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Dharmaśāstra

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1172:. The central focus of these texts is how a Brahmin male should conduct himself during his lifetime. The text of Āpastamba which is best preserved has a total of 1,364 sūtras out of which 1,206 (88 per cent) are devoted to the Brahmin, whereas only 158 (12 per cent) deals with topics of general nature. The structure of the Dharmasūtras begin with the vedic initiation of a young boy followed by entry into adulthood, marriage and responsibilities of adult life that includes adoption, inheritance, death rituals and ancestral offerings. According to Olivelle, the reason Dharmasutras introduced vedic initiation was to make the individual subject to Dharma precepts at school, by making him a 'twice born' man, because children were considered exempt from Dharma precepts in the vedic tradition. 1287:
cultured people) or the practice of cultured people as the third source of dharma. Both Baudhāyana Dharmasutra and Vāsiṣṭha Dharmasutra make the practices of śiṣṭa as a source of dharma, but both state that the geographical location of such polite cultured people does not limit the usefulness of universal precepts contained in their practices. In case of conflict between different sources of dharma, Gautama Dharmasutra states that the Vedas prevail over other sources, and if two Vedic texts are in conflict then the individual has a choice to follow either.
1251:Āpastamba used a hermeneutic strategy that asserted that the Vedas once contained all knowledge including that of ideal Dharma, but parts of Vedas have been lost. Human customs developed from the original complete Vedas, but given the lost text, one must use customs between good people as a source to infer what the original Vedas might have stated the Dharma to be. This theory, called the 'lost Veda' theory, made the study of customs of good people as a source of dharma and guide to proper living, states Olivelle. 1456:
of Smriti, customs of polite learned people, and one's conscience as source of dharma. The historical reality, states Patrick Olivelle, is very different from the theological reference to the Vedas, and the dharma taught in the Dharmaśāstra has little to do with the Vedas. These were customs, norms or pronouncements of the writers of these texts that were likely derived from evolving regional ethical, ideological, cultural and legal practices.
887: 1635:). These arose primarily because of the conflict and disagreements on a particular subject across the various Dharma texts. These digests attempted to reconcile, bridge or suggest a compromise guideline to the numerous disagreements in the primary texts, however the digests in themselves disagreed with each other even on basic principles. Geographically, the medieval era digest writers came from many different parts of India, such as 1425: 49: 1412:
manner. Brihaspati-smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than Manusmriti, yet both Brihaspati-smriti and Katyayana-smriti seem to have been predominantly devoted to judicial process and jurisprudence. The writers of Dharmasastras acknowledged their mutual differences, and developed a "doctrine of consensus" reflecting regional customs and preferences.
820:, these texts are also elaborate law commentaries based on vedas, Dharmashastra themselves evolved from dharmshutra. There are many Dharmashastras, variously estimated to number from 18 to over 100. Each of these texts exists in many different versions, and each is rooted in Dharmasutra texts dated to the 1st millennium BCE that emerged from 1155:. Baudhāyana also came from south although evidence regarding this is weaker than that of Āpastamba. Gautama likely came from western region, nearer to the northwestern region to which Pāṇini belonged, and one which corresponds to where Maratha people in modern India are found. Nothing can be said about Vasiṣṭha due to lack of any evidence. 2029:, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various 1459:
The Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts, as they have survived into the modern era, were not authored by a single author. They were viewed by the ancient and medieval era commentators, states Olivelle, to be the works of many authors. Robert Lingat adds that these texts suggest that "a rich literature
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There is uncertainty regarding the dates of these documents due to lack of evidence concerning these documents. Kane has posited the following dates for the texts, for example, though other scholars disagree: Gautama 600 BCE to 400 BCE, Āpastamba 450 BCE to 350 BCE, Baudhāyana 500 BCE to 200 BCE, and
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The Dharmasutras can be called the guidebooks of dharma as they contain guidelines for individual and social behavior, ethical norms, as well as personal, civil and criminal law. They discuss the duties and rights of people at different stages of life like studenthood, householdership, retirement and
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Of the four extant Dharmasastras, Manusmriti, Yajnavalkyasmriti and Naradasmriti are the most important surviving texts. But, states Robert Lingat, numerous other Dharmasastras whose manuscripts are now missing, have enjoyed equal authority. Between the three, the Manusmriti became famous during the
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The Dharmasūtras are composed in sutra style and were part of a larger compilation of texts, called the Kalpasūtras which give an aphoristic description of the rituals, ceremonies and proper procedures. The Kalpasutras contain three sections, namely the Śrautasūtras which deal with vedic ceremonies,
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Mimamsa literally means the "desire to think", states Donald Davis, and in colloquial historical context "how to think, interpret things, and the meaning of texts". In the early portions of the Vedas, the focus was largely on the rituals; in the later portions, largely on philosophical speculations
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Prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) literally means "atonement, expiation, penance". Prāyaścitta is asserted by the Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra texts as an alternative to incarceration and punishment, and a means of expiating bad conduct or sin such as adultery by a married person. Thus, in the Apastambha
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The Dharmashastra texts include conflicting claims on the sources of dharma. The theological claim therein asserts, without any elaboration, that Dharma just like the Vedas are eternal and timeless, the former is directly or indirectly related to the Vedas. Yet these texts also acknowledge the role
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The nature of Dharmasūtras is normative, they tell what people ought to do, but they do not tell what people actually did. Some scholars state that these sources are unreliable and worthless for historical purposes instead to use archaeology, epigraphy and other historical evidence to establish the
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with, "The Righteous (dharma) and the Unrighteous (adharma) do not go around saying, 'here we are!'; Nor do gods, Gandharvas or ancestors declare, 'This is righteous and that is unrighteous'." Most laws are based on agreement between the Aryas, stated Āpastamba, on what is right and what is wrong.
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The Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba and Baudhayana form a part of the Kalpasūtra but it is not easy to establish whether they were historical authors of these texts or whether these texts were composed within certain institutions attributed to their names. Moreover, Gautama and Vasiṣṭha are ancient sages
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Vasiṣṭha some sections such as inheritance and penance are reorganized, and moved from householder section to king-related section. Ollivelle suggests that these changes may be because of chronological reasons where civil law increasingly became part of the king's administrative responsibilities.
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according to Gautama Dharmasutra are three: the Vedas, the Smriti (tradition), acāra (the practice) of those who know the Veda. These three sources are also found in later Dharmashastra literature. Baudhāyana Dharmasutra lists the same three, but calls the third as śiṣṭa (शिष्ट, literally polite
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The structure of Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba begins with the duties of the student, then describes householder duties and rights such as inheritance, and ends with administration of the king. This forms the early structure of the Dharma texts. However, in the Dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhāyana and
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have not been found, but their verses have been cited in other texts, and scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of these texts. Scholars such as Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this
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About 20 Dharmasutras are known, some surviving into the modern era just as fragments of their original. Four Dharmasūtras have been translated into English, and most remain in manuscripts. All carry the names of their authors, but it is still difficult to determine who these real authors were.
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Numerous Dharmasastras are known, but most are lost to history and only known from them being mentioned or quoted in other surviving texts. For example, Dharmasastras by Atri, Harita, Ushanas, Angiras, Yama, Apastamba, Samvartha, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parasara, Vyasa, Sankha, Likhita, Daksha,
2090:) Application Act of 1937 continued to be the personal and family law for Indian Muslims. For non-Muslims, a non-religious uniform civil code was passed by Indian parliament in the 1950s, and amended by its elected governments thereafter, which has since then applied to all non-Muslim Indians. 1416:
colonial British India era, yet modern scholarship states that other Dharmasastras such as the Yajnavalkyasmriti appear to have played a greater role in guiding the actual Dharma. Further, the Dharmasastras were open texts, and they underwent alterations and rewriting through their history.
