3831:
3750:
5223:
426:
3389:
4748:
12413:
6033:: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history.... Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana – the goal of human existence...."
3114:
2960:, "that which is properly joined; order, rule; truth", is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. "Satya (truth as being) and rita (truth as law) are the primary principles of Reality and its manifestation is the background of the canons of dharma, or a life of righteousness." "Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute, rita is its application and function as the rule and order operating in the universe." Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment. Panikkar remarks:
3648:
4914:
2565:
9416:
7455:
7703:
7679:
3232:
4073:
17927:
12228:
5708:
4812:
17937:
12238:
50:
5162:
4539:
3494:
5736:
4930:
2647:
5112:
4064:("heterodox") system; it is not included among the six schools of Hinduism generally regarded as orthodox. It is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism. Our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and it is no longer a living tradition. Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include Samkhya and Mimāṃsā.
5694:
3847:
176:
5722:
3519:
6072:
fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and
Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana – the goal of human existence...."
4705:, and others propagated Bhakti in the South. They taught that people could cast aside the heavy burdens of ritual and caste, and the subtle complexities of philosophy, and simply express their overwhelming love for God. This period was also characterized by a spate of devotional literature in vernacular prose and poetry in the ethnic languages of the various Indian states or provinces.
3138:
206:
4297:
at the same time, Buddhism was incorporated into
Hinduism, when Gaudapada used Buddhist philosophy to reinterpret the Upanishads. This also marked a shift from Atman and Brahman as a "living substance" to "maya-vada", where Atman and Brahman are seen as "pure knowledge-consciousness". According to Scheepers, it is this "maya-vada" view which has come to dominate Indian thought.
191:
3212:). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.
3746:(c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora, and fauna that went on to influence Hinduism, Buddhism, Charvaka, Sramana, and Jainism.
5573:
Indian context, neo-Vedanta philosophy subsumes
Buddhist philosophies in terms of its own Vedantic ideology. The Buddha becomes a member of the Vedanta tradition, merely attempting to reform it from within. Finally, at a global level, neo-Vedanta colonizes the religious traditions of the world by arguing for the centrality of a non-dualistic position as the
161:
4779:. Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus, and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other", which started well before 1800. Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers.
3801:. The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appear predominantly a goddess. In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai. Among the early Dravidians the practice of erecting memorial stones
2476:(1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely the Hindu, Muslim, and British periods. This periodisation has been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to. Another periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval, and modern periods", although this periodization has also received criticism.
6227:, and all but Mahesvara submit. Vajrapani and Mahesvara engage in a magical combat, which is won by Vajrapani. Mahesvara's retinue become part of Vairocana's mandala, except for Mahesvara, who is killed, and his life transferred to another realm where he becomes a buddha named Bhasmesvara-nirghosa, the "Soundless Lord of Ashes".
2879:... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."
5662:
However, some individual states have over the past few decades differed on whether Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs are religious minorities or not, by either pronouncing judgments or passing legislation. One example is the judgment passed by the
Supreme Court in 2006, in a case pertaining to the state of
4296:
changed, incorporating
Buddhist thought and its emphasis on consciousness and the working of the mind. Buddhism, which was supported by the ancient Indian urban civilisation lost influence to the traditional religions, which were rooted in the countryside. In Bengal, Buddhism was even prosecuted. But
3842:
Flood and Muesse take the period between 200 BCE and 500 BCE as a separate period, in which the epics and the first puranas were being written. Michaels takes a greater timespan, namely the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE, which saw the rise of so-called "Classical
Hinduism", with its "golden age"
2625:
The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people has received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying
6091:
Padmanabh S. Jaini: "Yajnavalkya's reluctance and manner in expounding the doctrine of karma in the assembly of Janaka (a reluctance not shown on any other occasion) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of
4524:
conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The
Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion,
6256:
The
Supreme Court observed in a judgment pertaining to case of Bal Patil vs. Union of India: "Thus, 'Hinduism' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas 'Jainism' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on
6110:
Oldmeadow: "Over time, apparent misunderstandings have arisen over the origins of
Jainism and relationship with its sister religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. There has been an ongoing debate between Jainism and Vedic Hinduism as to which revelation preceded the other. What is historically known is
5554:
was presented as an equivalent of, but also a response to, the western notion of "religion", reflects a fundamental change in the Hindu sense of identity and in the attitude toward other religious and cultural traditions. The foreign tools of "religion" and "nation" became tools of self-definition,
3912:
texts of the period between 200 BCE–100 CE proclaim the authority of the Vedas, and "nonrejection of the Vedas comes to be one of the most important touchstones for defining
Hinduism over and against the heterodoxies, which rejected the Vedas." Of the six Hindu darsanas, the Mimamsa and the Vedanta
2777:
civilisations, the Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces, even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge. This may suggest that religious ceremonies, if any, may have been largely confined to individual homes, small temples, or the open air.
2708:
concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity, its association with the water buffalo, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would be going too far. Despite the criticisms of Marshall's association of the seal with a proto-Shiva
315:
period between 800 and 200 BCE marks a "turning point between the Vedic Hinduism and Puranic Hinduism". The Shramana movement, an ancient Indian religious movement parallel to but separate from Vedic tradition, often defied many of the Vedic and Upanishadic concepts of soul (Atman) and the ultimate
5646:
faiths within the larger Hindu fold, and that Jainism is a denomination within the Hindu fold. Although the Indian Government counted Jains in India as a major religious community right from the first Census conducted in 1873, after independence in 1947 Sikhs and Jains were not treated as national
5572:
The inclusivist appropriation of other traditions, so characteristic of neo-Vedanta ideology, appears on three basic levels. First, it is apparent in the suggestion that the (Advaita) Vedanta philosophy of Sankara (c. eighth century CE) constitutes the central philosophy of Hinduism. Second, in an
3878:
The emerging self-definitions of Hinduism were forged in the context of continuous interaction with heterodox religions (Buddhists, Jains, Ajivikas) throughout this whole period, and with foreign people (Yavanas, or Greeks; Sakas, or Scythians; Pahlavas, or Parthians; and Kusanas, or Kushans) from
3479:
Buddhism emphasises enlightenment (nibbana, nirvana) and liberation from the rounds of rebirth. This objective is pursued through two schools, Theravada, the Way of the Elders (practiced in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, SE Asia, etc.) and Mahayana, the Greater Way (practiced in Tibet, China, Japan,
2870:
Some modern Hindu scholars use the "Vedic religion" synonymously with "Hinduism." According to Sundararajan, Hinduism is also known as the Vedic religion. Other authors state that the Vedas contain "the fundamental truths about Hindu Dharma" which is called "the modern version of the ancient Vedic
6275:
In an extra-judicial observation not forming part of the judgment the court observed :"Thus, 'Hinduism' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas 'Jainism' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on
4253:
After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states". The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The
2782:
at Mohenjo-daro is widely thought to have been so used, as a place for ritual purification. The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation is marked by its diversity with evidence of supine burial; fractional burial in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements
5123:
According to Tilak, the religions of India can be interpreted "differentially" or "integrally", that is by either highlighting the differences or the similarities. According to Sherma and Sarma, western Indologists have tended to emphasise the differences, while Indian Indologists have tended to
4225:
Empire (606 to 647 CE). During this period, power was centralised, along with a growth of far distance trade, standardizarion of legal procedures, and general spread of literacy. Mahayana Buddhism flourished, but the orthodox Brahmana culture began to be rejuvenated by the patronage of the Gupta
6081:
Flood: "The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating among sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the
5954:
Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic
7230:
5147:
share certain key concepts, which are interpreted differently by different groups and individuals. Until the 19th century, adherents of those various religions did not tend to label themselves as in opposition to each other, but "perceived themselves as belonging to the same extended cultural
6071:
Flood: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterise later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history.... Some of the
5518:
Buddhists and Jains have disagreed that they are nastika and have redefined the phrases āstika and nāstika in their own view. Jains assign the term nastika to one who is ignorant of the meaning of the religious texts, or those who deny the existence of the soul was well known to the Jainas.
5946:
Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It is the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and
2630:
remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective. An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harrapan sites was that of
2482:
notes that the division of Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division in Ancient-Medieval-Modern overlooks the fact that the
2483:
Muslim-conquests took place between the eight and the fourteenth century, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.
6061:
Padmanabh S. Jaini: "Jainas themselves have no memory of a time when they fell within the Vedic fold. Any theory that attempts to link the two traditions, moreover fails to appreciate rather distinctive and very non-vedic character of Jaina cosmology, soul theory, karmic doctrine and
8559:
11690:
5681:
returned the Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill, 2006 citing the widespread protests by the Jains as well as Supreme Court's extrajudicial observation that Jainism is a "special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion by the Supreme Court".
2921:, the sacrificial mantras. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña), and charity (dána). An essential element was the sacrificial fire – the divine
5268:). Other noteworthy rituals are the cremation of the dead, the wearing of vermilion on the head by married women, and various marital rituals. In literature, many classical narratives and purana have Hindu, Buddhist or Jain versions. All four traditions have notions of
3306:
highlighted the points where Buddhism was opposed to Upanishads. Buddhism may have been influenced by some Upanishadic ideas, it however discarded their orthodox tendencies. In Buddhist texts Buddha is presented as rejecting avenues of salvation as "pernicious views".
6246:
In various codified customary laws like Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act and other laws of pre and post-Constitution period, the definition of 'Hindu' included all sects and sub-sects of Hindu religions including Sikhs and
4719:
Lingayatism is a distinct Shaivite tradition in India, established in the 12th century by the philosopher and social reformer Basavanna. The adherents of this tradition are known as Lingayats. The term is derived from Lingavantha in Kannada, meaning "one who wears
5674:, that is an amendment to a legislation that sought to define Jains and Buddhists as denominations within Hinduism. Ultimately on 31 July 2007, finding it not in conformity with the concept of freedom of religion as embodied in Article 25 (1) of the Constitution,
4261:
The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism" was diminished. Rural and devotional movements arose, along with
316:
reality (Brahman). In 6th century BCE, the Shramnic movement matured into Jainism and Buddhism and was responsible for the schism of Indian religions into two main philosophical branches of astika, which venerates Veda (e.g., six orthodox schools of Hinduism) and
4007:
which was composed around 200 BCE. The cryptic aphorisms of the Brahma Sutras are open to a variety of interpretations. This resulted in the formation of numerous Vedanta schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own sub-commentaries.
9860:(para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India)
5663:
Uttar Pradesh, which declared Jainism to be indisputably distinct from Hinduism, but mentioned that, "The question as to whether the Jains are part of the Hindu religion is open to debate. However, the Supreme Court also noted various court cases that have held
7214:
6051:
Masih: "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices, vedic deities or caste. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed to much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present
3576:
in the 2nd century BCE due to his significant patronage of the religion. His reign is considered a period of growth and influence for the religion, although Jainism had flourished for centuries before and continued to develop in prominence after his time.
6019:
Deussen: "these treatises are not the work of a single genius, but the total philosophical product of an entire epoch which extends approximately 1000 or 800 BC, to c.500 BCE, but which is prolonged in its offshoots far beyond this last limit of
3769:. Titual worship was also given to kings. Modern words for god like "kō" ("king"), "iṟai" ("emperor"), and "āṇḍavar" ("conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like the legendary marriage of
4447:
Vaishanava bhakti literature was an all-India phenomenon, which started in the 6th–7th century A.D. in the Tamil-speaking region of South India, with twelve Alvar (one immersed in God) saint-poets, who wrote devotional songs. The religion of
5950:
For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism", whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu
8553:
2766:. Some seals show a man wearing a hat with two horns and a plant sitting on a throne with animals surrounding him. Some scholars theorize that this was a predecessor to Shiva wearing a hat worn by some Sumerian divine beings and kings.
5027:, has also influenced many worldwide. Through the international influence of all of these new Hindu denominations, many Hindu practices such as yoga, meditation, mantra, divination, and vegetarianism have been adopted by new converts.
3765:, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is
2862:
is most significant for the composition of the four Vedas, Brahmanas and the older Upanishads (both presented as discussions on the rituals, mantras and concepts found in the four Vedas), which today are some of the most important
6142:
occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many
4732:
is an oval-shaped emblem symbolising Parasiva, the absolute reality. Contemporary Lingayatism follows a progressive reform–based theology propounded, which has great influence in South India, especially in the state of Karnataka.
6124:
Fisher: "The extreme antiquity of Jainism as a non-vedic, indigenous Indian religion is well documented. Ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures refer to Jainism as an existing tradition which began long before Mahavira." Page
5664:
4341:
began with the emphasis on the worship of God, regardless of one's status – whether priestly or laypeople, men or women, higher social status or lower social status. The movements were mainly centered on the forms of Vishnu
4274:, and Tantra, though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development". Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords. Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India.
3969:, the most speculative and philosophical of the Vedic texts. However, in the medieval period of Hinduism, the word Vedānta came to mean the school of philosophy that interpreted the Upanishads. Traditional Vedānta considers
4421:
Several important icons were women. For example, within the Mahanubhava sect, the women outnumbered the men, and administration was many times composed mainly of women. Mirabai is the most popular female saint in India.
11137:
6115:. Essentially, the sramana tradition included it its fold, the Jain and Buddhist traditions, which disagreed with the eternality of the Vedas, the needs for ritual sacrifices and the supremacy of the Brahmins." Page 141
4153:
allowed for a divine and mythical interpretation of the world, not unlike the ancient Hellenic or Roman religions. Legends and epics with a multitude of gods and goddesses with human-like characteristics were composed.
6236:
Occasionally the term is also being used by other authors. David Westerlund: "... may provide some possibilities for co-operation with Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists, who like Hindus are regarded as adherents of 'dharmic'
9896:
3883:
The end of the Vedantic period around the 2nd century CE spawned a number of branches that furthered Vedantic philosophy, and which ended up being seminaries in their own right. Prominent among these developers were
3811:
had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about 16th century. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory.
3796:
The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, typically associated with
5559:
The emphasis on the similarities and integral unity of the dharmic faiths has been criticised for neglecting the vast differences between and even within the various Indian religions and traditions. According to
2635:, who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion: a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or veneration of animals and plants; symbolic representation of the phallus (
12193:
3162:
During the time of the shramanic reform movements "many elements of the Vedic religion were lost". According to Michaels, "it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".
5533:
Frawley and Malhotra use the term "Dharmic traditions" to highlight the similarities between the various Indian religions. According to Frawley, "all religions in India have been called the Dharma", and can be
6276:
non-violence ('Ahimsa') and compassion ('Karuna'). Their only difference from Hindus is that Jains do not believe in any creator like God but worship only the perfect human-being whom they called Tirathankar."
6257:
non-violence ('Ahimsa') and compassion ('Karuna'). Their only difference from Hindus is that Jains do not believe in any creator like God but worship only the perfect human-being whom they called Tirathankar."
6223:. Vajrapani refuses, because Mahesvara (Shiva) "is deluding beings with his deceitfull religious doctrines and engaging in all kinds of violent criminal conduct". Mahesvara and his entourage are dragged to
4452:
poets, which included a woman poet, Andal, was devotion to God through love (bhakti), and in the ecstasy of such devotions they sang hundreds of songs which embodied both depth of feeling and felicity of
2967:
is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything...."
3054:, a religious path considering itself the 'essence' of the Vedas, interpreting the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with 'God' (Brahman) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of
2739:. However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear, and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall's hypothesis to be "terribly robust". Some of the
2486:
Smart and Michaels seem to follow Mill's periodisation, while Flood and Muesse follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation. An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:
5861:
Adams: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".
12203:
10700:
294:, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The early Upanishads all predate the Common Era, five of the eleven
7440:
4767:... certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophival teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the "six systems" (
2743:
interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead, while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise
6134:
Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of
12267:
10614:
Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927
2735:
Marshall hypothesized the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines, and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of
3736:
who were all assimilated into Hinduism over time. Dravidian linguistic influence on early Vedic religion is evident, many of these features are already present in the oldest known
2998:) for a concept of cardinal importance to Zoroastrian theology and doctrine. The term "dharma" was already used in Brahmanical thought, where it was conceived as an aspect of Rta.
11734:
3096:
Since Vedic times, "people from many strata of society throughout the subcontinent tended to adapt their religious and social life to Brahmanic norms", a process sometimes called
5378:. According to Kalupahana, the story "echoes" the story of the conversion of Ambattha. It is to be understood in the context of the competition between Buddhist institutions and
11146:
6437:
9889:
5354:
Critics point out that there exist vast differences between and even within the various Indian religions. All major religions are composed of innumerable sects and subsects.
12908:
12890:
4905:, the modern period in India begins with the first contacts with western nations around 1500. The period of Mughal rule in India saw the rise of new forms of religiosity.
2408:
9461:
4176:, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. Buddhism continued to have a significant presence in some regions of India until the 12th century.
11741:
In his letter dated 27 July 2007 he had said Jainism has been regarded as "special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion by the Supreme Court".
9434:
Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste. 3rd ed. London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. pages: 2, 3–7, 8, 14–15, 19, 240, 266, 271
3565:, who patronised Buddhist teachings and unified the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE. He sent missionaries abroad, allowing Buddhism to spread across Asia.
3874:(c. 320–467 CE), which he calls the "Hindus synthesis", "Brahmanic synthesis", or "orthodox synthesis". It develops in interaction with other religions and peoples:
3376:, accorded status as the 23rd Tirthankara, was a historical figure. The Vedas are believed to have documented a few Tirthankaras and an ascetic order similar to the
3260:
kingdom., reflecting "the cosmology and anthropology of a much older, pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India", and were responsible for the related concepts of
7764:
9180:
6406:
3870:, a period of consolidation in the development of Hinduism took place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishad (c. 500 BCE) and the period of the rise of the
6002:"Upanishads came to be composed already in the ninth and eighth century B.C.E. and continued to be composed well into the first centuries of the Common Era. The
5602:
11588:
3275:
The shramana movements challenged the orthodoxy of the rituals. The shramanas were wandering ascetics distinct from Vedism. Mahavira, proponent of Jainism, and
425:
9238:
5930:
4221:. According to Michaels this was the "Golden Age of Hinduism" (c. 320–650 CE), which flourished during the Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE) until the fall of the
3793:
as the "Three Glorified by Heaven". In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.
11710:
2662:
One Indus valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress, surrounded by animals. Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god
2684:(lord of all animals), an epithet of Shiva. While Marshall's work has earned some support, many critics and even supporters have raised several objections.
2643:); and, use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades.
