62:
835:
3760:
3655:
3694:…the histories of genocide, slavery, and exclusion and oppression of immigrants that seep into our daily lives of segregation, often as invisible forces that structure comfort and privilege for some and lack of resources for others, inequities whose connection to the past frequently remain obscure. These are depressing conditions, indeed, ones that make depression seem not so much a medical or biochemical dysfunction as a very rational response to global conditions.
869:, and exposure to noise and air pollution are linked to depressive moods, emphasizing the need for consideration in planning to prevent such outcomes. Locality has also been linked to depression and other negative moods. The rate of depression among those who reside in large urban areas is shown to be lower than those who do not. Likewise, those from smaller towns and rural areas tend to have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and psychological unwellness.
1265:(PHQ-9). Both of these measures are psychological tests that ask personal questions of the participant, and have mostly been used to measure the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report scale that helps a therapist identify the patterns of depression symptoms and monitor recovery. The responses on this scale can be discussed in therapy to devise interventions for the most distressing symptoms of depression.
5855:
212:
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207:
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1386:
preference for privacy. An analysis of 40,350 undergraduates from 70 institutions by
Posselt and Lipson found that undergraduates who perceived their classroom environments as highly competitive had a 37% higher chance of developing depression and a 69% higher chance of developing anxiety. Several studies have suggested that unemployment roughly doubles the risk of developing depression.
1214:, and colonialism are productive of segregation, both material and psychic material deprivation, and concomitant circumstances of violence, systemic exclusion, and lack of access to legal protections. The demands of navigating these circumstances compromise the resources available to a population to seek comfort, health, stability, and sense of security. The historical memory of this
1142:. Inflammatory processes can be triggered by negative cognitions or their consequences, such as stress, violence, or deprivation. Thus, negative cognitions can cause inflammation that can, in turn, lead to depression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that inflammation can cause depression because of the increase of cytokines, setting the brain into a "sickness mode".
1382:, premature mortality arising from physical disorders, and maternal depression impacts on child growth and development. Approximately 76% to 85% of depressed people in low- and middle-income countries do not receive treatment; barriers to treatment include: inaccurate assessment, lack of trained health-care providers, social stigma and lack of resources.
861:, such as bereavement, neglect, mental abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or unequal parental treatment of siblings can contribute to depression in adulthood. Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the survivor's lifetime. People who have experienced four or more
1390:
show possibilities for the implementation of the programme in low-resource primary-care settings dependent on primary-care practitioners and lay health-workers. Examples of mhGAP-endorsed therapies targeting depression include Group
Interpersonal Therapy as group treatment for depression and "Thinking Health", which utilizes
1097:, and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression. Individuals with bipolar depression are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. When the course of depressive episodes follows a seasonal pattern, the disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, etc.) may be described as a
1555:
that depression is not caused by a serotonin imbalance in the human body, unlike what most of the psychiatry community points to, and that therefore anti-depressants do not work against the illness. However, such study was met with criticism from some psychiatrists, who argued the study's methodology
1389:
The World Health
Organization has constructed guidelines – known as The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) – aiming to increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance-use disorders. Depression is listed as one of conditions prioritized by the programme. Trials conducted
1145:
Classical symptoms of being physically sick, such as lethargy, show a large overlap in behaviors that characterize depression. Levels of cytokines tend to increase sharply during the depressive episodes of people with bipolar disorder and drop off during remission. Furthermore, it has been shown in
1058:
Studies have found that anywhere from 30 to 85 percent of patients suffering from chronic pain are also clinically depressed. A 2014 study by Hooley et al. concluded that chronic pain increased the chance of death by suicide by two to three times. In 2017, the
British Medical Association found that
903:
Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder, although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad, empty, or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress, experiencing loss,
876:
Life events and changes that may cause depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, military service, family, living conditions, marriage, etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc.),
1385:
The stigma comes from misguided societal views that people with mental illness are different from everyone else, and they can choose to get better only if they wanted to. Due to this more than half of the people with depression do not receive help with their disorders. The stigma leads to a strong
1366:
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, the United
Nations (UN) health agency reported, estimating that it affects more than 300 million people worldwide – the majority of them women, young people and the elderly. An estimated 4.4 percent of the global population has depression,
932:
are more likely to experience depressive symptoms and are more likely to receive a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Additionally, depression is associated with low conscientiousness. Some factors that may arise from low conscientiousness include disorganization and dissatisfaction with life.
1394:
to tackle perinatal depression. Furthermore, effective screening in primary care is crucial for the access of treatments. The mhGAP adopted its approach of improving detection rates of depression by training general practitioners. However, there is still weak evidence supporting this training.
1347:
of old and fond memories is another alternative form of treatment, especially for the elderly who have lived longer and have more experiences in life. It is a method that causes a person to recollect memories of their own life, leading to a process of self-recognition and identifying familiar
1348:
stimuli. By maintaining one's personal past and identity, it is a technique that stimulates people to view their lives in a more objective and balanced way, causing them to pay attention to positive information in their life stories, which would successfully reduce depressive mood levels.
1205:
Unlike the theory of "deprejudice", a psychogeographical theory of depression attempts to broaden study of the subject beyond an individual experience to one produced on a societal scale, seeing particular manifestations of depression as rooted in dispossession; historical legacies of
2699:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants"
4838:
1351:
There is limited evidence that continuing antidepressant medication for one year reduces the risk of depression recurrence with no additional harm. Recommendations for psychological treatments or combination treatments in preventing recurrence are not clear.
1476:
During the 18th century, the humoral theory of melancholia was increasingly being challenged by mechanical and electrical explanations; references to dark and gloomy states gave way to ideas of slowed circulation and depleted energy. German physician
4550:"The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of lay counsellor-delivered psychological treatments for harmful and dependent drinking and moderate to severe depression in primary care in India: PREMIUM study protocol for randomized controlled trials"
1976:
Lindert J, von
Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R, Gal G, Braehler E, Weisskopf MG (April 2014). "Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis".
872:
Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.
3462:
Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy Vargas A, Chies JA, Kapczinski F (August 2009). "Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder".
1556:
used an indirect trace of serotonin, instead of taking direct measurements of the molecule. Moncrieff said that, despite her study's conclusions, no one should interrupt their treatment if they are taking any anti-depressant.
1157:
Researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism may create depressive conditions. Given the lived experiences of marginalized peoples, ranging from conditions of
2923:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH. (2012) "Depression and
Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In: Neurology in Clinical Practice, 6th Edition. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.) Butterworth Heinemann
822:, difficulty in thinking and concentration, or a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping. People experiencing depression may have feelings of dejection or hopelessness, and may experience
1189:
proposed by Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon in 2012, who argue for an integrative approach to studying the often comorbid experiences. Cox, Abramson, Devine, and Hollon are concerned with the ways in which social
4835:
5074:
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3962:"Effect of traditional yoga, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, on health related quality of life: a randomized controlled trial on patients on sick leave because of burnout"
1323:
of some drugs or medical treatments. A prolonged depressed mood, especially in combination with other symptoms, may lead to a diagnosis of a psychiatric or medical condition which may benefit from treatment.
1146:
clinical trials that anti-inflammatory medicines taken in addition to antidepressants not only significantly improves symptoms but also increases the proportion of subjects positively responding to treatment.
818:; it is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one; and it is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. It may feature
1112:
is a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode; and
1534:
in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. During the 1960s and 70s, manic-depression came to refer to just one type of mood disorder (now most commonly known as
4060:
Viguer P, Satorres E, Fortuna FB, Meléndez JC (November 2017). "A Follow-Up Study of a
Reminiscence Intervention and Its Effects on Depressed Mood, Life Satisfaction, and Well-Being in the Elderly".