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or mutually agreed and accepted customs of practice first. Āpastamba thus proposed that scriptures alone cannot be source of Law (dharma), and dharma has an empirical nature. Āpastamba asserted that it is difficult to find absolute sources of law, in ancient books or current people, states
1003:. They also discuss the rites and duties of kings, judicial matters, and personal law such as matters relating to marriage and inheritance. However, Dharmasutras typically did not deal with rituals and ceremonies, a topic that was covered in the Shrautasutras and Grihyasutras texts of the 1496:
Vyavahāra (व्यवहार) literally means "judicial procedure, process, practice, conduct and behaviour". The due process, honesty in testimony, considering various sides, was justified by Dharmaśāstra authors as a form of Vedic sacrifice, failure of the due process was declared to be a sin.
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in Dharmasūtras, states Olivelle is diverse, and includes accepted norms of behavior, procedures within a ritual, moral actions, righteousness and ethical attitudes, civil and criminal law, legal procedures and penance or punishment, and guidelines for proper and productive living.
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are not found in the Vedic texts, nor can the behavioral rules included therein be found in any of the Vedas. This led to the incongruity between the search for legal codes and dharma rules in the theological versus the reality of epistemic origins of dharma rules and guidelines.
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on dharma already existed" before these were first composed. These texts were revised and interpolated through their history because the various text manuscripts discovered in India are inconsistent with each other, and within themselves, raising concerns of their authenticity.
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The Vyavahara sections of Dharma texts included chapters on duties of a king, court system, judges and witnesses, judicial process, crimes and penance or punishment. However, the discussions and procedures in different Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts diverge significantly.
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related to specific vedic schools and therefore it is hard to say whether they were historical authors of these texts. The issue of authorship is further complicated by the fact that apart from Āpastamba the other Dharmasūtras have various alterations made at later times.
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Gṛhyasūtras which deal with rites of passage rituals and domestic matters, and Dharmasūtras which deal with proper procedures in one's life. The Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba and Baudhāyana form a part of larger Kalpasutra texts, all of which has survived into the modern era.
1983:) of the individual. The Dharma-texts, over time and each in its own way, attempted to present their theories on rules and duties of individuals from the perspective of a society, using the insights of hermeneutics and on language developed by Mimamsa and Vedanga. The 2024:
acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the
1364:(~ 4th to 5th-century CE) has been called the "best composed" and "most homogeneous" text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition, with its superior vocabulary and level of sophistication. It may have been more influential than Manusmriti as a legal theory text. 2266:
Baudhayana, in verses 1.1.5–6, provides a complete definition of śiṣṭa as "Now, śiṣṭa are those who are free from envy and pride, who possess just a jarful of grain, who are without greed, and who are free from hypocrisy, arrogance, greed, folly and
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actual legal codes in Indian history. Olivelle states that the dismissal of normative texts is unwise, as is believing that the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras texts present a uniform code of conduct and there were no divergent or dissenting views.
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Scholars have varied opinions about the chronology of these documents. Regarding the age of Āpastamba and Gautama there are opposite conclusions. According to Bühler and Lingat Āpastamba is younger than Baudhāyana. Vasiṣṭha is surely a later text.
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is not of human origin. This worked for rituals-related rules, but in all other matters this created numerous interpretations and different derivations. This led to documents with various working definitions, such as dharma of different regions
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Towards the end of the Vedic period, after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time. This led to the formation of Vedic Supplements called the
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Vasiṣṭha 300 BCE to 100 BCE. Patrick Olivelle suggests that Apastamba Dharmasutra is the oldest of the extant texts in Dharmasutra genre and one by Gautama second oldest, while Robert Lingat suggests that Gautama Dharmasutra is the oldest.
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texts, which themselves emerged from the literary tradition of the Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, and Atharva) composed in 2nd millennium BCE to the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. These Vedic branches split into various other schools
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was a question that loomed in the minds of Dharma text writers, and they tried to seek "where guidelines for Dharma can be found?" They sought to define and examine vedic injunctions as the source of Dharma, asserting that like the Vedas,
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That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mohamedans, and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to.
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The hymns of Ṛgveda are one of the earliest texts composed in verse. The Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the middle vedic period followed by the vedāṇga are composed in prose. The basic texts are composed in an aphoristic style known as the
1452:. The Dharmashastra texts enumerate four sources of Dharma – the precepts in the Vedas, the tradition, the virtuous conduct of those who know the Vedas, and approval of one's conscience (Atmasantushti, self-satisfaction). 2033:. The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries. The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by 1463:
The Dharmaśāstra texts present their ideas under various categories such as Acara, Vyavahara, Prayascitta and others, but they do so inconsistently. Some discuss Acara but do not discuss Vyavahara, as is the case with
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The structure of these Dharmasūtras primarily addresses the Brahmins both in subject matter and the audience. The Brahmins are the creators and primary consumers of these texts. The subject matter of Dharmasūtras is
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text, a willing sexual act between a male and female is subject to penance, while rape is covered by harsher judicial punishments, with a few texts such as Manusmriti suggesting public punishments in extreme cases.
1375:(~ 5th to 6th-century CE) has been called the "juridical text par excellence" and represents the only Dharmaśāstra text which deals solely with juridical matters and ignoring those of righteous conduct and penance. 1482:Ācāra (आचार) literally means "good behavior, custom". It refers to the normative behavior and practices of a community, conventions and behaviors that enable a society and various individuals therein to function. 1195:
The term Dharma also includes social institutions such as marriage, inheritance, adoption, work contracts, judicial process in case of disputes, as well personal choices such as meat as food and sexual conduct.
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which are prose texts that explain the meaning of the Samhita verses. The Brāhmaṇa layer expanded and some of the newer esoteric layers of text that explore the hidden meanings behind Vedic rituals were called
831:, constituting divergent commentaries and treatises on ethics particularly duties, and responsibilities to oneself and family as well as those required as a member of society. The texts include discussion of 1504:
Some Dharmaśāstra texts such as that attributed to Brihaspati, are almost entirely Vyavahāra-related texts. These were probably composed in the common era, around or after 5th-century of 1st millennium.
2083:), this information was not readily available. Hence the British colonial officials extracted from the Dharmaśāstra, the legal code to apply on non-Muslims for the purposes of colonial administration. 987:
format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a
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Gautama, Satatapa, Vasistha, Prachetas, Budha, Devala, Sumantu, Jamadgni, Visvamitra, Prajapati, Paithinasi, Pitamaha, Jabala, Chhagaleya, Chyavana, Marichi, Kasyapa, Gobhila, Risyasrimaga and others.
2679: 1527:, debate the intent and thought behind the improper act, and consider penance appropriate when the "effect" had to be balanced, but "cause" was unclear. The roots of this theory are found in the 1234:
The Hindu scholar Āpastamba, in a Dharmasutra named after him (~400 BCE), made an attempt to resolve this issue of incongruity. He placed the importance of the Veda scriptures second and that of
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mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts which were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in
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in Hindu traditions. Āpastamba also asserted in verses 2.29.11–15, states Olivelle, that "aspects of dharma not taught in Dharmasastras can be learned from women and people of all classes".