4114:
were compositions of this period. Devotion to particular deities was reflected from the composition of texts composed to their worship. For example, the
8091:
4988:. These thinkers have tended to take an inclusive view of India's religious history, emphasising the similarities between the various Indian religions.
14347:
7985:
11123:
Sweetman, Will (December 2004), "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism",
9157:
14438:
2318:
7955:
16880:
5538:... put under the greater umbrella of "Dharmic traditions" which we can see as Hinduism or the spiritual traditions of India in the broadest sense.
2378:
11566:
16729:
12854:
5008:
2442:
2348:
5619:
within Hinduism is part of the Indian legal system. The 1955 Hindu Marriage Act " as Hindus all Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and anyone who is not a
4172:
The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized
3830:
3640:, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of
2747:
were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars, although the possibility of their religious symbolism cannot be eliminated.
17786:
12677:
11302:
Yelle, Robert A. (December 2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different",
8966:
January 2008, VOL. 213, NO. 1 "The flow between faiths was such that for hundreds of years, almost all Buddhist temples, including the ones at
7432:
5440:
according to whether they accept the authority of the main Hindu texts, the Vedas, as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition,
4149:
In the latter Vedantic period, several texts were also composed as summaries/attachments to the Upanishads. These texts collectively called as
8179:
2913:, sacrifices which involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire, accompanied by the singing of
2358:
6336:
6042:
Cromwell Crwaford: "Alongside Brahmanism was the non-Aryan Shramanic (self reliant) culture with its roots going back to prehistoric times."
5978:
notes: "Consequently, it remains an anachronism to project the notion of "Hinduism" as it is commonly understood into pre-colonial history."
2595:
Valley buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife and belief in magic. Other
17738:
15086:
12274:
7877:
6092:
the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them."
5888:
The Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain renunciation traditions form parallel traditions, which share some common concepts and interests. While
4058:
school that originated around the 6th century BCE is the most explicitly atheistic school of Indian philosophy. Cārvāka is classified as a
11419:
10824:
30:
This article is about the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For religious demographics of the Republic of India, see
11731:
11184:
10546:
9783:
8148:
6266:
The so-called minority communities like Sikhs and Jains were not treated as national minorities at the time of framing the Constitution.
5639:
says that "reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion".
16774:
16701:
13872:
12973:
12880:
10501:
Larson, Gerald James (December 2012), "The Issue of Not Being Different Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different",
5306:
is a heroic figure in all of these religions. In Hinduism he is the God-incarnate in the form of a princely king; in Buddhism, he is a
2696:
also rejected Marshall's conclusions, with the former claiming that the figure was female, while the latter associated the figure with
11830:
8263:
6215:
The story begins with the transformation of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra into Vajrapani by Vairocana, the cosmic Buddha, receiving a
5238:. It has various meanings depending on the context. For example it could mean duty, righteousness, spiritual teachings, conduct, etc.
333:
The Puranic Period (200 BCE – 500 CE) and Early Medieval period (500–1100 CE) gave rise to new configurations of Hinduism, especially
251:, which lasted from 3300 to 1300 BCE (mature period 2600–1900 BCE), had an early urbanized culture which predates the Vedic religion.
16574:
12951:
12918:
12903:
11665:
9862:
6429:
6194:
360:
The early Islamic period (1100–1500 CE) also gave rise to new movements. Sikhism was founded in the 15th century on the teachings of
17025:
11516:
9953:
The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict
3778:
3749:
16865:
16739:
16724:
11489:
9839:
12487:
5222:
2778:
Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purpose, but at present only the
12774:
12719:
12577:
12142:
4242:
2674:, and linga; regarded as a lord of animals; and often depicted as having three eyes. The seal has hence come to be known as the
11443:
9445:
6380:
4603:
14664:
16885:
11379:
11361:
11292:
11229:
11209:
11178:
11056:
10818:
10777:
10747:
10718:
10633:
10582:
10540:
10491:
10407:
10375:
10318:
10300:
10248:
10199:
10111:
10012:
9382:
8642:
8212:
8142:
8056:
8031:
7910:
7796:
7758:
7528:
7501:
7224:
6888:
6724:
4575:
3388:
11062:
10753:
10456:
10413:
10381:
10254:
10117:
10082:
9540:
3286:, and the concept of liberation. The influence of Upanishads on Buddhism has been a subject of debate among scholars. While
17350:
14342:
12784:
12649:
12117:
11867:
3078:), is a major component of modern Hinduism. The ritualistic traditions of Vedic religion are preserved in the conservative
12464:
11540:
10237:"The Indus Valley "Proto-Śiva", Re-examined through Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of vāhanas"
17468:
16749:
16345:
12439:
12434:
11791:
3372:(non-attachment). Jain orthodoxy believes the teachings of the Tirthankaras predates all known time and scholars believe
2754:. One seal from Mohen-jodaro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a tiger, which may be a reference to the
2435:
2168:
4582:
17678:
17408:
17290:
16744:
15324:
13236:
12672:
12587:
12162:
9187:
6402:
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11619:
4410:
to Vishnu-Krishna in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service. The most popular Vaishnava teacher of the south was
17728:
16549:
13757:
12870:
12517:
11592:
11269:
11250:
10951:
10865:
10795:
10440:
10279:
10170:
10152:
10076:
9991:
9455:
9235:
8901:
8699:
7924:
7857:
7838:
7661:
7256:
7031:
6979:
6927:
5209:
5183:
4747:
4622:
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4226:
Dynasty. The position of the Brahmans was reinforced, and the first Hindu temples emerged during the late Gupta age.
645:
12492:
5191:
634:
17781:
15334:
12841:
12637:
12454:
10923:
9350:
5671:
5428:
are variously defined terms sometimes used to categorise Indian religions. The traditional definition, followed by
11702:
5555:
and a new and precarious sense of the "unity of Hinduism" and of national as well as religious identity took root.
4589:
3189:
period. This period heralded the beginning of much of what became classical Hinduism, with the composition of the
17966:
17743:
17638:
16764:
16759:
16715:
16340:
15184:
14406:
13391:
12898:
12829:
12809:
12614:
12567:
12542:
5656:
4995:
established the Brahma Kumaris, one of the largest new Hindu religious movements which teaches the discipline of
4217:
Tantrism originated in the early centuries CE and developed into a fully articulated tradition by the end of the
3460:
clan living at Kapilavastu and Lumbini in what is now southern Nepal. The Buddha was born at Lumbini, as emperor
5655:
granting Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India. The Court however left it to the respective
4406:
poet-saints of south India, who lived between the 6th and 9th centuries CE and espoused "emotional devotion" or
17598:
17423:
16696:
15710:
15651:
15538:
15417:
15349:
13735:
13373:
13292:
12562:
12291:
5370:, a manifestation of Shiva depicted as an evil being. The story occurs in several scriptures, most notably the
5362:
Indian mythology also reflects the competition between the various Indian religions. A popular story tells how
5234:
The spectrum of these religions are called Dharmic religions because of their overlap over the core concept of
5187:
4560:
2750:
Many Indus Valley seals show animals, with some depicting them being carried in processions, while others show
2428:
677:
435:
397:
15830:
15705:
6219:
and the name "Vajrapani". Vairocana then requests Vajrapani to generate his adamantine family, to establish a
4968:
In the 19th century, under influence of the colonial forces, a synthetic vision of Hinduism was formulated by
17748:
17163:
16900:
16559:
16408:
16330:
15752:
14794:
14305:
12944:
12482:
11952:
11465:
10608:
8084:
6310:
5812:
4571:
3027:
During the Middle Vedic period, the mantras of the Yajurveda and the older Brahmana texts were composed. The
2802:
2632:
2611:
of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.
2253:
17:
11760:
9149:
7977:
7852:
Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I.B.Tauris : London
7467:
6101:
Jeffrey Brodd and Gregory Sobolewski: "Jainism shares many of the basic doctrines of Hinduism and Buddhism."
5870:
The pre-Buddhist Upanishads are: Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Kaushitaki, Aitareya, and Taittiriya Upanishads.
4862:. Sikhism's traditions and teachings are distinctly associated with the history, society and culture of the
17806:
17608:
14816:
13524:
12824:
12600:
12557:
12198:
10572:
4312:
4306:
4167:
3644:, sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is also recognized as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion.
3427:
3413:
2472:
762:
385:
15840:
7606:
5917:
5264:
is of importance in three of these distinct traditions, excluding Sikhism (in Buddhism it is found within
5065:. Jains authored several classical books in different Indian languages for a considerable period of time.
4639:
movement swept through central and northern India, initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or
4315:
continued. Buddhism subsequently became effectively extinct in India but survived in Nepal and Sri Lanka.
139:, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, and are not confined to the Indian subcontinent.
17816:
17528:
17523:
17295:
15813:
15774:
15329:
15243:
14811:
14475:
13141:
12913:
12260:
12157:
12062:
9253:
M. R. Sakhare, History and Philosophy of the Lingayat Religion, Prasaranga, Karnataka University, Dharwad
7947:
5817:
3573:
2972:
2806:
2363:
2233:
15845:
15835:
8674:
3688:
and Sivan and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to Indus Valley Civilization. The
3480:
etc.). There may be some differences in the practice between the two schools in reaching the objective.
284:, which lasted from roughly 1750 to 500 BCE. The philosophical portions of the Vedas were summarized in
16589:
16534:
16230:
14970:
14465:
13136:
13078:
12875:
12622:
11562:
4196:
3439:
2413:
320:(e.g., Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka, etc.). However, both branches shared the related concepts of Yoga,
14558:
11636:
11428:
8120:. Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.
6290:
Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.
17961:
17841:
17630:
17488:
16940:
15823:
15602:
15233:
14863:
14386:
13518:
13270:
13107:
13062:
12477:
12421:
12167:
11347:
6190:
5832:
5547:
4246:
3604:
3468:(which traditionally is said to have lasted from c. 546–324 BCE) rose to power. The Shakyas claimed
3022:
2812:
2796:
2569:
2492:
2461:
2383:
2343:
2333:
1808:
1402:
751:
623:
255:
248:
41:
15941:
5483:
Another set of definitions—notably distinct from the usage of Hindu philosophy—loosely characterise
5250:, liberation from the cycle of rebirth. They differ however on the exact nature of this liberation.
17345:
17305:
17260:
17050:
17040:
16845:
16594:
16419:
16355:
16325:
16215:
15980:
15889:
15857:
15818:
15730:
14627:
13852:
13788:
13258:
13243:
12937:
12769:
12694:
12341:
12112:
12077:
12032:
11884:
11860:
10849:
9834:
8889:
8171:
7656:
Y. Masih (2000) In : A Comparative Study of Religions, Motilal Banarsidass Publ : Delhi,
5172:
4991:
The modern era has given rise to dozens of Hindu saints with international influence. For example,
4981:
4963:
4509:
4467:
4463:
3299:
2925:– into which oblations were poured, as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God.
2867:
of Hinduism, and are the codification of much of what developed into the core beliefs of Hinduism.
2268:
1182:
1022:
14295:
9372:
8264:"A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery"
6314:
4046:. Hinduism, otherwise a highly polytheistic, pantheistic or monotheistic religion, also tolerated
17796:
17733:
17683:
17643:
17588:
17223:
17218:
17108:
17055:
16945:
16875:
16671:
16477:
16392:
15597:
15575:
15374:
15196:
14721:
14337:
14264:
13948:
13319:
13119:
13028:
12547:
12380:
12002:
11997:
11892:
10428:
7023:
6971:
6347:
5842:
5642:
In a judicial reminder, the Indian Supreme Court observed Sikhism and Jainism to be sub-sects or
5398:
5176:
4549:
3619:
in origin and have been dated either as post-vedic texts. or as pre-vedic oral compositions. The
3594:
3100:. It is reflected in the tendency to identify local deities with the gods of the Sanskrit texts.
2875:
is recognize the Vedic religion as true Hinduism. Nevertheless, according to Jamison and Witzel,
2600:
2542:
The earliest religion followed by the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including those of the
2373:
2338:
2173:
1953:
1502:
1054:
983:
7869:
5966:
Ashim Kumar Bhattacharyya declares that Vedas contain the fundamental truths about Hindu Dharma.
5367:
3426:
prince-turned-ascetic, and was spread beyond India through missionaries. It later experienced a
280:
origin. The period of the composition, redaction, and commentary of these texts is known as the
17663:
17558:
17518:
17498:
17355:
17330:
17235:
17208:
17158:
17128:
17118:
17035:
17000:
16985:
16970:
16925:
16860:
16529:
16460:
16365:
16360:
16101:
16024:
15786:
15668:
15592:
15389:
15379:
15238:
15206:
15144:
15115:
14622:
14617:
14401:
14282:
14242:
14027:
13368:
13363:
13343:
13339:
12747:
12742:
12729:
12684:
12552:
12122:
12097:
12012:
11992:
11942:
11912:
11902:
11416:
9965:
7518:
5648:
5016:
4951:
4516:
managed to conquer large areas of northern India, approximately equal in extent to the ancient
4022:
After 200 CE several schools of thought were formally codified in Indian philosophy, including
3947:. It views Shiva and Vishnu as "complementary in their functions but ontologically identical".
3405:
2288:
2263:
2213:
2153:
1738:
1674:
1472:
688:
563:
11669:
10808:
7786:
7676:
Padmanabh S. Jaini, (1979), The Jaina Path to Purification, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, p. 169
7491:
6474:
5546:... assumed a fundamentally new meaning and function in modern Indian thought, beginning with
4596:
3660:
3256:
belong to the śramaṇa traditions. These religions rose into prominence in 700–500 BCE in the
17904:
17849:
17766:
17718:
17693:
17493:
17315:
17310:
17178:
17168:
16990:
16666:
16604:
16424:
16370:
15791:
15769:
15688:
15629:
15295:
14734:
14585:
13715:
13314:
13226:
12804:
12664:
12627:
12610:
12509:
12402:
12208:
12087:
12082:
11962:
11168:
11042:
11018:
10530:
9791:
8132:
7748:
7616:
7520:
Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
7477:
5782:
5777:
5406:
3113:
3002:
2596:
2323:
2293:
2158:
2113:
1943:
1582:
1572:
1542:
1274:
1254:
1115:
484:
446:
377:
298:
were composed in all likelihood before 6th century BCE, and contain the earliest mentions of
35:
14605:
14553:
9866:
17894:
17884:
17869:
17776:
17703:
17673:
17648:
17613:
17573:
17568:
17543:
17413:
17335:
17285:
17265:
17255:
17143:
17090:
17065:
16915:
16910:
16890:
16855:
16840:
16784:
16554:
16487:
16455:
16335:
16270:
16136:
16014:
15867:
15747:
15646:
15558:
15526:
15521:
15369:
15101:
14470:
14354:
13938:
13698:
13309:
13253:
13204:
13189:
13042:
12499:
12152:
12102:
12057:
12037:
12027:
11927:
11822:
11078:
Sullivan, Herbert P. (1964). "A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization".
8271:
8010:
7117:
5931:
Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History
5759:, a similar terms used to refer to East Asian religions such as Taoism, Shintoism and Muism
5678:
5575:
5041:
Jainism continues to be an influential religion and Jain communities live in Indian states
5036:
4802:
4658:
4163:
3647:
3204:
Upanishads form the speculative-philosophical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as
2976:
2620:
2576:
2258:
2243:
2188:
1829:
295:
236:
14669:
13551:
3933:." According to Hiltebeitel, "the consolidation of Hinduism takes place under the sign of
3185:
The late Vedic period (9th to 6th centuries BCE) marks the beginning of the Upanisadic or
2851:. The period of the composition, redaction, and commentary of these texts is known as the
8:
17899:
17874:
17854:
17831:
17758:
17708:
17688:
17603:
17593:
17548:
17508:
17463:
17458:
17448:
17438:
17433:
17428:
17418:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17383:
17360:
17270:
17245:
17123:
17113:
17075:
17045:
17030:
17015:
17005:
16995:
16960:
16955:
16905:
16850:
16825:
16769:
16626:
16609:
16497:
16492:
16482:
16350:
16151:
16064:
16009:
15985:
15872:
15757:
15715:
15510:
15359:
14987:
14779:
14654:
14433:
14220:
14105:
14033:
13923:
13844:
13671:
13324:
13148:
12994:
12849:
12819:
12796:
12764:
12595:
12532:
12395:
12385:
12182:
12127:
12042:
12022:
11907:
11897:
11853:
11513:
6161:
5879:
The shared concepts include rebirth, samsara, karma, meditation, renunciation and moksha.
5750:
5675:
5636:
5116:
5000:
4798:
4698:
4654:
4047:
3798:
3790:
3737:
3598:
3443:
3409:
3324:
2751:
2736:
2183:
1911:
1758:
1452:
1432:
844:
792:
409:
405:
112:
12714:
11479:
9829:
3612:
17879:
17859:
17826:
17723:
17713:
17658:
17653:
17583:
17563:
17553:
17538:
17533:
17513:
17483:
17478:
17453:
17443:
17375:
17340:
17325:
17230:
17203:
17193:
17153:
17138:
17133:
17085:
17080:
17020:
16975:
16935:
16830:
16817:
16619:
16599:
16524:
16397:
16220:
15894:
15852:
15693:
15661:
15636:
15563:
15543:
15364:
15312:
15300:
15278:
14870:
14828:
14701:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14315:
14099:
14075:
13454:
13378:
13126:
13072:
12642:
12527:
12449:
12429:
12390:
12172:
12107:
12072:
12007:
11987:
11977:
11937:
11922:
11917:
11319:
11103:
11095:
11030:
11021:(1975). "The so-called Proto-Śiva seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An iconological assessment".
10915:
10907:
10518:
10039:
8631:
8252:
Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).
