327:. Detritivores and decomposers that reside in the desert live in burrows underground to avoid the hot surface since underground conditions provide favorable living conditions for them. Detritivores are the main organisms in clearing plant litter and recycling nutrients in the desert. Due to the limited vegetation available in the desert, desert detritivores adapted and evolved ways to feed in the extreme conditions of the desert. Detritivore feeding behaviour is affected by rainfall; moist soil increases detritivore feeding and excretion.
285:
1023:
144:
273:
251:
300:. Alongside decomposers, they reintroduce vital elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium back into the soil, allowing plants to take in these elements and use them for growth. They shred the dead plant matter which releases the trapped nutrients in the plant tissues. An abundance of detritivores in the soil allows the ecosystem to efficiently recycle nutrients.
20:
223:
Detritivores can be classified into more specific groups based on their size and biomes. Macrodetritivores are larger organisms such as millipedes, springtails, and woodlouse, while microdetritivores are smaller organisms such as bacteria.
722:
759:
230:
are not typically thought to be detritivores, as they generally eat large quantities of organic matter, but both detritivores and scavengers are the same type of cases of
125:. Detritivores perform the first stage of remineralization, by fragmenting the dead plant matter, allowing decomposers to perform the second stage of remineralization.
140:) that decay at a much lower rate than other organic molecules. The activity of detritivores is the reason why we do not see an accumulation of plant litter in nature.
280:. Decaying wood fills an important ecological niche, providing habitat and shelter, and returning important nutrients to the soil after undergoing decomposition.
733:
718:
512:
Schmitz, Oswald J; Buchkowski, Robert W; Burghardt, Karin T; Donihue, Colin M. (2015-01-01), Pawar, Samraat; Woodward, Guy; Dell, Anthony I (eds.),
529:
105:, which are unable to ingest discrete lumps of matter. Instead, these other decomposers live by absorbing and metabolizing on a molecular scale (
2148:
1401:
2292:
751:
2362:
514:"Chapter Ten – Functional Traits and Trait-Mediated Interactions: Connecting Community-Level Interactions with Ecosystem Functioning"
1934:
551:"Macro-detritivore identity and biomass along with moisture availability control forest leaf litter breakdown in a field experiment"
1899:
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2100:
444:
410:
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2565:
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2141:
1982:
1394:
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2110:
1977:
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549:
De Smedt, Pallieter; Wasof, Safaa; Van de Weghe, Tom; Hermy, Martin; Bonte, Dries; Verheyen, Kris (2018-10-01).
2782:
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1596:
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231:
1379:
520:, Trait-Based Ecology – From Structure to Function, vol. 52, Academic Press, pp. 319–343,
2853:
2848:
2818:
2622:
2085:
1967:
349:
on sediments directly to extract the organic component, some detritivores incidentally concentrate
2126:
1757:
783:"Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Fates, Impacts and Microbial Degradation - PMC"
2697:
2560:
2470:
2338:
2220:
2190:
2047:
2012:
1732:
1699:
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1348:
338:, and so large deposits of dead plant tissue accumulated during this period, later becoming the
117:
are often used interchangeably, but they describe different organisms. Detritivores are usually
2843:
2787:
2722:
2585:
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2455:
2017:
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331:
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Fungi, acting as decomposers, are important in today's terrestrial environment. During the
297:
8:
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1358:
1008:
809:
782:
694:
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638:
606:"Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling"
605:
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489:
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86:
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2007:
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1207:
1022:
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209:
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167:
82:
684:
668:"Effects of Detritivores on Nutrient Dynamics and Corn Biomass in Mesocosms"
2903:
2888:
2545:
2515:
2460:
2343:
2308:
2185:
1684:
1335:
1212:
1100:
921:
911:
818:
703:
666:
Lindsey-Robbins J, Vázquez-Ortega A, McCluney K, Pelini S (December 2019).