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There is confusion regarding the geographical provenance of these documents. According to Bühler and Kane, Āpastamba came from South India probably from a region corresponding to modern
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is a concept which is central not only in Hinduism but also in Jainism and Buddhism. The term means a lot of things and has a wide scope of interpretation. The fundamental meaning of
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which literally means 'limbs of the Veda'. The Vedangas were ancillary sciences that focused on understanding and interpreting the Vedas composed many centuries earlier, and included
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school of Hindu philosophy, and its insights into the theories on logic and reason, contributed to the development of and disagreements between the Dharmasastra texts, and the term
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A Digest of the Hindu Law of Inheritance and Partition: From the Replies of the Sâstris in the Several Courts of the Bombay Presidency, with Introductions, Notes, and an Appendix
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school of Hindu philosophy developed textual hermeneutics, theories on language and interpretation of Dharma, ideas which contributed to the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The
907:) possibly for a variety of reasons such as geography, specialization and disputes. Each Veda is further divided into two categories namely the Saṃhitā which is a collection of 980:. These extant texts cite writers and refer opinions of seventeen authorities, implying that a rich Dharmasutras tradition existed prior to when these texts were composed. 1399:
In addition, numerous other Dharmaśāstras are known, partially or indirectly, with very different ideas, customs and conflicting versions. For example, the manuscripts of
1106:(300–100 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms an independent treatise and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It contains 1,038 sutras. 2005:
Dharmaśāstras played an influential role in modern era colonial India history, when they were used as the basis for the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus,
1386:(~ 7th-century CE) is one of the latest books of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in Hinduism and also the only one which does not deal directly with the means of knowing 778: 2688:, pp. 19–22, Quote: The dharma-sutra of Apastamba suggests that a rich literature on dharma already existed. He cites ten authors by name. (...). 1947:, but her views were not widely adopted by male legal scholars of her time. The scholarly works of Lakshmidevi were also published with the pen name 1048:
The age of Smṛtis that ended around the second half of the first millennium CE was followed by that of commentaries around the 9th century called
1440:, in the fifth year of his reign (1483). Land grants made by royal decree were protected by law, with deeds often being recorded on metal plates 2691: 1082:(600–200 BCE) although this Dharmasūtra comes down as an independent treatise it may have once formed a part of the Kalpasūtra, linked to the 964:
The Dharmasutras were numerous, but only four texts have survived into the modern era. The most important of these texts are the sutras of
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Written after the Dharmasūtras, these texts use a metered verse and are much more elaborate in their scope than Dharmasutras. The word
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The Dharmashastra-derived laws for non-Muslim Indians were dissolved after India gained independence, but Indian Muslim Personal Law (
956:(ritual or proper procedures). The Kalpa Vedanga studies gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras. 771: 4667: 3610: 4672: 1580:(820–1050 CE), Govindarāja (11th-century), Kullūka (1200–1500 CE), Narayana (14th-century), Nandana, Raghavananda, Ramacandra 4639: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4555: 4534: 4481: 4460: 4439: 4146: 4095: 3967: 3907: 3376: 2633: 2548: 2444: 4307:
Kugle, Scott Alan (May 2001). "Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia".
1100:(500–200 BCE) this Dharmasūtra like that of Apastamba also forms a part of the larger Kalpasūtra. It contains 1,236 sutras. 1033:
tradition ended around the beginning of the common era and was followed by the poetic octosyllable verse style called the
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James Lochtefeld (2002), "Dharma Shastras" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing,
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Timothy Lubin et al (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press,
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Kane, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975), Volume I, Part II, 583.
1333:(~ 2nd to 3rd century CE) is the most studied and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of 1547:) would typically interpret and explain the text of interest, accept or reject the ideas along with reasons why. 1951:, and are now considered classics in legal theories on inheritance and property rights, particularly for women. 3946:
Harshananda, Swami, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, (Ramakrishna Math, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru, 2007).
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Steven Collins (1993), The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy, Volume 21, pages 301–393
501: 4366:(London: Faber, 1968), 96; For a related distinction between religious and secular law in Dharmaśāstra, see 2385:, ed. S.A.J. Zaidi. (New Delhi, 1972), pp.167–194 and Richard W. Lariviere, "Law and Religion in India" in 1627:
Another category of secondary literature derived from the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras were the digests (
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G Srikantan (2014), Entanglements in Legal History (Editor: Thomas Duve), Max Planck Institute: Germany,
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A few notable historic digests on Dharmasastras were written by women. These include Lakshmidevi's
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s discussed almost all aspects of society, but specialised in certain topics compared to others.
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commentary on Panini's work (~3rd century BCE), has the oldest known single mention of the word
4713: 1381: 558: 352: 217: 4381: 4085: 2700:, pp. 178, see note 29 for a list of 17 cited ancient scholars in different Dharmasutras. 4473:
Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system
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The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in poetic verse, and are part of the Hindu
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Lubin, Timothy (2007). "Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law".
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Werner Menski (2003), Hindu Law: Beyond tradition and modernity, Oxford University Press,
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Derrett, J. Duncan M. (November 1961). "The Administration of Hindu Law by the British".
2056: 1079: 969: 867: 573: 173: 69: 259: 4698: 4502: 4332: 4324: 4289: 4281: 4219: 3361: 2523: 2515: 2477: 2021: 1594:), Apararka (12th-century), Sulapani (14th or 15th century), Mitramisra (17th-century) 1591: 1585: 543: 269: 236: 154: 1370: 1052:. This legal tradition consisted of commentaries on earlier Dharmasūtras and Smritis. 4635: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4551: 4530: 4509: 4477: 4456: 4435: 4405: 4377: 4336: 4293: 4242: 4142: 4091: 3963: 3903: 3815: 3814:
J Duncan J Derrett (1977), Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law, Brill Academic,
3749: 3747: 3745: 3574: 3557: 3372: 3207: 2629: 2544: 2527: 2440: 2416: 2399: 2310: 2076: 2068: 797: 642: 578: 516: 357: 241: 231: 924:. The Vedic basis of Dharma literature is found in the Brahmana layer of the Vedas. 840: 4316: 4273: 4211: 4081: 2507: 2469: 2365: 1514: 1240: 836: 717: 667: 588: 553: 381: 362: 347: 299: 4522: 3742: 3725:
Language, Tests, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion.
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The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras attracted secondary works called commentaries (
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Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Reflections on Dāna
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Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra
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Laws must also change with ages, stated Āpastamba, a theory that became known as
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Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India".
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Alois Payer's Dharmaśāstra Site (in German, with copious extracts in English)
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which literally means thread on which each aphorism is strung like a pearl.
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Rocher, Ludo (July–September 1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".
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Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press,
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are also ascribed to Manu, and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in
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History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law)
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A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
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Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective
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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
1573: 4104: 2978: 2976: 2912: 2910: 2072: 2000: 1968: 1797: 1691: 1656: 1350: 1103: 965: 941: 921: 886: 875: 863: 692: 622: 523: 97: 4668:
The Cooperative Annotated Bibliography of Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra
3834: 3458: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2897: 2895: 2642: 2320: 1975:– were the other significant contributors to the Dharma-text genre. 1037:. The verse style was used to compose the Dharmaśāstras such as the 4215: 3688: 3652: 3526: 3497: 3166: 3144: 3142: 3103: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2846: 2844: 2473: 2106:
Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and
2010: 1954: 1800:, composed around A. D. 1572-1589, sponsored by the Mughal emperor 1532: 1528: 1424: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1083: 977: 949: 917: 912: 891: 848: 809: 805: 484: 319: 126: 121: 92: 48: 4678:"Maharishi University of Management – Vedic Literature Collection" 4349:
Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in
3421: 3419: 3417: 3340: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2973: 2907: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2493: 2491: 2381:
Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in
1226:). The authors of Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra admit that these 58: 3628: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3012: 2956: 2922: 2892: 2819: 2817: 2006: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1652: 1648: 1544: 1338: 1309: 1199: 1091: 1042: 992: 945: 937: 933: 929: 878:, was already accepted as the law for Muslims in colonial India. 808:
Puranic Smriti texts on law and conduct, and refer to treatises (
657: 601: 332: 309: 294: 287: 116: 87: 3705: 3616: 3584: 3470: 3385: 3290:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
3195:
Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010
3139: 3127: 2939: 2868: 2841: 2715: 2554: 4523:
Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010).