4163:
1484:
In the 20th century, the German psychiatrist Emil
Kraepelin distinguished manic depression. The influential system put forward by Kraepelin unified nearly all types of mood disorder into
3440:
4013:"Effects of group reminiscence interventions on depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in older adults with intact cognition and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review"
3500:"The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine"
1367:
according to a report released by the UN World Health
Organization (WHO), which shows an 18 percent increase in the number of people living with depression between 2005 and 2015.
1081:(commonly called major depression or clinical depression) where a person has at least two weeks of depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; and
6336:
989:
Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription
2601:
Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, Dahl RE, et al. (November 1996). "Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I".
4342:
Posselt, Julie R.; Lipson, Sarah Ketchen (2016). "Competition, Anxiety, and Depression in the College Classroom: Variations by Student Identity and Field of Study".
3618:
Cox, William T.L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".
3498:
Müller N, Schwarz MJ, Dehning S, Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-Müller B, Spellmann I, Hetzel G, Maino K, Kleindienst N, Möller HJ, Arolt V, Riedel M (July 2006).
2662:
Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D (September 2010). "Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis".
2218:
Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (6 December 2016).
1884:
Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB (July 2008). "The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans".
3859:
2467:
3725:
Yehuda, Rachel; Daskalakis, Nikolaos P.; Bierer, Linda M.; Bader, Heather N.; Klengel, Torsten; Holsboer, Florian; Binder, Elisabeth B. (12 August 2015).
4155:
2558:
Davey CG, Yücel M, Allen NB (2008). "The emergence of depression in adolescence: development of the prefrontal cortex and the representation of reward".
1723:
1341:
There is limited evidence suggesting yoga may help some people with depressive disorders or elevated levels of depression, but more research is needed.
1319:
Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a
4403:
4981:
4204:
1328:
993:), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and
949:
therapy and depression. One study found that a third of alpha interferon-treated patients had developed depression after three months of treatment. (
2941:
Rustad JK, Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB (October 2011). "The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications".
2824:
1426:, "to press down". From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits. It was used in 1665 in English author
3432:
1148:
Inflammations that lead to serious depression could be caused by common infections such as those caused by a virus, bacteria or even parasites.
2267:
Mata, Douglas A.; Ramos, Marco A.; Bansal, Narinder; Khan, Rida; Guille, Constance; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Sen, Srijan (8 December 2015).
1139:
2022:"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology"
1519:
addressed the filling of an "existential vacuum" associated with such feelings, and may be particularly useful for depressed adolescents.
2644:
1760:
5009:
1282:
945:
induce depression in some patients, though the evidence for this is weak and conflicting. There is strong evidence for a link between
739:
2220:"Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
5143:
4429:
3339:
Cox WT, Abramson LY, Devine PG, Hollon SD (September 2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".
4276:"Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys"
1586:
898:
61:
3288:
Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, Allen NB, Stuart AL, Hayley AC, Byrne ML, Maes M (September 2013).
4921:
Moncrieff, Joanna; Cooper, Ruth E.; Stockmann, Tom; Amendola, Simone; Hengartner, Michael P.; Horowitz, Mark A. (August 2023).
2497:
1784:"Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review"
978:
4794:
3599:
1845:
1622:
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2757:
1538:) which was distinguished from (unipolar) depression. The terms unipolar and bipolar had been coined by German psychiatrist
1446:. Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. Derived from the
877:
bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, or
6180:
6084:
1006:
3917:
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G (November 2013). "Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3707:
5035:
3679:
3231:
2929:
2867:
Zingone, Fabiana; Swift, Gillian L; Card, Timothy R; Sanders, David S; Ludvigsson, Jonas F; Bai, Julio C (April 2015).
1237:
suggests that memories of trauma can be inherited, rendering offspring vulnerable to psychological predispositions for
3197:
1473:, where he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment.
6294:
4819:
4687:
1287:
904:
or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with
6096:
4386:
2412:"Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
1478:
1335:
should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor.
961:, an acne treatment, to depression is strong. Other medicines that seem to increase the risk of depression include
253:
4456:"Unemployment and Depression Among Emerging Adults in 12 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010"
3856:
1666:"Clinical risk of stigma and discrimination of mental illnesses: Need for objective assessment and quantification"
1185:
Psychogeographical depression overlaps somewhat with the theory of "deprejudice", a portmanteau of depression and
6168:
2169:
Willroth, Emily C.; Graham, Elieen K.; Luo, Jing; Mrocezk, Daniel K.; Lewis-Thames, Marquita W. (February 2023).
1105:
156:
17:
3147:
2459:
6054:
4886:
Schildkraut JJ (1965). "The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence".
1246:
953:
interferon therapy appears to have no effect on rates of depression.) There is moderately strong evidence that
3774:
2734:
6384:
6029:
1488:. Kraepelin worked from an assumption of underlying brain pathology, but also promoted a distinction between
1114:
865:
are 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression. Poor housing quality, non-functionality, lack of
862:
858:
732:
4599:
2984:
Li M, Fitzgerald P, Rodin G (April 2012). "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer".
6361:
5136:
1391:
1262:
132:
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4324:
1195:
1098:
4274:
Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al. (September 2007).
2830:
2342:
Schmidt PJ (December 2005). "Mood, depression, and reproductive hormones in the menopausal transition".
957:
when used in the treatment of alopecia increases depressive symptoms in some patients. Evidence linking
6427:
6314:
4669:
1592:
1427:
1361:
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in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of
1481:, however, argued melancholia was a disturbance of the soul due to moral conflict within the patient.
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1302:
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807:
248:
136:
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6437:
6247:
6212:
5253:
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3103:
Holmes, Alex; Christelis, Nicholas; Arnold, Carolyn (October 2013). "Depression and chronic pain".
1574:
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conditions the psychological health of future generations, making psychogeographical depression an
1086:
725:
41:
1068:
6389:
6304:
6148:
5871:
5363:
5129:
4716:
Jackson SW (July 1983). "Melancholia and mechanical explanation in eighteenth-century medicine".
4679:
4011:
Wu, Yuejin; Xu, Haiyan; Sui, Xin; Zeng, Ting; Leng, Xin; Li, Yuewei; Li, Feng (1 November 2023).
1642:
258:
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theories represented a forceful affirmation of individualism. Austrian existential psychiatrist
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5821:
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3224:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR
1500:
1440:
In Ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or
1233:
and the genetic reverberations for subsequent generations. Likewise, research by scientists at
1048:
1012:
700:
237:
227:
143:
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3960:
Grensman A, Acharya BD, Wändell P, Nilsson GH, Falkenberg T, Sundin Ö, Werner S (March 2018).
2317:
1752:
1338:
Physical activity has a protective effect against the emergence of depression in some people.
6319:
5964:
5769:
5198:
4782:
4640:
3669:
2020:
Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, et al. (April 2006).
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1512:
1504:
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1297:
1024:
780:
665:
4186:
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Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Silva ES, et al. (July 2018).
3185:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 1296.
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5545:
4404:"Press Statement Irish Health Survey 2019 - Main Results - CSO - Central Statistics Office"
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1215:
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1020:
440:
265:
31:
3878:"Physical Activity and Incident Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"
3247:
Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Fernandez A, Beatty-Brooks M, Hettema JM, Pandurangi AK (May 2006).