665:
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217:
66:
799:
143:
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1704:
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891:
339:
255:
162:. They can live on any type of soil with an organic component, including
148:
78:
50:
16:
Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces
465:"Burrowing detritivores regulate nutrient cycling in a desert ecosystem"
239:
2908:
2485:
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2090:
2042:
1987:
1957:
1863:
1780:
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1551:
1320:
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90:
70:
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1409:
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1131:
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1044:
1031:
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931:
916:
906:
866:
827:
353:
235:
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159:
151:
129:
118:
23:
292:
Detritivores play an important role as recyclers in the ecosystem's
250:
2868:
2797:
2328:
2156:
1835:
1747:
1694:
1649:
1151:
1039:
304:
182:
94:
58:
54:
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2535:
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1410:
1291:
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957:
881:
511:
346:
316:
312:
102:
1296:
1286:
335:
265:
133:
548:
334:, fungi and bacteria had yet to evolve the capacity to digest
238:. The activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called
234:. The consumption of wood, whether alive or dead, is known as
350:
190:
137:
98:
74:
62:
19:
197:
264:. Only fungi produce the enzymes necessary to decompose
128:
Plant tissues are made up of resilient molecules (e.g.
661:
659:
657:
433:
Plant
Ecology, Origins, Processes, Consequences 2nd Ed
462:
81:. By doing so, all these detritivores contribute to
654:
89:. Detritivores should be distinguished from other
463:Sagi N, GrĂĽnzweig JM, Hawlena D (November 2019).
242:-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous.
2945:
732:. Vol. 21. pp. 191–206. Archived from
730:Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine environments
268:, a chemically complex substance found in wood.
61:(decomposing plant and animal parts as well as
405:(3rd. ed.). Academic Press. p. 700.
2142:
1395:
843:
166:, where they are termed interchangeably with
158:Detritivores are an important aspect of many
154:lap at a small lump of feces lying on a rock.
780:
426:
424:
422:
307:, though the term can be applied to certain
781:Yang, H.; Chen, G.; Wang, J. (2024-02-02).
458:
456:
2363:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2149:
2135:
1402:
1388:
850:
836:
808:
798:
693:
683:
637:
488:
419:
315:. These organisms play a crucial role in
2261:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1900:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
597:
453:
283:
271:
249:
142:
18:
2293:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
752:"White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation"
258:in most environments, illustrated here
2946:
2101:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
857:
749:
728:. In Blackbrun TH, Sorensen J (eds.).
716:
400:
173:Typical detritivorous animals include
2130:
1383:
831:
762:from the original on 24 December 2020
430:
2116:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
603:
403:Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems
2566:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
13:
2319:Ecological effects of biodiversity
723:"Nitrogen in benthic food chains."
288:Detritivore nutrient cycling model
276:A decaying tree trunk in Canada's
14:
2990:
1655:Generalist and specialist species
303:Many detritivores live in mature
2378:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1021:
630:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x
469:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2398:Relative abundance distribution
2111:Plant defense against herbivory
1978:Competitive exclusion principle
1690:Mesopredator release hypothesis
774:
532:from the original on 2021-05-30
518:Advances in Ecological Research
26:are soil-dwelling detritivores.
2964:Microbial growth and nutrition
1983:Consumer–resource interactions
743:
710:
542:
505:
394:
319:ecosystems, forming essential
1:
2829:Biological data visualization
2656:Environmental niche modelling
2383:Population viability analysis
388:
2314:Density-dependent inhibition
575:10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.07.010
216:such as worms of the family
212:, and some sedentary marine
7:
2979:Animals by eating behaviors
2783:Liebig's law of the minimum
2618:Resource selection function
1509:Metabolic theory of ecology
526:10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.01.003
359:
121:and help in the process of
65:). There are many kinds of
10:
2995:
2683:Niche apportionment models
2403:Relative species abundance
1607:Primary nutritional groups
1504:List of feeding behaviours
437:Cambridge University Press
245:
93:, such as many species of
2932:
2864:Ecosystem based fisheries
2806:
2706:
2631:
2504:
2476:Interspecific competition
2441:
2368:Minimum viable population
2301:
2226:Maximum sustainable yield
2211:Intraspecific competition
2206:Effective population size
2169:
2086:Anti-predator adaptations
2071:
1950:
1877:
1834:
1756:
1723:
1620:
1597:Photosynthetic efficiency
1532:
1426:
1369:Category:Eating behaviors
1344:
1190:
1114:
1093:
1030:
1019:
986:
950:
874:
865:
750:Biello D (28 June 2012).
604:Getz WM (February 2011).
