been conserved among all members of the dendrotoxin family, and are located at C7-C57, C16-C40, and C32-C53 (numbering according to alpha-dendrotoxin).
114:
3D model of alpha-dendrotoxin. colored in red are positively charged amino acid residues in the N-terminus and the β-turn region that are believed to be important for potassium channel binding.
420:
Harvey AL, Rowan EG, Vatanpour H, Engstrom A, Westerlund B, Karlsson E (1997). Changes to biological activity following acetylation of dendrotoxin I from
Dendroaspis polylepis (black mamba). '
380:
Katoh E, Nishio H, Inui T, Nishiuchi Y, Kimura T, Sakakibara S, Yamazaki T (2000). Structural Basis for the
Biological Activity of Dendrotoxin-I, a Potent Potassium Channel Blocker.
4083:
210:
A single dendrotoxin molecule associates reversibly with a potassium channel in order to exert its inhibitory effect. It is proposed that this interaction is mediated by
449:
Yoshida S and
Matsumoto S (2005). Effects of alpha-dendrotoxin on K currents and action potentials in tetrodotoxin-resistant adult rat trigeminal ganglion neurons.
3615:
3566:
4162:
4142:
2331:
2176:
4209:
1127:
998:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3383:
2672:
1056:
1051:
1122:
4152:
1008:
718:
658:
563:
214:
interactions between the positively charged amino acid residues in the cationic domain of dendrotoxin and the negatively charged residues in the
240:. These results, along with many others, have implicated that the positively charged lysines in the N-terminal half, particularly Lys5 in the 3
3517:
2138:
883:
828:
823:
788:
4147:
2999:
2762:
2692:
1621:
1478:
1353:
1097:
945:
908:
808:
803:
703:
688:
683:
648:
2318:
1741:
1716:
1631:
1278:
1268:
858:
848:
818:
813:
778:
733:
678:
668:
663:
407:
Imredy JP, and MacKinnon R (2000). Energetic and
Structural Interactions between delta-Dendrotoxin and a Voltage-gated Potassium Channel.
3201:
2323:
2303:
2288:
2258:
1676:
1586:
1018:
923:
913:
893:
873:
853:
3237:
2994:
2989:
2974:
2278:
1192:
975:
5156:
1726:
1706:
1102:
1082:
279:
3019:
2341:
1990:
1087:
3257:
1210:
185:. Most of the positively charged amino acid residues of dendrotoxins are located in the lower part of the structure, creating a
4239:
1107:
1033:
3647:
3552:
2042:
465:"Purification and subunit structure of a putative K+-channel protein identified by its binding properties for dendrotoxin I."
58:. Because of their high potency and selectivity for potassium channels, dendrotoxins have proven to be extremely useful as
2482:
2460:
556:
306:"Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of Kv1.1 potassium channel subunits impairs atrial repolarization in mice"
5603:
4366:
2355:
167:
3284:
589:
4495:
4487:
4491:
4379:
4231:
1554:
4594:
4465:
2245:
2065:
549:
76:
Sequence alignment of dendrotoxins and BPTI. Amino acid residues with similar properties are colored accordingly.
5284:
5241:
3930:
4746:
4390:
4385:
2812:
2542:
3611:
5598:
3591:
4505:
3796:
163:
82:
3640:
3577:
3151:
2474:
2372:
2056:
1568:
233:
4795:
3479:
3397:
3298:
3215:
3084:
2507:
2404:
2236:
2005:
535:
4579:
4567:
4371:
4360:
3425:
3361:
2697:
603:
55:
151:, which add stability to the protein and greatly contribute to its structural conformation. The
4613:
4551:
4309:
3229:
3165:
2556:
1522:
1513:
1077:
1064:
1046:
988:
612:
4627:
5608:
5402:
5037:
4398:
3965:
3193:
3094:
118:
Dendrotoxins are ~7kDa proteins consisting of a single peptide chain of approximately 57-60
5593:
5588:
4641:
4589:
4224:
4157:
3633:
2787:
1318:
1253:
1233:
475:
8:
5567:
4028:
3438:
1576:
980:
479:
5505:
4675:
4633:
4510:
4341:
4108:
1848:
1843:
1746:
1453:
1223:
531:
340:
305:
284:
43:
5550:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
5510:
5454:
4741:
3970:
3497:
3108:
2782:
2426:
2298:
1545:
1438:
572:
511:
506:
493:
464:
345:
327:
148:
90:
5449:
5267:
4873:
4789:
4731:
4537:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
3730:
3275:
2772:
2687:
2487:
2206:
1995:
1333:
501:
483:
335:
317:
215:
174:
94:
5532:
5437:
5032:
4687:
4584:
4429:
4404:
4289:
4217:
4193:
4183:
4178:
3960:
3763:
3755:
3527:
3522:
3492:
3321:
3316:
2919:
2884:
2874:
2839:
2446:
2421:
1888:
1581:
1463:
618:
580:
178:
59:
5474:
5022:
4962:
4785:
4777:
4524:
4478:
4247:
4198:
4188:
4013:
3740:
3502:
3458:
3049:
2949:
2859:
2533:
2389:
2332:
2177:
2133:
2088:
1833:
1823:
1443:
1363:
960:
863:
322:
86:
993:
588:
5582:
5464:
5407:
5161:
5124:
5072:
5017:
5002:
4878:
4838:
4781:
4575:
4424:
4347:
3945:
3925:
3897:
3864:
3844:
3768:
3690:
3670:
3512:
3405:
3351:
3336:
3122:
3059:
2792:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2677:
2497:
2431:
2283:
2093:
2078:
1923:
1616:
1498:
1338:
1218:
1197:
1172:
1092:
713:
708:
497:
331:
211:
159:
98:
51:
40:
488:
5527:
5517:
5500:
5469:
5417:
5381:
5340:
5294:
5231:
5134:
5057:
4992:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4805:
4619:
4455:
4252:
3725:
3720:
3685:
3384:
3132:
3044:
3034:
2944:
2879:
2777:
2707:
2642:
2632:
2587:
2211:
2196:
2143:
2098:
1953:
1908:
1893:
1883:
1868:
1808:
1448:
1428:
1368:
918:
773:
633:
349:
515:
5490:
5444:
5432:
5289:
5236:
5186:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5042:
5027:
4893:
4604:
4561:
4532:
4352:
4330:
4267:
4257:
4088:
3995:
3935:
3879:
3854:
3824:
3811:
3735:
3710:
3183:
3137:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2929:
2914:
2909:
2864:
2843:
2835:
2747:
2742:
2727:
2712:
2647:
2592:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2128:
2113:
2103:
2083:
1985:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1903:
1878:
1873:
1853:
1838:
1803:
1788:
1751:
1686:
1646:
1493:
1488:
1473:
1458:
1398:
1263:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1023:
970:
965:
950:
793:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
643:
638:
628:
541:
236:
to substitute positively charged lysine and arginine residues to neutral
135:
119:
63:
35:
23:
5522:
5459:
5376:
5354:
5299:
5262:
5206:
5176:
5166:
5107:
5097:
5082:
5067:
5062:
5047:
4967:
4952:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4810:
4500:
4460:
4277:
4272:
4093:
4003:
3950:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3705:
3700:
3656:
3487:
3415:
3410:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3306:
3127:
3116:
3112:
3079:
2964:
2959:
2934:
2924:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2830:
2820:
2802:
2797:
2767:
2757:
2717:
2682:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2602:
2567:
2492:
2436:
2413:
2381:
2308:
2268:
2226:
2216:
2191:
2163:
2123:
2108:
2028:
2023:
1963:
1943:
1928:
1918:
1783:
1773:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1641:
1596:
1591:
1503:
1483:
1423:
1413:
1343:
1323:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1273:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1152:
1132:
1112:
1038:
1028:
1013:
1003:
955:
903:
838:
763:
753:
743:
723:
698:
693:
673:
653:
623:
275:
266:
143:
139:
131:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5392:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5279:
5191:
5007:
4987:
4977:
4937:
4932:
4912:
4883:
4833:
4815:
4768:
4760:
4667:
4651:
4262:
3940:
3917:
3902:
3889:
3874:
3859:
3819:
3801:
3715:
3695:
3507:
3453:
3369:
3252:
3242:
3173:
3102:
3064:
3039:
3029:
2954:
2904:
2849:
2825:
2752:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2582:
2441:
2313:
2293:
2273:
2263:
2221:
2201:
2118:
1913:
1828:
1818:
1798:
1736:
1721:
1711:
1671:
1656:
1626:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1527:
1468:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1388:
1378:
1358:
1348:
1328:
1303:
933:
898:
878:
843:
833:
798:
783:
304:
Si, M.; Trosclair, Krystle; Hamilton, KA; Glasscock, E (2018-11-13).
123:
223:
structure of the channel, rather than physically blocking the pore.
110:
5330:
5310:
5221:
5216:
5181:
5171:
5146:
5102:
5052:
4997:
4972:
4957:
4922:
4917:
4848:
4800:
4773:
4719:
4647:
4300:
3980:
3955:
3907:
3849:
3680:
3675:
3178:
2984:
2979:
2939:
2854:
2702:
2577:
2515:
1898:
1863:
1768:
1383:
1313:
1283:
1243:
1137:
928:
888:
868:
271:
194:
152:
5485:
4947:
4942:
4927:
4888:
4863:
4700:
4680:
4320:
4098:
4073:
4068:
4008:
3985:
3975:
3869:
3247:
3069:
2869:
2394:
1793:
1731:
1393:
1373:
1069:
940:
237:
66:
47:
189:
domain on one side of the protein. Positive charge results from
5252:
5226:
5196:
5012:
4714:
4695:
4443:
4078:
3073:
2337:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2186:
2182:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
1858:
1778:
1661:
1651:
1433:
1202:
190:
186:
3625:
5201:
5117:
5112:
4982:
4903:
4242:
4126:
4023:
4018:
3553:
2043:
1813:
1666:
219:
30:
27:
4084:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2461:
303:
5366:
5274:
4121:
4116:
3389:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
3311:
2356:
2014:
1976:
1759:
3285:
590:
5211:
1555:
2246:
2066:
182:
62:
tools for studying the structure and function of these
2543:
451:
158:
The dendrotoxins are structurally homologous to the
226:
3578:
3152:
5580:
3216:
3616:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
468:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4225:
3641:
3558:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
2048:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
557:
462:
4308:
2466:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
2364:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
4232:
4218:
3648:
3634:
3290:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
1582:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
595:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
571:
564:
550:
5157:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
534:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
505:
487:
339:
321:
93:. Dendrotoxin has been shown to bind the
1560:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
109:
105:
2254:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
2074:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
5581:
463:Rehm, H.; Lazdunski, M. (1988-07-01).