4165:. Tagore Law Lectures of 1905 (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1909). 3772: 3640: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3250: 3115: 3079: 3054: 2856: 2782: 2703: 2593: 2591: 2488: 2254: 2087: 2080: 2060: 1980: 1722: 1664: 1640: 1445: 1437: 1391: 1387: 1124: 988: 908: 871: 844: 828: 813: 732: 63: 4401:
Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment
3730: 3664: 3448: 3446: 3154: 3035: 2829: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2772: 2770: 2768: 890:
Copy of a royal land grant, recorded on copper plate, made by
4138:
Thinking Ritually: Rediscovering the Pūrva Mīmāṃsā of Jaimini
4015: 3976: 3796: 3487: 3485: 2337: 2335: 2014: 1984: 1801: 1644: 1636: 1590:
Visvarupa (750–1000 CE), Vijnanesvara (11th or 12th century,
1449: 1018: 984: 817: 605: 80: 4063: 3993: 3991: 3916: 3879: 3877: 3784: 3676: 3397: 3328: 3229: 2588: 1419: 843:(proper goals of life), personal virtues and duties such as 4202:
Rocher, Ludo (1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".
4168: 4163:
The Mimansa Rules of Interpretation as applied to Hindu Law
3538: 3443: 3295: 3262: 3091: 2799: 2765: 2603: 2166: 3482: 2332: 1072:(450–350 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms a part of the larger 4003: 3988: 3928: 3874: 2063:
or the religious law for Muslims was easily available in
2668: 2666: 2406:, pages 31–32, 81–82, 154–166, 208–214, 353–354, 356–382 995:
poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.
4610:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
3550: 1859:(1600–1650), Dalpati (16th-century), Kashinatha (1790) 920:
while the philosophical sections came to be called the
18:
Genre of Sanskrit theological texts dealing with dharma
4134: 4027: 3864: 3862: 3860: 1133:
Look at the highest, not at what's less than highest.
4404:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–56, 112–114. 4090:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 602 with footnote 2. 3307: 2663: 2539: 2537: 2160:
Vyavahāracintāmani: a digest on Hindu legal procedure
1809:
of Kāśīnātha Upādhyāya, composed around A. D. 1790-91
4680:
A Sanskrit reference to the texts of all 18 Smritis.
4469: 4186: 4048: 3346: 4448: 4397: 4119: 4070:. Education Society's Press. pp. 6–7, 490–491. 3857: 3217: 1468:for instance, while some solely discuss Vyavahara. 847:(non-violence) against all living beings, rules of 4501: 4197: 4195: 4080: 3360: 3358: 2534: 2432: 1448:, in Hindu traditions, has its foundation in the 1324:The extant Dharmaśāstras texts are listed below: 1131:Look at what is distant, not what's near at hand. 4690: 4606: 4585: 4564: 4393: 4391: 4130: 4128: 4059: 4057: 3895: 3851: 3753: 3699: 3658: 3646: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3425: 3256: 3235: 3175: 3148: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3085: 3073: 3048: 3029: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2967: 2950: 2933: 2916: 2901: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2835: 2793: 2759: 2737: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2673: 2657: 2582: 2560: 2387:Law, Morality, and Religion: Global Perspectives 2353: 2326: 1955:Dharma texts and the schools of Hindu philosophy 1709:of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, composed around A. D. 1612 4259: 4257: 4255: 4192: 2621: 1303:never appears in the Vedic texts, and the word 1064:The extant Dharmasūtra texts are listed below: 983:The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise 3902:. Springer. pp. 202–205 with footnote 3. 1262:The witness must take an oath before deposing. 1200:The source of Dharma: scriptures or empiricism 4543: 4388: 4125: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4021: 3982: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3736: 3711: 3682: 3670: 3634: 3622: 3590: 3544: 3491: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3437: 3408: 3391: 3334: 3301: 3268: 3160: 3097: 2823: 2808: 2776: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2732: 2730: 2685: 2609: 2597: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2341: 2093: 2020:In 18th century, the earliest British of the 1523:Those texts that discuss Prāyaścitta, states 1307:itself appears for the first time in Yaska's 772: 4568:Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India 4353:. ed. S.A.J. Zaidi (New Delhi, 1972), 190–1. 4252: 4237: 4235: 4233: 2174:Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣyya of Medhātithi 1853:(1200 CE), Pratāparuda-deva (16th-century), 858:history, when they were formulated by early 4627: 4174: 3949: 3868: 2126: 1924:(17th century), Mitra-miśra (17th century) 999:renunciation. These stages are also called 4315:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257–313. 4039: 3955: 3363:The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology 2743: 2727: 2566: 2500:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2155:. 2nd rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1918:(14th century), Kamalākara-bhatta (1612), 854:Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern 779: 765: 4508:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4490: 4263: 4230: 3567: 3313: 1420:Contents of Dharmasutras and Dharmaśāstra 1264:Single witness normally does not suffice. 866:(Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs) in the 4434:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–75. 4204:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2506:(1). Cambridge University Press: 10–52. 2462:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2167:Early translations with full-text online 1602:Kalyanabhatta (based on Asahaya's work) 1423: 1266:As many as three witnesses are required. 1179: 898:The Dharmashastras are based on ancient 885: 816:. Like Dharmasūtra which are based upon 4628:Ludo Rocher (2008). Gavin Flood (ed.). 4427: 4064:Sir Raymond West; Georg Bühler (1878). 4033: 4009: 3997: 3934: 3922: 3883: 2497: 2439:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 88–95. 1076:of Apastamba. It contains 1,364 sutras. 1055: 1010: 4691: 4201: 3822:, pages 10–17, 36–37 with footnote 75a 3723:On this topic, see Olivelle, Patrick, 3611:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 2459: 1436:made by Rāja Purushottam Deb, king of 4499: 4367: 4364:Religion, Law, and the State in India 4306: 4141:. De Nobili, Vienna. pp. 25–28. 3223: 2079:and others such as Tribal people and 1337:. The medieval era Buddhistic law of 1162: 2075:. But for non-Muslims (followers of 1967:fields of grammar and linguistics – 1294: 1268:False evidence must face sanctions. 4664:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust 4658:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust 4631:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 2176:, including additional notes, 1920. 1776:of Nīlakaṇṭha Bhaṭṭa (17th century) 959: 864:law of the land for all non-Muslims 13: 4550:. University of California Press. 3756:, pp. 195–198 with footnotes. 1725:), composed around A. D. 1645-1695 1715:of Devaṇṇabhaṭṭa (A. D. 1150-1225) 1700:of Lakṣmīdhara, a minister of the 1538: 894:King Tribhuvana Malla Deva in 1083 862:colonial administrators to be the 14: 4730: 4684:History of Dharmashastra, PV Kane 4649: 4526:Hinduism and Law: An Introduction 2071:written under the sponsorship of 1790:of Nandapaṇḍita (A. D. 1580-1630) 1694:, composed around A. D. 1260-1270 1428:A facsimile of an inscription in 4356: 4343: 4300: 4155: 4074: 3940: 3889: 3825: 3808: 3759: 3440:, pp. 14, 109–110, 180–189. 3367:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.  3009:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix, 27–28. 2436:Classical Indian Ethical Thought 2372:(New York: Oxford UP, 2005), 64. 