7916:
6135:
5807:
4969:
4794:
3696:, based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam, mentions that each of these
3664:
3419:
3295:
3166:
2705:
2608:
2388:
2248:
2228:
1873:
1482:
1392:
1162:
1152:
1085:
1034:
740:
656:
259:
14982:
14531:
14127:
13857:
3941:
that seals this achievement. The result is a universal achievement that may be called
17936:
17930:
17864:
17821:
17811:
17801:
17791:
17698:
17618:
17578:
17503:
17473:
17365:
17320:
17300:
17275:
17250:
17213:
17198:
17173:
17148:
17060:
17010:
16965:
16950:
16930:
16920:
16895:
16835:
16779:
16539:
16315:
15911:
15882:
15806:
15801:
15762:
15700:
15656:
15641:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15553:
15288:
15174:
14940:
14910:
14890:
14711:
14506:
14487:
14482:
14396:
14359:
14080:
13995:
13918:
13816:
13806:
13774:
13762:
13730:
13707:
13689:
13585:
13440:
13348:
13334:
13297:
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5896:, at the central Ganges Plain, formed the center of the early Upanishadic tradition,
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1993:
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1818:
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1412:
1382:
864:
826:
706:
458:
277:
132:
31:
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14992:
14642:
14364:
11666:"Supreme Court of India, in the judgement of Bal Patil vs. Union of India, Dec 2005"
10612:
10043:
9443:
6880:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
5342:
of a Bodhisattva who incarnates to punish the demon king Ravana (B.Datta 1993). The
2688:
has argued that the figure does not have three faces, or yogic posture, and that in
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12052:
12017:
11972:
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11876:
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10899:
10510:
10288:
10241:
When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies – Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel
10031:
8384:
6915:
6165:
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5827:
5802:
5652:
5402:
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The systematisation of Vedantic ideas into one coherent treatise was undertaken by
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1284:
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782:
772:
611:
546:
401:
273:
136:
15533:
10348:
Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā
7251:
Nigal, S.G. Axiological Approach to the Vedas. Northern Book Centre, 1986. P. 81.
6920:
The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
4775:
The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by
3282:
Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of
3279:(c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement.
17940:
16564:
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Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art
11046:
10804:
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10481:
10450:
10397:
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10236:
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10054:
10002:
9534:
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9242:
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Keown, Damien; Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). "Theravāda".
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1004:
966:
884:
12704:
8047:
Keown, Damien; Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). "Mahāyāna".
6186:
6010:
are somewhat older, reaching back to the eleventh and even twelfth century BCE."
5587:, while not originating in the Indian subcontinent, also as a Dharmic religion.
5011:
movement, another organisation with a global reach. In late 18th-century India,
16691:
16579:
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15995:
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11278:
9759:
Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics
8626:
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5741:
5584:
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4985:
4896:
4521:
4487:
4398:
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3624:
3449:
3397:
3333:
Jainism was established by a lineage of 24 enlightened beings culminating with
3328:
3194:
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2838:
2675:
2604:
2061:
2013:
1707:
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10514:
8437:, (Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture 1990), p. 81.
8301:
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mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions."
3973:
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312:
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14154:
14062:
13513:
13464:
13169:
12537:
12231:
11164:
10064:
8598:
Tamil oratory and the Dravidian aesthetic: democratic practice in south India
6734:
6173:
5837:
5457:
4977:
4892:
4852:
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great king was remote, was exalted and deified", as reflected in the Tantric
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1983:
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894:
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593:
583:
573:
516:
373:
15283:
11613:
10191:
Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience
9890:"Constitutional and Legal Challenges Faced by Religious Minorities in India"
8204:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
7041:
6989:
5230:, reading a stack of holy books ("Chalisa" of various god) at the Kumbh Mela
4072:
3859:
3855:
16754:
16656:
16512:
16200:
16195:
16173:
16163:
16044:
15476:
15411:
15354:
15339:
15305:
14930:
14838:
13834:
13725:
13720:
13571:
13541:
13415:
13383:
13131:
13102:
13089:
12689:
12654:
10885:"Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya"
10357:
Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"
9939:
8967:
8319:
8317:
8296:
7830:
6716:
6224:
5987:
In post-Vedic times understood as "hearers" of an eternally existing Veda,
5889:
5699:
5429:
5412:
5258:
Common traits can also be observed in ritual. The head-anointing ritual of
5024:
5012:
4776:
4694:
4517:
4403:
4379:
4218:
4184:
4055:
3981:
3825:
3554:
Both Jainism and Buddhism spread throughout India during the period of the
3334:
3039:
2952:
means "that which really exists the really existent truth; the Good", and
2864:
2859:
2852:
2792:
2627:
2558:
2543:
2499:
2103:
2093:
1973:
1963:
1893:
1728:
1718:
1602:
1532:
1314:
1234:
854:
718:
666:
534:
281:
14977:
13622:
10270:
Holdrege, Barbara A. (2004), "Dharma", in Mittal, S.; Thursby, G. (eds.),
10181:
Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta
7920:
7628:
Kalghatgi, T. G. 1988 In: Study of Jainism, Prakrit Bharti Academy, Jaipur
5310:-incarnate; in Jainism, he is the perfect human being. Among the Buddhist
3675:
the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent,
3392:
Buddhist Monks performing traditional Sand mandala made from coloured sand
16676:
16651:
16470:
16438:
16429:
16375:
16305:
16290:
16183:
16074:
15735:
15683:
15471:
15189:
15169:
15009:
14950:
14688:
14684:
14497:
13985:
13933:
13903:
13740:
13594:
13486:
13410:
13275:
13211:
13162:
12331:
12319:
12299:
12241:
10996:
Singh, S.P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro".
10971:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
10701:
Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
10097:
10050:
7900:
6153:
5628:
5565:
5445:
5307:
5087:
revival movement in India. It received its most substantial impetus from
5054:
5020:
4992:
4955:
4917:
Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in
4902:
4714:
4686:
4497:
4375:
4188:
4180:
4107:
4089:
4077:
4051:
4035:
3821:
3786:
3656:
3586:
3531:
3345:
3226:
3148:
3075:
2980:
2816:
2710:
2704:(vehicles) of deities for the four cardinal directions. Writing in 2002,
2655:
2592:
2123:
2083:
2043:
1442:
1304:
1294:
381:
346:
15990:
15931:
15034:
14428:
14247:
13796:
11034:
10884:
8314:
5564:
it is typical of the "inclusivist appropriation of other traditions" of
3634:
chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of
16642:
16637:
16507:
16502:
16465:
16443:
16300:
16280:
16275:
16116:
16106:
16069:
15673:
15451:
15399:
15139:
14784:
14764:
14300:
14225:
14164:
13928:
13908:
13829:
13481:
13449:
13420:
13199:
13194:
13179:
12522:
12412:
12304:
12283:
11099:
6197:, during which power became decentralised end new Chán-schools emerged.
5822:
5103:-based society that considered them to be the lowest in the hierarchy.
5062:
5004:
4934:
4922:
4918:
4847:
4693:, and other mystics spearheaded the Bhakti movement in the North while
4666:
4367:
4267:
4200:
3985:
3807:
3631:
3453:
3368:
3190:
3176:
3063:
2872:
2779:
2580:
2467:
2033:
1933:
1643:
365:
361:
285:
240:
15481:
14320:
10163:
From the River of Heaven: Hindu and Vedic Knowledge for the Modern Age
8732:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils
7137:
History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e By Kamlesh Kapur
5542:
According to Paul Hacker, as described by Halbfass, the term "dharma"
4811:
4362:
from southern India. The most popular Shaiva teacher of the south was
4060:
3989:
290:
16584:
16380:
16295:
16285:
16156:
16111:
16096:
16029:
15877:
15344:
15266:
15226:
15216:
15179:
15154:
15134:
15029:
14895:
14749:
14739:
14501:
14421:
14416:
14327:
14137:
14122:
14087:
14070:
14052:
13965:
13745:
13661:
13640:
13635:
13612:
13607:
13566:
13561:
13498:
13435:
13358:
13329:
13280:
13221:
13174:
12370:
12252:
11353:
10068:
5905:
5620:
5608:
5363:
5265:
5058:
5046:
4996:
4938:
4702:
4646:
4428:(1479–1531) is a very important figure from this era. He founded the
4415:
4287:
4192:
3993:
3977:
3966:
3762:
3569:
3506:
3435:
3423:
3172:
2763:
2680:
2588:
2584:
2003:
171:
14017:
13546:
5989:
5161:
4538:
3167:
Late Vedic period – Brahmanas and Upanishads – Vedanta (850–500 BCE)
3079:
49:
16387:
16131:
16121:
15976:
15466:
15446:
15273:
15149:
15004:
14568:
14290:
14230:
14149:
14057:
14044:
14022:
14002:
13980:
13975:
13955:
13895:
13862:
13801:
13645:
13630:
13508:
13469:
13425:
13216:
13153:
13057:
12960:
12632:
12358:
12348:
11845:
11484:
11091:
10903:
10711:
The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future
10035:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
6206:
The term "maya-vada" is primarily being used by non-Advaitins. See
6007:
6003:
5893:
5792:
5707:
5469:
5416:
5379:
5323:
5311:
5260:
5136:
5132:
5096:
5084:
5080:
5074:
4959:
4858:
4839:
4763:
According to Nicholson, already between the 12th and 16th century,
4678:
4425:
4411:
4359:
4332:
4263:
4173:
4111:
4093:
3962:
3815:
3628:
3608:
3499:
3401:
3377:
3338:
3316:
3253:
3240:
3186:
3144:
3071:
3028:
3006:
2914:
2893:
2848:
2825:
2713:
2353:
1264:
729:
506:
496:
342:
338:
120:
116:
108:
10022:
Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (Summer 1963), "Heraclitus and Iran",
8692:
The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature, Volume 5 (Sasay To Zorgot)
8305:
7970:
7862:
4929:
4759:, looking north. The temple was rebuilt by the Vijayanagar Empire.
3493:
2646:
16661:
16260:
16225:
16146:
16059:
16000:
15904:
15607:
15461:
15211:
15164:
15049:
14925:
14744:
14169:
14132:
13943:
13493:
13459:
13302:
13003:
12757:
12752:
11768:
9444:
Thomas Pantham; Vrajendra Raj Mehta; Vrajendra Raj Mehta (2006),
7563:
6220:
5901:
5496:
5461:
5449:
5319:
5280:
5144:
5140:
5111:
5042:
4788:
4756:
4690:
4650:
4347:
4293:
4258:, which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala.
4255:
4229:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4119:
4097:
4081:
4023:
3956:
3893:
3774:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3685:
3669:
3555:
3535:
3469:
3465:
3373:
3320:
3283:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3152:
3124:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3010:
2995:
2903:
2554:
1562:
467:
354:
317:
244:
128:
124:
10399:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
10367:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
9975:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement
9108:
9106:
8222:
7829:(2007) Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West,
7587:
7072:
5590:
4350:) and Shiva. There were however popular devotees of this era of
3846:
2884:
Early Vedic period – early Vedic compositions (c. 1750–1200 BCE)
2692:
Rudra was not a protector of wild animals. Herbert Sullivan and
40:. For the religions of indigenous peoples of North America, see
16569:
16448:
16433:
16252:
16141:
16126:
16084:
15862:
15740:
15014:
14769:
14759:
14371:
14332:
14174:
13782:
13752:
13476:
12309:
10060:
9944:
Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience
9597:
7084:
5897:
5767:
5753:, a similar term used to refer Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
5624:
5507:
philosophy, though it is traditionally classed among the Vedic
5488:
5480:
religions since they do not accept the authority of the Vedas.
5339:
5247:
5235:
4863:
4831:
4682:
4505:
4407:
4363:
4355:
4328:
4271:
4222:
4212:
4127:
3970:
3943:
3897:
3889:
3871:
3705:
3483:
3461:
3457:
3362:
3298:
were convinced of Upanishadic influence on the Buddhist canon,
3276:
3268:
3216:
2843:
2834:
2820:
2740:
2717:
2701:
1362:
350:
334:
305:
263:
175:
156:
14960:
11117:
India: History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World
9484:
9482:
9480:
9478:
9371:
Madan Prasad Bezbaruah; Krishna Gopal; Phal S. Girota (2003),
6858:
6562:
6560:
6111:
that there was a tradition along with Vedic Hinduism known as
5511:
schools. From this point of view, Buddhism and Jainism remain
5246:
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism share the concept of
4822:) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the
16265:
16039:
16019:
16004:
15580:
15406:
15201:
15064:
15019:
14999:
14159:
13556:
13402:
13184:
12353:
12314:
10452:
A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India
9626:
9624:
9572:
9570:
9130:
9103:
8978:
8976:
8848:
8846:
8717:
Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100
8323:
6937:
6935:
6897:
6834:
6812:
6810:
6337:"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact"
6216:
5616:
5612:
5441:
5270:
5227:
5100:
5092:
4933:
The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, the 2001
4867:
4843:
4835:
4823:
4674:
4670:
4513:
4449:
4351:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4031:
4000:
3782:
3770:
3721:
3713:
3681:
3636:
3616:
3510:
3431:
3356:
3209:
2929:
2918:
2910:
2899:
2889:
2830:
2728:
are of the opinion that there exists some link between first
2667:
2663:
2636:
268:
201:
186:
10663:
Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India
10593:
Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism
9648:
9609:
9587:
9585:
6785:
6783:
6485:
6483:
5522:
3753:
Typical layout of Dravidian architecture which evolved from
3568:
Jainism began its golden period during the reign of Emperor
3001:
Major philosophers of this era were Rishis Narayana, Kanva,
16190:
16079:
13990:
12929:
10989:
Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons
9811:
9809:
9475:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
7551:
7325:
7096:
6947:
6572:
6557:
5904:
at the central Ganges Plain formed the center of the other
5453:
5303:
5291:
4343:
4027:
3885:
3766:
3524:
3518:
2984:
2922:
2811:
The documented history of Indian religions begins with the
2729:
2671:
2640:
2528:
Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. 1850)
2023:
300:
254:
The documented history of Indian religions begins with the
9621:
9567:
9331:
9307:
9283:
9261:
9259:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9003:
8973:
8970:, were built under the rule and patronage of Hindu kings."
8843:
8831:
8819:
8807:
8795:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8506:
8482:
8440:
7313:
7301:
6932:
6807:
6795:
6649:
6403:"Countries With The Largest Jain Populations – WorldAtlas"
5943:
Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
3667:
also sheds light on early religion of ancient Dravidians.
3137:
2532:
205:
16089:
16054:
14729:
14066:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9704:
Forms of Indian Philosophical Literature and Other Papers
9582:
9511:
9509:
9118:
9093:
9091:
8472:
8470:
8457:
8455:
7543:
Mahadevan, T.M.P (1956), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (ed.),
7410:
7216:
Ancient India: A Glimpse of Indias' Glorious Ancient Past
6780:
6753:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6480:
6477:, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1
5762:
5632:
5476:
school. Buddhism and Jainism are also thus classified as
4941:
attracted around 70 million Hindus from around the world.
4728:
is the representation of the God). In Lingayat theology,
4234:
2933:
190:
9806:
9684:
9672:
9660:
9636:
9154:
Religion and Ethics—Hinduism: Other religious influences
8988:
8416:
8414:
8357:
8283:
8281:
7267:
7265:
6457:
6455:
3611:
in that they were either historically or are at present
3476:
lineage, via descent from the royal lineage of Ayodhya.
3016:
10878:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10693:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10332:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10295:(2nd ed.), India: Bhagwan Rishabhdeo Granth Mala,
9984:
The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature
9764:
9319:
9295:
9256:
9051:
9039:
9000:
8858:
8770:
7289:
6770:
6768:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6596:
5603:
Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India
4457:
3684:
was also seen as the supreme God. Early iconography of
12972:
9887:
9722:
9506:
9447:
Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations
9088:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8679:. Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu. p. 75.
8467:
8452:
8248:
8246:
8115:
7386:
7374:
6996:
6822:
6673:
6547:
6545:
6519:
4354:. The best-known proponents of this movement were the
3561:
Buddhism flourished during the reign of Ashoka of the
3464:'s Lumbini pillar records, just before the kingdom of
3227:
Rise of Shramanic tradition (7th to 5th centuries BCE)
372:. The vast majority of its adherents originate in the
143:
Indian religions by number of followers (2020 survey)
135:. Although Indian religions are connected through the
11765:
Government of India (Office of the Registrar General)
11640:, s.v. "Jainism > Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism"
9739:
9494:
9271:
8743:
8741:
8518:
8411:
8278:
7814:
Reprint by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1990, page 139.
7575:
7277:
7262:
7162:
Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures And Theology
7159:
7048:
7017:
6965:
6719:. London: Penguin Random House UK. pp. 235–236.
6452:
4925:. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.
4146:(including the forms/incarnations of these deities).
3062:. This post-Vedic systems of thought, along with the
160:
60:
Indian religions as a percentage of world population
11823:"International Religious Freedom Report 2006: India"
11589:"Mayavada and Buddhism – Are They One and the Same?"
10944:
Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice
10574:
Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History
9854:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9400:
8494:
8375:
8046:
8021:
7750:
The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage
7715:
7691:
7398:
7349:
7060:
6846:
6765:
6685:
6637:
6625:
6608:
6373:"Viewpoint: Why Sikhs celebrate kindness – BBC News"
6195:
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)
5689:
5385:
5346:
is another book retelling the divine story in Asom.
5119:(pink) and Indian religions (yellow) in each country
4500:
invaded parts of northern India and established the
3950:
3728:-the coasts and the seas. Other gods mentioned were
3348:
of Jainism, Mahavira, stressed five vows, including
3103:
2732:
Tirthankara Rishabha and Indus Valley civilisation.
27:
Religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent
11139:
Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations
10656:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
9533:Others, Muzaffar H. Syed & (20 February 2022).
8753:
8243:
7870:"Life of Gautama Buddha and the origin of Buddhism"
7194:
7148:
Hindu Spirituality: Vedas Through Vedanta, Volume 1
7128:. University of South Carolina Press, 2003, page 65
6741:
6661:
6542:
5659:to decide on the minority status of Jain religion.
4563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3045:
2700:, the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with
11011:Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions)
10853:
10848:
10810:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
10021:
9076:
8927:
8915:
8738:
8630:
8332:
7343:
6584:
6495:
5550:in the nineteenth century. This process, in which
5338:among the Khamti tribe of Asom wherein Rama is an
3980:) as the most authentic means of knowledge, while
3925:orthodox current of thoughts that are based, like
3038:is traced back to 9th-century BC with the rise of
2579:in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered
239:in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered
11796:Government of India (Ministry of Law and Justice)
11660:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11370:Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). Campbell, Joseph (ed.).
11284:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society
9397:
9236:Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India
8870:
7902:Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization
4311:Between 400 and 1000 CE Hinduism expanded as the
3223:lived during this period in the 9th century BCE.
17953:
11614:The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training,
11446:. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011
10959:
9603:
8613:Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature
8134:Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature
8051:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
8026:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
7812:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy: Part One.
5079:The Dalit Buddhist movement also referred to as
3996:) are considered to be subordinate (but valid).
3816:Epic and Early Puranic Period (200 BCE – 500 CE)
3603:The early Dravidian religion constituted of non-
10691:A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two
10470:
9959:
8939:
8909:
8610:
8352:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
8065:
7939:
7898:
7435:Other sources: the process of "Sanskritization"
7427:
7425:
5106:
4881:
4878:) and number over 27 million across the world.