200:
4213:
3629:
2548:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
545:
367:1 potassium channel-blocking toxins.
2483:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
39:) that block particular subtypes of
1577:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
260:
168:bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
50:, thereby enhancing the release of
13:
4511:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
71:
14:
5620:
3583:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
3157:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
525:
134:of the peptide, while a two turn
5563:
5562:
3221:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
438:European Journal of Biochemistry
4595:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
3655:
369:Journal of Biological Chemistry
227:Biologically important residues
205:
3931:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
1039:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
456:
443:
426:
414:
401:
396:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
387:
374:
356:
297:
142:. A two-stranded antiparallel
1:
4747:Fibronectin binding protein A
3612:Receptor/signaling modulators
1014:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
291:
436:1.1 and 1.2 alpha subunits.
409:Journal of Molecular Biology
177:proteins that possess a net
7:
4488:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
4466:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
22:are a class of presynaptic
10:
5625:
5604:Potassium channel blockers
4506:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2575:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
323:10.1152/ajpcell.00335.2018
164:serine protease inhibitors
83:resting membrane potential
5558:
5545:
5483:
5403:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
5390:
5364:
5353:
5308:
5250:
5144:
5133:
4902:
4759:
4730:
4666:
4603:
4550:
4523:
4476:
4451:
4442:
4415:
4328:
4319:
4299:
4288:
4171:
4135:
4107:
3994:
3916:
3888:
3810:
3777:
3754:
3663:
3605:
3576:
3551:
3544:
3478:
3471:
3424:
3396:
3382:
3360:
3297:
3283:
3274:
3228:
3214:
3192:
3164:
3150:
3093:
3085:Tricyclic antidepressants
2555:
2541:
2532:
2506:
2473:
2459:
2403:
2371:
2354:
2235:
2094:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
2055:
2041:
2004:
1567:
1553:
1544:
1512:
602:
579:
310:Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
234:site-directed mutagenesis
4796:beta-Nitropropionic acid
536:Medical Subject Headings
253:strictly selective for K
181:when present in neutral
4580:Heat-labile enterotoxin
4571:heat-stable enterotoxin
4136:Cholinergic neurotoxins
2698:Eslicarbazepine acetate
489:10.1073/pnas.85.13.4919
56:neuromuscular junctions
4689:Bacillus thuringiensis
2442:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
573:Ion channel modulators
265:Potassium channels of
115:
77:
4163:Hemicholinium mustard
4143:Acetylcholine mustard
3966:Chlorophenylsilatrane
799:Ryodipine (riodipine)
113:
106:Dendrotoxin structure
75:
4590:Pseudomonas exotoxin
4158:Ethylcholine mustard
2788:Valproate semisodium
1319:Carboxyamidotriazole
1254:Gabapentin enacarbil
1234:Arbaclofen placarbil
274:, sea anemones, and
89:the membrane during
4109:Bicyclic phosphates
3731:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
3439:1,10-Phenanthroline
1996:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
981:Tetrahydropalmatine
480:1988PNAS...85.4919R
201:Biological activity
5599:Ion channel toxins
5506:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
4676:Lipopolysaccharide
4634:Pore-forming toxin
3449:7,8-Benzoquinoline
3444:4,7-Phenanthroline
3434:1,7-Phenanthroline
2810:Local anesthetics:
2342:ML-297 (VU0456810)
1849:Diallyl trisulfide
1844:Dextropropoxyphene
1747:Tetraethylammonium
1454:Pinaverium bromide
1224:4-Methylpregabalin
116:
78:
44:potassium channels
5576:
5575:
5541:
5540:
5511:Beta-Bungarotoxin
5455:Pumiliotoxin 251D
5349:
5348:
4755:
4754:
4742:Clumping factor A
4662:
4661:
4546:
4545:
4519:
4518:
4438:
4437:
4207:
4206:
3971:Sulfuryl fluoride
3623:
3622:
3601:
3600:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3498:Meclofenamic acid
3467:
3466:
3378:
3377:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3210:
3209:
3146:
3145:
3020:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
2783:Valproate pivoxil
2673:Acetylpheneturide
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2455:
2454:
2427:Meclofenamic acid
2390:Ethanol (alcohol)
2350:
2349:
2299:Minoxidil sulfate
2037:
2036:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1439:Otilonium bromide
1364:Ethanol (alcohol)
1128:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
864:Phenylalkylamines
474:(13): 4919–4923.