2142:on Vyavahāra (Law and Procedure) 2098: 1930: 1129:Speak the truth, not an untruth. 47: 4431:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra 4428:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1999). 4421: 4135:Francis Xavier Clooney (1990). 3717: 3596: 3352: 3319: 3274: 3241: 3200: 2615: 2453: 2426: 2409: 2270: 2260: 2257:and digests that have survived. 1756:of Mitramiśra (A. D. 1610-1640) 4529:. Cambridge University Press. 4491:Lariviere, Richard W. (1989). 4455:. Cambridge University Press. 2392: 2375: 2359: 2303: 2290: 2244: 2144:. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. 1979:and the spiritual liberation ( 1508: 1432:on a copper plate recording a 1276:Gautama Dharmasutras 13.2–13.6 952:(timekeeping, astronomy), and 1: 4662:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 2 4656:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 1 4495:. University of Philadelphia. 4470:Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984). 4351:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume 2383:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume 2356:, pp. 173, 175–176, 183. 2284: 2216:, SBE Vol. 33. Oxford, 1889. 991:(four 8-syllable verse style 21:For the Pali equivalent, see 4476:. Universal Law Publishing. 4449:Donald R. Davis, Jr (2010). 4398:Gerald James Larson (2001). 4087:History of Indian Literature 3767:History of the Dharmaśāstras 3523:, pp. 175–178, 184–185. 2298:History of the Dharmaśāstras 2195:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas 2188:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas 2147:Lariviere, Richard W. 2003. 1994: 1766:, composed around A. D. 1100 1735:, composed around A. D. 1314 1702:king Govindacandra of Kanauj 1485: 7: 4613:. Oxford University Press. 4592:. Oxford University Press. 4571:. Oxford University Press. 4504:An Introduction to Hinduism 3962:. Routledge. pp. 4–5. 3359:Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1985). 2889:, p. 178 with note 28. 2220: 2204: 2150: 2138: 2108: 1920: 1914: 1901: 1895: 1882: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1741:or commonly referred to as 1721:of Anantadeva (grandson of 1407: 1401: 1380: 1369: 1358: 1041:, the Hindu epics, and the 10: 4735: 4547:The Classical Law of India 2433:Kedar Nath Tiwari (1998). 2094:Major English translations 1998: 1512: 1489: 1475: 1390:, focusing instead on the 1222:), of different families ( 1141:Vasishtha Dharmasutra 30.1 881: 824:studies in the Vedic era. 41:Hindu scriptures and texts 20: 4634:. John Wiley & Sons. 4607:Patrick Olivelle (2006). 4586:Patrick Olivelle (2005). 4565:Patrick Olivelle (1999). 4321:10.1017/s0026749x01002013 4278:10.1017/s0026749x00008714 4187:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 4049:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 3896:David C. Buxbaum (2013). 3347:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 2997:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix. 2512:10.1017/S0010417500001213 2172:Jha, Ganganath (trans.), 2116:Olivelle, Patrick. 2004. 2104:Olivelle, Patrick. 1999. 2035:Governor-General Hastings 1939:and Mahadevi Dhiramati's 1912: 1909: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1866: 1863: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1620: 1617: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1589: 1584: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1094:. It contains 973 sutras. 801: 4120:Donald R. Davis, Jr 2010 3564:, pages 353–354, 356–382 2628:. Concept. p. 147. 2622:Rajendra Prasad (2009). 2237: 2212:Jolly, Julius (trans.), 2200:Jolly, Julius (trans.), 2193:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2186:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2179:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2127:Other major translations 2057:Muslims of British India 1991:came to mean "justice". 1822:Topic specialisation of 1471: 1257:Testimony during a trial 1123:Practise righteousness ( 944:(grammar, linguistics), 4452:The Spirit of Hindu Law 3467:, pp. 98, 103–106. 3325:Olivelle 2007: 149–150. 2135:(ed. and trans.) 1933. 1127:), not unrighteousness. 948:(etymology, glossary), 936:(phonetics, syllable), 751:Timeline of Hindu texts 584:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 4544:Robert Lingat (1973). 4370:Indologica Taurinensia 4189:, pp. 3, 469–481. 2122:. New York: Oxford UP. 2113:. New York: Oxford UP. 2053: 1441: 1397: 1271: 1136: 1109: 895: 559:Eighteen Greater Texts 4500:Flood, Gavin (1996). 4210:(3). JSTOR: 419–424. 3852:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3754:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3700:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3659:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3647:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3533:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3521:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3509:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3426:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3257:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3236:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3176:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3149:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3134:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3122:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3110:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3086:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3074:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3049:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3030:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3007:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2995:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2983:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2968:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2951:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2934:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2917:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2902:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2887:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2875:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2863:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2851:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2836:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2794:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2760:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2738:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2722:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2710:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2698:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2676:, pp. xxiii–xxv) 2674:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2658:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2583:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2561:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2423:, page 13-16, 166–179 2354:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2329:, pp. xxiii–xxv. 2327:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2039: 1563:Author of Commentary 1531:layer of text in the 1427: 1326: 1254: 1218:), of social groups ( 1180:The meaning of Dharma 1115: 1066: 889: 564:Eighteen Lesser Texts 4309:Modern Asian Studies 4266:Modern Asian Studies 3925:, pp. 5–6, 307. 2660:, pp. xxiv–xxv. 2251:Pandurang Vaman Kane 2197:, SBE Vol. 14, 1882 2183:, SBE Vol. 25, 1886. 2158:Rocher, Ludo. 1956. 2119:The Law Code of Manu 2037:in 1772 as follows, 1886:(16th–17th century) 1631:, sometimes spelled 1056:Authorship and dates 1011:Style of composition 851:, and other topics. 