1172:. The central focus of these texts is how a Brahmin male should conduct himself during his lifetime. The text of Āpastamba which is best preserved has a total of 1,364 sūtras out of which 1,206 (88 per cent) are devoted to the Brahmin, whereas only 158 (12 per cent) deals with topics of general nature. The structure of the Dharmasūtras begin with the vedic initiation of a young boy followed by entry into adulthood, marriage and responsibilities of adult life that includes adoption, inheritance, death rituals and ancestral offerings. According to Olivelle, the reason Dharmasutras introduced vedic initiation was to make the individual subject to Dharma precepts at school, by making him a 'twice born' man, because children were considered exempt from Dharma precepts in the vedic tradition.
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cultured people) or the practice of cultured people as the third source of dharma. Both Baudhāyana
Dharmasutra and Vāsiṣṭha Dharmasutra make the practices of śiṣṭa as a source of dharma, but both state that the geographical location of such polite cultured people does not limit the usefulness of universal precepts contained in their practices. In case of conflict between different sources of dharma, Gautama Dharmasutra states that the Vedas prevail over other sources, and if two Vedic texts are in conflict then the individual has a choice to follow either.
1251:Āpastamba used a hermeneutic strategy that asserted that the Vedas once contained all knowledge including that of ideal Dharma, but parts of Vedas have been lost. Human customs developed from the original complete Vedas, but given the lost text, one must use customs between good people as a source to infer what the original Vedas might have stated the Dharma to be. This theory, called the 'lost Veda' theory, made the study of customs of good people as a source of dharma and guide to proper living, states Olivelle.
1456:
of Smriti, customs of polite learned people, and one's conscience as source of dharma. The historical reality, states
Patrick Olivelle, is very different from the theological reference to the Vedas, and the dharma taught in the Dharmaśāstra has little to do with the Vedas. These were customs, norms or pronouncements of the writers of these texts that were likely derived from evolving regional ethical, ideological, cultural and legal practices.
887:
1635:). These arose primarily because of the conflict and disagreements on a particular subject across the various Dharma texts. These digests attempted to reconcile, bridge or suggest a compromise guideline to the numerous disagreements in the primary texts, however the digests in themselves disagreed with each other even on basic principles. Geographically, the medieval era digest writers came from many different parts of India, such as
1425:
49:
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manner. Brihaspati-smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than
Manusmriti, yet both Brihaspati-smriti and Katyayana-smriti seem to have been predominantly devoted to judicial process and jurisprudence. The writers of Dharmasastras acknowledged their mutual differences, and developed a "doctrine of consensus" reflecting regional customs and preferences.
820:, these texts are also elaborate law commentaries based on vedas, Dharmashastra themselves evolved from dharmshutra. There are many Dharmashastras, variously estimated to number from 18 to over 100. Each of these texts exists in many different versions, and each is rooted in Dharmasutra texts dated to the 1st millennium BCE that emerged from
1155:. Baudhāyana also came from south although evidence regarding this is weaker than that of Āpastamba. Gautama likely came from western region, nearer to the northwestern region to which Pāṇini belonged, and one which corresponds to where Maratha people in modern India are found. Nothing can be said about Vasiṣṭha due to lack of any evidence.
2029:, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various
1459:
The
Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts, as they have survived into the modern era, were not authored by a single author. They were viewed by the ancient and medieval era commentators, states Olivelle, to be the works of many authors. Robert Lingat adds that these texts suggest that "a rich literature
1147:
There is uncertainty regarding the dates of these documents due to lack of evidence concerning these documents. Kane has posited the following dates for the texts, for example, though other scholars disagree: Gautama 600 BCE to 400 BCE, Āpastamba 450 BCE to 350 BCE, Baudhāyana 500 BCE to 200 BCE, and
998:
The
Dharmasutras can be called the guidebooks of dharma as they contain guidelines for individual and social behavior, ethical norms, as well as personal, civil and criminal law. They discuss the duties and rights of people at different stages of life like studenthood, householdership, retirement and
1415:
Of the four extant
Dharmasastras, Manusmriti, Yajnavalkyasmriti and Naradasmriti are the most important surviving texts. But, states Robert Lingat, numerous other Dharmasastras whose manuscripts are now missing, have enjoyed equal authority. Between the three, the Manusmriti became famous during the
1025:
The
Dharmasūtras are composed in sutra style and were part of a larger compilation of texts, called the Kalpasūtras which give an aphoristic description of the rituals, ceremonies and proper procedures. The Kalpasutras contain three sections, namely the Śrautasūtras which deal with vedic ceremonies,
1978:
Mimamsa literally means the "desire to think", states Donald Davis, and in colloquial historical context "how to think, interpret things, and the meaning of texts". In the early portions of the Vedas, the focus was largely on the rituals; in the later portions, largely on philosophical speculations
1519:
Prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) literally means "atonement, expiation, penance". Prāyaścitta is asserted by the
Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra texts as an alternative to incarceration and punishment, and a means of expiating bad conduct or sin such as adultery by a married person. Thus, in the Apastambha
1455:
The
Dharmashastra texts include conflicting claims on the sources of dharma. The theological claim therein asserts, without any elaboration, that Dharma just like the Vedas are eternal and timeless, the former is directly or indirectly related to the Vedas. Yet these texts also acknowledge the role
1290:
The nature of
Dharmasūtras is normative, they tell what people ought to do, but they do not tell what people actually did. Some scholars state that these sources are unreliable and worthless for historical purposes instead to use archaeology, epigraphy and other historical evidence to establish the
1243:
with, "The Righteous (dharma) and the Unrighteous (adharma) do not go around saying, 'here we are!'; Nor do gods, Gandharvas or ancestors declare, 'This is righteous and that is unrighteous'." Most laws are based on agreement between the Aryas, stated Āpastamba, on what is right and what is wrong.
1111:
The Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba and Baudhayana form a part of the Kalpasūtra but it is not easy to establish whether they were historical authors of these texts or whether these texts were composed within certain institutions attributed to their names. Moreover, Gautama and Vasiṣṭha are ancient sages
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Vasiṣṭha some sections such as inheritance and penance are reorganized, and moved from householder section to king-related section. Ollivelle suggests that these changes may be because of chronological reasons where civil law increasingly became part of the king's administrative responsibilities.
1286:
according to Gautama Dharmasutra are three: the Vedas, the Smriti (tradition), acāra (the practice) of those who know the Veda. These three sources are also found in later Dharmashastra literature. Baudhāyana Dharmasutra lists the same three, but calls the third as śiṣṭa (शिष्ट, literally polite
1175:
The structure of Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba begins with the duties of the student, then describes householder duties and rights such as inheritance, and ends with administration of the king. This forms the early structure of the Dharma texts. However, in the Dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhāyana and
1411:
have not been found, but their verses have been cited in other texts, and scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of these texts. Scholars such as Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this
1060:
About 20 Dharmasutras are known, some surviving into the modern era just as fragments of their original. Four Dharmasūtras have been translated into English, and most remain in manuscripts. All carry the names of their authors, but it is still difficult to determine who these real authors were.