2826:
Drug-Induced Diseases Section IV: Drug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases Chapter 18: Depression
8:
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4836:"A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"
4604:
4387:"The Impact of Long-term Unemployment Lost Income, Lost Friends—and Loss of Self-respect"
3825:
2410:
Mata DA, Ramos MA, Bansal N, Khan R, Guille C, Di Angelantonio E, Sen S (December 2015).
1109:
1085:, a state of chronic depressed mood, the symptoms of which do not meet the severity of a
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222:
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4859:
Blair RG (October 2004). "Helping older adolescents search for meaning in depression".
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Individuals may be more exposed to stress and depression as a result of these factors.
690:
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232:
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99:
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3290:"So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?"
2378:
2069:
Rautio, Nina; Filatova, Svetlana; Lehtiniemi, Heli; Miettunen, Jouko (February 2018).
1225:
This work is supported by recent studies in genetic science which has demonstrated an
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are a group of disorders considered to be primary disturbances of mood. These include
834:
767:, or about 280 million people of all ages (as of 2020). Depression affects a person's
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4733:
4683:
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4548:
Patel V, Weobong B, Nadkarni A, Weiss HA, Anand A, Naik S, et al. (April 2014).
4507:"Feeling useless: the effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession"
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1994:
1958:
1944:
1901:
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1815:
1697:
1549:, also psychiatrist Mark Horowtiz and others proposed in a study on academic journal
1199:
1178:, depression can be seen as a "rational response to global conditions", according to
1167:
1028:
966:
866:
823:
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83:
4982:"Depression is probably not caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain – new study"
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2730:
2630:
2587:
2571:
2489:
2118:
Stier, Andrew J.; Schertz, Kathryn E.; Rim, Nak Won; Berman, Mark G. (August 2021).
2006:
1465:
was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by
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1986:
1948:
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1610:
1570:
Weariness of the Self: Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age
1546:
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1234:
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811:
791:
give reduced pleasure or joy, and the afflicted person often experiences a loss of
705:
680:
625:
620:
152:
4923:"The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence"
4073:
4029:
4012:
3249:"Posttraumatic stress disorder: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment"
2536:
1577: – The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events
6341:
6309:
6207:
6014:
6006:
5944:
5831:
5450:
5098:
4842:
4627:
4156:"UN health agency reports depression now 'leading cause of disability worldwide'"
3863:
3265:
3248:
2651:. No. 4. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. July 2013.
2519:
Fimiani, Ramona; Gazzillo, Francesco; Dazzi, Nino; Bush, Marshall (3 July 2022).
2355:
2071:"Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review"
1565:
1433:
to refer to someone having "a great depression of spirit", and by English author
1175:
1159:
1016:
974:
962:
885:. Adolescents may be especially prone to experiencing a depressed mood following
500:
1073:
A number of psychiatric syndromes feature depressed mood as a main symptom. The
6366:
6299:
6118:
5799:
5759:
5685:
5333:
4939:
3088:
3071:
1434:
1371:
1332:
1179:
1052:
1032:
990:
970:
882:
799:
610:
405:
5109:
4767:
4523:
4506:
3978:
3786:
3476:
3021:"The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain"
2714:
2037:
1990:
1800:
6421:
6374:
6059:
5743:
5609:
5461:
5430:
5358:
5263:
4729:
4665:
4566:
4038:
3689:
3631:
3352:
3306:
2997:
2892:
2884:
2544:
2395:
2096:
2087:
2070:
1855:
1682:
1508:
1447:
1375:
1242:
1074:
650:
480:
435:
400:
350:
174:
5087:
5083:
4673:
4600:"Perspective | Yes, you can be too competitive. Here's why, and how to stop"
4430:"Op-Ed: Being laid off is devastating. Yet society never measures that toll"
2854:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
2427:
2284:
2269:"Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians"
2235:
2136:
2120:"Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas"
1871:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
6346:
6259:
6103:
5555:
5483:
5370:
5233:
4958:
4626:
depress. (n.d.). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 30 June 2008, from
4585:
4491:
4367:
4309:
4260:
4141:
4081:
4046:
3997:
3938:
3903:
3843:
3752:
3727:"Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation"
3639:
3576:
3557:
3525:
3484:
3417:
3360:
3325:
3274:
3124:
3056:
3037:
3005:
2962:
2910:
2809:
2722:
2683:
2579:
2445:
2363:
2302:
2253:
2204:
2171:"Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood"
2155:
2104:
2055:
1998:
1962:
1905:
1819:
1701:
1344:
1118:
1040:
958:
942:
925:
756:
325:
4907:
4899:
4737:
4355:
3516:
3499:
3461:
2622:
104:
Low mood, aversion to activity, loss of interest, loss of feeling pleasure
5913:
5886:
5725:
5663:
5535:
5503:
5425:
5405:
5298:
4472:
4325:"Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness"
1616:
1539:
1516:
1466:
1462:
1399:
1320:
954:
929:
530:
475:
375:
117:
74:
5051:
4533:
4108:"Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people"
3116:
3019:
Sheng, Jiyao; Liu, Shui; Wang, Yicun; Cui, Ranji; Zhang, Xuewen (2017).
6351:
5710:
5580:
5390:
5283:
5278:
5178:
5173:
2869:"Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature"
2186:
1929:"Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children"
1583: – Explanatory model emphasizing the interplay among causal forces
1489:
1226:
1191:
792:
635:
560:
450:
360:
290:
285:
112:
Brain chemistry, genetics, life events, medical conditions, personality
92:
88:
69:
4371:
4242:
3541:"Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease"
5901:
5876:
5863:
5806:
5752:
5646:
5621:
5590:
5498:
5455:
5435:
5385:
5380:
5318:
5313:
5288:
5228:
5208:
5193:
5183:
4205:"Depression is leading cause of disability worldwide, says WHO study"
3930:
3226:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. p. 355.
2675:
1531:
1527:
1493:
1402:
traits are also likely to measure higher for depression and anxiety.
1186:
1094:
1082:
1011:
Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases,
994:
815:
685:
655:
575:
555:
525:
505:
485:
385:
365:
320:
300:
295:
5896:
5891:
5881:
5816:
5653:
5575:
5565:
5530:
5517:
5400:
5343:
5293:
5273:
4273:
3145:
2698:
1442:
1379:
1207:
784:
776:
772:
768:
600:
550:
540:
460:
415:
370:
5121:
4505:
Farré, Lídia; Fasani, Francesco; Mueller, Hannes (December 2018).
3246:
2603:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
6326:
5906:
5854:
5848:
5774:
5734:
5720:
5715:
5705:
5616:
5476:
5375:
5338:
5308:
5303:
5268:
5248:
5238:
5223:
5165:
5152:
3384:"Inflammation: depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat"
2068:
1604:
1211:
1015:, neurological conditions, and physiological problems, including
819:
670:
645:
640:
630:
445:
410:
380:
355:
340:
330:
315:
211:
206:
198:
148:
4920:
3221:
2851:
1868:
6356:
5690:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5522:
5469:
5328:
5243:
5078:
5063:
5030:
3875:
2521:"Survivor guilt: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical features"
1975:
1663:
615:
510:
395:
335:
6337:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
4785:. In Freeman, Arthur; Epstein, Norman; Simon, Karen M (eds.).
3332:
5838:
5764:
5658:
5631:
5510:
5445:
5440:
5410:
5348:
5218:
5213:
4059:
3959:
1456:
1450:
1093:, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood,
710:
660:
605:
585:
495:
490:
465:
420:
310:
305:
4227:"Screening for depression: the global mental health context"
3810:"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure"
3076:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain
1926:
1664:
Shrivastava A, Bureau Y, Rewari N, Johnston M (April 2013).