173:Dendrotoxins are
149:disulfide bridges
91:action potentials
16:Chemical compound
5616:
5566:
5565:
5494:
5450:Histrionicotoxin
5396:
5370:
5362:
5361:
5314:
5268:Alpha-latrotoxin
5256:
5150:
5142:
5141:
4874:Sterigmatocystin
4826:, Fumonisin B3,
4790:epsilon-amanitin
4709:B. thuringiensis
4538:Diphtheria toxin
4481:
4449:
4448:
4418:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4210:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3584:
3580:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3476:
3475:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3154:
2773:Sodium valproate
2688:Chlorphenacemide
2670:Anticonvulsants:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2488:Arachidonic acid
2471:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2338:
2334:
2255:
2251:
2207:Dextromethorphan
2183:
2179:
2075:
2071:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1523:L-type-selective
1334:Dimeditiapramine
1296:Others/unsorted:
1078:T-type-selective
1065:R-type-selective
1047:P-type-selective
999:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
989:N-type-selective
619:Dihydropyridines
613:L-type-selective
600:
599:
596:
592:
586:
585:
566:
559:
552:
543:
542:
520:
519:
509:
491:
460:
454:
447:
441:
430:
424:
418:
412:
405:
399:
391:
385:
378:
372:
360:
354:
353:
343:
325:
301:
261:Uses in research
216:ion channel pore
138:occurs near the
95:nodes of Ranvier
5624:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5554:
5537:
5533:Cardiotoxin III
5489:
5484:
5479:
5391:
5386:
5365:
5357:
5345:
5309:
5304:
5251:
5246:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5033:Resiniferatoxin
4898:
4751:
4733:
4726:
4691:delta endotoxin
4658:
4599:
4585:Pertussis toxin
4553:
4542:
4515:
4477:
4472:
4434:
4430:Listeriolysin O
4416:
4411:
4329:
4311:
4291:
4284:
4238:
4208:
4203:
4184:Dimethylmercury
4179:Dimethylcadmium
4167:
4153:Choline mustard
4131:
4103:
3990:
3961:Phenylsilatrane
3912:
3884:
3806:
3773:
3764:Botulinum toxin
3750:
3659:
3654:
3624:
3619:
3597:
3582:
3572:
3557:
3532:
3528:Trifluoperazine
3523:Tolfenamic acid
3493:Flufenamic acid
3463:
3420:
3388:
3374:
3356:
3322:Flufenamic acid
3317:Ethacrynic acid
3289:
3262:
3220:
3206:
3188:
3156:
3142:
3089:
2920:Metabutoxycaine
2885:Diphenhydramine
2875:Cyclomethycaine
2840:Levobupivacaine
2547:
2520:
2502:
2465:
2451:
2447:Tolfenamic acid
2422:Flufenamic acid
2417:
2399:
2385:
2363:
2360:
2346:
2336:
2253:
2250:
2231:
2181:
2073:
2070:
2047:
2033:
2018:
2000:
1980:
1889:Norpropoxyphene
1766:11.1)-specific:
1765:
1559:
1532:
1508:
1464:Rhynchophylline
1214:
594:
575:
570:
528:
523:
461:
457:
448:
444:
435:
431:
427:
419:
415:
406:
402:
392:
388:
379:
375:
371:273:25393-25403
366:
361:
357:
302:
298:
294:
278:. Thus, venom
263:
256:
251:
243:
229:
208:
203:
179:positive charge
127:
108:
60:pharmacological
17:
12:
11:
5:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5497:
5495:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5475:Zetekitoxin AB
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Pseudaconitine
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Djenkolic acid
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:gamma-amanitin
4778:alpha-amanitin
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4525:Actinomycetota
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4484:
4482:
4479:Staphylococcus
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4337:
4335:
4323:
4314:
4303:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4199:Tetraethyllead
4196:
4191:
4189:Toxopyrimidine
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Novichok agent
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3741:Zetekitoxin AB
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Mefenamic acid
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3459:Phenanthridine
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3107:Atracotoxins (
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3050:Zetekitoxin AB
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Proxymetacaine
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Chloroprocaine
2857:
2852:
2847:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Glyclopyramide
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Chlorpropamide
2086:
2081:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Clarithromycin
1831:
1826:
1824:Chlorpromazine
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Paramethadione
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1219:gabapentinoids