383:Consumer-resource systems
323:and participating in the
232:consumer-resource systems
2854:Ecological stoichiometry
2819:Alternative stable state
717:Tenore KR, et al. (
2698:Ontogenetic niche shift
2561:Ideal free distribution
2471:Ecological facilitation
2221:Malthusian growth model
2191:Consumer-resource model
2048:Paradox of the plankton
2013:Energy systems language
1733:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1700:Optimal foraging theory
1675:Heterotrophic nutrition
1349:Antipredator adaptation
685:10.3390/insects10120453
2844:Ecological forecasting
2788:Marginal value theorem
2586:Landscape epidemiology
2521:Cross-boundary subsidy
2456:Biological interaction
1806:Microbial intelligence
1494:Green world hypothesis
481:10.1098/rspb.2019.1647
371:Saprotrophic nutrition
289:
281:
269:
254:Fungi are the primary
155:
107:saprotrophic nutrition
27:
2849:Ecological humanities
2748:Ecological energetics
2693:Niche differentiation
2556:Habitat fragmentation
2324:Ecological extinction
2271:Small population size
2023:Feed conversion ratio
2003:Ecological succession
1935:San Francisco Estuary
1849:Ecological efficiency
1791:Microbial cooperation
800:10.3390/toxics9020041
298:biogeochemical cycles
287:
275:
253:
146:
22:
2874:Evolutionary ecology
2839:Ecological footprint
2834:Ecological economics
2758:Ecological threshold
2753:Ecological indicator
2623:Source–sink dynamics
2576:Land change modeling
2571:Insular biogeography
2423:Species distribution
2162:Modelling ecosystems
1821:Microbial metabolism
1660:Intraguild predation
1449:Biogeochemical cycle
1415:Modelling ecosystems
555:Applied Soil Ecology
377:Nepenthes ampullaria
332:Carboniferous period
2924:Theoretical ecology
2899:Natural environment
2763:Ecosystem diversity
2733:Ecological collapse
2723:Bateman's principle
2678:Limiting similarity
2591:Landscape limnology
2413:Species homogeneity
2251:Population modeling
2246:Population dynamics
2063:Trophic state index
1364:Carnivorous protist
1218:Intraguild predator
756:Scientific American
622:2011EcolL..14..113G
567:2018AppSE.131...47D
2935:Outline of ecology
2884:Industrial ecology
2879:Functional ecology
2743:Ecological deficit
2688:Niche construction
2651:Ecosystem engineer
2428:Species–area curve
2349:Introduced species
2164:: Other components
2096:Deimatic behaviour
1998:Ecological network
1930:North Pacific Gyre
1915:hydrothermal vents
1854:Ecological pyramid
1801:Microbial food web
1612:Primary production
1557:Foundation species
1359:Carnivorous fungus
1009:Sexual cannibalism
994:Animal cannibalism
859:Feeding behaviours
475:(1914): 20191647.
439:. pp. 92–93.
401:Wetzel RG (2001).
290:
282:
270:
156:
28:
2941:
2940:
2824:Balance of nature
2581:Landscape ecology
2466:Community ecology
2408:Species diversity
2344:Indicator species
2339:Gradient analysis
2216:Logistic function
2124:
2123:
2081:Animal coloration
2058:Trophic mutualism
1796:Microbial ecology
1587:Photoheterotrophs
1572:Myco-heterotrophy
1484:Ecosystem ecology
1469:Carrying capacity
1434:Abiotic component
1377:
1376:
1354:Carnivorous plant
1230:Aquatic predation
1017:
1016:
999:Human cannibalism
446:978-1-107-11423-4
412:978-0-12-744760-5
261:Mycena interrupta
164:marine ecosystems
2986:
2959:Eating behaviors
2641:Ecological niche
2613:selection theory
2433:Umbrella species
2418:Species richness
2354:Invasive species
2334:Flagship species
2241:Population cycle
2236:Overexploitation
2201:Ecological yield
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2033:Mesotrophic soil
1973:Climax community
1905:Marine food webs
1844:Biomagnification
1645:Chemoorganotroph
1499:Keystone species
1459:Biotic component
1404:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1223:Pursuit predator
1025:
1004:Self-cannibalism
872:
871:
852:
845:
838:
829:
828:
823:
822:
812:
802:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
747:
741:
740:
738:
727:
721:) (March 1988).