2276:
Numerous Dharmasastras are known, but most are lost to history and only known from them being mentioned or quoted in other surviving texts. For example, Dharmasastras by Atri, Harita, Ushanas, Angiras, Yama, Apastamba, Samvartha, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parasara, Vyasa, Sankha, Likhita, Daksha,
2090:) Application Act of 1937 continued to be the personal and family law for Indian Muslims. For non-Muslims, a non-religious uniform civil code was passed by Indian parliament in the 1950s, and amended by its elected governments thereafter, which has since then applied to all non-Muslim Indians.
1416:
colonial British India era, yet modern scholarship states that other Dharmasastras such as the Yajnavalkyasmriti appear to have played a greater role in guiding the actual Dharma. Further, the Dharmasastras were open texts, and they underwent alterations and rewriting through their history.
1238:
or mutually agreed and accepted customs of practice first. Āpastamba thus proposed that scriptures alone cannot be source of Law (dharma), and dharma has an empirical nature. Āpastamba asserted that it is difficult to find absolute sources of law, in ancient books or current people, states
1003:. They also discuss the rites and duties of kings, judicial matters, and personal law such as matters relating to marriage and inheritance. However, Dharmasutras typically did not deal with rituals and ceremonies, a topic that was covered in the Shrautasutras and Grihyasutras texts of the
1496:
Vyavahāra (व्यवहार) literally means "judicial procedure, process, practice, conduct and behaviour". The due process, honesty in testimony, considering various sides, was justified by Dharmaśāstra authors as a form of Vedic sacrifice, failure of the due process was declared to be a sin.
1191:
in Dharmasūtras, states Olivelle is diverse, and includes accepted norms of behavior, procedures within a ritual, moral actions, righteousness and ethical attitudes, civil and criminal law, legal procedures and penance or punishment, and guidelines for proper and productive living.
1230:
are not found in the Vedic texts, nor can the behavioral rules included therein be found in any of the Vedas. This led to the incongruity between the search for legal codes and dharma rules in the theological versus the reality of epistemic origins of dharma rules and guidelines.
1460:
on dharma already existed" before these were first composed. These texts were revised and interpolated through their history because the various text manuscripts discovered in India are inconsistent with each other, and within themselves, raising concerns of their authenticity.
1500:
The Vyavahara sections of Dharma texts included chapters on duties of a king, court system, judges and witnesses, judicial process, crimes and penance or punishment. However, the discussions and procedures in different Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts diverge significantly.
1112:
related to specific vedic schools and therefore it is hard to say whether they were historical authors of these texts. The issue of authorship is further complicated by the fact that apart from Āpastamba the other Dharmasūtras have various alterations made at later times.
1026:
Gṛhyasūtras which deal with rites of passage rituals and domestic matters, and Dharmasūtras which deal with proper procedures in one's life. The Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba and Baudhāyana form a part of larger Kalpasutra texts, all of which has survived into the modern era.
1983:) of the individual. The Dharma-texts, over time and each in its own way, attempted to present their theories on rules and duties of individuals from the perspective of a society, using the insights of hermeneutics and on language developed by Mimamsa and Vedanga. The
2024:
acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the
1364:(~ 4th to 5th-century CE) has been called the "best composed" and "most homogeneous" text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition, with its superior vocabulary and level of sophistication. It may have been more influential than Manusmriti as a legal theory text.
2266:
Baudhayana, in verses 1.1.5–6, provides a complete definition of śiṣṭa as "Now, śiṣṭa are those who are free from envy and pride, who possess just a jarful of grain, who are without greed, and who are free from hypocrisy, arrogance, greed, folly and
1291:
actual legal codes in Indian history. Olivelle states that the dismissal of normative texts is unwise, as is believing that the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras texts present a uniform code of conduct and there were no divergent or dissenting views.
1158:
Scholars have varied opinions about the chronology of these documents. Regarding the age of Āpastamba and Gautama there are opposite conclusions. According to Bühler and Lingat Āpastamba is younger than Baudhāyana. Vasiṣṭha is surely a later text.
1213:
is not of human origin. This worked for rituals-related rules, but in all other matters this created numerous interpretations and different derivations. This led to documents with various working definitions, such as dharma of different regions
927:
Towards the end of the Vedic period, after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time. This led to the formation of Vedic Supplements called the
1148:
Vasiṣṭha 300 BCE to 100 BCE. Patrick Olivelle suggests that Apastamba Dharmasutra is the oldest of the extant texts in Dharmasutra genre and one by Gautama second oldest, while Robert Lingat suggests that Gautama Dharmasutra is the oldest.
902:
texts, which themselves emerged from the literary tradition of the Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, and Atharva) composed in 2nd millennium BCE to the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. These Vedic branches split into various other schools
1208:
was a question that loomed in the minds of Dharma text writers, and they tried to seek "where guidelines for Dharma can be found?" They sought to define and examine vedic injunctions as the source of Dharma, asserting that like the Vedas,
2041:
That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mohamedans, and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to.
1015:
The hymns of Ṛgveda are one of the earliest texts composed in verse. The Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the middle vedic period followed by the vedāṇga are composed in prose. The basic texts are composed in an aphoristic style known as the
1452:. The Dharmashastra texts enumerate four sources of Dharma – the precepts in the Vedas, the tradition, the virtuous conduct of those who know the Vedas, and approval of one's conscience (Atmasantushti, self-satisfaction).
2033:. The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries. The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by
1463:
The Dharmaśāstra texts present their ideas under various categories such as Acara, Vyavahara, Prayascitta and others, but they do so inconsistently. Some discuss Acara but do not discuss Vyavahara, as is the case with
1167:
The structure of these Dharmasūtras primarily addresses the Brahmins both in subject matter and the audience. The Brahmins are the creators and primary consumers of these texts. The subject matter of Dharmasūtras is
1520:
text, a willing sexual act between a male and female is subject to penance, while rape is covered by harsher judicial punishments, with a few texts such as Manusmriti suggesting public punishments in extreme cases.
1375:(~ 5th to 6th-century CE) has been called the "juridical text par excellence" and represents the only Dharmaśāstra text which deals solely with juridical matters and ignoring those of righteous conduct and penance.
1482:Ācāra (आचार) literally means "good behavior, custom". It refers to the normative behavior and practices of a community, conventions and behaviors that enable a society and various individuals therein to function.
1195:
The term Dharma also includes social institutions such as marriage, inheritance, adoption, work contracts, judicial process in case of disputes, as well personal choices such as meat as food and sexual conduct.