5641:
5602:
5585:
5488:
5415:
5395:
5203:
3724:
3381:
3287:
2600:
595:
570:
565:
515:
470:
455:
4754:
Davison K (2006). "Historical aspects of mood disorders".
4664:
3916:
3382:
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP (November 2015).
3165:"Chronic pain: supporting safer prescribing of analgesics"
1927:
Pillemer K, Suitor JJ, Pardo S, Henderson C (April 2010).
5570:
5258:
4547:
3497:
2318:"Medical Student Distress and the Risk of Doctor Suicide"
2217:
2026:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
1781:
1374:. Its consequences further lead to significant burden in
788:
545:
345:
5010:"Study on serotonin and depression sparks fierce debate"
3148:"Managing Chronic Pain May Protect Against Suicide Risk"
2697:
Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).
2696:
2518:
2168:
2019:
1883:
1257:
Measures of depression include, but are not limited to:
3617:
3338:
3069:
2940:
2866:
2661:
1601: – Inner conflict due to perceived meaninglessness
763:
and aversion to activity. It affects about 3.5% of the
4718:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
3807:
3102:
1782:
de Zwart PL, Jeronimus BF, de Jonge P (October 2019).
1522:
Researchers theorized that depression was caused by a
4454:
McGee, Robin E.; Thompson, Nancy J. (19 March 2015).
3808:
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (September 2001).
2117:
1108:
often features an extremely intense depressive mood;
1059:
49% of UK chronic pain patients also had depression.
5041:
826:. Depression can either be short term or long term.
4814:. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books. pp. 139–40.
4384:
3070:Surah, A; Baranidharan, G; Morley, S (April 2014).
2409:
2266:
1055:, chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, cancer, and HIV.
936:
4980:Moncrieff, Joanna; Horowitz, Mark (20 July 2022).
4504:
2856:. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
2784:"General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression"
1607: – Conscious subjective experience of emotion
881:. Similar depressive symptoms are associated with
30:"Hopelessness" redirects here. For the album, see
4979:
3674:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 25.
2983:
1511:connected depression to feelings of futility and
1329:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
783:. Experiences that would normally bring a person
6419:
5732:
3705:
1398:According to 2011 study, people who are high in
4749:
4747:
4105:
3018:
2557:
2377:Rashid, Tariq; Haider, Ijaz (31 January 2008).
2124:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
908:outside of other mood disorders; most commonly
5607:
4641:"Malignant Sadness: The Anatomy of Depression"
1635:
40:"Despair" redirects here. For other uses, see
5137:
4453:
4341:
4224:
3866:. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved on 24 November 2015.
2690:
1619: – Historical view of extreme depression
1499:Other psycho-dynamic theories were proposed.
1370:Depression is a major mental-health cause of
1121:, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.
733:
5911:
5750:
5741:
5508:
4744:
3433:"Is depression a kind of allergic reaction?"
3198:"Bipolar Depression vs. Unipolar Depression"
3146:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2022).
2376:
1838:Psychotherapy and counselling for depression
1000:
916:. Depression also tends to run in families.
892:
6410:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
5474:
4885:
4658:
4112:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4010:
3594:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books.
1657:
1421:
1117:, a mental disorder that sometimes follows
5144:
5130:
4322:
3966:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
3775:"Fearful Memories Haunt Mouse Descendants"
3667:
3613:
3611:
3589:
2781:
2075:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
1283:Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression
941:It is possible that some early-generation
740:
726:
60:
27:State of low mood and aversion to activity
4948:
4938:
4709:
4575:
4565:
4532:
4522:
4481:
4471:
4299:
4250:
4131:
4028:
3987:
3977:
3893:
3833:
3742:
3566:
3556:
3515:
3407:
3315:
3305:
3264:
3222:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
3087:
3046:
3036:
2900:
2852:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2799:
2758:"Explore the Impact of Depression Traits"
2435:
2394:
2292:
2243:
2194:
2145:
2135:
2086:
2045:
1952:
1869:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1809:
1799:
1691:
1681:
1625: – Diagnostic category in the ICD-10
4106:Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z (September 2016).
3772:
3430:
2873:United European Gastroenterology Journal
2594:
2309:
2013:
1273:Schools of depression theories include:
1062:
833:
4783:"The Depressive Syndromes: An Overview"
4753:
4715:
4638:
4427:
4184:
3857:NICE guidelines, published October 2009
3608:
3545:Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders
2341:
1835:
1587:Depression in childhood and adolescence
1261:and the 9-item depression scale in the
1202:that then produce depressive symptoms.
1132:Inflammation § Connection to depression
1110:adjustment disorder with depressed mood
899:Depression in childhood and adolescence
829:
14:
6420:
4809:
4803:
4344:Journal of College Student Development
4211:. Agence France-Presse. 31 March 2017.
4017:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
3869:
3195:
2560:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1979:International Journal of Public Health
1589: – Pediatric depressive disorders
979:gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
5125:
5004:
5002:
4858:
4789:. Psychology Press. pp. 41–78 .
4678:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
4225:Reynolds CF, Patel V (October 2017).
4220:
4218:
4101:
4099:
3620:Perspectives on Psychological Science
3538:
3341:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2822:
2737:from the original on 29 December 2019
2525:International Forum of Psychoanalysis
1788:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
1763:from the original on 26 December 2020
1331:(NICE) 2009 guidelines indicate that
1293:Evolutionary approaches to depression
1138:There is evidence for a link between
928:, and people who have high levels of
845:–1740, etching and engraving, in the
166:Social connections, physical activity
4780:
4185:Solomon, Andrew (17 November 2006).
3826:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
3814:Journal of General Internal Medicine
3443:from the original on 21 October 2022
3170:. British Medical Association. 2017.
2755:
2315:
1831:
1829:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1229:link between the trauma suffered by
1152:
984:
798:Depressed mood is a symptom of some
78:and strong suicidal tendency in 1892
5151:
4873:10.17744/mehc.26.4.w8u9h6uf5ybhapyl
4861:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
4834:Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009)
4331:. American Psychiatric Association.
4323:Borenstein, Jeffrey (August 2020).
3180:
2316:Chen, Pauline W. (7 October 2010).
1873:. American Psychiatric Association.
1840:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
1545:In July 2022, British psychiatrist
1007:Depression (differential diagnoses)
24:
4999:
4215:
4096:
3882:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3773:Callaway, Ewen (1 December 2013).
3388:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3183:Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
2782:Rogers D, Pies R (December 2008).
2470:from the original on 27 March 2020
2460:"NIMH » Perinatal Depression"
1933:Journal of Marriage and the Family
924:Depression is associated with low
795:or interest in those activities.
25:
6454:
5023:
4812:Man's search for ultimate meaning
4166:from the original on 27 June 2019
3196:Jackel, Donna (24 January 2024).
2500:from the original on 27 July 2016
1826:
1738:
1726:from the original on 11 June 2013
1623:Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder
1288:Behavioral theories of depression
5853:
5847:
5029:
4428:Leopold, Les (17 January 2023).