714:
708:
707:
697:
687:
663:
652:
651:
641:
601:
595:
594:
546:
540:
539:
538:
537:
509:
503:
502:
492:
460:
451:
450:
431:Keddy P (2017).
428:
417:
416:
398:
313:wet environments
123:remineralization
43:detritus feeders
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2928:
2914:Systems ecology
2802:
2773:Extinction debt
2738:Ecological debt
2728:Bioluminescence
2709:
2702:
2671:marine habitats
2646:Ecological trap
2627:
2507:
2500:
2443:
2437:
2393:Rapoport's rule
2388:Priority effect
2329:Endemic species
2297:
2256:Population size
2172:
2165:
2155:
2125:
2120:
2073:
2067:
2053:Trophic cascade
1963:Bioaccumulation
1946:
1873:
1830:
1752:
1719:
1616:
1528:
1489:Ecosystem model
1422:
1408:
1378:
1373:
1340:
1331:Surplus killing
1203:Ambush predator
1186:
1110:
1089:
1026:
1013:
982:
946:
861:
856:
826:
779:
775:
765:
763:
748:
744:
736:
725:
715:
711:
664:
655:
610:Ecology Letters
602:
598:
547:
543:
535:
533:
510:
506:
461:
454:
447:
429:
420:
413:
399:
395:
391:
362:
248:
87:nutrient cycles
77:that carry out
47:detritus eaters
33:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Microecosystem
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2793:Thorson's rule
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Assembly rules
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2603:
2601:Patch dynamics
2598:
2596:Metapopulation
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:Storage effect
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Neutral theory
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Native species
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Overpopulation
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Nutrient cycle
2035:
2030:
2028:Feeding frenzy
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Energy quality
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Cascade effect
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Microbial loop
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Lithoautotroph
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:Microorganisms
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1715:Prey switching
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Photosynthesis
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Chemosynthesis
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Abiotic stress
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Hypercarnivore
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1282:Cattle feeding
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1265:Feeding frenzy
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Suction feeder
1247:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Seed predation
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
876:
869:
863:
862:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
825:
824:
773:
742:
739:on 2007-06-10.
709:
653:
596:
541:
504:
452:
445:
418:
411:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
380:
373:
368:
361:
358:
325:nitrogen cycle
309:bottom-feeders
247:
244:
168:bottom feeders
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Urban ecology
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Kleiber's law
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Foster's rule
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1869:Trophic level
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:Phage ecology
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Microbial mat
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Bacteriophage
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Decomposition
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Mesopredators
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Apex predator
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Biotic stress
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Mesocarnivore
1314:
1312:
1311:Hypocarnivore
1309:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:Filter feeder
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Bottom feeder
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Apex predator
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:cannibalistic
985:
979:
976:
974:
973:Breastfeeding
971:
969:
968:Placentophagy
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Egg predation
885:
883:
880:
879:
877:
873:
870:
868:
864:
860:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
830:
820:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
761:
757:
753:
746:
735:
731:
724:
720:
713:
705:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
660:
658:
649:
645:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:(2): 113–24.
615:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
500:
496:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
457:
448:
442:
438:
434:
427:
425:
423:
414:
408:
404:
397:
393:
384:
381:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
355:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
286:
279:
278:boreal forest
274:
267:
263:
262:
257:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
210:fiddler crabs
207:
206:sea cucumbers
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
153:
150:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:). The terms
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:decomposition
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:invertebrates
64:
60:
57:by consuming
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:detritophages
36:
32:
25:
21:
2974:Soil biology
2954:Detritivores
2904:Regime shift
2889:Macroecology
2610:
2606:
2546:Edge effects
2516:Biogeography
2461:Commensalism
2309:Biodiversity
2186:Allee effect
1925:kelp forests
1878:Example webs
1743:Detritivores
1742:
1582:Organotrophs
1562:Kinetotrophs
1514:Productivity
1336:Trophallaxis
1240:Pivot feeder
1235:Lunge feeder
1213:Egg predator
1141:
1101:Phagocytosis
951:reproductive
922:Myrmecophagy
912:Molluscivore
790:
786:
776:
764:. Retrieved
755:
745:
734:the original
729:
712:
675:
671:
613:
609:
599:
558:
554:
544:
534:, retrieved
517:
507:
472:
468:
435:. New York:
432:
402:
396:
375:
344:
340:fossil fuels
329:
302:
291:
259:
226:
222:
218:Terebellidae
172:
157:
127:
114:
110:
53:that obtain
51:heterotrophs
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:Detritivores
30:
29:
2541:Disturbance
2444:interaction
2266:Recruitment
2196:Depensation
1988:Copiotrophs
1859:Energy flow
1781:Lithotrophy
1725:Decomposers
1705:Planktivore
1680:Insectivore
1670:Heterotroph
1635:Bacterivore
1602:Phototrophs
1552:Chemotrophs
1524:Restoration
1474:Competition
1157:Planktivore
1142:Detritivore
1137:Coprophagia
1127:Bacterivore
1122:Microbivory
1106:Myzocytosis
1065:Nectarivore
1055:Graminivore
902:Lepidophagy
897:Insectivore
892:Hematophagy
678:(12): 453.