915:
which are prose texts that explain the meaning of the Samhita verses. The Brāhmaṇa layer expanded and some of the newer esoteric layers of text that explore the hidden meanings behind Vedic rituals were called
831:, constituting divergent commentaries and treatises on ethics particularly duties, and responsibilities to oneself and family as well as those required as a member of society. The texts include discussion of
1504:
Some Dharmaśāstra texts such as that attributed to Brihaspati, are almost entirely Vyavahāra-related texts. These were probably composed in the common era, around or after 5th-century of 1st millennium.
2083:), this information was not readily available. Hence the British colonial officials extracted from the Dharmaśāstra, the legal code to apply on non-Muslims for the purposes of colonial administration.
987:
format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a
2277:
Gautama, Satatapa, Vasistha, Prachetas, Budha, Devala, Sumantu, Jamadgni, Visvamitra, Prajapati, Paithinasi, Pitamaha, Jabala, Chhagaleya, Chyavana, Marichi, Kasyapa, Gobhila, Risyasrimaga and others.
2679:
1527:, debate the intent and thought behind the improper act, and consider penance appropriate when the "effect" had to be balanced, but "cause" was unclear. The roots of this theory are found in the
1234:
The Hindu scholar Āpastamba, in a Dharmasutra named after him (~400 BCE), made an attempt to resolve this issue of incongruity. He placed the importance of the Veda scriptures second and that of
2253:
mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts which were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in
1248:
in Hindu traditions. Āpastamba also asserted in verses 2.29.11–15, states Olivelle, that "aspects of dharma not taught in Dharmasastras can be learned from women and people of all classes".
1151:
There is confusion regarding the geographical provenance of these documents. According to Bühler and Kane, Āpastamba came from South India probably from a region corresponding to modern
1187:
is a concept which is central not only in Hinduism but also in Jainism and Buddhism. The term means a lot of things and has a wide scope of interpretation. The fundamental meaning of
932:
which literally means 'limbs of the Veda'. The Vedangas were ancillary sciences that focused on understanding and interpreting the Vedas composed many centuries earlier, and included
1987:
school of Hindu philosophy, and its insights into the theories on logic and reason, contributed to the development of and disagreements between the Dharmasastra texts, and the term
4067:
A Digest of the Hindu Law of Inheritance and Partition: From the Replies of the Sâstris in the Several Courts of the Bombay Presidency, with Introductions, Notes, and an Appendix
1963:
school of Hindu philosophy developed textual hermeneutics, theories on language and interpretation of Dharma, ideas which contributed to the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The
907:) possibly for a variety of reasons such as geography, specialization and disputes. Each Veda is further divided into two categories namely the Saṃhitā which is a collection of
980:. These extant texts cite writers and refer opinions of seventeen authorities, implying that a rich Dharmasutras tradition existed prior to when these texts were composed.
1399:
In addition, numerous other Dharmaśāstras are known, partially or indirectly, with very different ideas, customs and conflicting versions. For example, the manuscripts of
1106:(300–100 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms an independent treatise and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It contains 1,038 sutras.
2005:
Dharmaśāstras played an influential role in modern era colonial India history, when they were used as the basis for the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus,
1386:(~ 7th-century CE) is one of the latest books of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in Hinduism and also the only one which does not deal directly with the means of knowing
778:
2688:, pp. 19–22, Quote: The dharma-sutra of Apastamba suggests that a rich literature on dharma already existed. He cites ten authors by name. (...).
1947:, but her views were not widely adopted by male legal scholars of her time. The scholarly works of Lakshmidevi were also published with the pen name
1048:
The age of Smṛtis that ended around the second half of the first millennium CE was followed by that of commentaries around the 9th century called
1440:, in the fifth year of his reign (1483). Land grants made by royal decree were protected by law, with deeds often being recorded on metal plates
2691:
1082:(600–200 BCE) although this Dharmasūtra comes down as an independent treatise it may have once formed a part of the Kalpasūtra, linked to the
964:
The Dharmasutras were numerous, but only four texts have survived into the modern era. The most important of these texts are the sutras of
4677:
1299:
Written after the Dharmasūtras, these texts use a metered verse and are much more elaborate in their scope than Dharmasutras. The word
2086:
The Dharmashastra-derived laws for non-Muslim Indians were dissolved after India gained independence, but Indian Muslim Personal Law (
956:(ritual or proper procedures). The Kalpa Vedanga studies gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.
771:
4667:
3610:
4672:
1580:(820–1050 CE), Govindarāja (11th-century), Kullūka (1200–1500 CE), Narayana (14th-century), Nandana, Raghavananda, Ramacandra
4639:
4618:
4597:
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4555:
4534:
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2548:
2444:
4307:
Kugle, Scott Alan (May 2001). "Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia".
1100:(500–200 BCE) this Dharmasūtra like that of Apastamba also forms a part of the larger Kalpasūtra. It contains 1,236 sutras.
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tradition ended around the beginning of the common era and was followed by the poetic octosyllable verse style called the
1701:
764:
4246:
3819:
3578:
3561:
3211:
2420:
2403:
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James Lochtefeld (2002), "Dharma Shastras" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing,
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4241:
Timothy Lubin et al (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press,
1732:
533:
4513:
4409:
2314:
3831:
Kane, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975), Volume I, Part II, 583.
1333:(~ 2nd to 3rd century CE) is the most studied and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of
1547:) would typically interpret and explain the text of interest, accept or reject the ideas along with reasons why.
1951:, and are now considered classics in legal theories on inheritance and property rights, particularly for women.
3946:
Harshananda, Swami, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, (Ramakrishna Math, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru, 2007).
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Steven Collins (1993), The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy, Volume 21, pages 301–393
501:
4366:(London: Faber, 1968), 96; For a related distinction between religious and secular law in Dharmaśāstra, see
2385:, ed. S.A.J. Zaidi. (New Delhi, 1972), pp.167–194 and Richard W. Lariviere, "Law and Religion in India" in
1627:
Another category of secondary literature derived from the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras were the digests (
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G Srikantan (2014), Entanglements in Legal History (Editor: Thomas Duve), Max Planck Institute: Germany,
489:
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727:
528:
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A few notable historic digests on Dharmasastras were written by women. These include Lakshmidevi's
652:
647:
212:
192:
4683:
1818:
s discussed almost all aspects of society, but specialised in certain topics compared to others.
750:
632:
583:
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1943:. Lakshmidevi, state West and Bühler, gives a latitudinarian views and widest interpretation to
1317:
commentary on Panini's work (~3rd century BCE), has the oldest known single mention of the word
4713:
1381:
558:
352:
217:
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2700:, pp. 178, see note 29 for a list of 17 cited ancient scholars in different Dharmasutras.
4473:
Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system
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563:
464:
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827:
The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in poetic verse, and are part of the Hindu
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4368:
Lubin, Timothy (2007). "Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law".