1212:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:Non-selective:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1060:
1059:
1057:ω-Agatoxin IVB
1054:
1052:ω-Agatoxin IVA
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Huwentoxin XVI
1006:
1001:
996:
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Cyproheptadine
958:
953:
948:
943:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
856:
851:
846:
841:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:Levniguldipine
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Dexniguldipine
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
608:
606:
597:
583:
577:
576:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
540:
539:
527:
526:External links
524:
522:
521:
455:
442:
433:
425:
413:
400:
398:. 39:2141-2155
386:
373:
364:
355:
295:
293:
290:
262:
259:
254:
249:
241:
228:
225:
207:
204:
202:
199:
125:
107:
104:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5621:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5569:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Samandaridine
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5438:Marinobufagin
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Batrachotoxin
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Charybdotoxin
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Solauricidine
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Protoanemonin
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Oenanthotoxin
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Trichothecene
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Ibotenic acid
4837:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:beta-amanitin
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:Cholera toxin
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Anthrax toxin
4423:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Tetanospasmin
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Methamidophos
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Fenpropathrin
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Ibotenic acid
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Oenanthotoxin
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3769:Tetanospasmin
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Charybdotoxin
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Batrachotoxin
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:Animal toxins
3662:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Niflumic acid
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Glibenclamide
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3352:Niflumic acid
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Glibenclamide
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Grayanotoxins
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Batrachotoxin
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:ω-Atracotoxin
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Buprenorphine
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Valproic acid
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Oxitriptyline
2736:
2734:
2733:Oxcarbazepine
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Licarbazepine
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Carbamazepine
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:Antianginals:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2498:Norfluoxetine
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Niflumic acid
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Levcromakalim
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Acetohexamide
2077:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Roxithromycin
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Charybdotoxin
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Trimethadione
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Diproteverine
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Ruthenium red
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Levetiracetam
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:ω-Agatoxin TK
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Niflumic acid
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Levamlodipine
712:
710:
709:Lercanidipine
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
616:
614:
610:
609:
607:
605:
601:
598:
593:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
544:
537:
533:
530:
529:
517:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
459:
452:
446:
439:
429:
423:
417:
411:296:1283-1294
410:
404:
397:
390:
383:
377:
370:
359:
351:
347:
342:
337:
333:
329:
324:
319:
316:: C154–C161.
315:
311:
307:
300:
296:
289:
286:
281:
277:
273:
268:
258:
245:
239:
235:
224:
221:
217:
213:
212:electrostatic
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
112:
103:
100:
99:motor neurons
96:
92:
88:
84:
74:
70:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:acetylcholine
49:
45:
42:
41:voltage-gated
38:
37:
32:
29:
25:
21:
5609:Snake toxins
5549:
5528:Calcicludine
5518:Calciseptine
5501:Bungarotoxin
5470:Tarichatoxin
5418:Arenobufagin
5382:Tetrodotoxin
5341:Tetrodotoxin
5295:Vanillotoxin
5232:Phaiodotoxin
5135:Invertebrate
5058:Solasodamine
4993:Lotaustralin
4828:Fumonisin B4
4824:Fumonisin B2
4820:Fumonisin B1
4806:Cytochalasin
4708:
4688:
4640:
4626:
4620:Superantigen
4612:
4568:
4456:Streptolysin
4397:
4378:
4359:
4340:
3996:Nerve agents
3812:Plant toxins
3745:
3726:Vanillotoxin
3721:Tetrodotoxin
3686:Bungarotoxin
3608:
3607:
3518:Talniflumate
3056:
3045:Tetrodotoxin
3035:Neosaxitoxin
3026:
2971:
2945:Propoxycaine
2880:Dimethocaine
2813:
2809:
2778:Valnoctamide
2708:Fosphenytoin
2669:
2643:Procainamide
2633:Pilsicainide
2588:Disopyramide
2574:
2564:
2412:
2380:
2330:
2244:
2212:Ethosuximide
2197:Cloperastine
2175:
2144:Metahexamide
2139:Glycyclamide
2099:Glibornuride
2064:
2013:
1975:
1954:Thioridazine
1909:Promethazine
1894:Orphenadrine
1884:Ketoconazole
1869:Erythromycin
1758:
1636:
1521:
1449:Phensuximide
1429:Ochratoxin A
1369:Ethosuximide
1295:
1217:-selective (
1209:
1119:
1076:
1063:
1045:
994:ω-Conotoxins
987:
937:
919:Norverapamil
884:Dexverapamil
862:
836:derivatives:
832:
829:Vatanidipine
824:Trombodipine
789:Palonidipine
774:Nitrendipine
729:Mepirodipine
634:Azelnidipine
617:
611:
471:
467:
458:
450:
445:
437:
428:
422:35:1263-1273
421:
416:
408:
403:
395:
389:
381:
376:
368:
358:
313:
309:
299:
280:purification
264:
246:
230:
209:
206:Pharmacology
172:
166:, including
157:
117:
87:repolarizing
79:
34:
26:produced by
20:Dendrotoxins
19:
18:
5594:Neurotoxins
5589:Dendroaspis
5491:Snake venom
5445:Epibatidine
5433:Cinobufagin
5290:Stromatoxin
5237:Imperatoxin
5187:Scyllatoxin
5093:Tagetitoxin
5088:Swainsonine
5078:Solauricine
5043:Solamargine
5038:Scopolamine
5028:Retronecine
4894:Zearalenone
4562:Shiga toxin
4533:Cord factor
4372:Enterotoxin
4367:Alpha toxin
4361:perfringens
4353:Tetanolysin
4331:Clostridium
4268:hepatotoxin
4258:enterotoxin
4248:cardiotoxin
4148:Catecholine
4089:Fluorotabun
3936:Bromethalin
3880:Veratridine
3855:Ginkgotoxin
3825:Bicuculline
3779:Cyanotoxins
3746:Dendrotoxin
3736:Epibatidine
3711:Poneratoxin
3657:Neurotoxins
3184:Triamterene
3138:Poneratoxin
3128:Ciguatoxins
3015:Raxatrigine
3010:Ralfinamide
3005:PF-05089771
3000:PF-04531083
2972:Analgesics:
2930:Piperocaine
2915:Meprylcaine
2910:Mepivacaine
2865:Cinchocaine
2844:Ropivacaine
2836:Bupivacaine
2763:Sipatrigine
2748:Pheneturide
2743:Phenacemide
2728:Mephenytoin
2713:Lamotrigine
2693:Elpetrigine
2648:Propafenone
2593:Dronedarone
2169:Tolbutamide
2159:Repaglinide
2154:Nateglinide
2149:Mitiglinide
2129:Glisoxepide
2114:Glimepiride
2104:Glicaramide
2084:Carbutamide
1986:Linopirdine
1969:Vernakalant
1959:Tolterodine
1949:Terfenadine
1939:Tamulotoxin
1934:Solifenacin
1904:PNU-282,987
1879:Haloperidol
1874:Gigactonine
1854:Domperidone
1839:Darifenacin
1804:Bedaquiline
1789:Azaspiracid
1752:Vernakalant
1687:Linopirdine
1647:Dronedarone
1637:Dendrotoxin
1622:Clamikalant
1494:Tolperisone
1489:Tetrandrine
1479:Sipatrigine
1474:Silperisone
1459:Prenylamine
1399:Lidoflazine
1354:Elpetrigine
1264:Mirogabalin
1168:Lamotrigine
1163:Flunarizine
1158:Efonidipine
1148:Cinnarizine
1143:Cilnidipine
1098:NNC 55-0396
1024:Ralfinamide
971:Fantofarone
966:Dronedarone
951:Budiodarone
946:Brinazarone
909:Levemopamil
809:Sornidipine
804:Sagandipine
794:Pranidipine
769:Nisoldipine
759:Nilvadipine
749:Niguldipine
739:Nicardipine
704:Lemildipine
689:Iganidipine
684:Furnidipine
649:Cronidipine
644:Clevidipine
639:Barnidipine
629:Aranidipine
532:dendrotoxin
453:314:437-445
440:263:222-229
382:Biopolymers
285:therapeutic
276:cone snails
136:alpha-helix
120:amino acids
64:ion channel
36:Dendroaspis
24:neurotoxins
5583:Categories
5523:Taicatoxin
5460:Samandarin
5413:Bufotoxins
5377:Ciguatoxin
5355:Vertebrate
5300:Huwentoxin
5280:Cupiennins
5263:Latrotoxin
5207:Kaliotoxin
5177:Margatoxin
5167:Maurotoxin
5108:Toxalbumin
5098:Tinyatoxin
5083:Strychnine
5068:Solasonine
5063:Solasodine
5048:Solanidine
4968:Falcarinol
4953:Delphinine