11643:
11393:(reprint ed.), Princeton University Press
10239:. In Adluri, Vishwa; Bagchee, Joydeep (eds.).
8933:
4850:. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in
4441:The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training
4230:Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE)
2786:
12945:
12268:
11861:
11238:
10960:Rodriques, Hillary; Harding, John S. (2008),
10564:Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices
10131:
9986:. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
8888:
8657:
8085:"Kharavela – The Great Philanthropic Emperor"
7892:
7822:
7820:
7640:S. Cromwell Crawford, review of L. M. Joshi,
7600:
7557:
7516:
7369:Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary
7150:edited by K. R. Sundararajan, Bithika Mukerji
6876:
5591:Status of non-Hindus in the Republic of India
5583:The "Council of Dharmic Faiths" (UK) regards
3050:The Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism and
2979:prior to the earliest Vedic (Indo-Aryan) and
2855:, which lasted from roughly 1750 to 500 BCE.
2436:
11509:
11507:
10682:The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction
10471:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
10448:
10427:
10165:, Berkeley, California: Book Passage Press,
9827:
9142:
8446:
8393:, p. 29, Figure 1: Drawing of the seal.
8287:
7636:
7634:
7496:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 183.
7422:
7319:
7307:
5947:deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.
4908:
3484:Spread of Jainism and Buddhism (500–200 BCE)
2944:, the present participle of the verbal root
2906:, were considered inspired poets and seers.
2783:before final interment; and even cremation.
2614:
11563:"The Self-Defeating Philosophy of Mayavada"
11417:"Classification of religions: Geographical"
10986:
10231:
10219:
10207:
9488:
8852:
8837:
8825:
8813:
8801:
8729:
8488:
8306:Grigorii Maksimovich Bongard-Levin (1985).
7517:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010),
7493:World Religions in America: An Introduction
6922:. Allworth Communications, Inc. 816 pages;
6864:
5190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4635:During the 14th to 17th centuries, a great
2909:The mode of worship was the performance of
2514:"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE)
353:, and smaller groups like the conservative
12952:
12938:
12275:
12261:
11868:
11854:
11514:Indiana University "India Studies Program"
11041:
11017:
10839:
10625:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
10535:. Vol. I: to 1500. Cengage Learning.
10327:
9630:
9178:
8864:
8169:
7848:
7846:
7817:
7753:, Asian Educational Services, p. 90,
7622:
7547:, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, p. 57
7337:
6840:
6828:
5099:in 1956 and the opportunity to escape the
2833:), four canonical collections of hymns or
2443:
2429:
382:reinterpretation and synthesis of Hinduism
11504:
11441:
11114:
10987:Sherma, Rita D.; Sarma, Aravinda (2008),
10977:
10697:
10599:
10274:, New York: Routledge, pp. 213–248,
9950:
9815:
9265:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9097:
8921:
8354:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998.
8328:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45.
8261:
7791:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 103–104,
7784:
7672:
7670:
7652:
7650:
7631:
7569:
7545:History of Philosophy Eastern and Western
7542:
7113:
7111:
6566:
6160:(7th–10th century), in the southwest the
6156:(770–1125 CE), in the west and north the
5210:Learn how and when to remove this message
4782:
4623:Learn how and when to remove this message
4118:was written for devotion to Ganapati (or
15509:
11761:"Census of India 2001: Data on religion"
11242:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
11170:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
11122:
11077:
10941:
10882:
10785:
10767:
10735:
10726:
10708:
10688:
10651:
10621:
10607:
10590:
10570:
10395:
10363:
10269:
10224:
10212:
10178:
10132:Flood, Gavin; Olivelle, Patrick (2003),
9972:
9770:
9745:
9690:
9678:
9666:
9654:
9642:
9615:
9422:
9337:
9325:
9313:
9301:
9289:
9070:
9033:
8994:
8982:
8789:
8673:Manickam, Valliappa Subramaniam (1968).
8672:
8324:Steven Rosen; Graham M. Schweig (2006).
8290:The Making of India: A Historical Survey
8007:The Life of Buddha as Legend and History
7392:
7380:
7331:
7295:
7102:
7078:
7013:
7011:
7002:
6953:
6852:
6789:
6774:
6679:
6643:
6578:
6536:
6513:
6489:
6461:
6168:(7th–8th century), and in the south the
6128:
5221:
5110:
4928:
4912:
4810:
4746:
4203:. Buddhism survived followed by Hindus.
4179:There were several Buddhistic kings who
4071:
3845:
3829:
3748:
3651:Saga Agastya, father of Tamil literature
3646:
3387:
3230:
2645:
2563:
2511:Pre-Classical period (c. 200 BCE-320 CE)
48:
16806:
10803:
10528:
10194:, New York: New York University Press,
10160:
10000:
9863:"CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 9595 of 2003"
9733:
9536:History of Indian Nation: Ancient India
8953:History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D.
8633:Encyclopedia of Asian history: Volume 1
8615:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 17.
8476:
8461:
8130:
7843:
7489:
7473:
7461:
7090:
7054:
6941:
6816:
6801:
6427:
4921:. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at
4157:
3921:schools in the sense that they develop
3700:had an associated deity such Seyyon in
2815:, the religious practices of the early
2716:by Jains and Vilas Sangave or an early
2626:interpretations, and the fact that the
2533:Prevedic religions (before c. 1750 BCE)
258:, the religious practices of the early
14:
17954:
12282:
11691:Gujarat Freedom of religions Act, 2003
11388:
11369:
11338:
11329:
11304:International Journal of Hindu Studies
11277:
11217:
11199:
11163:
11135:
10968:
10679:
10669:
10561:
10503:International Journal of Hindu Studies
10500:
10479:
10336:
10140:
10049:
9938:
9929:
9902:from the original on 20 September 2023
9576:
9543:from the original on 23 September 2023
9532:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9515:
9500:
9464:from the original on 18 September 2023
9377:, Gyan Publishing House, p. 326,
9277:
8764:
8714:
8625:
8580:
8539:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess
8536:
8524:
8512:
8500:
8435:Dravidian Linguistics: an Introduction
8363:
8200:
7948:"Buddhism: Origin, Spread And Decline"
7667:
7647:
7581:
7416:
7404:
7283:
7271:
7213:Parmar, Manish Singh (10 April 2018).
7212:
7108:
7066:
6903:
6759:
6703:
6691:
6631:
6619:
6602:
6590:
5432:, classifies religions and persons as
4999:to millions. Representing traditional
4886:
4856:— represented by the sacred symbol of
4235:Late-Classical Period (c. 650–1100 CE)
2670:), who is associated with asceticism,
2517:Late-Classical period (c. 650–1200 CE)
2508:Classical period (c. 200 BCE-1200 CE)
2505:"Second Urbanisation" (c. 600–200 BCE)
16805:
15958:
15508:
12971:
12933:
12256:
11849:
11713:from the original on 26 February 2021
11492:from the original on 27 December 2017
11301:
11259:
11008:
10995:
10962:Introduction to the Study of Religion
10876:The Philosophical Traditions of India
10660:
10642:
10308:
10187:
10120:from the original on 23 December 2023
10096:
9591:
9082:
9045:
8747:
8551:
8422:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
8402:
8390:
8338:
8071:
7767:from the original on 23 December 2023
7746:
7737:By Jeffrey Brodd, Gregory Sobolewski.
7721:
7709:
7697:
7685:
7612:
7008:
6747:
6709:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
6667:
6655:
4397:
4370:. Female saints include figures like
3692:was classified into five categories,
3418:Buddhism was historically founded by
3017:Middle Vedic period (c. 1200–850 BCE)
2758:of such a monster created by goddess
2709:icon, it has been interpreted as the
11875:
11833:from the original on 12 October 2019
11411:
11409:
11187:from the original on 20 January 2023
11125:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
11065:from the original on 20 January 2023
10873:
10827:from the original on 20 January 2023
10756:from the original on 16 January 2024
10532:Societies, Networks, and Transitions
10384:from the original on 11 January 2023
10354:
10345:
10287:
10257:from the original on 20 January 2023
9962:An Introduction to Indian Philosophy
9410:
8876:
8595:
8182:from the original on 19 October 2019
8116:Mudumby Narasimhachary, ed. (1976).
7988:from the original on 1 February 2024
7958:from the original on 1 February 2024
7945:
7927:from the original on 1 February 2024
7880:from the original on 1 February 2024
7233:from the original on 29 October 2023
7200:
7022:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
6970:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
6959:
6551:
6501:
5579:underlying all cultural differences.
5188:adding citations to reliable sources
5155:
4866:. Adherents of Sikhism are known as
4736:
4561:adding citations to reliable sources
4532:
4458:Early Islamic rule (c. 1100–1500 CE)
4122:). Popular deities of this era were
4011:
3580:
3452:, who was called an "awakened one" (
2902:, the composers of the hymns of the
288:, which are commonly referred to as
11480:"Ancient Indians made 'rock music'"
11435:
10788:The Vedic Experience: Mantramañjari
10311:Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies
10134:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
9981:
9521:
8689:
8262:Mahadevan, Iravatham (6 May 2006).
8151:from the original on 7 October 2023
7788:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgītā
7355:
7020:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
7018:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
6968:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
6966:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
6697:
4830:Sikhism originated in 15th-century
4067:
3917:tradition and are sometimes called
3913:"are rooted primarily in the Vedic
3266:(the cycle of birth and death) and
2971:The term rta is inherited from the
326:(the cycle of birth and death) and
90: Non-Indian religions (76.49%)
24:
16775:Religions and spiritual traditions
12974:Religious groups and denominations
11616:Indian Literature Through the Ages
11173:. University of California Press.
11145:, Orient Blackswan, archived from
10790:, Bangalore: Motilal Banarsidass,
10339:Cultural History Of Medieval India
9960:Chatterjee, S.; Datta, D. (1984),
9922:
9539:. K.K. Publications. p. 358.
9160:from the original on 5 August 2011
9150:"The rise of Buddhism and Jainism"
8660:Ideology, caste, class, and gender
8137:. Global Vision Publishing House.
8097:from the original on 10 March 2024
7443:from the original on 26 April 2015
6440:from the original on 24 March 2019
6185:This resembles the development of
5918:Buddhism and Hinduism Similarities
4528:
4402:, those immersed in god) were the
3550:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3085:
2928:Central concepts in the Vedas are
25:
17978:
11827:United States Department of State
11748:
11703:"Religious freedom Bill returned"
11406:
11260:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000),
10980:De Wortels van het Indiase Denken
10929:from the original on 19 June 2021
10856:A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy
10842:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy
10309:Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2001).
9934:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
9842:from the original on 8 March 2021
9830:"Minority rights are indivisible"
8694:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4396.
8562:from the original on 21 July 2022
8541:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6.
7946:Jain, Pankaj (1 September 2011).
7644:, Philosophy East and West (1972)
7642:Brahmanism, Buddhism and Hinduism
6383:from the original on 28 June 2023
6313:. Nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from
5955:religion, developed in this time.
5665:Jainism to be a distinct religion
4771:) of mainstream Hindu philosophy.
4054:and anti-religious philosophical
3965:'Vedānta' simply referred to the
3951:Vedanta – Brahma sutras (200 BCE)
3834:Krishna fighting the horse demon
3438:, and remains more widespread in
3104:Shramanic period (c. 800–200 BCE)
3031:became powerful intermediairies.
2819:, which were collected and later
2522:Medieval period (c. 1200–1500 CE)
262:, which were collected and later
115:. These religions, which include
53:Symbols of Major Indian Religions
17935:
17926:
17925:
17739:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16881:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12411:
12236:
12227:
12226:
11732:The Times of India, 11 Mar, 2008
11725:
11695:
11684:
11628:
11607:
11581:
11569:from the original on 9 July 2021
11555:
11543:from the original on 9 July 2021
11529:
11115:Svarghese, Alexander P. (2008),
10883:Ratnagar, Shereen (April 2004).
10840:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997),
10595:, HarperCollins Publishers India
10549:from the original on 3 July 2023
10459:from the original on 9 July 2021
10416:from the original on 3 July 2023
10330:A history of Buddhist philosophy
10085:from the original on 2 July 2023
10007:. New York: Dover Publications.
9881:
9821:
9776:
9751:
9717:Mahāvīra: His Life and Teachings
9709:
9696:
9555:
9437:
9364:
9343:
9247:
9229:
9217:
9205:
9172:
8957:
8945:
8882:
8723:
8708:
8683:
8666:
8651:
8619:
8604:
8589:
8574:
8545:
8530:
8427:
8396:
8369:
8344:
8255:
8229:
8194:
8170:Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009).
8163:
8124:
8109:
8077:
8040:
8015:
8000:
7804:
7778:
7740:
7727:
6409:from the original on 4 July 2023
6269:
6260:
6250:
6240:
6230:
6209:
6200:
6179:
6146:
6118:
6104:
6095:
6085:
6075:
6065:
6055:
6045:
6036:
5734:
5720:
5706:
5692:
5672:Gujarat Freedom of Religion Bill
5160:
4537:
4492:In the 12th and 13th centuries,
3655:Ancient Tamil grammatical works
3517:
3492:
3136:
3112:
3046:Late Vedic period (from 850 BCE)
3042:and his non-violent philosophy.
2654:, showing a seated and possibly
2591:agriculturalists inhabiting the
2587:, depicting dances and rituals.
2455:
424:
204:
189:
174:
159:
16341:Evolutionary origin of religion
12899:Indian Institutes of Technology
12881:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
12810:South Asian Football Federation
11472:
11239:von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999).
10673:Great World Religions: Hinduism
10144:Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices
9888:IQTIDAR KARAMAT CHEEMA (2017).
8378:Plants of life, plants of death
8310:. Arnold-Heinemann. p. 45.
7905:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
7899:Learman L.(Ed.), Linda (2005).
7536:
7510:
7483:
7361:
7245:
7206:
7189:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
7181:
7168:
7153:
7140:
7131:
6909:
6870:
6311:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal"
6284:
6023:
6013:
5996:
5981:
5969:
5960:
5937:
5922:
5911:
5882:
5873:
5864:
5523:Use of term "Dharmic religions"
5127:
4834:, Delhi Sultanate (present-day
4548:needs additional citations for
4102:Two of Hinduism's most revered
16697:Separation of church and state
15350:Polytheistic reconstructionism
12194:British Indian Ocean Territory
11432:, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010
11399:
11374:. Princeton University Press.
11287:. Cambridge University Press.
11264:, Princeton University Press,
11245:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
10860:, Princeton University Press,
10435:, Cambridge University Press,
10106:, Cambridge University Press,
9951:Cavanaugh, William T. (2009),
9784:"Council of Dharmic Faiths UK"
8928:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967
8916:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967
8420:J.P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams,
7785:Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath (1998),
6467:
6421:
6395:
6365:
6346:. January 2015. Archived from
6329:
6303:
6164:(752–973), in the Dekkhan the
5855:
5357:
5349:
5241:
5115:Map showing the prevalence of
5091:'s call for the conversion of
4708:
3781:, a god who later merged into
3679:the favored god of the Tamils.
3272:(liberation from that cycle).
3197:, still later followed by the
2948:, "to be, to exist, to live".
2841:. These texts are the central
2720:by Buddhists. Historians like
2658:figure, surrounded by animals.
678:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
398:Outline of South Asian history
330:(liberation from that cycle).
13:
1:
14306:Traditional Sabahan religions
10698:Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010),
10670:Muesse, Mark William (2003),
10328:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
9563:Literary Cultures in History:
8658:Thiruchandran, Selvy (1997).
8376:Frederick J. Simoons (1998).
7747:Pratt, James Bissett (1996),
6883:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
6430:"Rude Travel: Down The Sages"
6297:
5813:Proto-Indo-European mythology
5376:Vajrapany-abhiseka-mahatantra
5334:, etc. There also exists the
5068:
4755:from the top of the southern
4300:
2803:Proto-Indo-European mythology
2537:
2491:Indian pre-history including
1608:
1347:
1320:
1219:
1198:
1121:
1060:
989:
972:
955:
938:
921:
900:
815:
798:
552:
12959:
11334:, Princeton University Press
10973:, Cambridge University Press
10844:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld
10713:, Harvard University Press,
10709:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2009),
10647:, The University Press Group
10617:. London: Arthur Probsthain.
10602:The Khecarīvidyā of Ādinātha
10004:Philosophy of the Upanishads
9973:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004),
9788:councilofdharmicfaithsuk.com
9604:Rodriques & Harding 2008
9374:Fairs and Festivals of India
8894:Indian Philosophy, Volume II
8600:. Columbia University Press.
8237:The Modern review: Volume 28
8118:Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya
5372:Sarvatathagatatattvasamgraha
5298:
5124:emphasise the similarities.
5107:Similarities and differences
5083:is a 19th- and 20th-century
5030:
4882:Modern period (1500–present)
4414:, while of the north it was
4366:, while of the north it was
4313:decline of Buddhism in India
4307:Decline of Buddhism in India
4168:Decline of Buddhism in India
3838:, 5th century, Gupta period.
3773:to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled
3414:History of Buddhism in India
2769:In contrast to contemporary
2473:The History of British India
2403:
763:Northern Black Polished Ware
386:Indian independence movement
7:
16550:National religiosity levels
15775:Nauruan Indigenous religion
15330:Hellenism (modern religion)
11524:Passage to India, Module 10
11218:Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002).
10786:Panikkar, Raimundo (2001),
10772:, Oxford University Press,
10742:, Oxford University Press,
10704:, Columbia University Press
10571:Lorenzen, David N. (2006),
10483:India's Agony Over Religion
10103:An Introduction to Hinduism
9977:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
8940:Chatterjee & Datta 1984
8896:, Oxford University Press,
8537:Harman, William P. (1992).
8308:Ancient Indian Civilization
7160:Ashim Kumar Bhattacharyya.
5818:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
5685:
4945:
4436:school of Vedanta thought.
3383:
3235:Buddha statue at Darjeeling
2973:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
2807:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
2787:Vedic period (1750–800 BCE)
2525:Early Modern (c. 1500–1850)
2359:Influence on Southeast Asia
10:
17983:
15959:
12904:Inventions and discoveries
12876:Sino-Indian border dispute
12623:Human rights in South Asia
12409:
10978:Scheepers, Alfred (2000),
10768:Olivelle, Patrick (2014),
10736:Olivelle, Patrick (1998),
10654:Hinduism. Past and present
10529:Lockard, Craig A. (2007).
10337:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007),
10179:Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995),
9917:
8581:Chopra, Pran Nath (1979).