4187:"Opinion | Our Great Depression"
3758:
3653:
3253:The American Journal of Medicine
2615:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
2383:Annals of Punjab Medical College
2344:The American Journal of Medicine
1945:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00703.x
1568:, French sociologist, author of
1420:was derived from the Latin verb
1130:This section is an excerpt from
937:Side effect of medical treatment
210:
205:
122:Stigma of mental health disorder
4973:
4914:
4879:
4852:
4828:
4774:
4696:
4632:
4620:
4592:
4541:
4498:
4447:
4421:
4396:
4378:
4335:
4316:
4267:
4197:
4178:
4148:
4053:
4004:
3953:
3910:
3850:
3801:
3766:
3718:
3699:
3661:
3583:
3532:
3491:
3455:
3424:
3375:
3281:
3240:
3215:
3189:
3174:
3157:
3139:
3096:
3063:
3012:
2977:
2934:
2917:
2860:
2845:
2829:. pp. 1–23. Archived from
2816:
2775:
2749:
2655:
2637:
2572:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.016
2551:
2512:
2482:
2452:
2403:
2370:
2335:
2260:
2211:
2162:
2111:
2062:
1969:
1355:
1124:
1106:borderline personality disorder
157:borderline personality disorder
4888:American Journal of Psychiatry
4511:IZA Journal of Labor Economics
4124:10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3
3895:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194
3744:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.005
3706:Ta-Nehisi Coates (June 2014).
3465:Journal of Affective Disorders
3400:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152
2955:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005
1920:
1898:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008
1877:
1862:
1775:
1708:
1278:Cognitive theory of depression
919:
889:, peer pressure, or bullying.
853:
802:, also categorized and called
13:
1:
4292:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61414-7
4074:10.1080/00223980.2017.1393379
4030:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105103
3431:Williams C (4 January 2015).
3072:"Chronic pain and depression"
2537:10.1080/0803706X.2021.1941246
1629:
1613: – Concept in psychology
1378:, including a higher risk of
1308:
1115:posttraumatic stress disorder
863:adverse childhood experiences
839:
838:Allegory on melancholy, from
6362:Social emotional development
4385:Pew Research Center (2010).
3671:Depression: A Public Feeling
3592:Depression: A Public Feeling
3266:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.027
3105:Medical Journal of Australia
2986:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2756:Daze, Gilad (8 March 2022).
2379:"Life Events and Depression"
2356:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.033
1670:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1595: – Psychological theory
1457:
1451:
1437:in a similar sense in 1753.
1392:cognitive behavioral therapy
1263:Patient Health Questionnaire
1259:Beck Depression Inventory-11
1104:Outside the mood disorders:
133:Patient Health Questionnaire
7:
5608:
1559:
1496:(externally caused) types.
1268:
1252:
1140:inflammation and depression
1099:seasonal affective disorder
72:of a person diagnosed with
10:
6459:
4940:10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
4460:Preventing Chronic Disease
3708:"The Case for Reparations"
1409:
1405:
1362:Epidemiology of depression
1359:
1312:
1129:
1066:
1004:
896:
847:Metropolitan Museum of Art
39:
29:
6405:
5924:
5862:
5845:
5164:
5045:
4768:10.1383/psyt.2006.5.4.115
4524:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5
4062:The Journal of Psychology
3979:10.1186/s12906-018-2141-9
3787:10.1038/nature.2013.14272
3477:10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.001
2715:10.1017/S0033291716001653
2038:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
1991:10.1007/s00038-013-0519-5
1801:10.1017/S2045796018000227
1486:manic–depressive insanity
1479:Johann Christian Heinroth
1303:Epigenetics of depression
1089:. Another mood disorder,
1079:major depressive disorder
1069:Depressive mood disorders
1001:Non-psychiatric illnesses
893:Childhood and adolescence
808:major depressive disorder
170:
162:
142:
137:Beck Depression Inventory
126:
116:
108:
98:
82:
68:
59:
54:
6295:in virtual communication
4787:Depression in the Family
4567:10.1186/1745-6215-15-101
3668:Cvetkovich, Ann (2012).
3632:10.1177/1745691612455204
3353:10.1177/1745691612455204
3307:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200
3089:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt046
2998:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372
2943:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2885:10.1177/2050640614560786
2088:10.1177/0020764017744582
1886:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1683:10.4103/0019-5545.111459
1645:. Cleveland Clinic. 2022
1575:Attribution (psychology)
1492:(internally caused) and
1315:Management of depression
1087:major depressive episode
1013:nutritional deficiencies
42:Despair (disambiguation)
4680:Oxford University Press
4675:A Greek-English Lexicon
3862:21 January 2021 at the
2490:"Postpartum Depression"
2428:10.1001/jama.2015.15845
2285:10.1001/jama.2015.15845
2236:10.1001/jama.2016.17324
2137:10.1073/pnas.2022472118
5912:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5509:
5475:
5016:. AFP. 11 August 2022.
4730:10.1093/jhmas/38.3.298
3919:Depression and Anxiety
3558:10.1186/2045-5380-4-10
2703:Psychological Medicine
2664:Psychological Bulletin
2396:10.29054/apmc/2008.621
2175:Journal of Personality
1593:Diathesis–stress model
1422:
859:Adversity in childhood
850:
238:Emotional intelligence
144:Differential diagnosis
4900:10.1176/ajp.122.5.509
4356:10.1353/csd.2016.0094
3731:Biological Psychiatry
3590:Cvetkovich A (2012).
3517:10.1038/sj.mp.4001805
2645:"The Depressed Child"
1581:Biopsychosocial model
1412:History of depression
1298:Biology of depression
1222:experience as well.
1063:Psychiatric syndromes
837:
6332:Group affective tone
5038:at Wikimedia Commons
4927:Molecular Psychiatry
4473:10.5888/pcd12.140451
4162:. 23 February 2017.
3504:Molecular Psychiatry
3038:10.1155/2017/9724371
1552:Molecular Psychiatry
1198:, creating negative
1164:class stratification
830:Contributing factors
441:Emotional Detachment
6385:constructed emotion
6055:functional accounts
4847:Mater Dei Institute
4781:Covi, Lino (1986).
4605:The Washington Post
3117:10.5694/mja12.10589
2833:on 23 December 2010
1716:"Depression Basics"
1231:Holocaust survivors
1049:Parkinson's disease
1037:hyperparathyroidism
879:catastrophic injury
781:sense of well-being
6285:in decision-making
5526:(sense of purpose)
4841:1 May 2011 at the
4810:Frankl VE (2000).
4645:The New York Times
4608:. 8 September 2022
4191:The New York Times
2649:Facts for Families
2322:The New York Times
2187:10.1111/jopy.12818
1836:Gilbert P (2007).
1599:Existential crisis
1524:chemical imbalance
1172:labor exploitation
1045:multiple sclerosis
1025:Cushing's syndrome
967:antimigraine drugs
851:
179:psychopharmacology
6428:Depression (mood)
6415:
6414:
6002:Appeal to emotion
5780:Social connection
5119:
5118:
5036:Depression (mood)
5034:Media related to
4796:978-0-86656-624-7
4434:Los Angeles Times
4368:Project MUSE
4243:10.1002/wps.20459
3601:978-0-8223-5238-9
3025:Neural Plasticity
2823:Botts S, Ryan M.
2709:(14): 2883–2906.
2609:(11): 1427–1439.
2230:(21): 2214–2236.
1847:978-1-84920-349-4
1220:intergenerational
1176:social immobility
1168:cultural genocide
1153:Historical legacy
1029:pernicious anemia
1021:Addison's disease
985:Substance-induced
824:suicidal thoughts
765:global population
750:
749:
676:Social connection
184:
183:
128:Diagnostic method
49:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6450:
6390:discrete emotion
6290:in the workplace
6186:Empathy quotient
5917:
5857:
5851:
5756:
5747:
5738:
5613:
5514:
5480:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5018:
5017:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4986:The Conversation
4977:
4971:
4970:
4952:
4942:
4933:(8): 3243–3256.