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2250:
2132:
637:
202:
159:
32:
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Werner Menski (2003), Hindu Law: Beyond tradition and modernity, Oxford University Press,
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8:
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Derrett, J. Duncan M. (November 1961). "The Administration of Hindu Law by the British".
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173:
69:
259:
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4332:
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1594:), Apararka (12th-century), Sulapani (14th or 15th century), Mitramisra (17th-century)
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543:
269:
236:
154:
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1052:. This legal tradition consisted of commentaries on earlier Dharmasūtras and Smritis.
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J Duncan J Derrett (1977), Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law, Brill Academic,
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797:
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924:. The Vedic basis of Dharma literature is found in the Brahmana layer of the Vedas.
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Language, Tests, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion.
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The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras attracted secondary works called commentaries (
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Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Reflections on Dāna
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Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra
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Laws must also change with ages, stated Āpastamba, a theory that became known as
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1086:. It is likely the oldest extant Dharma text, and originated in what is modern
855:
697:
477:
197:
178:
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Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India".
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Alois Payer's Dharmaśāstra Site (in German, with copious extracts in English)
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which literally means thread on which each aphorism is strung like a pearl.
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2180:
1871:
1746:
1429:
682:
617:
538:
435:
430:
411:
396:
22:
2460:
Rocher, Ludo (July–September 1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".
2415:
Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press,
2203:
2149:
2137:
2107:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1881:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1491:
1406:
1400:
1379:
1368:
1357:
1345:
are also ascribed to Manu, and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in
3607:
History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law)
2988:
2625:
A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
1660:
1087:
568:
548:
496:
450:
445:
102:
40:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2389:, ed. Alan Watson (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp.75–94.
2231:
2064:
1668:
1610:
1568:
1477:
1433:
1330:
1038:
973:
722:
144:
131:
4328:
4285:
4223:
3899:
Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective
3695:
3693:
3691:
3556:
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
3504:
3502:
3500:
3206:
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
3171:
3169:
2519:
2481:
2398:
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
1573:
4104:
2978:
2976:
2912:
2910:
2072:
2000:
1968:
1797:
1691:
1656:
1350:
1103:
965:
941:
921:
886:
875:
863:
692:
622:
523:
97:
4668:
The Cooperative Annotated Bibliography of Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra
3834:
3458:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2897:
2895:
2642:
2320:
1975:– were the other significant contributors to the Dharma-text genre.
1037:. The verse style was used to compose the Dharmaśāstras such as the
4215:
3688:
3652:
3526:
3497:
3166:
3144:
3142:
3103:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2846:
2844:
2473:
2106:
Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and
2010:
1954:
1800:, composed around A. D. 1572-1589, sponsored by the Mughal emperor
1532:
1528:
1424:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1083:
977:
949:
917:
912:
891:
848:
809:
805:
484:
319:
126:
121:
92:
48:
4678:"Maharishi University of Management – Vedic Literature Collection"
4349:
Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in
3421:
3419:
3417:
3340:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2973:
2907:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2493:
2491:
2381:
Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in
1226:). The authors of Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra admit that these
58:
3628:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3012:
2956:
2922:
2892:
2819:
2817:
2006:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1652:
1648:
1544:
1338:
1309:
1199:
1091:
1042:
992:
945:
937:
933:
929:
878:, was already accepted as the law for Muslims in colonial India.
808:
Puranic Smriti texts on law and conduct, and refer to treatises (
657:
601:
332:
309:
294:
287:
116:
87:
3705:
3616:
3584:
3470:
3385:
3290:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
3195:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
3139:
3127:
2939:
2868:
2841:
2715:
2554:
4523:
Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010).
4165:. Tagore Law Lectures of 1905 (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1909).
3772:
3640:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3250:
3115:
3079:
3054:
2856:
2782:
2703:
2593:
2591:
2488:
2254:
2087:
2080:
2060:
1980:
1722:
1664:
1640:
1445:
1437:
1391:
1387:
1124:
988:
908:
871:
844:
828:
813:
732:
63:
4401:
Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment
3730:
3664:
3448:
3446:
3154:
3035:
2829:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2772:
2770:
2768:
890:
Copy of a royal land grant, recorded on copper plate, made by
4138:
Thinking Ritually: Rediscovering the Pūrva Mīmāṃsā of Jaimini
4015:
3976:
3796:
3487:
3485:
2337:
2335:
2014:
1984:
1801:
1644:
1636:
1590:
Visvarupa (750–1000 CE), Vijnanesvara (11th or 12th century,
1449:
1018:
984:
817:
605:
80:
4063:
3993:
3991:
3916:
3879:
3877:
3784:
3676:
3397:
3328:
3229:
2588:
1419:
843:(proper goals of life), personal virtues and duties such as
4202:
Rocher, Ludo (1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".
4168:
4163:
The Mimansa Rules of Interpretation as applied to Hindu Law
3538:
3443:
3295:
3262:
3091:
2799:
2765:
2603:
2166:
3482:
2332:
1072:(450–350 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms a part of the larger
4003:
3988:
3928:
3874:
2063:
or the religious law for Muslims was easily available in
2668:
2666:
2406:, pages 31–32, 81–82, 154–166, 208–214, 353–354, 356–382
995:
poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.
4610:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
3550:
1859:(1600–1650), Dalpati (16th-century), Kashinatha (1790)
920:
while the philosophical sections came to be called the
18:
Genre of Sanskrit theological texts dealing with dharma
4134:
4027:
3864:
3862:
3860:
1133:
Look at the highest, not at what's less than highest.
4404:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–56, 112–114.
4090:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 602 with footnote 2.
3307:
2663:
2539:
2537:
2160:
Vyavahāracintāmani: a digest on Hindu legal procedure
1809:
of Kāśīnātha Upādhyāya, composed around A. D. 1790-91
4680:
A Sanskrit reference to the texts of all 18 Smritis.
4469:
4186:
4048:
3346:
4448:
4397:
4119:
4070:. Education Society's Press. pp. 6–7, 490–491.
3857:
3217:
1468:for instance, while some solely discuss Vyavahara.
847:(non-violence) against all living beings, rules of
4501:
4197:
4195:
4080:
3360:
3358:
2534:
2432:
1448:, in Hindu traditions, has its foundation in the
1324:The extant Dharmaśāstras texts are listed below:
1131:Look at what is distant, not what's near at hand.
4690:
4606:
4585:
4564:
4393:
4391:
4130:
4128:
4059:
4057:
3895:
3851:
3753:
3699:
3658:
3646:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3425:
3256:
3235:
3175:
3148:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3085:
3073:
3048:
3029:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2967:
2950:
2933:
2916:
2901:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2835:
2793:
2759:
2737:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2673:
2657:
2582:
2560:
2387:Law, Morality, and Religion: Global Perspectives
2353:
2326:
1955:Dharma texts and the schools of Hindu philosophy
1709:of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, composed around A. D. 1612
4259:
4257:
4255:
4192:
2621:
1303:never appears in the Vedic texts, and the word
1064:The extant Dharmasūtra texts are listed below:
983:The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise
3902:. Springer. pp. 202–205 with footnote 3.