8407:. Grove Press. p. 14.
8292:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 15.
8178:. Siddhanta Publications.
8176:The Religion of the Agamas
7523:, ABC-CLIO, p. 1324,
7433:"Encyclopædia Britannica,
7124:in Arvind Sharma, editor,
6172:(7th–9th century) and the
5600:
5594:
5526:
5410:
5396:
5072:
5034:
4949:
4890:
4792:
4786:
4740:
4712:
4461:
4322:
4304:
4281:
4277:
4210:
4161:
4087:
4015:
3954:
3819:
3584:
3543:
3430:in India, but survived in
3395:
3314:
3310:
3238:
3170:
3089:
3020:
2887:
2800:
2790:
2618:
2583:rock paintings such as at
2459:
741:Black and Red ware culture
395:
391:
29:
17921:
17840:
17757:
17629:
17374:
17099:
16816:
16812:
16801:
16710:
16635:
16406:
16314:
16251:
15969:
15965:
15954:
15517:
15504:
15429:
15252:
15234:Transcendental Meditation
15127:
15114:
15079:
14827:
14804:
14793:
14720:
14683:
14385:
14281:
14263:
14207:
14198:
14115:
14043:
13894:
13885:
13843:
13815:
13773:
13706:
13697:
13688:
13654:
13621:
13593:
13584:
13534:
13401:
13088:
13002:
12993:
12984:
12980:
12967:
12889:
12863:
12840:
12795:
12728:
12663:
12609:
12586:
12508:
12420:
12290:
12222:
12181:
12141:
11883:
11464:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11389:Zimmer, Heinrich (1989),
11330:Zimmer, Heinrich (1951),
11316:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z
10969:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
10689:Nakamura, Hajime (2004),
10600:Mallinson, James (2007),
10515:10.1007/s11407-012-9129-8
10396:Kitagawa, Joseph (2007),
10364:Kitagawa, Joseph (2002),
10147:, Sussex Academic Press,
9955:, Oxford University Press
9932:The Wonder that was India
7601:Flood & Olivelle 2003
5833:Tribal religions in India
5647:minorities. In 2005, the
5548:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
5499:". By these definitions,
5253:
5151:
4909:Modern India (after 1800)
4508:holdings. The subsequent
4390:
4318:
4206:
3903:
3843:during the Gupta Empire.
3066:and later texts like the
3023:Painted Grey Ware culture
2813:historical Vedic religion
2797:Historical Vedic religion
2615:Indus Valley civilisation
2570:Indus Valley civilisation
2493:Indus Valley civilisation
2462:Periodisation of Hinduism
752:Painted Grey Ware culture
624:Indus Valley Civilisation
256:historical Vedic religion
249:Indus Valley civilisation
131:, are also classified as
42:Native American religions
16866:Central African Republic
13853:Vietnamese folk religion
13244:Charismatic Christianity
12871:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
11943:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
11444:"Religions by adherents"
11221:Tribal Roots Of Hinduism
11013:, Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
10680:Muesse, Mark W. (2011),
10661:Misra, Amalendu (2004),
10591:Malhotra, Rajiv (2011),
10429:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
9982:Day, Terence P. (1982).
8730:Subramanium, N. (1980).
8611:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000).
8555:Splendours of Tamil Nadu
8552:Anand, Mulk Raj (1980).
8350:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark.
8201:Grimes, John A. (1996).
8049:A dictionary of Buddhism
8024:A dictionary of Buddhism
7572:, pp. 17–18, 32–33.
7176:I Am Proud To Be A Hindu
7093:, pp. 152, 157–176.
7081:, pp. 275–277, 292.
5849:
4982:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
4964:Communalism (South Asia)
4842:) with the teachings of
4468:Islamic Empires in India
4464:Muslim conquest of India
3663:, the eight anthologies
3131:, India, 4th century CE.
1403:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1383:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
984:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
376:. During the period of
364:and the nine successive
99:, sometimes also termed
16760:New religious movements
16393:Theories about religion
16346:Evolutionary psychology
15375:Modern Finnish paganism
13320:Independent Catholicism
12678:Archaeological cultures
12204:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
11792:"Constitution of India"
11637:Encyclopædia Britannica
11429:Encyclopædia Britannica
11204:, Motilal Banarsidass,
11136:Thapar, Romila (1978),
10729:Die Religion des Rgveda
10652:Michaels, Axel (2004),
10622:McIntosh, Jane (2008).
10480:Larson, Gerald (1995).
10455:, Divine Life Society,
10433:The Dravidian Languages
10313:. Motilal Banarsidass.
10161:Frawley, David (1990),
10001:Deussen, Paul (1966) .
9489:Sherma & Sarma 2008
8676:A glimpse of Tamilology
7982:Encyclopedia Britannica
7874:Encyclopedia Britannica
7490:Neusner, Jacob (2009).
7344:Duchesne-Guillemin 1963
7024:Oxford University Press
6972:Oxford University Press
6906:, pp. 60, 208–209.
5928:See also Tanvir Anjum,
5843:Zoroastrianism in India
5670:Another example is the
3595:Dravidian folk religion
2991:term (corresponding to
2983:(Iranian) scriptures. "
2601:Bhimbetka rock shelters
1503:Western Chalukya Empire
646:Mature Harappan culture
384:arose, which aided the
111:that originated in the
17967:Religion in South Asia
17409:Bosnia and Herzegovina
15390:Erzyan native religion
15239:Unitarian Universalism
14618:Native American Church
13364:Oneness Pentecostalism
12891:Science and technology
11356:& Kegan Paul Ltd,
11043:Srinivasan, Doris Meth
11009:Smart, Ninian (2003),
10852:; Moore, C.A. (1967),
10562:Lipner, Julis (1998),
10355:King, Richard (1999),
10346:King, Richard (1995).
9966:University of Calcutta
9946:, Taylor & Francis
8951:Durga Prasad, P. 116,
8715:Shashi, S. S. (1996).
8627:Embree, Ainslie Thomas
8596:Bate, Bernard (2009).
8583:History of South India
8239:. Prabasi Press. 1920.
8131:Tripath, S.M. (2001).
6877:Vilas Sangave (2001).
5649:Supreme Court of India
5581:
5557:
5540:
5231:
5120:
5017:Swaminarayan Sampraday
4952:Hindu reform movements
4942:
4926:
4827:
4783:Sikhism (15th century)
4773:
4760:
4751:An aerial view of the
4455:
4085:
3881:
3863:
3839:
3758:
3740:, the language of the
3659:, the ten anthologies
3652:
3406:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3393:
3337:(9th century BCE) and
3236:
3215:Scholars believe that
2975:, the religion of the
2969:
2881:
2829:(usually known as the
2659:
2575:Evidence attesting to
2572:
2470:, in his seminal work
2409:Science and technology
793:Three Crowned Kingdoms
635:Early Harappan culture
450:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
235:Evidence attesting to
54:
17729:Saint Kitts and Nevis
17026:São Tomé and Príncipe
16886:Republic of the Congo
15087:Aboriginal Australian
13716:Chinese folk religion
12770:Religious persecution
12628:Religious nationalism
12488:European and Eurasian
12292:Countries and regions
11537:"Mayavada Philosophy"
11519:1 August 2009 at the
11391:Philosophies of India
11372:Philosophies of India
11349:Philosophies Of India
11332:Philosophies of India
11200:Tiwari, K.N. (1983),
11023:Archives of Asian Art
10942:Rinehart, R. (2004),
10727:Oberlies, T. (1998),
10449:Krishnananda (1994),
10188:Heehs, Peter (2002),
10141:Fowler, J.D. (1997),
9930:Basham, A.L. (1967).
9450:, Sage Publications,
9241:23 April 2008 at the
9156:. BBC. 26 July 2004.
8734:. Ennes Publications.
8719:. Anmol Publications.
8558:. Marg Publications.
8288:Ranbir Vohra (2000).
7984:. 28 September 1998.
7126:The Study of Hinduism
5993:means "what is heard"
5783:Demographics of India
5778:Christianity in India
5570:
5544:
5536:
5407:Buddhism and Hinduism
5226:A devotee facing the
5225:
5114:
4932:
4916:
4814:
4765:
4750:
4445:
4076:The Golden Temple of
4075:
3961:In earlier writings,
3876:
3849:
3833:
3752:
3650:
3615:. The Agamas are non-
3456:), was born into the
3391:
3234:
2962:
2877:
2649:
2619:Further information:
2597:South Asian Stone Age
2567:
2312:Specialised histories
1583:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1573:Kalachuris of Tripuri
1255:Western Ganga Kingdom
1183:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
1133:Western Satrap Empire
1116:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1106:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
657:Late Harappan culture
418:History of South Asia
378:British rule in India
84: Jainism (0.06%)
78: Sikhism (0.35%)
72: Buddhism (7.1%)
52:
37:The Religion of India
17351:United Arab Emirates
16137:Religious experience
15511:Historical religions
14471:Four Mothers Society
13873:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
13205:Schwenkfelder Church
12919:Traditional medicine
12118:United Arab Emirates
11785:Constitution and law
11737:10 July 2021 at the
11224:. Sarup & Sons.
11202:Comparative Religion
11080:History of Religions
10892:Current Anthropology
10770:The Early Upanishads
10643:McRae, John (2003),
10024:History of Religions
9351:"Mahamagam Festival"
8918:, p. xviii–xxi.
8274:on 4 September 2006.
8011:Edward Joseph Thomas
7371:By S. Devadas Pillai
7118:Stephanie W. Jamison
6658:, p. 52, 83–86.
6191:An Lu-shan rebellion
5679:Naval Kishore Sharma
5651:declined to issue a
5576:philosophia perennis
5503:can be considered a
5184:improve this section
5037:Hinduism and Jainism
4846:and nine successive
4803:Sikhism and Hinduism
4659:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
4557:improve this article
4426:Sri Vallabha Acharya
4247:Hinduism Middle Ages
4164:Buddhism and Jainism
4158:Jainism and Buddhism
3879:the third phase on .
3757:as king's residence.
3623:are a collection of
3366:(non-stealing), and
3147:, the 24th and last
3034:Historical roots of
2977:Indo-Iranian peoples
2847:(revealed) texts of
2837:composed in archaic
2621:Prehistoric religion
2577:prehistoric religion
1830:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1632:Late medieval period
1543:Eastern Ganga Empire
1275:Vishnukundina Empire
296:principal Upanishads
243:rock paintings. The
237:prehistoric religion
66: Hinduism (16%)
34:. For the book, see
17744:Trinidad and Tobago
17639:Antigua and Barbuda
16807:Religion by country
15863:Cult of Magna Mater
14343:Philippine Dayawism
13924:Nimbarka Sampradaya
13672:Chinese Manichaeism
13344:Jehovah's Witnesses
13149:Proto-Protestantism
12850:South Asian studies
12376:South Asian regions
12145:limited recognition
11802:on 23 February 2015
11622:15 May 2013 at the
11422:7 July 2015 at the
11152:on 14 February 2015
10874:Raju, P.T. (1992),
10813:. Rowman Altamira.
10805:Possehl, Gregory L.
10136:, Malden: Blackwell
10059:(Second ed.),
9719:by Bimala Churn Law
9657:, pp. 148–150.
9618:, pp. 148–153.
9594:, pp. 338–339.
9579:, pp. 313–314.
9139:, pp. 123–124.
8964:National Geographic
8930:, pp. 227–249.
8690:Lal, Mohan (2006).
8662:. Vikas Pub. House.
7334:, pp. 350–351.
7105:, pp. 293–299.
6956:, pp. 286–287.
6944:, pp. 141–145.
6867:, pp. 399–432.
6843:, pp. 180–181.
6819:, pp. 141–144.
6804:, pp. 141–156.
6762:, pp. 281–282.
6581:, pp. xx–xxiv.
6162:Rashtrakuta Dynasty
5751:Abrahamic religions
5637:Indian Constitution
5472:is classified as a
5001:Gaudiya Vaishnavism
4887:Early modern period
4799:Sikhism and Jainism
4699:Bhadrachala Ramadas
4655:Srimanta Sankardeva
4292:In the same period
3978:scriptural evidence
3896:, and the medieval
3850:A basalt statue of
3791:Three Crowned Kings
3738:Indo-Aryan language
3599:Dravidian languages
3410:History of Buddhism
3341:(6th century BCE).
3325:Timeline of Jainism
3208:(conclusion of the
2599:sites, such as the
2498:Iron Age including
2495:(until c. 1750 BCE)
2466:Scottish historian
1912:Early modern period
1759:Vijayanagara Empire
1739:Chitradurga Kingdom
1433:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
845:Shaishunaga dynasty
410:History of Buddhism
406:History of Hinduism
144:
113:Indian subcontinent
17679:Dominican Republic
16725:Abrahamic prophets
15814:Proto-Indo-Iranian
14316:Aliran Kepercayaan
13519:Non-denominational
13441:Modernist Salafism
13127:Oriental Orthodoxy
12284:South Asian topics
11707:The Indian Express
11262:Tantra in Practice
10645:Seeing Through Zen
10473:A History of India
9968:, ASIN: B0007BFXK4
9828:Syed Shahabuddin.
9757:Westerlund, David
9223:Ramaswamy, P. 210
9211:Ramaswamy, P. 204
9193:on 3 December 2013
9115:, p. 127-129.
8515:, p. 218-219.
8326:Essential Hinduism
7603:, p. 273–274.
7558:von Glasenapp 1999
7419:, p. 182-183.
6974:. pp. 18–19.
6713:Harari, Yuval Noah
6705:Harari, Yuval Noah
5808:Kalasha (religion)
5464:are classified as
5399:Āstika and nāstika
5232:
5121:
4970:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
4943:
4927:
4828:
4795:History of Sikhism
4761:
4572:"Indian religions"
4243:Late-Classical Age
4086:
3864:
3840:
3759:
3712:-the forests, and
3653:
3420:Siddhartha Gautama
3394:
3237:
2917:and 'mumbling' of
2752:chimeric creations
2706:Gregory L. Possehl
2660:
2609:Kupgal petroglyphs
2573:
2557:that did not have
2389:Partition of India
2254:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2202:Regional histories
2147:National histories
2034:Travancore Kingdom
2004:Thondaiman Kingdom
1874:Golkonda Sultanate
1483:Somavamshi Kingdom
1453:Rashtrakuta Empire
1393:Rashidun Caliphate
1315:Kabul Shahi Empire
1163:Nagas of Padmavati
1086:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1026:(230 BC – AD 1206)
719:Vedic Civilisation
667:Vedic Civilisation
564:Ahar-Banas culture
260:Indo-Aryan peoples
142:
55:
17949:
17948:
17917:
17916:
17913:
17912:
16901:Equatorial Guinea
16797:
16796:
16793:
16792:
16331:Cognitive science
15950:
15949:
15883:Mysteries of Isis
15657:Frankish paganism
15500:
15499:
15496:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15244:White Brotherhood
15110:
15109:
15075:
15074:
14476:Keetoowah Society
14377:Sundanese Wiwitan
14194:
14193:
14190:
14189:
13919:Brahma Sampradaya
13881:
13880:
13684:
13683:
13680:
13679:
13662:Assianism/Uatsdin
13580:
13579:
13349:British Israelism
13335:Nontrinitarianism
13298:Plymouth Brethren
13293:Nondenominational
13227:Congregationalism
13115:Eastern Orthodoxy
13063:Reconstructionist
12927:
12926:
12830:Traditional games
12815:South Asian Games
12403:General geography
12250:
12249:
12187:other territories
11877:Religion in Asia
11488:. 19 March 2004.
11381:978-0-691-01758-7
11363:978-81-208-0739-6
11294:978-0-521-57219-4
11231:978-81-7625-299-7
11211:978-0-89581-634-4
11180:978-0-520-24225-8
11058:978-90-04-10758-8
11019:Srinivasan, Doris
10850:Radhakrishnan, S.
10820:978-0-7591-1642-9
10779:978-0-19-512435-4
10749:978-0-19-283576-5
10720:978-0-674-03059-6
10635:978-1-57607-907-2
10584:978-81-902272-6-1
10542:978-0-618-38612-3
10493:978-0-7914-2411-7
10409:978-1-136-87590-8
10377:978-1-136-87597-7
10320:978-81-208-1776-0
10302:978-81-7772-022-8
10289:Jain, Champat Rai
10250:978-90-04-19380-2
10223:. "Hinduism". In
10211:. "Hinduism". In
10201:978-0-8147-3650-0
10113:978-0-521-43878-0
10014:978-0-486-21616-4
9384:978-81-212-0809-3
9048:, pp. 25–28.
8890:Rādhākrishnan, S.
8644:978-0-684-18898-0
8447:Krishnamurti 2003
8366:, pp. 11–14.
8214:978-0-7914-3068-2
8144:978-81-87746-04-1
8058:978-0-19-860560-7
8033:978-0-19-860560-7
7912:978-0-8248-2810-3
7810:Hajime Nakamura,
7798:978-81-208-0880-5
7760:978-81-206-1196-2
7530:978-1-59884-204-3
7503:978-0-664-23320-4
7358:, pp. 42–45.
7320:Krishnananda 1994
7308:Krishnananda 1994
7226:978-3-7438-6452-8
6890:978-81-7154-839-2
6792:, pp. 48–78.
6726:978-0-09-959008-8
6715:; Purcell, John;
6569:, p. 259-60.
6492:, pp. 12–14.
6344:gordonconwell.edu
6317:on 7 January 2019
6158:Gurjara-Pratihara
5798:Iranian religions
5788:Hinduism in India
5773:Buddhism in India
5607:The inclusion of
5597:Religion in India
5332:Hikayat Seri Rama
5328:Phra Lak Phra Lam
5220:
5219:
5212:
5023:, founder of the
4974:Swami Vivekananda
4820:The Golden Temple
4743:Unifying Hinduism
4737:Unifying Hinduism
4633:
4632:
4625:
4607:
4476:Deccan Sultanates
4472:Bahmani Sultanate
4430:Shuddha Advaita (
4399:[aːɻʋaːr]
4050:. The thoroughly
4048:atheistic schools
4018:Indian philosophy
4012:Indian philosophy
3720:-the plains, and
3673:was glorified as
3591:Dravidian peoples
3581:Dravidian culture
3474:Gautama Maharishi
2956:means "is-ness".