4161:Kisori Lal Sarkar, 3956:Maria Heim (2004). 3854:, pp. 367–369. 3714:, pp. 149–150. 3702:, pp. 186–188. 3661:, pp. 172–173. 3637:, p. 103, 159. 3625:, pp. 158–159. 3593:, pp. 129–131. 3535:, pp. 176–177. 3511:, pp. 173–174. 3479:, pp. 130–131. 3394:, pp. 195–198. 3178:, pp. 169–170. 3112:, pp. 100–101. 2214:The Minor Law-Books 2209:, SBE Vol. 7, 1880. 2190:, SBE Vol. 2, 1879 1827: 1774:Bhagavanta-bhāskara 1733:Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura 1688:Caturvargacintāmaṇi 1556: 1555:) on Dharmasastras 868:Indian subcontinent 574:Iraiyanar Akapporul 534:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 280:Related Hindu texts 4709:Ancient Indian law 4589:Manu's Code of Law 4082:Maurice Winternitz 4022:Robert Lingat 1973 3983:Robert Lingat 1973 3803:Robert Lingat 1973 3791:Robert Lingat 1973 3779:Robert Lingat 1973 3737:Robert Lingat 1973 3712:Robert Lingat 1973 3683:Robert Lingat 1973 3671:Robert Lingat 1973 3635:Robert Lingat 1973 3623:Robert Lingat 1973 3591:Robert Lingat 1973 3545:Robert Lingat 1973 3492:Robert Lingat 1973 3477:Robert Lingat 1973 3465:Robert Lingat 1973 3453:Robert Lingat 1973 3438:Robert Lingat 1973 3409:Robert Lingat 1973 3392:Robert Lingat 1973 3335:Robert Lingat 1973 3302:Robert Lingat 1973 3269:Robert Lingat 1973 3161:Robert Lingat 1973 3098:Robert Lingat 1973 2985:, pp. xxxvii. 2919:, pp. xxviii. 2824:Robert Lingat 1973 2809:Robert Lingat 1973 2777:Robert Lingat 1973 2686:Robert Lingat 1973 2610:Robert Lingat 1973 2598:Robert Lingat 1973 2342:Robert Lingat 1973 2202:The Institutes of 2022:East India Company 1945:Yajnavalkya Smriti 1834:Author of Digests 1821: 1743:Astāviṃśati-tattva 1586:Yajnavalkya Smriti 1550: 1442: 1163:Literary structure 896: 839:(social classes), 835:(stages of life), 4641:978-0-470-99868-7 4620:978-0-19-977507-1 4599:978-0-19-517146-4 4578:978-0-19-283882-7 4557:978-0-520-01898-3 4536:978-1-139-49358-1 4483:978-81-7534-206-4 4462:978-1-139-48531-9 4441:978-81-7017-370-0 4148:978-3-900271-21-3 4122:, pp. 47–49. 4097:978-81-208-0056-4 4012:, pp. 65–66. 4000:, pp. 66–67. 3969:978-0-415-97030-3 3937:, pp. 38–72. 3909:978-94-017-6216-8 3886:, pp. 72–75. 3781:, pp. 54–56. 3739:, pp. 98–99. 3673:, pp. 14–16. 3378:978-81-208-2664-9 3292:, pp. 59–72. 3163:, pp. 73–77. 3032:, pp. xxxix. 2970:, pp. xxxvi. 2936:, pp. xxxiv. 2904:, pp. xxvii. 2826:, pp. 19–20. 2635:978-81-8069-595-7 2585:, pp. xxiii) 2549:978-0-19-569921-0 2446:978-81-208-1607-7 2077:Dharmic religions 2069:Fatawa al-Alamgir 2050:, August 15, 1772 1928: 1927: 1910:Judicial process 1770:Vyavahāra-mayūkha 1625: 1624: 1607:Parashara-smriti 1360:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 1295:The Dharmaśāstras 789: 788: 579:Abhirami Anthadhi 517:Sangam literature 370:Vaishnava puranas 4726: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4582: 4561: 4540: 4519: 4507: 4496: 4493:The Nāradasmr̥ti 4487: 4466: 4445: 4416: 4415: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4362:J.D.M. Derrett, 4360: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4261: 4250: 4239: 4228: 4227: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4175:Ludo Rocher 2008 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4102: 4101: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3869:Ludo Rocher 2008 3866: 3855: 3849: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3769:Vol. 4 p. 38, 58 3763: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3151:, pp. x1ii. 3146: 3137: 3136:, pp. xlii. 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3052: 3046: 3033: 3027: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2954: 2953:, pp. xxxv. 2948: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2877:, pp. xxxi. 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2853:, pp. xxvi. 2848: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2780: 2774: 2763: 2756: 2741: 2740:, pp. xxiv) 2734: 2725: 2724:, pp. xxiv. 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2655: 2640: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2579: 2564: 2563:, pp. xxii. 2558: 2552: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2430: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2366:Patrick Olivelle 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2307: 2301: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2248: 2207: 2181:The Laws of Manu 2153: 2141: 2111: 2051: 1923: 1917: 1904: 1898: 1885: 1858: 1852: 1847:(1104–1154 CE), 1846: 1828: 1820: 1782:and its summary 1557: 1549: 1410: 1404: 1385: 1374: 1363: 1278: 1241:Patrick Olivelle 1143: 960:The Dharmasutras 940:(poetic metre), 803: 781: 774: 767: 718:Gheranda Samhita 668:Sushruta Samhita 589:Vinayagar Agaval 554:Five Great Epics 529:Divya Prabandham 460: 426: 372: 254:Other scriptures 227: 188: 169: 112: 51: 28: 27: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4689: 4688: 4652: 4642: 4621: 4600: 4579: 4558: 4537: 4516: 4484: 4463: 4442: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4396: 4389: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4305: 4301: 4262: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4105: 4098: 4079: 4075: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3858: 3850: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613:, 1962 – 1975). 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3415: 3407: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280:Lingat 1973: 98 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259:, pp. 3–4. 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088:, pp. 180. 3084: 3080: 3076:, pp. xli. 3072: 3055: 3047: 3036: 3028: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2957: 2949: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2783: 2775: 2766: 2762:, pp. xxv) 2757: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2643: 2636: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600:, pp. 7–8. 2596: 2589: 2580: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2535: 2496: 2489: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2431: 2427: 2414: 2410: 2397: 2393: 2380: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2317:, pages 191–192 2308: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2223: 2169: 2151:The Nāradasmṛti 2129: 2101: 2096: 2052: 2048:Warren Hastings 2046: 2031:princely states 2003: 1997: 1957: 1933: 1905:(16th century) 1850:Devaṇṇa-bhaṭṭan 1812: 1788:Dattaka-mīmāṁsā 1784:Tattvamuktāvalī 1698:Kṛtya-kalpataru 1678:Some important 1613:, Nandapandita 1576:(600–1050 CE), 1541: 1539:Secondary works 1517: 1511: 1494: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1466:Parasara-Smriti 1422: 1297: 1282:The sources of 1280: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1202: 1182: 1165: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1058: 1013: 1005:Kalpa (Vedanga) 962: 911:verses and the 884: 874:set by Emperor 822:Kalpa (Vedanga) 785: 756: 755: 746: 738: 737: 688:Divya Prabandha 663:Charaka Samhita 648:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 608: 594: 593: 549:Kamba Ramayanam 524:Saiva Tirumurai 519: 509: 508: 480: 470: 469: 456: 422: 368: 335: 325: 324: 290: 275: 274: 255: 247: 246: 223: 184: 165: 147: 137: 136: 108: 83: 66: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4732: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4650:External links 4648: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4387: 4355: 4342: 4299: 4272:(3): 649–721. 4251: 4247:978-0521716260 4229: 4216:10.2307/600567 4191: 4179: 4177:, p. 112. 4167: 4154: 4147: 4124: 4103: 4096: 4073: 4053: 4038: 4026: 4024:, p. 117. 4014: 4002: 3987: 3985:, p. 116. 3975: 3968: 3948: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3908: 3888: 3873: 3856: 3833: 3824: 3820:978-9004048089 3807: 3805:, p. 107. 