1262:The witness must take an oath before deposing.
1200:The source of Dharma: scriptures or empiricism
4543:
4388:
4125:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4021:
3982:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3736:
3711:
3682:
3670:
3634:
3622:
3590:
3544:
3491:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3437:
3408:
3391:
3334:
3301:
3268:
3160:
3097:
2823:
2808:
2776:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2732:
2730:
2685:
2609:
2597:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2341:
2093:
2020:In 18th century, the earliest British of the
1523:Those texts that discuss Prāyaścitta, states
1307:itself appears for the first time in Yaska's
772:
4568:Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India
4353:. ed. S.A.J. Zaidi (New Delhi, 1972), 190–1.
4252:
4237:
4235:
4233:
2174:Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣyya of Medhātithi
1853:(1200 CE), Pratāparuda-deva (16th-century),
858:history, when they were formulated by early
4627:
4174:
3949:
3868:
2126:
1924:(17th century), Mitra-miśra (17th century)
999:renunciation. These stages are also called
4315:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257–313.
4039:
3955:
3363:The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology
2743:
2727:
2566:
2500:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2155:. 2nd rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
1918:(14th century), Kamalākara-bhatta (1612),
854:Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern
779:
765:
4508:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4490:
4263:
4230:
3567:
3313:
1420:Contents of Dharmasutras and Dharmaśāstra
1264:Single witness normally does not suffice.
866:(Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs) in the
4434:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–75.
4204:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2506:(1). Cambridge University Press: 10–52.
2462:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2167:Early translations with full-text online
1602:Kalyanabhatta (based on Asahaya's work)
1423:
1266:As many as three witnesses are required.
1179:
898:The Dharmashastras are based on ancient
885:
816:. Like Dharmasūtra which are based upon
4628:Ludo Rocher (2008). Gavin Flood (ed.).
4427:
4064:Sir Raymond West; Georg Bühler (1878).
4033:
4009:
3997:
3934:
3922:
3883:
2497:
2439:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 88–95.
1076:of Apastamba. It contains 1,364 sutras.
1055:
1010:
4691:
4201:
3822:, pages 10–17, 36–37 with footnote 75a
3723:On this topic, see Olivelle, Patrick,
3611:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
2459:
1436:made by Rāja Purushottam Deb, king of
4499:
4367:
4364:Religion, Law, and the State in India
4306:
4141:. De Nobili, Vienna. pp. 25–28.
3223:
2079:and others such as Tribal people and
1337:. The medieval era Buddhistic law of
1162:
2075:. But for non-Muslims (followers of
1967:fields of grammar and linguistics –
1294:
1268:False evidence must face sanctions.
4664:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust
4658:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust
4631:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
2176:, including additional notes, 1920.
1776:of Nīlakaṇṭha Bhaṭṭa (17th century)
959:
864:law of the land for all non-Muslims
13:
4550:. University of California Press.
3756:, pp. 195–198 with footnotes.
1725:), composed around A. D. 1645-1695
1715:of Devaṇṇabhaṭṭa (A. D. 1150-1225)
1700:of Lakṣmīdhara, a minister of the
1538:
894:King Tribhuvana Malla Deva in 1083
862:colonial administrators to be the
14:
4730:
4684:History of Dharmashastra, PV Kane
4649:
4526:Hinduism and Law: An Introduction
2071:written under the sponsorship of
1790:of Nandapaṇḍita (A. D. 1580-1630)
1694:, composed around A. D. 1260-1270
1428:A facsimile of an inscription in
4356:
4343:
4300:
4155:
4074:
3940:
3889:
3825:
3808:
3759:
3440:, pp. 14, 109–110, 180–189.
3367:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.
3009:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix, 27–28.
2436:Classical Indian Ethical Thought
2372:(New York: Oxford UP, 2005), 64.
2142:on Vyavahāra (Law and Procedure)
2098:
1930:
1129:Speak the truth, not an untruth.
47:
4431:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra
4428:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1999).
4421:
4135:Francis Xavier Clooney (1990).
3717:
3596:
3352:
3319:
3274:
3241:
3200:
2615:
2453:
2426:
2409:
2270:
2260:
2257:and digests that have survived.
1756:of Mitramiśra (A. D. 1610-1640)
4529:. Cambridge University Press.
4491:Lariviere, Richard W. (1989).
4455:. Cambridge University Press.
2392:
2375:
2359:
2303:
2290:
2244:
2144:. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.
1979:and the spiritual liberation (
1508:
1432:on a copper plate recording a
1276:Gautama Dharmasutras 13.2–13.6
952:(timekeeping, astronomy), and
1:
4662:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 2
4656:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 1
4495:. University of Philadelphia.
4470:Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984).
4351:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume
2383:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume
2356:, pp. 173, 175–176, 183.
2284:
2216:, SBE Vol. 33. Oxford, 1889.
991:(four 8-syllable verse style
21:For the Pali equivalent, see
4476:. Universal Law Publishing.
4449:Donald R. Davis, Jr (2010).
4398:Gerald James Larson (2001).
4087:History of Indian Literature
3767:History of the Dharmaśāstras
3523:, pp. 175–178, 184–185.
2298:History of the Dharmaśāstras
2195:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas
2188:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas
2147:Lariviere, Richard W. 2003.
1994:
1766:, composed around A. D. 1100
1735:, composed around A. D. 1314
1702:king Govindacandra of Kanauj
1485:
7:
4613:. Oxford University Press.
4592:. Oxford University Press.
4571:. Oxford University Press.
4504:An Introduction to Hinduism
3962:. Routledge. pp. 4–5.
3359:Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1985).
2889:, p. 178 with note 28.
2220:
2204:
2150:
2138:
2108:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1741:or commonly referred to as
1721:of Anantadeva (grandson of
1407:
1401:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1041:, the Hindu epics, and the
10:
4735:
4547:The Classical Law of India
2433:Kedar Nath Tiwari (1998).
2094:Major English translations
1998:
1512:
1489:
1475:
1390:, focusing instead on the
1222:), of different families (
1141:Vasishtha Dharmasutra 30.1
881:
824:studies in the Vedic era.
41:Hindu scriptures and texts
20:
4634:. John Wiley & Sons.
4607:Patrick Olivelle (2006).
4586:Patrick Olivelle (2005).
4565:Patrick Olivelle (1999).
4321:10.1017/s0026749x01002013
4278:10.1017/s0026749x00008714
4187:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
4049:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
3896:David C. Buxbaum (2013).