2568:"Priest King" of
2502:(c. 1750–600 BCE)
2453:
2452:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2052:
2051:
1954:Thanjavur Kingdom
1902:
1901:
1863:Bijapur Sultanate
1819:Deccan sultanates
1697:Tughlaq Sultanate
1644:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1622:
1621:
1493:Chaulukya Kingdom
1423:Mallabhum kingdom
1413:Umayyad Caliphate
1153:Bharshiva Dynasty
1049:(200 BC – AD 300)
1039:(230 BC – AD 220)
1035:Satavahana Empire
1013:
1012:
1009:(247 BC – AD 224)
865:Macedonian Empire
839:(450 BC – AD 489)
827:Achaemenid Empire
697:
696:
602:
601:
525:
524:
475:
474:
459:Madrasian culture
272:, as well as the
233:
232:
133:Eastern religions
101:Dharmic religions
32:Religion in India
16:(Redirected from
17974:
17962:Indian religions
17939:
17929:
17928:
17807:Papua New Guinea
17782:Marshall Islands
17609:Northern Ireland
16814:
16813:
16803:
16802:
16687:Secular theology
16682:Secular humanism
15967:
15966:
15956:
15955:
15831:Ancestral Pueblo
15506:
15505:
15125:
15124:
14802:
14801:
14205:
14204:
13961:Shaiva Siddhanta
13892:
13891:
13825:Korean shamanism
13704:
13703:
13695:
13694:
13591:
13590:
13504:Mahdawi movement
13374:Swedenborgianism
13354:Christadelphians
13000:
12999:
12991:
12990:
12982:
12981:
12969:
12968:
12954:
12947:
12940:
12931:
12930:
12825:Physical culture
12720:Former countries
12715:Contemporary era
12415:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12254:
12253:
12240:
12230:
12229:
12199:Christmas Island
11885:Sovereign states
11870:
11863:
11856:
11847:
11846:
11842:
11840:
11838:
11811:
11809:
11807:
11798:. Archived from
11780:
11778:
11776:
11767:. Archived from
11742:
11729:
11723:
11722:
11720:
11718:
11709:. 31 July 2007.
11699:
11693:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11668:. Archived from
11662:
11641:
11632:
11626:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11591:. Archived from
11585:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11559:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11533:
11527:
11511:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11463:
11455:
11453:
11451:
11439:
11433:
11413:
11394:
11385:
11366:
11344:Campbell, Joseph
11340:Zimmer, Heinrich
11335:
11326:
11298:
11274:
11256:
11235:
11214:
11196:
11194:
11192:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11151:
11144:
11132:
11119:
11111:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11038:
11014:
11005:
10992:
10983:
10974:
10965:
10956:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10928:
10889:
10879:
10870:
10859:
10845:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10800:
10782:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10732:
10723:
10705:
10694:
10685:
10684:, Fortress Press
10676:
10666:
10657:
10648:
10639:
10618:
10604:
10596:
10587:
10567:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10525:
10497:
10476:
10467:
10466:
10464:
10445:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10360:
10351:
10342:
10341:, Berghahn Books
10333:
10324:
10305:
10284:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10233:Hiltebeitel, Alf
10228:
10221:Hiltebeitel, Alf
10216:
10209:Hiltebeitel, Alf
10204:
10184:
10175:
10157:
10137:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10046:
10018:
9997:
9978:
9969:
9964:(8th ed.),
9956:
9947:
9935:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9901:
9894:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9869:on 11 March 2007
9865:. Archived from
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9790:. Archived from
9780:
9774:
9768:
9762:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9720:
9713:
9707:
9700:
9694:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9580:
9574:
9565:
9561:Pollock, P. 661
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9530:
9519:
9513:
9504:
9498:
9492:
9486:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9347:
9341:
9340:, p. 43-44.
9335:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9316:, p. 26-27.
9311:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9292:, p. 24-33.
9287:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9254:
9251:
9245:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9192:
9186:. Archived from
9185:
9179:Andrea Nippard.
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9101:
9095:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9049:
9043:
9037:
9031:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8985:, p. 40-41.
8980:
8971:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8853:Hiltebeitel 2002
8850:
8841:
8838:Hiltebeitel 2002
8835:
8829:
8826:Hiltebeitel 2002
8823:
8817:
8814:Hiltebeitel 2002
8811:
8805:
8802:Hiltebeitel 2002
8799:
8793:
8787:
8768:
8762:
8751:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8636:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8516:
8510:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8489:Hiltebeitel 2007
8486:
8480:
8474:
8465:
8459:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8431:
8425:
8418:
8409:
8408:
8405:India: A History
8400:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8321:
8312:
8311:
8303:
8294:
8293:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8270:. Archived from
8259:
8253:
8250:
8241:
8240:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8096:
8089:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8019:
8013:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7866:
7860:
7850:
7841:
7824:
7815:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7744:
7738:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7665:
7654:
7645:
7638:
7629:
7626:
7620:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7487:
7481:
7471:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7429:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7260:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7185:
7179:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7157:
7151:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7129:
7115:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7015:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6930:
6916:Thomas McEvilley
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6874:
6868:
6865:Hiltebeitel 2011
6862:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6778:
6772:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6711:. Translated by
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6606:
6605:, p. 19-20.
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6555:
6549:
6540:
6534:
6517:
6516:, p. xxiii.
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6405:. 11 June 2020.
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6379:. 15 July 2021.
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6352:
6341:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6307:
6291:
6288:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6183:
6177:
6166:Chalukya dynasty
6152:In the east the
6150:
6144:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6034:
6031:Patrick Olivelle
6029:Gavin Flood and
6027:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6000:
5994:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5828:Sikhism in India
5803:Jainism in India
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5653:writ of Mandamus
5403:Hindu philosophy
5316:Vessantarajataka
5215:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5164:
5156:
4807:Sikhism in India
4753:Meenakshi Temple
4724:on their body" (
4663:Vallabha Acharya
4628:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4565:
4541:
4533:
4432:Pure Non-dualism
4401:
4392:
4181:worshiped Vishnu
4068:Hindu literature
3690:Sangam landscape
3528:Palitana temples
3521:
3503:Mahabodhi Temple
3496:
3360:(truthfulness),
3354:(non-violence),
3219:, the 23rd Jain
3140:
3116:
3036:Jainism in India
2989:Avestan language
2940:is derived from
2726:Thomas McEvilley
2690:Vedic literature
2686:Doris Srinivasan
2445:
2438:
2431:
2394:Pakistan studies
2234:Himachal Pradesh
2074:Portuguese India
2070:
2069:
2066:
2024:Sikh Confederacy
1920:
1919:
1916:
1769:Bengal Sultanate
1708:Sayyid Sultanate
1686:Khalji Sultanate
1675:Mamluk Sultanate
1640:
1639:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1553:Kakatiya Kingdom
1463:Paramara Kingdom
1356:
1352:
1349:
1325:
1322:
1265:Kamarupa Kingdom
1228:
1224:
1221:
1214:Kalabhras Empire
1207:
1203:
1200:
1126:
1123:
1110:(50 BC – AD 400)
1090:(180 BC – AD 10)
1069:
1065:
1062:
1031:
1030:
1027:
998:
994:
991:
977:
974:
960:
957:
943:
940:
926:
923:
909:
905:
902:
820:
817:
803:
800:
783:Haryanka dynasty
773:Pradyota dynasty
715:
714:
711:
620:
619:
616:
557:
554:
547:Anarta tradition
543:
542:
539:
507:Mehrgarh culture
497:Bhirrana culture
493:
492:
489:
488:(10,800–3300 BC)
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
428:
414:
413:
402:History of India
208:
193:
178:
163:
145:
141:
137:history of India
97:Indian religions
89:
83:
77:
71:
65:
21:
17982:
17981:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17973:
17972:
17971:
17952:
17951:
17950:
17945:
17909:
17836:
17817:Solomon Islands
17753:
17625:
17529:North Macedonia
17370:
17095:
16808:
16789:
16750:Mass gatherings
16718:
16713:
16706:
16645:
16640:
16631:
16565:Religiocentrism
16545:National church
16413:
16410:
16402:
16317:
16310:
16247:
16169:Bodies of water
15961:
15946:
15731:Jamaican Maroon
15513:
15488:
15425:
15255:
15248:
15119:
15117:
15106:
15071:
15045:Trinidad Orisha
14830:
14823:
14796:
14789:
14716:
14679:
14665:Washat Dreamers
14388:
14381:
14277:
14259:
14186:
14160:Srilankan Vedda
14111:
14039:
13914:Sri Vaishnavism
13877:
13839:
13811:
13769:
13676:
13650:
13617:
13576:
13530:
13455:Twelver Shi'ism
13397:
13259:Neo-charismatic
13232:Presbyterianism
13084:
12976:
12963:
12958:
12928:
12923:
12885:
12859:
12836:
12791:
12724:
12695:Middle kingdoms
12659:
12650:Stock exchanges
12605:
12582:
12538:Cultural sphere
12504:
12416:
12407:
12286:
12281:
12251:
12246:
12218:
12186:
12177:
12158:Northern Cyprus
12144:
12137:
11879:
11874:
11836:
11834:
11821:
11805:
11803:
11790:
11774:
11772:
11759:
11751:
11746:
11745:
11739:Wayback Machine
11730:
11726:
11716:
11714:
11701:
11700:
11696:
11689:
11685:
11675:
11673:
11664:
11663:
11644:
11633:
11629:
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11442:Adherents.com.
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11279:Wright, Rita P.
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10225:Kitagawa (2007)
10213:Kitagawa (2002)
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10098:Flood, Gavin D.
10088:
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9994:
9925:
9923:Printed sources
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9794:on 13 July 2017
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15040:Tambor de Mina
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14817:Guanche church
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14772:
14767:
14762:
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14722:Tibeto-Burmese
14718:
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14709:
14704:
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14681:
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14678:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14651:
14650:
14645:
14635:
14630:
14628:Nuu-chah-nulth
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14609:
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14598:
14593:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14572:
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14537:Muscogee Creek
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14514:
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14379:
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14372:Sumbese Marapu
14369:
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14352:
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14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14324:
14323:
14318:
14310:
14309:
14308:
14303:
14293:
14291:Batak Parmalim
14287:
14285:
14279:
14278:
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14275:
14269:
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14260:
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13603:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
13599:
13597:
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13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13340:Bible Students
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13310:Restorationism
13307:
13306:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13289:
13288:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13266:Evangelicalism
13263:
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12619:
12617:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12601:Climate change
12598:
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12555:
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11872:
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11858:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11818:
11817:
11813:
11812:
11787:
11786:
11782:
11781:
11771:on 14 May 2007
11756:
11755:
11750:
11749:External links
11747:
11744:
11743:
11724:
11694:
11683:
11642:
11627:
11606:
11595:on 6 July 2017
11580:
11554:
11528:
11503:
11471:
11434:
11415:Adams, C. J.,
11404:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11395:
11386:
11380:
11367:
11362:
11336:
11327:
11310:(3): 335–348,
11299:
11293:
11275:
11270:
11257:
11251:
11236:
11230:
11215:
11210:
11197:
11179:
11165:Thapar, Romila
11161:
11133:
11120:
11112:
11092:10.1086/462498
11086:(1): 115–125.
11075:
11057:
11039:
11015:
11006:
10993:
10984:
10975:
10966:
10957:
10952:
10939:
10912:10.1086/381044
10904:10.1086/381044
10898:(2): 239–259.
10880:
10871:
10866:
10846:
10837:
10819:
10801:
10796:
10783:
10778:
10765:
10748:
10733:
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10719:
10706:
10695:
10686:
10677:
10667:
10658:
10649:
10640:
10634:
10619:
10611:, ed. (1931).
10609:Marshall, John
10605:
10597:
10588:
10583:
10577:, Yoda Press,
10568:
10559:
10541:
10526:
10509:(3): 311–322,
10498:
10492:
10486:. SUNY Press.
10477:
10468:
10446:
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10425:
10408:
10393:
10376:
10361:
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10334:
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10094:
10077:
10047:
10036:10.1086/462470
10019:
10013:
9998:
9992:
9979:
9970:
9957:
9948:
9936:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9880:
9853:
9820:
9816:Cavanaugh 2009
9805:
9775:
9763:
9750:
9738:
9721:
9708:
9695:
9693:, p. 152.
9683:
9681:, p. 151.
9671:
9669:, p. 150.
9659:
9647:
9645:, p. 148.
9635:
9633:, p. 220.
9620:
9608:
9596:
9581:
9566:
9554:
9520:
9518:, p. 210.
9505:
9493:
9491:, p. 239.
9474:
9456:
9436:
9427:
9415:
9396:
9383:
9363:
9342:
9330:
9318:
9306:
9294:
9282:
9270:
9266:Nicholson 2010
9255:
9246:
9228:
9216:
9204:
9171:
9141:
9137:Scheepers 2000
9129:
9127:, p. 123.
9125:Scheepers 2000
9117:
9113:Scheepers 2000
9102:
9098:Scheepers 2000
9087:
9075:
9050:
9038:
8999:
8997:, p. 687.
8987:
8972:
8956:
8944:
8932:
8920:
8908:
8902:
8881:
8869:
8857:
8842:
8830:
8818:
8806:
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8752:
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8707:
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8682:
8665:
8650:
8643:
8618:
8603:
8588:
8573:
8544:
8529:
8517:
8505:
8493:
8481:
8466:
8451:
8439:
8426:
8424:(1997), p.308.
8410:
8395:
8383:
8380:. p. 363.
8368:
8356:
8343:
8331:
8313:
8295:
8277:
8254:
8242:
8228:
8213:
8207:. SUNY Press.
8193:
8162:
8143:
8123:
8108:
8076:
8074:, p. 106.
8064:
8057:
8039:
8032:
8014:
7999:
7969:
7938:
7911:
7891:
7861:
7842:
7816:
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7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7678:
7666:
7646:
7630:
7621:
7605:
7586:
7584:, p. 217.
7574:
7570:Mallinson 2007
7562:
7550:
7535:
7529:
7509:
7502:
7482:
7466:
7454:
7421:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7373:
7360:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7312:
7300:
7298:, p. 215.
7288:
7286:, p. 167.
7276:
7274:, p. 166.
7261:
7244:
7225:
7205:
7203:, p. 176.
7193:
7180:
7167:
7152:
7139:
7130:
7122:Michael Witzel
7107:
7095:
7083:
7071:
7059:
7047:
7032:
7026:. p. 18.
7007:
6995:
6980:
6958:
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6908:
6896:
6889:
6869:
6857:
6845:
6833:
6821:
6806:
6794:
6779:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6725:
6696:
6684:
6672:
6660:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6567:Svarghese 2008
6556:
6554:, p. 210.
6541:
6518:
6506:
6494:
6479:
6475:The Upanishads
6466:
6451:
6420:
6394:
6364:
6353:on 25 May 2017
6328:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6279:
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6259:
6249:
6239:
6229:
6208:
6199:
6178:
6176:(9th century).
6145:
6127:
6117:
6113:Sramana Dharma
6103:
6094:
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6074:
6064:
6054:
6044:
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5754:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:Sikhism portal
5731:
5717:
5703:
5687:
5684:
5595:Main article:
5592:
5589:
5585:Zoroastrianism
5529:Saffronization
5524:
5521:
5394:
5393:categorisation
5384:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5300:
5297:
5255:
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5243:
5240:
5218:
5217:
5168:
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5159:
5153:
5150:
5129:
5126:
5108:
5105:
5089:B. R. Ambedkar
5073:Main article:
5070:
5067:
5051:Madhya Pradesh
5032:
5029:
4986:Mahatma Gandhi
4947:
4944:
4910:
4907:
4897:Maratha Empire
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4787:Main article:
4784:
4781:
4741:Main article:
4738:
4735:
4713:Main article:
4710:
4707:
4631:
4630:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:and clothing.