3795: 3783: 3771: 3758: 3741: 3729: 3716: 3704: 3687: 3685:, p. 285. 3675: 3663: 3651: 3649:, p. 172. 3639: 3627: 3615: 3595: 3583: 3579:978-3944773001 3566: 3562:978-0195171464 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3496: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 188. 3413: 3411:, p. 104. 3396: 3384: 3377: 3351: 3349:, pp. 22. 3339: 3337:, p. 277. 3327: 3318: 3314:Lariviere 1989 3306: 3294: 3282: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3212:978-0195171464 3199: 3180: 3165: 3153: 3138: 3126: 3124:, p. 181. 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3053: 3051:, pp. xl. 3034: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2972: 2955: 2938: 2921: 2906: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2865:, p. 325. 2855: 2840: 2828: 2813: 2798: 2796:, p. 185. 2781: 2764: 2742: 2726: 2714: 2712:, p. 178. 2702: 2690: 2678: 2662: 2641: 2634: 2614: 2602: 2587: 2565: 2553: 2533: 2487: 2474:10.2307/600567 2468:(3): 419–424. 2452: 2445: 2425: 2421:978-0521877046 2408: 2404:978-0195171464 2391: 2374: 2358: 2346: 2331: 2319: 2302: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2259: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2145: 2139:Kātyāyanasmṛti 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2114: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2044: 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1956: 1953: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1892: 1891:King's duties 1888: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1798:Rājā Ṭoḍaramal 1791: 1777: 1767: 1757: 1749: 1736: 1729:Smṛtiratnākara 1726: 1719:Smṛtikaustubha 1716: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1684: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618:Vishnu-smriti 1615: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599:Narada-smriti 1596: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1551:Commentaries ( 1540: 1537: 1513:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1490:Main article: 1487: 1484: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1421: 1418: 1408:Kātyāyanasmṛti 1402:Bṛhaspatismṛti 1396: 1395: 1376: 1365: 1354: 1296: 1293: 1260: 1253: 1204:The source of 1201: 1198: 1181: 1178: 1164: 1161: 1153:Andhra Pradesh 1121: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1095: 1077: 1057: 1054: 1012: 1009: 961: 958: 883: 880: 856:colonial India 787: 786: 784: 783: 776: 769: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 698:Ramcharitmanas 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 658:Pramana Sutras 655: 650: 645: 640: 638:Mimamsa Sutras 635: 633:Samkhya Sutras 630: 625: 620: 615: 613:Dharma Shastra 609: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 494: 493: 492: 481: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 465:Devi Bhagavata 458:Shakta puranas 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 424:Shaiva puranas 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 366: 365: 360: 355: 353:Brahmavaivarta 350: 345: 338:Brahma puranas 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 286: 285: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 267: 262: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 239: 234: 221: 220: 215: 213:Shvetashvatara 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Brihadaranyaka 182: 181: 176: 163: 162: 157: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 79: 78: 75: 74: 73: 72: 67: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4731: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714:Religious law 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4515:0-521-43878-0 4511: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4413: 4411:0-253-21480-7 4407: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4036:, p. 71. 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3871:, p. 111 3870: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3793:, p. 55. 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3547:, p. 22. 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3455:, p. 97. 3454: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3304:, p. 98. 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3271:, p. 77. 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3226:, p. 56. 3225: 3220: 3214:, pages 24–25 3213: 3209: 3203: 3197:, p. 57. 3196: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3100:, p. 69. 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2838:, p. 46. 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2811:, p. 19. 2810: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2779:, p. 18. 2778: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2612:, p. 12. 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2344:, p. 73. 2343: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2315:0-8239-2287-1 2312: 2306: 2300:Vol. 1 p. 304 2299: 2293: 2289: 2273: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2099:For beginners 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:British Crown 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:Danavakyavali 1938: 1937:Vivadachandra 1931:Women jurists 1922: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1889: 1884: 1883:Nanda-paṇḍita 1876: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753:Vīramitrodaya 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713:Smṛticandrikā 1711: 1708: 1707:Nirṇayasindhu 1705: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1673:Uttar Pradesh 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1621:Nandapandita 1616: 1612: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1560:Dharmasastra 1558: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Robert Lingat 1521: 1516: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319:Dharmaśāstras 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1301:Dharmaśāstras 1292: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1008: 1006: 1002: 996: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 925: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 901: 893: 888: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 799: 795: 794: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 762: 760: 759: 752: 749: 748: 742: 741: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:Shiva Samhita 711: 709: 706: 704: 703:Yoga Vasistha 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:Vastu Shastra 676: 674: 673:Natya Shastra 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Brahma Sutras 626: 624: 621: 619: 618:Artha Shastra 616: 614: 611: 610: 607: 603: 598: 597: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 513: 512: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 474: 473: 466: 463: 462: 461: 459: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 427: 425: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 407:Varaha Purana 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 371: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 334: 329: 328: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 284: 283: 279: 278: 271: 268: 266: 265:Bhagavad Gita 263: 261: 258: 257: 251: 250: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 228: 226: 225:Atharva vedic 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 113: 111: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 82: 77: 76: 71: 68: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 24: 16: 4719:Dharmaśāstra 4630: 4609: 4588: 4567: 4546: 4525: 4503: 4492: 4472: 4451: 4430: 4422:Bibliography 4400: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4269: 4265: 4207: 4203: 4182: 4170: 4162: 4157: 4137: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4051:, p. 50 4034:Banerji 1999 4029: 4017: 4010:Banerji 1999 4005: 3998:Banerji 1999 3978: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3935:Banerji 1999 3930: 3923:Banerji 1999 3918: 3898: 3891: 3884:Banerji 1999 3827: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3707: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3598: 3586: 3569: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3494:, p. 6. 