3347:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984
2997:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix.
2512:10.1017/S0010417500001213
2172:Jha, Ganganath (trans.),
2116:Olivelle, Patrick. 2004.
2104:Olivelle, Patrick. 1999.
2035:Governor-General Hastings
1939:and Mahadevi Dhiramati's
1912:
1909:
1893:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1620:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1094:. It contains 973 sutras.
801:
4120:Donald R. Davis, Jr 2010
3564:, pages 353–354, 356–382
2628:. Concept. p. 147.
2622:Rajendra Prasad (2009).
2237:
2212:Jolly, Julius (trans.),
2200:Jolly, Julius (trans.),
2193:Bühler, Georg (trans.),
2186:Bühler, Georg (trans.),
2179:Bühler, Georg (trans.),
2127:Other major translations
2057:Muslims of British India
1991:came to mean "justice".
1822:Topic specialisation of
1471:
1257:Testimony during a trial
1123:Practise righteousness (
944:(grammar, linguistics),
4452:The Spirit of Hindu Law
3467:, pp. 98, 103–106.
3325:Olivelle 2007: 149–150.
2135:(ed. and trans.) 1933.
1127:), not unrighteousness.
948:(etymology, glossary),
936:(phonetics, syllable),
751:Timeline of Hindu texts
584:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
4544:Robert Lingat (1973).
4370:Indologica Taurinensia
4189:, pp. 3, 469–481.
2122:. New York: Oxford UP.
2113:. New York: Oxford UP.
2053:
1441:
1397:
1271:
1136:
1109:
895:
559:Eighteen Greater Texts
4500:Flood, Gavin (1996).
4210:(3). JSTOR: 419–424.
3852:Patrick Olivelle 2005
3754:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3700:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3659:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3647:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3533:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3521:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3509:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3426:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3257:Patrick Olivelle 2005
3236:Patrick Olivelle 2005
3176:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3149:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3134:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3122:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3110:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3086:Patrick Olivelle 2006
3074:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3049:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3030:Patrick Olivelle 1999
3007:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2995:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2983:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2968:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2951:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2934:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2917:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2902:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2887:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2875:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2863:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2851:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2836:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2794:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2760:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2738:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2722:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2710:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2698:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2676:, pp. xxiii–xxv)
2674:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2658:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2583:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2561:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2423:, page 13-16, 166–179
2354:Patrick Olivelle 2006
2329:, pp. xxiii–xxv.
2327:Patrick Olivelle 1999
2039:
1563:Author of Commentary
1531:layer of text in the
1427:
1326:
1254:
1218:), of social groups (
1180:The meaning of Dharma
1115:
1066:
889:
564:Eighteen Lesser Texts
4309:Modern Asian Studies
4266:Modern Asian Studies
3925:, pp. 5–6, 307.
2660:, pp. xxiv–xxv.
2251:Pandurang Vaman Kane
2197:, SBE Vol. 14, 1882
2183:, SBE Vol. 25, 1886.
2158:Rocher, Ludo. 1956.
2119:The Law Code of Manu
2037:in 1772 as follows,
1886:(16th–17th century)
1631:, sometimes spelled
1056:Authorship and dates
1011:Style of composition
851:, and other topics.
4161:Kisori Lal Sarkar,
3956:Maria Heim (2004).
3854:, pp. 367–369.
3714:, pp. 149–150.
3702:, pp. 186–188.
3661:, pp. 172–173.
3637:, p. 103, 159.
3625:, pp. 158–159.
3593:, pp. 129–131.
3535:, pp. 176–177.
3511:, pp. 173–174.
3479:, pp. 130–131.
3394:, pp. 195–198.
3178:, pp. 169–170.
3112:, pp. 100–101.
2214:The Minor Law-Books
2209:, SBE Vol. 7, 1880.
2190:, SBE Vol. 2, 1879
1827:
1774:Bhagavanta-bhāskara
1733:Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura
1688:Caturvargacintāmaṇi
1556:
1555:) on Dharmasastras
868:Indian subcontinent
574:Iraiyanar Akapporul
534:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
280:Related Hindu texts
4709:Ancient Indian law
4589:Manu's Code of Law
4082:Maurice Winternitz
4022:Robert Lingat 1973
3983:Robert Lingat 1973
3803:Robert Lingat 1973
3791:Robert Lingat 1973
3779:Robert Lingat 1973
3737:Robert Lingat 1973
3712:Robert Lingat 1973
3683:Robert Lingat 1973
3671:Robert Lingat 1973
3635:Robert Lingat 1973
3623:Robert Lingat 1973
3591:Robert Lingat 1973
3545:Robert Lingat 1973
3492:Robert Lingat 1973
3477:Robert Lingat 1973
3465:Robert Lingat 1973
3453:Robert Lingat 1973
3438:Robert Lingat 1973
3409:Robert Lingat 1973
3392:Robert Lingat 1973
3335:Robert Lingat 1973
3302:Robert Lingat 1973
3269:Robert Lingat 1973
3161:Robert Lingat 1973
3098:Robert Lingat 1973
2985:, pp. xxxvii.
2919:, pp. xxviii.
2824:Robert Lingat 1973
2809:Robert Lingat 1973
2777:Robert Lingat 1973
2686:Robert Lingat 1973
2610:Robert Lingat 1973
2598:Robert Lingat 1973
2342:Robert Lingat 1973
2202:The Institutes of
2022:East India Company
1945:Yajnavalkya Smriti
1834:Author of Digests
1821:
1743:Astāviṃśati-tattva
1586:Yajnavalkya Smriti
1550:
1442:
1163:Literary structure
896:
839:(social classes),
835:(stages of life),
4641:978-0-470-99868-7
4620:978-0-19-977507-1
4599:978-0-19-517146-4
4578:978-0-19-283882-7
4557:978-0-520-01898-3
4536:978-1-139-49358-1
4483:978-81-7534-206-4
4462:978-1-139-48531-9
4441:978-81-7017-370-0
4148:978-3-900271-21-3
4122:, pp. 47–49.
4097:978-81-208-0056-4
4012:, pp. 65–66.
4000:, pp. 66–67.
3969:978-0-415-97030-3
3937:, pp. 38–72.
3909:978-94-017-6216-8
3886:, pp. 72–75.
3781:, pp. 54–56.
3739:, pp. 98–99.
3673:, pp. 14–16.
3378:978-81-208-2664-9
3292:, pp. 59–72.
3163:, pp. 73–77.
3032:, pp. xxxix.
2970:, pp. xxxvi.
2936:, pp. xxxiv.
2904:, pp. xxvii.
2826:, pp. 19–20.