4522:Khalji dynasty
4504:in the former
4488:Islam in India
4459:
4456:
4320:
4317:
4305:Main article:
4302:
4299:
4279:
4276:
4251:
4250:
4236:
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4231:
4228:
4211:Main article:
4208:
4205:
4183:, such as the
4159:
4156:
4069:
4066:
4016:Main article:
4013:
4010:
3955:Main article:
3952:
3949:
3929:, directly on
3905:
3902:
3817:
3814:
3789:refers to the
3642:tutelary deity
3582:
3579:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3450:Gautama Buddha
3398:Gautama Buddha
3385:
3382:
3329:Jain community
3312:
3309:
3228:
3225:
3195:Sanskrit epics
3168:
3165:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3121:Gautama Buddha
3118:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3090:Main article:
3087:
3084:
3047:
3044:
3018:
3015:
2993:Vedic language
2885:
2882:
2788:
2785:
2676:Pashupati Seal
2652:Pashupati seal
2650:The so-called
2616:
2613:
2605:Madhya Pradesh
2539:
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2460:Main article:
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2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:Maratha Empire
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:Sikkim Kingdom
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:Marava Kingdom
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:Keladi Kingdom
1880:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:Mysore Kingdom
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:Lodi Sultanate
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:Ghurid Dynasty
1650:
1649:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:Hoysala Empire
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:Lohara Kingdom
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:Tibetan Empire
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:Kadamba Empire
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:
986:
980:
979:
969:
967:Pallava Empire
963:
962:
952:
946:
945:
935:
929:
928:
918:
912:
911:
897:
891:
890:
887:
885:Seleucid India
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
823:
822:
812:
810:Maha Janapadas
806:
805:
795:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
758:
757:
754:
747:
746:
745:(1300–1000 BC)
743:
736:
735:
732:
725:
724:
721:
713:
705:
704:
701:
700:
695:
694:
691:
684:
683:
682:(2000–1600 BC)
680:
673:
672:
669:
663:
662:
661:(1900–1300 BC)
659:
652:
651:
650:(2600–1900 BC)
648:
641:
640:
639:(3300–2600 BC)
637:
630:
629:
628:(3300–1300 BC)
626:
618:
615:(3300–1300 BC)
610:
609:
606:
605:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
588:(1600–1300 BC)
586:
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:
568:(3000–1500 BC)
566:
560:
559:
549:
541:
538:(3500–1500 BC)
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
522:
521:(5000–3000 BC)
519:
513:
512:
511:(7000–3300 BC)
509:
503:
502:
501:(7570–6200 BC)
499:
491:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
470:
464:
463:
461:
453:
445:
444:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
421:
420:
393:
390:
370:Northern India
247:people of the
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
198:
197:
194:
183:
182:
179:
168:
167:
164:
153:
152:
149:
86:
80:
74:
68:
62:
58:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17979:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17959:
17957:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17932:
17924:
17923:
17920:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17847:
17845:
17843:
17842:South America
17839:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17764:
17762:
17760:
17756:
17750:
17749:United States
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17636:
17634:
17632:
17631:North America
17628:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17601:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17489:Liechtenstein
17487:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17381:
17379:
17377:
17373:
17367:
17364:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17216:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17106:
17104:
17102:
17098:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16941:Guinea-Bissau
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16823:
16821:
16819:
16815:
16811:
16804:
16800:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16765:Organizations
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16709:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16628:
16625:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16602:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16590:Vegetarianism
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16535:Homosexuality
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16458:
16457:
16454:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16436:
16435:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16405:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16382:
16379:
16378:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16356:Neurotheology
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16319:
16313:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16258:
16256:
16254:
16250:
16242:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16228:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16166:
16165:
16162:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16144:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16077:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16050:Folk religion
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15978:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15968:
15964:
15957:
15953:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15892:
15891:
15888:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15873:Imperial cult
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15860:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15833:
15832:
15829:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15816:
15815:
15812:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15789:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15771:
15768:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15755:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15742:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15670:
15667:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15644:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15631:
15628:
15627:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15578:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15551:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15528:
15525:
15524:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15516:
15512:
15507:
15503:
15483:
15480:
15479:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15442:Discordianism
15440:
15438:
15437:Anthroposophy
15435:
15434:
15432:
15428:
15420:
15419:
15415:
15414:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15385:Mari religion
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15319:
15316:
15315:
15314:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15298:
15297:
15294:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15281:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15268:
15265:
15264:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15257:
15251:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15222:Neo-Theosophy
15220:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15191:
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15186:
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15178:
15176:
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15168:
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15163:
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15160:New Acropolis
15158:
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15138:
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14805:North African
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14559:Kwakwakaʼwakw
14557:
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14280:
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14268:
14266:
14265:Austroasiatic
14262:
14254:
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14245:
14244:
14241:
14237:
14236:Vattisen Yaly
14234:
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14155:Kirat Mundhum
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13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13514:Milah Abraham
13512:
13510:
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13228:
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13224:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13206:
13203:
13201:
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13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13182:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13171:
13170:Protestantism
13168:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13155:
13152:
13151:
13150:
13147:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
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13109:
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13096:
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13023:
13020:
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12955:
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12936:
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12907:
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12902:
12900:
12897:
12896:
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12892:
12888:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12866:
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12851:
12848:
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12843:
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12823:
12821:
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12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12794:
12786:
12783:
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12763:
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12608:
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12597:
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12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12518:Architecture
12516:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12507:
12501:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12474:Other groups
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12465:Tibeto-Burman
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12435:Austroasiatic
12433:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12423:
12422:Ethnic groups
12419:
12414:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12360:
12357:
12355:
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12350:
12347:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12317:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12295:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12278:
12273:
12271:
12266:
12264:
12259:
12258:
12255:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12233:
12225:
12224:
12221:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12184:
12180:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12168:South Ossetia
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12150:
12148:
12146:
12140:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11871:
11866:
11864:
11859:
11857:
11852:
11851:
11848:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11815:
11814:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11788:
11784:
11783:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11757:
11753:
11752:
11740:
11736:
11733:
11728:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11698:
11692:
11687:
11672:on 2 May 2008
11671:
11667:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11639:
11638:
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11625:
11621:
11618:
11617:
11610:
11594:
11590:
11584:
11568:
11564:
11558:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11525:
11522:
11518:
11515:
11510:
11508:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11475:
11467:
11461:
11445:
11438:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11421:
11418:
11412:
11410:
11405:
11392:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11373:
11368:
11365:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11350:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11328:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11271:0-691-05779-6
11267:
11263:
11258:
11254:
11252:81-208-1376-6
11248:
11244:
11243:
11237:
11233:
11227:
11223:
11222:
11216:
11213:
11207:
11203:
11198:
11186:
11182:
11176:
11172:
11171:
11166:
11162:
11148:
11141:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11121:
11118:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11076:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10982:, Olive Press
10981:
10976:
10972:
10967:
10963:
10958:
10955:
10953:1-57607-905-8
10949:
10945:
10940:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10886:
10881:
10877:
10872:
10869:
10867:0-691-01958-4
10863:
10858:
10857:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10838:
10826:
10822:
10816:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10797:81-208-1280-8
10793:
10789:
10784:
10781:
10775:
10771:
10766:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10741:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10725:
10722:
10716:
10712:
10707:
10703:
10702:
10696:
10692:
10687:
10683:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10668:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10627:
10626:
10620:
10616:
10615:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10598:
10594:
10589:
10586:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10569:
10565:
10560:
10548:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10533:
10527:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10478:
10474:
10469:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10442:0-521-77111-0
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10402:, Routledge,
10401:
10400:
10394:
10383:
10379:
10373:
10370:, Routledge,
10369:
10368:
10362:
10358:
10353:
10350:. SUNY Press.
10349:
10344:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10326:
10322:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10304:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10281:0-415-21527-7
10277:
10273:
10268:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10197:
10193:
10192:
10186:
10182:
10177:
10174:
10172:1-878423-01-0
10168:
10164:
10159:
10156:
10154:1-898723-60-5
10150:
10146:
10145:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10119:
10115:
10109:
10105:
10104:
10099:
10095:
10084:
10080:
10078:0-415-26605-X
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10020:
10016:
10010:
10006:
10005:
9999:
9995:
9993:0-919812-15-5
9989:
9985:
9980:
9976:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9958:
9954:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:Burley, Mikel
9937:
9933:
9928:
9927:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9824:
9818:, p. 88.
9817:
9812:
9810:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9779:
9773:, p. 10.
9772:
9771:Halbfass 1995
9767:
9760:
9754:
9747:
9746:Malhotra 2011
9742:
9736:, p. 27.
9735:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9718:
9712:
9706:by V.S. Kambi
9705:
9699:
9692:
9691:Davidson 2004
9687:
9680:
9679:Davidson 2004
9675:
9668:
9667:Davidson 2004
9663:
9656:
9655:Davidson 2004
9651:
9644:
9643:Davidson 2004
9639:
9632:
9627:
9625:
9617:
9616:Davidson 2004
9612:
9606:, p. 14.
9605:
9600:
9593:
9588:
9586:
9578:
9573:
9571:
9564:
9558:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9517:
9512:
9510:
9503:, p. 12.
9502:
9497:
9490:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9463:
9459:
9457:0-7619-3420-0
9453:
9449:
9448:
9440:
9431:
9424:
9423:Michaels 2004
9419:
9412:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9386:
9380:
9376:
9375:
9367:
9352:
9346:
9339:
9338:Michaels 2004
9334:
9328:, p. 43.
9327:
9326:Michaels 2004
9322:
9315:
9314:Lorenzen 2006
9310:
9304:, p. 27.
9303:
9302:Lorenzen 2006
9298:
9291:
9290:Lorenzen 2006
9286:
9280:, p. 34.
9279:
9274:
9267:
9262:
9260:
9250:
9244:
9240:
9237:
9232:
9226:
9225:Walking Naked
9220:
9214:
9213:Walking Naked
9208:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9138:
9133:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9107:
9099:
9094:
9092:
9084:
9079:
9073:, p. 42.
9072:
9071:Michaels 2004
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9047:
9042:
9036:, p. 41.
9035:
9034:Michaels 2004
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9004:
8996:
8995:Nakamura 2004
8991:
8984:
8983:Michaels 2004
8979:
8977:
8969:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:, p. 55.
8941:
8936:
8929:
8924:
8917:
8912:
8905:
8903:0-19-563820-4
8899:
8895:
8891:
8885:
8878:
8873:
8866:
8861:
8855:, p. 20.
8854:
8849:
8847:
8840:, p. 18.
8839:
8834:
8828:, p. 14.
8827:
8822:
8816:, p. 13.
8815:
8810:
8804:, p. 12.
8803:
8798:
8792:, p. 40.
8791:
8790:Michaels 2004
8786:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8766:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8749:
8744:
8742:
8733:
8726:
8718:
8711:
8703:
8701:81-260-1221-8
8697:
8693:
8686:
8678:
8677:
8669:
8661:
8654:
8646:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8614:
8607:
8599:
8592:
8584:
8577:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8548:
8540:
8533:
8527:, p. 81.
8526:
8521:
8514:
8509:
8502:
8497:
8491:, p. 12.
8490:
8485:
8479:, p. 52.
8478:
8473:
8471:
8464:, p. 50.
8463:
8458:
8456:
8448:
8443:
8436:
8433:K. Zvelebil,
8430:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8347:
8340:
8335:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8309:
8302:
8300:
8291:
8284:
8282:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8258:
8249:
8247:
8238:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8197:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8136:
8135:
8127:
8119:
8112:
8093:
8086:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8043:
8035:
8029:
8025:
8018:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7895:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7858:1-86064-148-2
7855:
7849:
7847:
7840:
7839:1-933316-22-5
7836:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7813:
7807:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7781:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7743:
7736:
7730:
7724:, p. 51.
7723:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7700:, p. 86.
7699:
7694:
7687:
7682:
7673:
7671:
7663:
7662:81-208-0815-0
7659:
7653:
7651:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7625:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7571:
7566:
7560:, p. 16.
7559:
7554:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7486:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7458:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7428:
7426:
7418:
7413:
7407:, p. 30.
7406:
7401:
7395:, p. 35.
7394:
7393:Michaels 2004
7389:
7383:, p. 34.
7382:
7381:Michaels 2004
7377:
7370:
7364:
7357:
7352:
7346:, p. 46.
7345:
7340:
7333:
7332:Panikkar 2001
7328:
7322:, p. 24.
7321:
7316:
7310:, p. 17.
7309:
7304:
7297:
7296:Holdrege 2004
7292:
7285:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7266:
7258:
7257:81-85119-18-X
7254:
7248:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7209:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7184:
7178:By J. Agarwal
7177:
7171:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7143:
7134:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7112:
7104:
7103:McIntosh 2008
7099:
7092:
7087:
7080:
7079:McIntosh 2008
7075:
7069:, p. 85.
7068:
7063:
7057:, p. 18.
7056:
7051:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7033:0-19-541521-3
7029:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7012:
7005:, p. 67.
7004:
7003:Marshall 1931
6999:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6981:0-19-541521-3
6977:
6973:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6954:McIntosh 2008
6950:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6929:
6928:1-58115-203-5
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6905:
6900:
6892:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6873:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6853:Sullivan 1964
6849:
6842:
6837:
6830:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6803:
6798:
6791:
6790:Marshall 1931
6786:
6784:
6776:
6775:Ratnagar 2004
6771:
6769:
6761:
6756:
6750:, p. 39.
6749:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6717:Watzman, Haim
6714:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6694:, p. 14.
6693:
6688:
6682:, p. 36.
6681:
6680:Michaels 2004
6676:
6670:, p. 52.
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6644:Michaels 2004
6640:
6634:, p. 20.
6633:
6628:
6622:, p. 19.
6621:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6604:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6580:
6579:Olivelle 1998
6575:
6568:
6563:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6546:
6539:, p. 38.
6538:
6537:Michaels 2004
6533:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6515:
6514:Olivelle 1998
6510:
6504:, p. 52.
6503:
6498:
6491:
6490:Olivelle 2014
6486:
6484:
6476:
6470:
6464:, p. 33.
6463:
6462:Michaels 2004
6458:
6456:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6428:Vir Sanghvi.
6424:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6263:
6253:
6243:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6203:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6174:Chola dynasty
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6088:
6078:
6068:
6058:
6048:
6039:
6032:
6026:
6016:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5963:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5932:
5925:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Vegetarianism
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5732:
5729:
5718:
5715:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5458:Purva Mimamsa
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5251:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5214:
5211:
5203:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5169:This section
5167:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4978:Sri Aurobindo
4975:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4901:According to
4898:
4894:
4893:Mughal period
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4627:
4624:
4616:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574: –
4573:
4569:
4568:Find sources:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4546:This article
4544:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:Slave dynasty
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4454:
4451:
4444:
4442:
4439:According to
4437:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4052:materialistic
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4009:
4006:
4005:Brahma Sutras
4002:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:." It is the
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:According to
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3563:Maurya Empire
3559:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:Maurya Empire
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:Radhakrishnan
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3129:Uttar Pradesh
3126:
3122:
3115:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
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3024:
3014:
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3008:
3004:
2999:
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2986:
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2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Sumerian myth
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
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2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:) and vulva (
2638:
2634:
2633:John Marshall
2629:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:, was likely
2549:
2548:Ganges Valley
2545:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:Romila Thapar
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2456:Periodisation
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
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2427:
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2297:
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2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Uttar Pradesh
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2227:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2199:
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2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2144:
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2127:
2125:
2122:
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2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:Mughal Empire
1922:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:Reddy Kingdom
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
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1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
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1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:Yadava Empire
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:Harsha Empire
1361:
1360:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:Kushan Empire
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:Shunga Empire
1074:
1073:
1058:
1056:
1055:Mitra Dynasty
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997: AD 500
993: 250 BC
987:
985:
982:
981:
976: 250 AD
970:
968:
965:
964:
959: 300 BC
953:
951:
948:
947:
942: 300 BC
936:
934:
933:Chera Kingdom
931:
930:
925: 300 BC
919:
917:
916:Pandya Empire
914:
913:
908: 300 AD
904: 300 BC
898:
896:
895:Sangam period
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
875:Maurya Empire
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
813:
811:
808:
807:
802: 600 BC
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
760:
759:
756:(1200–600 BC)
755:
753:
749:
748:
744:
742:
738:
737:
734:(1500–600 BC)
733:
731:
727:
726:
723:(1500–500 BC)
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:(1500–200 BC)
708:
703:
702:
693:(1600–500 BC)
692:
690:
686:
685:
681:
679:
675:
674:
671:(2000–500 BC)
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
654:
653:
649:
647:
643:
642:
638:
636:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
613:
608:
607:
598:(1400–700 BC)
597:
595:
594:Jorwe culture
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:Malwa culture
582:
581:
578:(1600–750 BC)
577:
575:
574:Pandu culture
572:
571:
567:
565:
562:
561:
550:
548:
545:
544:
536:
531:
530:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
486:
481:
480:
471:
469:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
448:
443:
442:
437:
432:
431:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Punjab region
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:1.25 billion
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
61:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Dharmic faith
17346:Turkmenistan
17306:Saudi Arabia
17051:South Africa
17041:Sierra Leone
16846:Burkina Faso
16755:Names of God
16702:Unaffiliated
16657:Antireligion
16513:Universalism
16461:Assimilation
16326:Anthropology
16201:Supernatural
16196:Spirituality
16164:Sacred space
16152:Purification
16025:Denomination
15979: /
15787:Paleo-Balkan
15753:Mesopotamian
15593:Cook Islands
15564:Old Prussian
15477:UFO religion
15416:
15412:Zalmoxianism
15340:Neoshamanism
15197:Spiritualism
15080:Other ethnic
14969:
14795:Traditional
14755:Bongthingism
14643:Acoma Pueblo
14586:Mesoamerican
14283:Austronesian
14104:
14100:Neo-Buddhism
14032:
14028:Neo-Hinduism
13949:Swaminarayan
13886:
13787:
13736:Salvationist
13721:Confucianism
13572:Samaritanism
13542:Ali-Illahism
13523:
13390:
13384:Unitarianism
13325:Old Catholic
13132:Nestorianism
13090:Christianity
13077:
13043:Conservative
12820:Martial arts
12710:Colonial era
12705:Early modern
12655:Caste system
12440:Austronesian
12381:Northwestern
12183:Dependencies
12113:Turkmenistan
12078:Saudi Arabia
11835:. Retrieved
11826:
11804:. Retrieved
11800:the original
11795:
11773:. Retrieved
11769:the original
11764:
11727:
11717:15 September
11715:. Retrieved
11706:
11697:
11686:
11674:. Retrieved
11670:the original
11635:
11630:
11615:
11609:
11597:. Retrieved
11593:the original
11583:
11571:. Retrieved
11557:
11545:. Retrieved
11531:
11523:
11494:. Retrieved
11483:
11474:
11448:. Retrieved
11437:
11427:
11390:
11371:
11348:
11331:
11307:
11303:
11283:
11261:
11241:
11220:
11201:
11189:. Retrieved
11169:
11154:, retrieved
11147:the original
11138:
11128:
11124:
11116:
11083:
11079:
11067:. Retrieved
11047:
11026:
11022:
11010:
11001:
10997:
10988:
10979:
10970:
10961:
10946:, ABC-Clio,
10943:
10931:. Retrieved
10895:
10891:
10875:
10855:
10841:
10829:. Retrieved
10809:
10787:
10769:
10758:, retrieved
10738:
10728:
10710:
10699:
10690:
10681:
10672:
10662:
10653:
10644:
10628:. ABC-CLIO.
10624:
10613:
10601:
10592:
10573:
10563:
10551:. Retrieved
10531:
10506:
10502:
10482:
10472:
10461:, retrieved
10451:
10432:
10418:, retrieved
10398:
10386:, retrieved
10366:
10356:
10347:
10338:
10329:
10310:
10293:Risabha Deva
10292:
10271:
10259:. Retrieved
10240:
10190:
10183:, SUNY Press
10180:
10162:
10143:
10133:
10122:, retrieved
10102:
10087:, retrieved
10055:
10051:Dundas, Paul
10030:(1): 34–49,
10027:
10023:
10003:
9983:
9974:
9961:
9952:
9943:
9931:
9904:. Retrieved
9883:
9871:. Retrieved
9867:the original
9856:
9844:. Retrieved
9833:
9823:
9796:. Retrieved
9792:the original
9787:
9778:
9766:
9758:
9753:
9741:
9734:Frawley 1990
9716:
9711:
9703:
9698:
9686:
9674:
9662:
9650:
9638:
9611:
9599:
9562:
9557:
9545:. Retrieved
9535:
9496:
9466:, retrieved
9446:
9439:
9430:
9418:
9388:, retrieved
9373:
9366:
9354:. Retrieved
9345:
9333:
9321:
9309:
9297:
9285:
9273:
9268:, p. 2.
9249:
9231:
9224:
9219:
9212:
9207:
9195:. Retrieved
9188:the original
9181:"The Alvars"
9174:
9162:. Retrieved
9153:
9144:
9132:
9120:
9078:
9041:
8990:
8963:
8959:
8952:
8947:
8935:
8923:
8911:
8893:
8884:
8872:
8860:
8833:
8821:
8809:
8797:
8731:
8725:
8716:
8710:
8691:
8685:
8675:
8668:
8659:
8653:
8637:. Scribner.
8632:
8621:
8612:
8606:
8597:
8591:
8582:
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8554:
8547:
8538:
8532:
8520:
8508:
8503:, p. v.