4869:Phalloidin
4859:Ochratoxin
4854:Orellanine
4844:Lolitrem B
4811:Ergotamine
4761:Mycotoxins
4605:Mechanisms
4564:/Verotoxin
4501:Exfoliatin
4461:Leukocidin
4278:phototoxin
4273:neurotoxin
4094:Chinese VX
4004:Cyclosarin
3951:Endosulfan
3918:Pesticides
3890:Mycotoxins
3840:Strychnine
3835:Picrotoxin
3830:Penitrem A
3792:Guanitoxin
3787:Anatoxin-a
3706:Huwentoxin
3701:Fasciculin
3488:Bumetanide
3426:Activators
3416:Piretanide
3411:Lonidamine
3362:Activators
3347:Mibefradil
3342:Mefloquine
3332:Furosemide
3327:Fluoxetine
3307:Crofelemer
3194:Activators
3117:Versutoxin
3113:Robustoxin
3095:Activators
3080:Safinamide
3030:Conotoxins
2965:Trimecaine
2960:Tetracaine
2935:Prilocaine
2925:Orthocaine
2900:Iontocaine
2895:Hexylcaine
2890:Etidocaine
2831:Benzocaine
2821:Amylocaine
2803:Zonisamide
2798:Valpromide
2768:Topiramate
2758:Rufinamide
2718:Lacosamide
2683:Cenobamate
2638:Prajmaline
2628:Moricizine
2623:Mexiletine
2618:Lorcainide
2603:Flecainide
2568:Ranolazine
2508:Activators
2493:Fluoxetine
2437:Nimesulide
2419:-specific:
2405:Activators
2387:-specific:
2339:-specific:
2319:Rilmakalim
2309:Nicorandil
2269:Cromakalim
2256:-specific:
2237:Activators
2227:Tipepidine
2217:Ifenprodil
2192:Caramiphen
2184:-specific:
2164:Tolazamide
2124:Gliquidone
2109:Gliclazide
2076:-specific:
2029:Retigabine
2024:Flupirtine
2021:-specific:
2006:Activators
1983:-specific:
1964:Vanoxerine
1944:Terodiline
1929:Sertindole
1919:Ranolazine
1784:Astemizole
1774:Amiodarone
1742:Terikalant
1717:Pinokalant
1702:Nifekalant
1697:Maurotoxin
1692:Lolitrem B
1682:Kaliotoxin
1642:Dofetilide
1632:Dalazatide
1627:Conotoxins
1597:Amiodarone
1592:Almokalant
1514:Activators
1504:Valperinol
1484:Terodiline
1424:Naftopidil
1414:Mesuximide
1344:Enpiperate
1324:Cycleanine
1309:Bevantolol
1299:Bencyclane
1289:Pregabalin
1279:PD-299,685
1274:PD-217,014
1269:PD-200,347
1259:Imagabalin
1249:Gabapentin
1239:Atagabalin
1229:Arbaclofen
1188:Mibefradil
1183:Loperamide
1178:Lomerizine
1153:Dotarizine
1133:Benidipine
1113:Zonisamide
1029:Safinamide
1004:Caroverine
956:Celivarone
904:Gallopamil
859:Siratiazem
849:Iprotiazem
839:Clentiazem
819:Tiamdipine
814:Teludipine
779:Olradipine
764:Nimodipine
754:Niludipine
744:Nifedipine
734:Mesudipine
724:Manidipine
699:Lacidipine
694:Isradipine
679:Flordipine
674:Felodipine
669:Elnadipine
664:Elgodipine
654:Darodipine
624:Amlodipine
292:References
267:vertebrate
193:(Lys) and
140:C-terminus
132:N-terminus
5428:Bufotenin
5423:Bufotalin
5393:Amphibian
5336:Saxitoxin
5326:Eledoisin
5321:Conotoxin
5192:Hefutoxin
5008:Oleandrin
4988:Linamarin
4978:Helenalin
4938:Cicutoxin
4933:Chaconine
4913:Amygdalin
4884:Vomitoxin
4834:Gliotoxin
4816:Fumonisin
4769:Aflatoxin
4732:Virulence
4668:Endotoxin
4399:botulinum
4380:difficile
4290:Bacterial
4263:hemotoxin
4253:cytotoxin
3941:Crimidine
3903:Muscarine
3875:Volkensin
3860:Cicutoxin
3820:Aconitine
3802:Saxitoxin
3756:Bacterial
3716:Saxitoxin
3696:Conotoxin
3609:See also:
3508:Mepacrine
3454:Ivacaftor
3370:Carbachol
3253:Ibuprofen
3243:Amiloride
3202:Solnatide
3174:Amiloride
3103:Aconitine
3065:Evenamide
3040:Saxitoxin
2955:Risocaine
2905:Lidocaine
2850:Butacaine
2826:Articaine
2753:Phenytoin
2663:Tocainide
2658:Sparteine
2653:Quinidine
2613:Lorajmine
2608:Lidocaine
2598:Encainide
2583:Aprindine
2324:Sarakalim
2314:Pinacidil
2304:Naminidil
2294:Minoxidil
2289:Mazokalim
2274:Diazoxide
2264:Bimakalim
2259:Aprikalim
2222:Tertiapin
2202:Clozapine
2119:Glipizide
1914:Quinidine
1864:Ergtoxins
1829:Cisapride
1819:BRL-32872
1799:Azimilide
1762:(KCNH2, K
1737:Tedisamil
1722:Quinidine
1712:Paxilline
1677:Inakalant
1672:Ibutilide
1657:Hanatoxin
1612:Bunaftine
1607:Bretylium
1602:Azimilide
1587:Adekalant
1546:Potassium
1528:Bay K8644
1469:Sesamodil
1419:Monatepil
1409:Manoalide
1404:Magnesium
1389:Imepitoin
1379:Fendiline
1359:Ethadione
1349:Eperisone
1329:Dauricine
1304:Berbamine
1215:δ subunit
1019:PD-173212
934:Verapamil
924:Ronipamil
914:Nexopamil
899:Falipamil
894:Etripamil
879:Devapamil
874:Dagapamil
854:Nictiazem
844:Diltiazem
834:Diltiazem
784:Oxodipine
498:0027-8424
332:0363-6143
272:scorpions
130:near the
5568:Category
5331:Onchidal
5311:Mollusca
5222:Bestoxin
5217:Birtoxin
5182:Slotoxin
5172:Agitoxin
5147:Scorpion
5103:Tomatine
5053:Solanine
4998:Mimosine
4973:Gossypol
4958:Divicine
4923:Antiarin
4918:Anisatin
4849:Muscimol
4801:Citrinin
4774:Amatoxin
4720:Cry34Ab1
4648:AB toxin
4642:type III
4554:negative
4312:positive
4301:Exotoxin
3981:Schradan
3956:Fipronil
3908:Muscimol
3850:Rotenone
3681:Birtoxin
3676:Bestoxin
3594:instead.