4918:
4912:
4911:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4856:
4850:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4713:
4707:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4526:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4475:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4286:(9590): 841–50.
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4231:World Psychiatry
4222:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3981:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3931:10.1002/da.22166
3914:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3746:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3539:Canli T (2014).
3536:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3309:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2938:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2676:10.1037/a0020327
2659:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2464:www.nimh.nih.gov
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1611:Locus of control
1547:Joanna Moncrieff
1536:bipolar disorder
1460:
1454:
1425:
1400:hypercompetitive
1239:stress disorders
1235:Emory University
1200:self-stereotypes
1091:bipolar disorder
947:alpha interferon
914:conduct disorder
910:anxiety disorder
906:mental disorders
887:social rejection
883:survivor's guilt
844:
841:
812:bipolar disorder
742:
735:
728:
214:
209:
186:
185:
153:bipolar disorder
64:
52:
51:
21:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6438:Neuropsychology
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6342:Jealousy in art
6085:in conversation
6007:Amygdala hijack
5920:
5858:
5852:
5843:
5832:sense of wonder
5160:
5150:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5054:
5026:
5021:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4978:
4974:
4919:
4915:
4884:
4880:
4857:
4853:
4843:Wayback Machine
4833:
4829:
4822:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4779:
4775:
4752:
4745:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4546:
4542:
4503:
4499:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4340:
4336:
4321:
4317:
4272:
4268:
4223:
4216:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4118:(9): CD006727.
4104:
4097:
4058:
4054:
4009:
4005:
3958:
3954:
3925:(11): 1068–83.
3915:
3911:
3874:
3870:
3864:Wayback Machine
3855:
3851:
3806:
3802:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3723:
3719:
3704:
3700:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3584:
3537:
3533:
3496:
3492:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3425:
3394:(11): 1075–91.
3380:
3376:
3337:
3333:
3286:
3282:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3101:
3097:
3068:
3064:
3017:
3013:
2992:(11): 1187–96.
2982:
2978:
2939:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2695:
2691:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2599:
2595:
2556:
2552:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2494:medlineplus.gov
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2422:(22): 2373–83.
2408:
2404:
2375:
2371:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2279:(22): 2373–83.
2265:
2261:
2216:
2212:
2167:
2163:
2116:
2112:
2067:
2063:
2018:
2014:
1974:
1970:
1925:
1921:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1834:
1827:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1566:Alain Ehrenberg
1562:
1513:meaninglessness
1455:, "black", and
1428:Richard Baker's
1414:
1408:
1364:
1358:
1333:antidepressants
1317:
1311:
1271:
1255:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1135:
1127:
1071:
1065:
1017:hypoandrogenism
1009:
1003:
991:benzodiazepines
987:
975:hormonal agents
963:anticonvulsants
939:
922:
901:
895:
856:
849:(New York City)
842:
832:
746:
717:
716:
715:
280:
279:
270:
249:Self-regulation
247:
50:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Depressive mood
15:
12:
11:
5:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:somatic marker
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6369:
6367:Stoic passions
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6315:social sharing
6312:
6307:
6305:self-conscious
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6248:thought method
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:lateralization
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:classification
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5760:Sentimentality
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5596:at first sight
5593:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5520:
5515:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Disappointment
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5101:
5090:
5071:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:Classification
5040:
5039:
5025:
5024:External links
5022:
5020:
5019:
4998:
4972:
4913:
4878:
4867:(4): 333–347.
4851:
4827:
4820:
4802:
4795:
4773:
4743:
4724:(3): 298–319.
4708:
4706:, Section 6.23
4695:
4688:
4666:Liddell, Henry
4657:
4631:
4628:dictionary.com
4619:
4591:
4540:
4497:
4446:
4420:
4395:
4377:
4350:(8): 973–989.
4334:
4315:
4266:
4237:(3): 316–317.
4214:
4196:
4177:
4147:
4095:
4068:(8): 789–803.
4052:
4003:
3952:
3909:
3888:(7): 631–648.
3868:
3849:
3800:
3765:
3737:(5): 372–380.
3717:
3698:
3681:978-0822352389
3680:
3660:
3607:
3600:
3582:
3531:
3490:
3454:
3423:
3374:
3331:
3280:
3239:
3233:978-0890420256
3232:
3214:
3188:
3173:
3156:
3138:
3111:(S6): S17-20.
3095:
3062:
3011:
2976:
2949:(9): 1276–86.
2933:
2930:978-1437704341
2916:
2879:(2): 136–145.
2859:
2844:
2815:
2774:
2748:
2689:
2670:(5): 768–821.
2654:
2636:
2593:
2550:
2531:(3): 176–190.
2511:
2481:
2451:
2402:
2369:
2334:
2308:
2259:
2210:
2161:
2110:
2061:
2032:(3): 174–186.
2012:
1968:
1939:(2): 333–345.
1919:
1892:(6): 693–710.
1876:
1861:
1846:
1825:
1794:(5): 544–562.
1774:
1737:
1707:
1656:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1435:Samuel Johnson
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1372:disease burden
1360:Main article:
1357:
1354:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1251:
1180:Ann Cvetkovich
1154:
1151:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1075:mood disorders
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1053:celiac disease
1033:hypothyroidism
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
986:
983:
971:antipsychotics
938:
935:
921:
918:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
855:
852:
831:
828:
800:mood disorders
748:
747:
745:
744:
737:
730:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
406:Disappointment
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
281:
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
262:
261:
256:
245:
240:
235:
230:
228:Classification
225:
219:
216:
215:
202:
201:
195:
194:
182:
181:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
146:
140:
139:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
86:
80:
79:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6455:
6444:
6443:Mental states
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:dysregulation
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6097:interpersonal
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:in psychology
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:consciousness
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:Schadenfreude
5740:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:Mono no aware
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5462:Joie de vivre
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:Gratification
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:Embarrassment
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:Belongingness
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:(5): 509–22.
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4823:
4821:0-7382-0354-8
4817:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4762:(4): 115–18.
4761:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4702:Hippocrates,
4699:
4691:
4689:0-19-910207-4
4685:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3820:(9): 606–13.
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:(5): 427–49.
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:(5): 427–49.
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3259:(5): 383–90.
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2794:(12): 28–41.
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:(12B): 54–8.
2349:
2345:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2081:(1): 92–103.
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(2): 359–72.
1984:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1676:(2): 178–82.
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Viktor Frankl
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:Ancient Greek
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:public health
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:schizophrenia
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:beta-blockers
934:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
900:
890:
888:
884:
880:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
848:
836:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
724:
723:
721:
720:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Schadenfreude
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Gratification
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Embarrassment
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Determination
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Belongingness
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
274:
273:
267:
264:
260:
259:Dysregulation
257:
255:
254:Interpersonal
252:
251:
250:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
217:
213:
208:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:Psychotherapy
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
36:
34:
19:
6407:
6347:Meta-emotion
6260:Emotionality
6233:responsivity
6181:and bullying
6176:intelligence
5986:Affectivity
5970:neuroscience
5940:in education
5523:
5484:Homesickness
5460:
5386:Enthrallment
5371:Emotion work
5323:
5234:Anticipation
5103:
5092:
5073:
5058:
5013:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
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4670:Robert Scott
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4644:
4639:Wolpert, L.