3472: 3460: 3433: 3387: 3362: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3202: 3156: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3002: 2990: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2831: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2624: 2617: 2605: 2556: 2503: 2499: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2435: 2428: 2411: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2361: 2349: 2322: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2272: 2262: 2246: 2227:Dhammasattha 2159: 2148: 2136: 2117: 2105: 2085: 2054: 2040: 2019: 2004: 1988: 1977: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1872:Raghunandana 1868:Jīmūtavāhana 1864:Inheritance 1824:nibandhakāra 1823: 1816:nibandhakāra 1815: 1813: 1807:Dharmasindhu 1806: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1764:Jīmūtavāhana 1759: 1751: 1747:Raghunandana 1742: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1687: 1679: 1677: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1592:most studied 1552: 1542: 1522: 1518: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1481: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1430:Oriya script 1414: 1398: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1236:samayacarika 1235: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1014: 997: 982: 963: 926: 904: 897: 853: 826: 793:Dharmaśāstra 792: 791: 790: 683:Panchatantra 643:Nyāya Sūtras 612: 539:Thiruppugazh 457: 455: 423: 421: 369: 367: 337: 224: 222: 185: 183: 166: 164: 149: 109: 107: 23:Dhammasattha 15: 4704:Hindu texts 4249:, Chapter 1 3765:Kane, P.V. 3727:p. 174 2551:, Chapter 1 2296:Kane, P.V. 1949:Balambhatta 1844:Lakṣmīdhara 1794:Ṭoḍarānanda 1780:Smṛtisindhu 1739:Smṛtitattva 1661:Maharashtra 1515:Prāyaścitta 1509:Prāyaścitta 1371:Nāradasmṛti 1315:Katyayana's 1246:Yuga dharma 1216:deshadharma 1088:Maharashtra 900:Dharmasūtra 841:purushartha 802:धर्मशास्त्र 728:Vedantasara 653:Yoga Sutras 569:Aathichoodi 502:Historicity 497:Mahabharata 490:Historicity 186:Yajur vedic 103:Atharvaveda 4693:Categories 4376:: 93–122. 3609:. (Poona: 3581:, page 123 3224:Flood 1996 2285:References 2232:Tirukkural 2133:Kane, P.V. 1921:Nīlakaṇṭha 1915:Caṇḍeśvara 1896:Caṇḍeśvara 1856:Nīlakaṇṭha 1669:Tamil Nadu 1611:Vidyaranya 1578:Medhātithi 1569:Manusmriti 1434:land grant 1394:tradition. 1382:Viṣṇusmṛti 1331:Manusmriti 1224:kuladharma 1220:jatidharma 1118:Excellence 1098:Baudhāyana 1074:Kalpasūtra 1039:Manusmriti 974:Baudhayana 922:Upanishads 723:Panchadasi 708:Swara yoga 544:Tirukkuṟaḷ 358:Markandeya 203:Taittiriya 167:Sama vedic 160:Kaushitaki 145:Upanishads 132:Upanishads 4699:Hindu law 4337:146583562 4294:145176900 3603:P.V. Kane 2528:144344249 2073:Aurangzeb 2065:al-Hidaya 2011:Buddhists 2001:Hindu law 1995:Influence 1969:Vyakarana 1902:Ṭoḍar Mal 1878:Adoption 1760:Dāyabhāga 1657:Karnataka 1633:nibhandas 1629:nibandhas 1492:Vyavahāra 1486:Vyavahāra 1351:Indonesia 1104:Vasishtha 1070:Apastamba 966:Apastamba 942:Vyakarana 918:Aranyakas 913:Brahmanas 876:Aurangzeb 693:Tirumurai 623:Kamasutra 382:Bhagavata 363:Bhavishya 348:Brahmānda 305:Vyakarana 174:Chandogya 150:Rig vedic 110:Divisions 98:Yajurveda 4084:(1963). 2221:See also 2109:Vāsiṣṭha 2045:—  1839:General 1831:Subject 1680:nibandha 1533:Samaveda 1529:Brahmana 1405:and the 1347:Cambodia 1343:Thailand 1335:Hinduism 1084:Samaveda 1050:nibandha 1001:ashramas 978:Vasistha 950:Jyotisha 930:Vedangas 892:Chalukya 870:, after 849:just war 806:Sanskrit 798:Sanskrit 745:Timeline 602:Shastras 485:Ramayana 387:Naradiya 320:Jyotisha 288:Vedangas 237:Mandukya 155:Aitareya 127:Aranyaka 122:Brahmana 93:Samaveda 33:a series 31:Part of 4382:1084716 2267:anger." 2162:. Gent. 2088:Shariat 1973:Nirukta 1965:Vedanga 1961:Mimamsa 1692:Hemādri 1682:s are 1653:Kashmir 1649:Gujarat 1574:Bhāruci 1545:Bhashya 1339:Myanmar 1310:Nirukta 1228:dharmas 1092:Gujarat 1080:Gautama 1043:Puranas 993:chandas 970:Gautama 946:Nirukta 938:Chandas 934:Shiksha 905:shakhas 882:History 860:British 833:ashrama 829:Smritis 810:śāstras 478:Itihasa 333:Puranas 310:Nirukta 300:Chandas 295:Shiksha 270:Tantras 242:Prashna 232:Mundaka 117:Samhita 88:Rigveda 4638:  4617:  4596:  4575:  4554:  4533:  4512:  4480:  4459:  4438:  4408:  4380:  4335:  4329:313119 4327:  4292:  4286:312295 4284:  4245:  4224:600567 4222:  4145:  4094:  3966:  3906:  3818:  3577:  3560:  3375:  3371:–194. 3210:  2632:  2547:  2526:  2520:177940 2518:  2482:600567 2480:  2443:  2419:  2402:  2313:  2255:bhasya 2081:Parsis 2061:Sharia 2059:, the 1981:moksha 1772:& 1723:Eknāth 1671:, and 1665:Odisha 1641:Bengal 1553:bhasya 1446:Dharma 1438:Odisha 1392:bhakti 1388:dharma 1313:text. 1305:śāstra 1284:dharma 1211:Dharma 1206:dharma 1189:Dharma 1185:Dharma 1170:dharma 1125:dharma 989:shloka 976:, and 909:mantra 872:Sharia 845:ahimsa 814:Dharma 804:) are 733:Stotra 606:sutras 441:Skanda 417:Matsya 402:Vamana 392:Garuda 377:Vishnu 343:Brahma 260:Agamas 218:Maitri 64:Smriti 59:Shruti 4333:S2CID 4325:JSTOR 4290:S2CID 4282:JSTOR 4220:JSTOR 2524:S2CID 2516:JSTOR 2478:JSTOR 2238:Notes 2205:Viṣṇu 2015:Sikhs 2007:Jains 1989:Nyaya 1985:Nyaya 1802:Akbar 1645:Bihar 1637:Assam 1478:Ācāra 1472:Ācāra 1450:Vedas 1035:śloka 1031:sūtra 1019:sutra 985:sutra 954:Kalpa 837:varna 818:Vedas 812:) on 436:Linga 431:Shiva 412:Kurma 397:Padma 315:Kalpa 208:Katha 81:Vedas 4636:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4594:ISBN 4573:ISBN 4552:ISBN 4531:ISBN 4510:ISBN 4478:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4436:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4378:SSRN 4243:ISBN 4143:ISBN 4092:ISBN 3964:ISBN 3904:ISBN 3816:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3558:ISBN 3373:ISBN 3208:ISBN 2630:ISBN 2545:ISBN 2441:ISBN 2417:ISBN 2400:ISBN 2311:ISBN 2067:and 2055:For 1971:and 1959:The 1814:The 1444:All 1378:The 1367:The 1356:The 1349:and 1341:and 1329:The 1029:The 604:and 451:Agni 446:Vayu 198:Isha 179:Kena 70:List 4317:doi 4274:doi 4212:doi 3369:192 2508:doi 2470:doi 2017:). 1796:of 1762:of 1745:of 1731:of 1690:of 1675:. 4695:: 4390:^ 4374:33 4372:. 4331:. 4323:. 4313:35 4311:. 4288:. 4280:. 4270:15 4268:. 4254:^ 4232:^ 4218:. 4208:92 4206:. 4194:^ 4127:^ 4106:^ 4056:^ 4041:^ 3990:^ 3876:^ 3859:^ 3836:^ 3744:^ 3690:^ 3605:, 3499:^ 3484:^ 3445:^ 3416:^ 3399:^ 3183:^ 3168:^ 3141:^ 3056:^ 3037:^ 3014:^ 2975:^ 2958:^ 2941:^ 2924:^ 2909:^ 2894:^ 2843:^ 2816:^ 2801:^ 2784:^ 2767:^ 2745:^ 2729:^ 2665:^ 2644:^ 2590:^ 2568:^ 2536:^ 2522:. 2514:. 2502:. 2490:^ 2476:. 2466:92 2464:. 2368:, 2334:^ 2013:, 2009:, 1899:, 1870:, 1826:s 1786:, 1667:, 1663:, 1659:, 1655:, 1651:, 1647:, 1643:, 1639:, 1535:. 1321:. 1274:— 1139:— 1045:. 1007:. 972:, 968:, 800:: 35:on 4644:. 4623:. 4602:. 4581:. 4560:. 4539:. 4518:. 4486:. 4465:. 4444:. 4414:. 4384:. 4339:. 4319:: 4296:. 4276:: 4226:. 4214:: 4151:. 4100:. 3972:. 3912:. 3381:. 3316:. 3238:. 2758:( 2736:( 2672:( 2638:. 2581:( 2530:. 2510:: 2504:4 2484:. 2472:: 2449:. 1353:. 1214:( 1090:- 903:( 796:( 780:e 773:t 766:v 25:.

Index

Dhammasattha
a series
Hindu scriptures and texts

Shruti
Smriti
List
Vedas
Rigveda
Samaveda
Yajurveda
Atharvaveda
Samhita
Brahmana
Aranyaka
Upanishads
Upanishads
Aitareya
Kaushitaki
Chandogya
Kena
Brihadaranyaka
Isha
Taittiriya
Katha
Shvetashvatara
Maitri
Mundaka
Mandukya
Prashna

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