3569:instead.
3480:Blockers
3472:Unsorted
3398:Blockers
3299:Blockers
3276:Chloride
3238:A-317567
3230:Blockers
3179:Benzamil
3166:Blockers
2995:NKTR-171
2990:GDC-0276
2985:Funapide
2980:DSP-2230
2975:AZD-3161
2940:Procaine
2855:Butamben
2703:Ethotoin
2578:Ajmaline
2557:Blockers
2516:Riluzole
2475:Blockers
2373:Blockers
2279:Emakalim
2057:Blockers
1899:Pimozide
1769:Ajmaline
1569:Blockers
1384:Fostedil
1314:Canadine
1284:Phenibut
1244:Baclofen
1193:NP078585
1138:Bepridil
976:SR-33805
929:Tiapamil
889:Emopamil
869:Anipamil
604:Blockers
384:54:44-57
350:30427720
238:alanines
195:arginine
187:cationic
153:cysteine
67:proteins
5486:Reptile
4948:Daphnin
4943:Coniine
4928:Brucine
4889:Zeranol
4864:Patulin
4711:toxins
4701:Cry3Bb1
4681:Lipid A
4628:type II
4569:E. coli
4321:Bacilli
4099:EA-2192
4074:EA-4056
4069:EA-3990
4009:EA-3148
3986:Dimefox
3976:Mipafox
3870:Thujone
3248:Aspirin
3070:Menthol
3057:Others:
3027:Toxins:
2870:Cocaine
2395:GAL-021
2015:KCNQ (K
1977:KCNQ (K
1794:AZD1305
1732:Sotalol
1727:ShK-186
1707:Notoxin
1394:JTV-519
1374:Fasudil
1103:ProTx I
1083:ABT-639
1070:SNX-482
941:AH-1058
938:Others:
581:Calcium
516:2455300
476:Bibcode
341:6397341
220:anionic
144:β-sheet
85:and by
48:neurons
5358:toxins
5253:Spider
5227:BmKAEP
5197:HgeTx1
5138:toxins
5013:Persin
4906:toxins
4734:factor
4715:Cry6Aa
4707:Other
4696:Cry1Ac
4614:type I
4417:Other:
4342:tetani
4292:toxins
4243:Toxins
4079:T-1123
3545:Others
2534:Sodium
2187:Barium
1991:XE-991
1859:E-4031
1809:BeKm-1
1779:AmmTX3
1662:HgeTx1
1652:E-4031
1434:Osthol
1203:TROX-1
1088:ML-218
538:(MeSH)
514:
504:
496:
348:
338:
330:
191:lysine
162:-type
160:Kunitz
128:-helix
31:snakes
5285:PhTx3
5202:HsTx1
5125:Tutin
5118:Ricin
5113:Abrin
4983:Ledol
4904:Plant
4496:delta
4444:Cocci
4405:Botox
4172:Other
4127:IPTBO
4029:Tabun
4024:Soman
4019:Sarin
3845:Tutin
3579:LGICs
3286:CaCCs
3258:PcTX1
3217:ASICs
2544:VGSCs
1814:BmTx3
1667:HsTx1
1556:VGKCs
591:VDCCs
507:80549
257:1.1.
175:basic
28:mamba
5367:Fish
5275:CSTX
4552:Gram
4492:beta
4310:Gram
4194:IDPN
4122:TBPO
4117:TBPS
3797:BMAA
3592:here
3590:See
3567:here
3565:See
3554:TRPs
3385:CFTR
3312:DIDS
3153:ENaC
3074:mint
2462:K2Ps
2333:GIRK
2178:GIRK
2044:IRKs
1760:hERG
1108:Z944
1034:Z160
512:PMID
494:ISSN
346:PMID
328:ISSN
5242:Pi3
5212:Lq2
4652:AB5
2816:FBT
2249:ATP
2069:ATP
502:PMC
484:doi
336:PMC
318:doi
314:316
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4822:,
4788:,
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4780:,
4064:GV
4059:VX
4054:VR
4049:VP
4044:VM
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4034:VE
3614:•
3115:,
3111:,
2842:,
2416:Ca
2414:BK
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4776:(
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4391:B
4386:A
4333::
4233:e
4226:t
4219:v
3649:e
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2357:K
2247:K
2067:K
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1049::
991::
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434:V
365:V
363:K
352:.
320::
255:V
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124:3
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