321:food chains
294:energy flow
256:decomposers
214:Polychaetes
195:terrestrial
179:springtails
152:butterflies
149:Adonis blue
111:detritivore
91:decomposers
71:vertebrates
2948:Categories
2909:Sexecology
2486:Parasitism
2451:Antibiosis
2286:Resistance
2281:Resilience
2171:Population
2091:Camouflage
2043:Oligotroph
1958:Ascendency
1920:intertidal
1910:cold seeps
1864:Food chain
1665:Herbivores
1640:Carnivores
1567:Mixotrophs
1542:Autotrophs
1421:components
1321:Parasitism
1255:Bait balls
1245:Ram feeder
1177:Plastivore
1172:Lithotroph
1162:Saprophagy
1085:Osteophagy
1075:Palynivore
1032:Herbivores
963:Paedophagy
937:Spongivore
927:Ophiophagy
867:Carnivores
536:2021-02-20
389:References
366:Decomposer
354:pollutants
228:Scavengers
187:dung flies
175:millipedes
160:ecosystems
119:arthropods
115:decomposer
79:coprophagy
35:detrivores
24:Earthworms
2814:Allometry
2768:Emergence
2496:Symbiosis
2481:Mutualism
2276:Stability
2181:Abundance
1993:Dominance
1951:Processes
1940:tide pool
1836:Food webs
1710:Predation
1695:Omnivores
1622:Consumers
1577:Mycotroph
1534:Producers
1479:Ecosystem
1444:Behaviour
1326:Scavenger
1198:Predation
1167:Xenophagy
1147:Geophagia
1132:Fungivore
1080:Xylophagy
1070:Mellivory
1050:Frugivore
1045:Florivore
942:Vermivore
932:Piscivore
917:Mucophagy
907:Man-eater
793:(2): 41.
583:0929-1393
561:: 47–54.
236:xylophagy
202:sea stars
130:cellulose
55:nutrients
2969:Mycology
2869:Endolith
2798:Xerosere
2710:networks
2526:Ecocline
2072:Defense,
1748:Detritus
1650:Foraging
1519:Resource
1277:Browsing
1152:Omnivore
1094:Cellular
1040:Folivore
819:33671786
766:9 August
760:Archived
704:31847249
648:21199247
591:92379245
530:archived
499:31662076
360:See also
305:woodland
183:woodlice
103:protists
95:bacteria
85:and the
59:detritus
2859:Ecopath
2666:Habitat
2536:Ecotype
2531:Ecotone
2508:ecology
2506:Spatial
2442:Species
2302:Species
2173:ecology
2158:Ecology
2106:Mimicry
2074:counter
2018:f-ratio
1766:Archaea
1454:Biomass
1427:General
1419:Trophic
1411:Ecology
1292:Grazing
1191:Methods
978:Weaning
958:Oophagy
882:Avivore
810:7927104
695:6955738
672:Insects
639:3032891
618:Bibcode
563:Bibcode
490:6842856
347:feeding
317:benthic
246:Ecology
193:, many
1890:Rivers
1786:Marine
1297:Forage
1287:Fodder
1115:Others
817:
807:
787:Toxics
702:
692:
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1885:Lakes
875:adult
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726:(PDF)
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351:toxic
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1182:Pica
815:PMID
768:2020
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579:ISSN
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