2635:978-81-8069-595-7
2585:, pp. xxiii)
2549:978-0-19-569921-0
2446:978-81-208-1607-7
2077:Dharmic religions
2069:Fatawa al-Alamgir
2050:, August 15, 1772
1928:
1927:
1910:Judicial process
1770:Vyavahāra-mayūkha
1625:
1624:
1607:Parashara-smriti
1360:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
1295:The Dharmaśāstras
789:
788:
579:Abhirami Anthadhi
517:Sangam literature
370:Vaishnava puranas
4726:
4645:
4624:
4603:
4582:
4561:
4540:
4519:
4507:
4496:
4493:The Nāradasmr̥ti
4487:
4466:
4445:
4416:
4415:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4362:J.D.M. Derrett,
4360:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4261:
4250:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:Ludo Rocher 2008
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4132:
4123:
4117:
4102:
4101:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4052:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3872:
3869:Ludo Rocher 2008
3866:
3855:
3849:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3769:Vol. 4 p. 38, 58
3763:
3757:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3571:
3565:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3489:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:, pp. x1ii.
3146:
3137:
3136:, pp. xlii.
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3033:
3027:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2954:
2953:, pp. xxxv.
2948:
2937:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2877:, pp. xxxi.
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2853:, pp. xxvi.
2848:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2763:
2756:
2741:
2740:, pp. xxiv)
2734:
2725:
2724:, pp. xxiv.
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2564:
2563:, pp. xxii.
2558:
2552:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2366:Patrick Olivelle
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2248:
2207:
2181:The Laws of Manu
2153:
2141:
2111:
2051:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1858:
1852:
1847:(1104–1154 CE),
1846:
1828:
1820:
1782:and its summary
1557:
1549:
1410:
1404:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1278:
1241:Patrick Olivelle
1143:
960:The Dharmasutras
940:(poetic metre),
803:
781:
774:
767:
718:Gheranda Samhita
668:Sushruta Samhita
589:Vinayagar Agaval
554:Five Great Epics
529:Divya Prabandham
460:
426:
372:
254:Other scriptures
227:
188:
169:
112:
51:
28:
27:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4689:
4688:
4652:
4642:
4621:
4600:
4579:
4558:
4537:
4516:
4484:
4463:
4442:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4396:
4389:
4361:
4357:
4348:
4344:
4305:
4301:
4262:
4253:
4240:
4231:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4105:
4098:
4079:
4075:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3858:
3850:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:, 1962 – 1975).
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3572:
3568:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:Lingat 1973: 98
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:, pp. 3–4.
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:, pp. 180.
3084:
3080:
3076:, pp. xli.
3072:
3055:
3047:
3036:
3028:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2775:
2766:
2762:, pp. xxv)
2757:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2643:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:, pp. 7–8.
2596:
2589:
2580:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2535:
2496:
2489:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:, pages 191–192
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2223:
2169:
2151:The Nāradasmṛti
2129:
2101:
2096:
2052:
2048:Warren Hastings
2046:
2031:princely states
2003:
1997:
1957:
1933:
1905:(16th century)
1850:Devaṇṇa-bhaṭṭan
1812:
1788:Dattaka-mīmāṁsā
1784:Tattvamuktāvalī
1698:Kṛtya-kalpataru
1678:Some important
1613:, Nandapandita
1576:(600–1050 CE),
1541:
1539:Secondary works
1517:
1511:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1466:Parasara-Smriti
1422:
1297:
1282:The sources of
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1202:
1182:
1165:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1058:
1013:
1005:Kalpa (Vedanga)
962:
911:verses and the
884:
874:set by Emperor
822:Kalpa (Vedanga)
785:
756:
755:
746:
738:
737:
688:Divya Prabandha
663:Charaka Samhita
648:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
608:
594:
593:
549:Kamba Ramayanam
524:Saiva Tirumurai
519:
509:
508:
480:
470:
469:
456:
422:
368:
335:
325:
324:
290:
275:
274:
255:
247:
246:
223:
184:
165:
147:
137:
136:
108:
83:
66:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4651:
4650:External links
4648:
4647:
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4387:
4355:
4342:
4299:
4272:(3): 649–721.
4251:
4247:978-0521716260
4229:
4216:10.2307/600567
4191:
4179:
4177:, p. 112.
4167:
4154:
4147:
4124:
4103:
4096:
4073:
4053:
4038:
4026:
4024:, p. 117.
4014:
4002:
3987:
3985:, p. 116.
3975:
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3948:
3939:
3927:
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3908:
3888:
3873:
3856:
3833:
3824:
3820:978-9004048089
3807:
3805:, p. 107.
3795:
3783:
3771:
3758:
3741:
3729:
3716:
3704:
3687:
3685:, p. 285.
3675:
3663:
3651:
3649:, p. 172.
3639:
3627:
3615:
3595:
3583:
3579:978-3944773001
3566:
3562:978-0195171464
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3496:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3442:
3430:
3428:, p. 188.
3413:
3411:, p. 104.
3396:
3384:
3377:
3351:
3349:, pp. 22.
3339:
3337:, p. 277.
3327:
3318:
3314:Lariviere 1989
3306:
3294:
3282:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3212:978-0195171464
3199:
3180:
3165:
3153:
3138:
3126:
3124:, p. 181.
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3053:
3051:, pp. xl.
3034:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2972:
2955:
2938:
2921:
2906:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2865:, p. 325.
2855:
2840:
2828:
2813:
2798:
2796:, p. 185.
2781:
2764:
2742:
2726:
2714:
2712:, p. 178.
2702:
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2587:
2565:
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2474:10.2307/600567
2468:(3): 419–424.
2452:
2445:
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2421:978-0521877046
2408:
2404:978-0195171464
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2100:
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1999:Main article:
1996:
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1891:King's duties
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1811:
1810:
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1798:Rājā Ṭoḍaramal
1791:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1749:
1736:
1729:Smṛtiratnākara
1726:
1719:Smṛtikaustubha
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1684:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:Vishnu-smriti
1615:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1603:
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1599:Narada-smriti
1596:
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1582:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1551:Commentaries (
1540:
1537:
1513:Main article:
1510:
1507:
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1476:Main article:
1473:
1470:
1421:
1418:
1408:Kātyāyanasmṛti
1402:Bṛhaspatismṛti
1396:
1395:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1296:
1293:
1260:
1253:
1204:The source of
1201:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1164:
1161:
1153:Andhra Pradesh
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:
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1012:
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638:Mimamsa Sutras
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458:Shakta puranas
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424:Shaiva puranas
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4515:0-521-43878-0
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4359:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4036:, p. 71.
4035:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3871:, p. 111
3870:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3793:, p. 55.
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3547:, p. 22.
3546:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3455:, p. 97.
3454:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3304:, p. 98.
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3271:, p. 77.
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3226:, p. 56.
3225:
3220:
3214:, pages 24–25
3213:
3209:
3203:
3197:, p. 57.