4634:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4603:
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4534:10261/170378
4514:
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4437:. Retrieved
4433:
4423:
4411:. Retrieved
4407:
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4343:
4337:
4329:MakeItOK.org
4328:
4318:
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4230:
4209:The Guardian
4208:
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4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4159:
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3712:The Atlantic
3711:
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3510:(7): 680–4.
3507:
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3493:
3471:(3): 214–7.
3468:
3464:
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3437:The Guardian
3436:
3426:
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3340:
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3294:BMC Medicine
3293:
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3205:. Retrieved
3201:
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3104:
3098:
3082:(2): 85–89.
3079:
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2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2825:
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2791:
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2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2706:
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2524:
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2493:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2463:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2389:(1): 11–16.
2386:
2382:
2372:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2311:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2181:(1): 73–87.
2178:
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2078:
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2029:
2025:
2015:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1889:
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1879:
1870:
1864:
1837:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1756:
1753:"Depression"
1728:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:"Depression"
1637:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1521:
1498:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1441:
1439:
1430:
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1397:
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1369:
1365:
1356:Epidemiology
1350:
1345:Reminiscence
1343:
1340:
1337:
1326:
1318:
1272:
1256:
1224:
1204:
1196:internalized
1184:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1125:Inflammation
1103:
1072:
1057:
1041:Lyme disease
1010:
988:
959:isotretinoin
950:
940:
926:extraversion
923:
902:
875:
871:
867:green spaces
857:
803:
797:
757:mental state
752:
751:
390:
326:Anticipation
118:Risk factors
73:
46:
33:Hopelessness
32:
6275:and culture
6080:recognition
6065:homeostatic
5965:forecasting
5914:Weltschmerz
5887:Misanthropy
5664:grandiosity
5546:Inspiration
5536:Infatuation
5504:Humiliation
5426:Frustration
5299:Contentment
4849:. pp 14–15.
3447:11 December
3181:Gabbard G.
2566:(1): 1–19.
1757:www.who.int
1617:Melancholia
1540:Karl Kleist
1517:logotherapy
1515:. Frankl's
1501:Existential
1467:Hippocrates
1463:melancholia
1321:side effect
1192:stereotypes
955:finasteride
930:neuroticism
920:Personality
854:Life events
843: 1729
531:Humiliation
476:Frustration
376:Contentment
75:melancholia
6422:Categories
6352:Pathognomy
6253:well-being
6169:and gender
6164:expression
6159:exhaustion
6144:detachment
6129:competence
6110:Emotional
6092:regulation
6075:perception
6070:in animals
6020:and memory
5956:Affective
5864:Worldviews
5726:melancholy
5711:Resentment
5581:Loneliness
5556:Irritation
5541:Insecurity
5531:Indulgence
5406:Excitement
5391:Enthusiasm
5324:Depression
5284:Confidence
5279:Compassion
5254:Attraction
5179:Admiration
5174:Acceptance
5105:DiseasesDB
4756:Psychiatry
4650:30 October
4612:9 November
4560:(1): 101.
4439:6 November
4413:6 November
4408:www.cso.ie
4023:: 105103.
3202:bpHope.com
2837:14 January
2788:Psychiatry
2504:29 October
2474:29 October
2327:9 February
1730:22 October
1630:References
1505:humanistic
1490:endogenous
1461:, "bile",
1418:depression
1309:Management
1227:epigenetic
1194:are often
1019:(in men),
806:, such as
804:depression
793:motivation
753:Depression
636:Resentment
561:Loneliness
451:Enthusiasm
391:Depression
361:Confidence
291:Admiration
286:Acceptance
233:In animals
163:Prevention
93:psychology
89:Psychiatry
70:Lithograph
55:Depression
6380:appraisal
6320:sociology
6271:Emotions
6243:symbiosis
6228:reasoning
6198:isolation
6139:contagion
6124:blackmail
6050:expressed
6045:evolution
6035:and sleep
6025:and music
5960:computing
5907:Reclusion
5902:Pessimism
5877:Defeatism
5807:Suffering
5753:Sehnsucht
5696:Rejection
5647:self-pity
5622:Nostalgia
5591:limerence
5561:Isolation
5499:Hostility
5456:Happiness
5436:Gratitude
5381:Emptiness
5364:vicarious
5314:Curiosity
5289:Confusion
5229:Annoyance
5209:Amusement
5199:Agitation
5194:Affection
5189:Aesthetic
5184:Adoration
5014:France 24
4991:11 August
4967:250646781
4704:Aphorisms
4364:151752884
4039:0167-4943
3972:(1): 80.
3795:155233262
3690:779876753
2893:2050-6406
2762:BrainsWay
2545:0803-706X
2097:0020-7640
1856:436076587
1532:isoniazid
1528:reserpine
1494:exogenous
1471:Aphorisms
1431:Chronicle
1423:deprimere
1416:The term
1187:prejudice
1160:migration
1095:cognition
1083:dysthymia
995:inhalants
816:dysthymia
696:Suspicion
686:Suffering
656:Self-pity
621:Rejection
576:Nostalgia
556:Limerence
526:Hostility
506:Happiness
486:Gratitude
431:Elevation
386:Curiosity
366:Confusion
321:Annoyance
301:Amusement
296:Affection
171:Treatment
84:Specialty
6433:Emotions
6238:security
6218:literacy
6203:lability
6193:intimacy
6134:conflict
6114:aperture
6011:Emotion
5995:negative
5990:positive
5980:spectrum
5945:measures
5897:Optimism
5892:Nihilism
5882:Fatalism
5872:Cynicism
5817:Sympathy
5812:Surprise
5654:Pleasure
5576:Kindness
5566:Jealousy
5551:Interest
5518:Hysteria
5401:Euphoria
5344:Distrust
5294:Contempt
5274:Calmness
5166:Emotions
5153:Emotions
4959:35854107
4950:10618090
4839:Archived
4672:(1980).
4586:24690184
4492:25789499
4310:17826169
4261:28941110
4164:Archived
4142:27609183
4090:21839684
4082:29166223
4047:37354738
3998:29510704
3939:23922209
3904:29690792
3860:Archived
3844:11556941
3753:26410355
3640:26168502
3577:25364500
3526:16491133
3485:19251324
3441:Archived
3418:26357876
3361:26168502
3326:24228900
3275:16651048
3133:27576624
3125:25370278
3057:28706741
3031:: 1–10.
3006:22412144
2971:32439196
2963:21474250
2911:25922673
2810:19724774
2767:30 April
2735:Archived
2731:23548727
2723:27523506
2684:20804236
2631:11623499
2588:20800688
2580:17570526
2498:Archived
2468:Archived
2446:26647259
2364:16414327
2303:26647259
2254:27923088
2205:36725776
2196:10390645
2156:34315817
2105:29212385
2056:16311898
2007:24138761
1999:24122075
1963:20607119
1906:18602762
1820:29769159
1761:Archived
1724:Archived
1722:. 2016.
1702:23825855
1560:See also
1380:dementia
1269:Theories
1253:Measures
1208:genocide
977:such as
785:pleasure
777:feelings
773:behavior
769:thoughts
691:Surprise
601:Pleasure
551:Kindness
541:Jealousy
536:Interest
461:Euphoria
416:Distrust
371:Contempt
278:Emotions
199:Emotions
191:a series
189:Part of
100:Symptoms
6408:Italics
6371:Theory
6327:Feeling
6280:history
6265:bounded
6223:prosody
6030:and sex
6015:and art
5975:science
5931:Affect
5925:Related
5800:chronic
5775:Shyness
5735:Saudade
5721:Sadness
5716:Revenge
5706:Remorse
5637:Passion
5627:Outrage
5617:Neglect
5477:Hiraeth
5376:Empathy
5354:Ecstasy
5339:Disgust
5309:Cruelty
5304:Courage
5269:Boredom
5249:Arousal
5239:Anxiety
5224:Anguish
5099:D003863
4908:5319766
4738:6350428
4577:4230277
4483:4372159
4466:: E38.