3196:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3100:, p. 69.
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2838:, p. 46.
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2811:, p. 19.
2810:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2779:, p. 18.
2778:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2612:, p. 12.
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2344:, p. 73.
2343:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2315:0-8239-2287-1
2312:
2306:
2300:Vol. 1 p. 304
2299:
2293:
2289:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2099:For beginners
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:British Crown
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:Danavakyavali
1938:
1937:Vivadachandra
1931:Women jurists
1922:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1883:Nanda-paṇḍita
1876:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:Vīramitrodaya
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:Smṛticandrikā
1711:
1708:
1707:Nirṇayasindhu
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1673:Uttar Pradesh
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1621:Nandapandita
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:Dharmasastra
1558:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Robert Lingat
1521:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Dharmaśāstras
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1301:Dharmaśāstras
1292:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
893:
888:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
795:
794:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
760:
759:
752:
749:
748:
742:
741:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:Shiva Samhita
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Yoga Vasistha
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:Vastu Shastra
676:
674:
673:Natya Shastra
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Brahma Sutras
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Artha Shastra
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
603:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
518:
513:
512:
503:
500:
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498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
474:
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463:
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461:
459:
452:
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444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Varaha Purana
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
371:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
265:Bhagavad Gita
263:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
226:
225:Atharva vedic
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
140:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
111:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
82:
77:
76:
71:
68:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
24:
16:
4719:Dharmaśāstra
4630:
4609:
4588:
4567:
4546:
4525:
4503:
4492:
4472:
4451:
4430:
4422:Bibliography
4400:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4269:
4265:
4207:
4203:
4182:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4137:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4051:, p. 50
4034:Banerji 1999
4029:
4017:
4010:Banerji 1999
4005:
3998:Banerji 1999
3978:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3935:Banerji 1999
3930:
3923:Banerji 1999
3918:
3898:
3891:
3884:Banerji 1999
3827:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3707:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3598:
3586:
3569:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3494:, p. 6.
3472:
3460:
3433:
3387:
3362:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3202:
3156:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3002:
2990:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2831:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2624:
2617:
2605:
2556:
2503:
2499:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2435:
2428:
2411:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2349:
2322:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2272:
2262:
2246:
2227:Dhammasattha
2159:
2148:
2136:
2117:
2105:
2085:
2054:
2040:
2019:
2004:
1988:
1977:
1958:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1872:Raghunandana
1868:Jīmūtavāhana
1864:Inheritance
1824:nibandhakāra
1823:
1816:nibandhakāra
1815:
1813:
1807:Dharmasindhu
1806:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1764:Jīmūtavāhana
1759:
1751:
1747:Raghunandana
1742:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1592:most studied
1552:
1542:
1522:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1430:Oriya script
1414:
1398:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1236:samayacarika
1235:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
997:
982:
963:
926:
904:
897:
853:
826:
793:Dharmaśāstra
792:
791:
790:
683:Panchatantra
643:Nyāya Sūtras
612:
539:Thiruppugazh
457:
455:
423:
421:
369:
367:
337:
224:
222:
185:
183:
166:
164:
149:
109:
107:
23:Dhammasattha
15:
4704:Hindu texts
4249:, Chapter 1
3765:Kane, P.V.
3727:p. 174
2551:, Chapter 1
2296:Kane, P.V.
1949:Balambhatta
1844:Lakṣmīdhara
1794:Ṭoḍarānanda
1780:Smṛtisindhu
1739:Smṛtitattva
1661:Maharashtra
1515:Prāyaścitta
1509:Prāyaścitta
1371:Nāradasmṛti
1315:Katyayana's
1246:Yuga dharma
1216:deshadharma
1088:Maharashtra
900:Dharmasūtra
841:purushartha
802:धर्मशास्त्र
728:Vedantasara
653:Yoga Sutras
569:Aathichoodi
502:Historicity
497:Mahabharata
490:Historicity
186:Yajur vedic
103:Atharvaveda
4693:Categories
4376:: 93–122.
3609:. (Poona:
3581:, page 123
3224:Flood 1996
2285:References
2232:Tirukkural
2133:Kane, P.V.
1921:Nīlakaṇṭha
1915:Caṇḍeśvara
1896:Caṇḍeśvara
1856:Nīlakaṇṭha
1669:Tamil Nadu
1611:Vidyaranya
1578:Medhātithi
1569:Manusmriti
1434:land grant
1394:tradition.
1382:Viṣṇusmṛti
1331:Manusmriti
1224:kuladharma
1220:jatidharma
1118:Excellence
1098:Baudhāyana
1074:Kalpasūtra
1039:Manusmriti
974:Baudhayana
922:Upanishads
723:Panchadasi
708:Swara yoga
544:Tirukkuṟaḷ
358:Markandeya
203:Taittiriya
167:Sama vedic
160:Kaushitaki
145:Upanishads
132:Upanishads
4699:Hindu law
4337:146583562
4294:145176900
3603:P.V. Kane
2528:144344249
2073:Aurangzeb
2065:al-Hidaya
2011:Buddhists
2001:Hindu law
1995:Influence
1969:Vyakarana
1902:Ṭoḍar Mal
1878:Adoption
1760:Dāyabhāga
1657:Karnataka
1633:nibhandas
1629:nibandhas
1492:Vyavahāra
1486:Vyavahāra
1351:Indonesia
1104:Vasishtha
1070:Apastamba
966:Apastamba
942:Vyakarana
918:Aranyakas
913:Brahmanas
876:Aurangzeb
693:Tirumurai
623:Kamasutra
382:Bhagavata
363:Bhavishya
348:Brahmānda
305:Vyakarana
174:Chandogya
150:Rig vedic
110:Divisions
98:Yajurveda
4084:(1963).
2221:See also
2109:Vāsiṣṭha
2045:—
1839:General
1831:Subject
1680:nibandha
1533:Samaveda
1529:Brahmana
1405:and the
1347:Cambodia
1343:Thailand
1335:Hinduism
1084:Samaveda
1050:nibandha
1001:ashramas
978:Vasistha
950:Jyotisha
930:Vedangas
892:Chalukya
870:, after
849:just war
806:Sanskrit
798:Sanskrit
745:Timeline
602:Shastras
485:Ramayana
387:Naradiya
320:Jyotisha
288:Vedangas
237:Mandukya
155:Aitareya
127:Aranyaka
122:Brahmana
93:Samaveda
33:a series
31:Part of
4382:1084716
2267:anger."
2162:. Gent.
2088:Shariat
1973:Nirukta
1965:Vedanga
1961:Mimamsa
1692:Hemādri
1682:s are
1653:Kashmir
1649:Gujarat
1574:Bhāruci
1545:Bhashya
1339:Myanmar
1310:Nirukta
1228:dharmas
1092:Gujarat
1080:Gautama
1043:Puranas
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