4301:2847360
4252:5608832
4170:27 June
4160:UN News
4133:6457610
3989:5839058
3947:8892132
3835:1495268
3648:1512121
3568:4215336
3409:6511978
3369:1512121
3317:3846682
3300:: 200.
3207:20 July
3048:5494581
2902:4406898
2801:2729620
2623:8936909
2437:4866499
2294:4866499
2245:5613659
2147:8346882
2047:3232061
1954:2894713
1914:2629673
1811:7032752
1767:7 April
1693:3696244
1605:Feeling
1469:in his
1406:History
1327:The UK
1212:slavery
820:sadness
759:of low
671:Shyness
646:Saudade
641:Sadness
631:Remorse
591:Passion
581:Outrage
446:Empathy
426:Ecstasy
411:Disgust
381:Courage
356:Boredom
341:Arousal
331:Anxiety
316:Anguish
266:Valence
149:Anxiety
35:(album)
6375:affect
6357:Pathos
6310:social
6154:eating
5827:Wonder
5795:Stress
5785:Sorrow
5701:Relief
5691:Regret
5679:vanity
5674:insult
5669:hubris
5524:Ikigai
5494:Horror
5470:Hatred
5329:Desire
5319:Defeat
5244:Apathy
4965:
4957:
4947:
4906:
4818:
4793:
4736:
4686:
4584:
4574:
4554:Trials
4490:
4480:
4372:638561
4370:
4362:
4308:
4298:
4280:Lancet
4259:
4249:
4140:
4130:
4088:
4080:
4045:
4037:
3996:
3986:
3945:
3937:
3902:
3842:
3832:
3793:
3779:Nature
3751:
3688:
3678:
3646:
3638:
3598:
3575:
3565:
3551:: 10.
3524:
3483:
3416:
3406:
3367:
3359:
3324:
3314:
3273:
3230:
3131:
3123:
3055:
3045:
3004:
2969:
2961:
2928:
2909:
2899:
2891:
2808:
2798:
2741:5 July
2729:
2721:
2682:
2629:
2621:
2586:
2578:
2543:
2444:
2434:
2362:
2301:
2291:
2252:
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2203:
2193:
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2144:
2130:(31).
2103:
2095:
2054:
2044:
2005:
1997:
1961:
1951:
1912:
1904:
1854:
1844:
1818:
1808:
1700:
1690:
1649:9 June
1443:humors
1245:, and
1216:trauma
1174:, and
1119:trauma
779:, and
706:Wonder
681:Sorrow
626:Relief
616:Regret
521:Horror
511:Hatred
396:Desire
336:Apathy
223:Affect
109:Causes
6300:moral
6208:labor
6060:group
5839:Worry
5822:Trust
5790:Spite
5770:Shock
5765:Shame
5659:Pride
5632:Panic
5511:Hygge
5451:Guilt
5446:Grief
5441:Greed
5411:Faith
5349:Doubt
5219:Angst
5214:Anger
5204:Agony
4963:S2CID
4517:(1).
4390:(PDF)
4360:S2CID
4086:S2CID
3943:S2CID
3791:S2CID
3644:S2CID
3365:S2CID
3168:(PDF)
3151:(PDF)
3129:S2CID
2967:S2CID
2727:S2CID
2627:S2CID
2584:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1910:S2CID
1458:kholé
1452:melas
755:is a
711:Worry
701:Trust
666:Shock
661:Shame
606:Pride
586:Panic
501:Guilt
496:Grief
491:Greed
466:Faith
421:Doubt
311:Angst
306:Anger
6119:bias
6104:work
5686:Rage
5642:Pity
5603:Lust
5586:Love
5489:Hope
5421:Flow
5416:Fear
5396:Envy
5157:list
5110:3589
5094:MeSH
4993:2022
4955:PMID
4904:PMID
4816:ISBN
4791:ISBN
4734:PMID
4684:ISBN
4652:2008
4614:2023
4582:PMID
4488:PMID
4441:2023
4415:2023
4306:PMID
4257:PMID
4172:2019
4138:PMID
4116:2016
4078:PMID
4043:PMID
4035:ISSN
3994:PMID
3935:PMID
3900:PMID
3840:PMID
3749:PMID
3686:OCLC
3676:ISBN
3636:PMID
3596:ISBN
3573:PMID
3522:PMID
3481:PMID
3449:2016
3414:PMID
3357:PMID
3322:PMID
3271:PMID
3228:ISBN
3209:2024
3121:PMID
3053:PMID
3029:2017
3002:PMID
2959:PMID
2926:ISBN
2907:PMID
2889:ISSN
2839:2017
2806:PMID
2769:2024
2743:2019
2719:PMID
2680:PMID
2619:PMID
2576:PMID
2541:ISSN
2506:2020
2476:2020
2442:PMID
2416:JAMA
2360:PMID
2329:2015
2299:PMID
2273:JAMA
2250:PMID
2224:JAMA
2201:PMID
2152:PMID
2101:PMID
2093:ISSN
2052:PMID
1995:PMID
1959:PMID
1902:PMID
1852:OCLC
1842:ISBN
1816:PMID
1769:2021
1732:2020
1720:NIMH
1698:PMID
1651:2022
1530:and
1503:and
1247:PTSD
973:and
951:Beta
912:and
814:and
761:mood
611:Rage
596:Pity
571:Lust
566:Love
516:Hope
471:Fear
456:Envy
243:Mood
5571:Joy
5259:Awe
5088:F33
5084:F32
5075:ICD
5069:6A7
5060:ICD
4945:PMC
4935:doi
4896:doi
4892:122
4869:doi
4764:doi
4726:doi
4572:PMC
4562:doi
4529:hdl
4519:doi
4478:PMC
4468:doi
4352:doi
4296:PMC
4288:doi
4284:370
4247:PMC
4239:doi
4128:PMC
4120:doi
4070:doi
4066:151
4025:doi
4021:114
3984:PMC
3974:doi
3927:doi
3890:doi
3886:175
3830:PMC
3822:doi
3783:doi
3739:doi
3628:doi
3563:PMC
3553:doi
3512:doi
3473:doi
3469:116
3404:PMC
3396:doi
3392:172
3349:doi
3312:PMC
3302:doi
3261:doi
3257:119
3113:doi
3109:199
3084:doi
3043:PMC
3033:doi
2994:doi
2951:doi
2897:PMC
2881:doi
2796:PMC
2711:doi
2672:doi
2668:136
2611:doi
2568:doi
2533:doi
2432:PMC
2424:doi
2420:314
2391:doi
2352:doi
2348:118
2289:PMC
2281:doi
2277:314
2240:PMC
2232:doi
2228:316
2191:PMC
2183:doi
2142:PMC
2132:doi
2128:118
2083:doi
2042:PMC
2034:doi
2030:256
1987:doi
1949:PMC
1941:doi
1894:doi
1806:PMC
1796:doi
1688:PMC
1678:doi
789:joy
787:or
546:Joy
346:Awe
6424::
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5097::
5086:,
5082::
5079:10
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