8496:
8484:
8477:Lockard 2007
8462:Lockard 2007
8449:, p. 6.
8442:
8434:
8429:
8421:
8404:
8398:
8386:
8377:
8371:
8359:
8351:
8346:
8334:
8325:
8307:
8289:
8272:the original
8267:
8257:
8236:
8231:
8203:
8196:
8184:. Retrieved
8175:
8165:
8153:. Retrieved
8133:
8126:
8117:
8111:
8099:. Retrieved
8079:
8067:
8048:
8042:
8023:
8017:
8006:
8002:
7990:. Retrieved
7981:
7972:
7960:. Retrieved
7951:
7941:
7929:. Retrieved
7901:
7894:
7882:. Retrieved
7873:
7864:
7831:World Wisdom
7811:
7806:
7787:
7780:
7769:, retrieved
7749:
7742:
7734:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7641:
7624:
7608:
7577:
7565:
7553:
7544:
7538:
7519:
7512:
7492:
7485:
7474:Deussen 1966
7469:
7462:Deussen 1966
7457:
7445:. Retrieved
7434:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7351:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7303:
7291:
7279:
7247:
7235:. Retrieved
7215:
7208:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7170:
7164:. p. 6.
7161:
7155:
7147:
7142:
7133:
7125:
7098:
7091:Possehl 2002
7086:
7074:
7062:
7055:Possehl 2002
7050:
7019:
6998:
6967:
6961:
6949:
6942:Possehl 2002
6919:
6911:
6899:
6879:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6836:
6824:
6817:Possehl 2002
6802:Possehl 2002
6797:
6755:
6743:
6708:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6509:
6497:
6473:Max Muller,
6469:
6442:. Retrieved
6433:
6423:
6411:. Retrieved
6397:
6385:. Retrieved
6376:
6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6348:the original
6343:
6331:
6319:. Retrieved
6315:the original
6305:
6286:
6271:
6262:
6252:
6242:
6232:
6225:Mount Sumeru
6211:
6202:
6187:Chinese Chán
6181:
6148:
6130:
6120:
6106:
6097:
6087:
6077:
6067:
6057:
6047:
6038:
6025:
6015:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5971:
5962:
5939:
5929:
5924:
5913:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5700:India portal
5669:
5661:
5643:
5641:
5606:
5582:
5574:
5571:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5465:
5437:
5433:
5430:Adi Shankara
5425:
5421:
5420:
5413:Adi Shankara
5390:
5386:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5353:
5344:Tai Ramayana
5343:
5335:
5315:
5302:
5289:
5288:and various
5285:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5206:
5197:
5182:Please help
5170:
5131:
5128:Similarities
5122:
5078:
5040:
5025:Ananda Marga
5015:founded the
5013:Swaminarayan
5009:Hare Krishna
5007:founded the
4990:
4967:
4900:
4875:
4871:
4857:
4851:
4829:
4819:
4777:Mikel Burley
4774:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4695:Annamacharya
4640:
4636:
4634:
4619:
4610:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4567:
4555:Please help
4550:verification
4547:
4520:, while the
4518:Gupta Empire
4491:
4453:expressions.
4446:
4440:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4420:
4394:
4385:The Alvars (
4384:
4336:
4310:
4291:
4260:
4252:
4240:
4219:Gupta period
4216:
4185:Gupta Empire
4178:
4171:
4148:
4115:
4103:
4101:
4059:
4021:
3998:
3960:
3942:
3939:Bhagavadgita
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3882:
3877:
3865:
3841:
3826:Gupta Empire
3806:
3802:
3795:
3760:
3754:
3741:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3704:-the hills,
3701:
3697:
3693:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3635:
3620:
3602:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3478:
3448:
3417:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3335:Parshvanatha
3332:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3248:
3220:
3214:
3203:
3193:, later the
3184:
3161:
3143:The idol of
3119:A statue of
3095:
3049:
3040:Parshvanatha
3033:
3026:
3000:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2927:
2908:
2897:
2878:
2871:Dharma" The
2869:
2860:Vedic Period
2857:
2853:Vedic period
2842:
2824:
2810:
2793:Vedic period
2775:Mesopotamian
2768:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2697:
2679:
2661:
2651:
2628:Indus script
2624:
2574:
2559:missionaries
2544:Indus Valley
2541:
2500:Vedic period
2485:
2478:
2471:
2465:
2334:Demographics
2324:Architecture
2104:French India
2094:Danish India
1974:Bengal Subah
1964:Bhoi dynasty
1894:Koch Kingdom
1729:Ahom Kingdom
1603:Deva Kingdom
1295:Huna Kingdom
1235:Gupta Empire
1137:(AD 35–405 )
1096:Kanva Empire
1068: 50 BC
950:Chola Empire
889:(312–303 BC)
879:(321–184 BC)
869:(330–323 BC)
859:(380–321 BC)
855:Nanda Empire
849:(424–345 BC)
831:(550–330 BC)
787:(684–424 BC)
777:(799–684 BC)
767:(700–200 BC)
689:Swat culture
535:Chalcolithic
447:Palaeolithic
359:
332:
327:
321:
310:
299:
289:
282:Vedic period
267:
253:
234:
228:1.81 billion
227:
181:520 million
104:
100:
96:
95:
59:
46:
36:
17797:New Zealand
17734:Saint Lucia
17684:El Salvador
17589:Switzerland
17524:Netherlands
17296:Philippines
17224:South Korea
17219:North Korea
17109:Afghanistan
17056:South Sudan
16946:Ivory Coast
16730:Deification
16677:Objectivism
16652:Agnosticism
16605:Persecution
16595:Video games
16560:Populations
16471:Proselytism
16439:Monasticism
16430:Clericalism
16420:Agriculture
16411:and society
16376:Soteriology
16336:Comparative
16306:Transtheism
16291:Panentheism
16075:Monasticism
15868:Gallo-Roman
15770:Micronesian
15736:Manichaeism
15684:Hermeticism
15652:Continental
15647:Anglo-Saxon
15527:Paleolithic
15522:Prehistoric
15472:Scientology
15335:Italo-Roman
15190:Radha Soami
15170:New Thought
15010:Espiritismo
14951:Waaqeffanna
14891:Fon and Ewe
14829:Sub-Saharan
14712:Satsana Phi
14498:Ghost Dance
14439:Californian
14407:Anishinaabe
14333:Karo Pemena
14312:Indonesian
13986:Lingayatism
13934:Mahanubhava
13904:Vaishnavism
13835:Jeungsanism
13758:Folk Taoism
13741:Xiantiandao
13595:Zoroastrian
13254:Charismatic
13249:Pentecostal
13212:Anglicanism
13163:Waldensians
13098:Catholicism
12673:Archaeology
12588:Environment
12478:Afro-Asians
12300:Afghanistan
12242:Asia portal
12143:States with
12063:Philippines
12003:South Korea
11998:North Korea
11893:Afghanistan
11599:13 November
11400:Web sources
11156:14 February
10964:, Routledge
10566:, Routledge
10475:, Routledge
10359:, Routledge
10089:1 September
9835:The Tribune
9577:Larson 2012
9516:Tiwari 1983
9501:Lipner 1998
9425:, p. .
9390:14 February
9356:14 February
9278:Burley 2007
8765:Muesse 2011
8585:. S. Chand.
8525:Larson 1995
8513:Zimmer 1951
8501:Tiwari 2002
8403:John Keay.
8364:Basham 1967
8268:harappa.com
8172:"Chapter 3"
8155:15 November
7712:, p. .
7688:, p. .
7582:Zimmer 1989
7464:, p. .
7417:Zimmer 1953
7405:Dundas 2002
7284:Zimmer 1989
7272:Zimmer 1989
7237:17 December
7219:. BookRix.
7067:Thapar 2004
6904:Zimmer 1969
6760:Wright 2009
6692:Muesse 2003
6632:Thapar 1978
6620:Thapar 1978
6603:Thapar 1978
6591:Samuel 2010
6237:religions."
6189:during the
6154:Pala Empire
6143:centuries."
5951:religions".
5908:traditions.
5635:". And the
5629:Zoroastrian
5566:Neo-Vedanta
5515:religions.
5446:Vaisheshika
5350:Differences
5308:Bodhisattva
5242:Soteriology
5055:Maharashtra
5021:Anandamurti
4993:Brahma Baba
4956:Neo-Vedanta
4903:Gavin Flood
4715:Lingayatism
4709:Lingayatism
4687:Dnyaneshwar
4376:Lalleshvari
4189:Pala Empire
4108:Mahabharata
4090:Mahabharata
4078:Mahalakshmi
4036:Vaisheshika
3862:, Pala era.
3854:flanked by
3822:Pala Empire
3787:Tolkappiyar
3761:Throughout
3661:Pattuppāṭṭu
3657:Tolkappiyam
3587:South India
3532:Shatrunjaya
3346:Tirthankara
3221:tirthankara
3149:Tirthankara
3082:tradition.
3076:Mahabharata
2981:Zoroastrian
2817:Indo-Aryans
2711:Tirthankara
2656:ithyphallic
2603:in central
2593:Indus River
2319:Agriculture
2289:South India
2264:Maharashtra
2214:Balochistan
2154:Afghanistan
2128:(1858–1947)
2124:British Raj
2118:(1757–1858)
2114:Company Raj
2108:(1759–1954)
2098:(1620–1869)
2088:(1605–1825)
2084:Dutch India
2078:(1510–1961)
2065:(1510–1961)
2048:(1799–1849)
2044:Sikh Empire
2038:(1729–1947)
2028:(1707–1799)
2018:(1674–1818)
2008:(1650–1948)
1998:(1642–1975)
1988:(1600–1750)
1978:(1576–1757)
1968:(1541–1804)
1958:(1532–1673)
1948:(1529–1736)
1938:(1540–1556)
1928:(1526–1858)
1915:(1526–1858)
1898:(1515–1947)
1888:(1499–1763)
1878:(1518–1687)
1867:(1492–1686)
1856:(1492–1619)
1845:(1490–1574)
1834:(1490–1636)
1823:(1490–1596)
1813:(1470–1842)
1803:(1434–1541)
1793:(1399–1947)
1783:(1358–1803)
1773:(1352–1576)
1763:(1336–1646)
1753:(1325–1448)
1743:(1300–1779)
1733:(1228–1826)
1723:(1451–1526)
1712:(1414–1451)
1701:(1320–1414)
1690:(1290–1320)
1679:(1206–1290)
1668:(1206–1526)
1658:(1170–1206)
1635:(1206–1526)
1616: 1300
1612: 1200
1597:(1187–1673)
1587:(1156–1184)
1567:(1102–1766)
1557:(1083–1323)
1547:(1078–1434)
1537:(1070–1230)
1533:Sena Empire
1527:(1040–1347)
1517:(1003–1320)
1443:Pala Empire
1305:Rai Kingdom
1147:(AD 60–240)
1080:(185–73 BC)
836:Ror Dynasty
556: 3950
347:Vaishnavism
196:30 million
151:Population
17956:Categories
17787:Micronesia
17664:Costa Rica
17559:San Marino
17519:Montenegro
17499:Luxembourg
17356:Uzbekistan
17331:Tajikistan
17236:Kyrgyzstan
17209:Kazakhstan
17159:East Timor
17129:Bangladesh
17119:Azerbaijan
17036:Seychelles
17001:Mozambique
16986:Mauritania
16971:Madagascar
16861:Cape Verde
16643:irreligion
16638:Secularism
16540:Minorities
16508:Toleration
16503:Syncretism
16488:Fanaticism
16478:Disability
16466:Missionary
16456:Conversion
16444:Ordination
16366:Psychology
16361:Philosophy
16301:Polytheism
16281:Monotheism
16276:Henotheism
16117:Orthopraxy
16107:Ordination
16070:Meditation
16065:Indigenous
16030:Entheogens
16015:Conversion
15841:Pueblo III
15758:Babylonian
15748:Melanesian
15674:Gnosticism
15559:Lithuanian
15452:Fourth Way
15306:Circassian
15284:Dievturība
15207:Tensegrity
15140:Falun Gong
14785:Sanamahism
14765:Donyi-Polo
14355:Polynesian
14301:Kaharingan
14226:Burkhanism
14165:Ravidassia
14143:Śvetāmbara
13929:Pushtimarg
13909:Krishnaism
13845:Vietnamese
13830:Cheondoism
13763:Yao Taoism
13699:East Asian
13465:Isma'ilism
13421:Maturidism
13200:Mennonites
13195:Hutterites
13180:Anabaptism
13073:Humanistic
12775:Bangladesh
12685:Bronze Age
12568:Philosophy
12553:Literature
12450:Indo-Aryan
12430:Andamanese
12305:Bangladesh
12123:Uzbekistan
12098:Tajikistan
12013:Kyrgyzstan
11993:Kazakhstan
11913:Bangladesh
11903:Azerbaijan
11754:Statistics
11450:9 February
11352:, London:
11131:(2): 12–38
10998:Purātattva
10991:, Springer
10739:Upanis̥ads
10124:7 November
9906:11 January
9592:Yelle 2012
9547:1 December
9468:26 October
9083:McRae 2003
9046:White 2000
8748:Flood 1996
8391:Flood 1996
8339:Singh 1989
8072:Heehs 2002
7992:1 February
7978:"Buddhism"
7962:1 February
7931:1 February
7921:j.ctvvn4jw
7884:1 February
7771:7 November
7722:Jaini 2001
7710:Jaini 2001
7698:Flood 1996
7686:Flood 1996
7615:, p.
7613:Flood 1996
7476:, p.
6748:Heehs 2002
6668:Smart 2003
6656:Smart 2003
6298:References
5823:Sanamahism
5627:, Parsee (
5601:See also:
5527:See also:
5411:See also:
5063:Tamil Nadu
5035:See also:
5005:Prabhupada
4923:Kumbakonam
4919:Tamil Nadu
4793:See also:
4769:saddarsana
4730:Ishtalinga
4726:Ishtalinga
4722:Ishtalinga
4583:newspapers
4391:ஆழ்வார்கள்
4372:Akkamadevi
4368:Gorakhnath
4282:See also:
4268:Vaisnavism
4201:Satavahana
4197:Somavanshi
4001:Badarāyana
3986:perception
3967:Upanishads
3900:movement.
3860:Kārttikeya
3808:Hero Stone
3665:Eṭṭuttokai
3632:scriptures
3627:and later
3585:See also:
3380:movement.
3369:aparigraha
3239:See also:
3191:Upanishads
3177:Upanishads
3064:Upanishads
3021:See also:
2873:Arya Samaj
2801:See also:
2780:Great Bath
2581:Mesolithic
2538:Prehistory
2468:James Mill
2399:Philosophy
2379:Metallurgy
2369:Literature
2294:Tamil Nadu
2159:Bangladesh
1934:Sur Empire
1648:(977–1186)
1614: – c.
1577:(675–1210)
1507:(973–1189)
1497:(942–1244)
1487:(882–1110)
1477:(850–1334)
1467:(800–1327)
1447:(750–1174)
1427:(694–1947)
1407:(650–1036)
1387:(624–1075)
1355: 700
1353: – c.
1351: 550
1324: 500
1269:(350–1100)
1259:(350–1000)
1227: 600
1225: – c.
1223: 250
1206: 500
1204: – c.
1202: 250
1125: 130
1100:(75–26 BC)
1066: – c.
1064: 150
995: – c.
961:– AD 1279)
944:– AD 1102)
927:– AD 1345)
906: – c.
819: 600
804:– AD 1600)
612:Bronze Age
396:See also:
366:Sikh Gurus
362:Guru Nanak
286:Upanishads
241:Mesolithic
219:4 million
211:6 million
107:, are the
17905:Venezuela
17850:Argentina
17767:Australia
17719:Nicaragua
17694:Guatemala
17494:Lithuania
17316:Sri Lanka
17311:Singapore
17291:Palestine
17179:Indonesia
17169:Hong Kong
16991:Mauritius
16712:Overviews
16667:Criticism
16620:Sectarian
16610:Terrorism
16585:Theocracy
16530:Happiness
16498:Pluralism
16483:Education
16409:Religion
16381:Salvation
16371:Sociology
16316:Religious
16296:Pantheism
16286:Nontheism
16179:Mountains
16157:Sacrifice
16112:Orthodoxy
16102:Mythology
16097:Mysticism
15986:Behaviour
15895:Canaanite
15878:Mithraism
15846:Pueblo IV
15836:Pueblo II
15741:Mazdakism
15716:Hungarian
15689:Mysteries
15598:Dravidian
15380:Hungarian
15296:Caucasian
15267:Godianism
15227:Agni Yoga
15217:Theosophy
15180:Rastafari
15155:Modekngei
15135:Brahmoism
15128:Syncretic
15120:movements
15118:religious
15030:Quimbanda
14978:Candomblé
14971:Diasporic
14750:Bathouism
14740:Benzhuism
14655:Tsimshian
14606:Purépecha
14527:Longhouse
14502:Sun Dance
14434:Blackfoot
14422:Wabunowin
14417:Midewiwin
14338:Malaysian
14328:Kapitayan
14138:Digambara
14123:Ayyavazhi
14088:Vajrayana
14053:Theravada
13966:Ganapatya
13939:Ramanandi
13868:Hoahaoism
13746:Yiguandao
13641:Yarsanism
13636:Shabakism
13623:Yazdânism
13613:Zurvanism
13608:Mazdaznan
13567:Rastafari
13562:Mandaeism
13436:Wahhabism
13416:Ash'arism
13379:Tolstoyan
13369:Spiritual
13359:Mormonism
13330:Judaizers
13303:Quakerism
13281:Methodist
13271:Irvingism
13222:Calvinism
13175:Adventism
13158:Moravians
12995:Abrahamic
12842:Education
12563:Mythology
12548:Languages
12460:Nuristani
12445:Dravidian
12371:Sri Lanka
12337:Northeast
12325:Northwest
12209:Hong Kong
12163:Palestine
12088:Sri Lanka
12083:Singapore
11963:Indonesia
11354:Routledge
11342:(1953) ,
11324:144950049
11108:162278147
11051:. Brill.
11029:: 47–58.
10920:149773944
10523:144728948
10243:. Brill.
10069:Routledge
10056:The Jains
10053:(2002) ,
9411:King 1999
8877:Raju 1992
7201:King 1999
6735:910498369
6552:Jain 2008
6502:King 1995
6321:2 October
6140:Dravidian
6062:atheism".
6008:Aranyakas
6004:Brahmanas
5906:shramanic
5621:Christian
5609:Buddhists
5368:Mahesvara
5364:Vajrapani
5358:Mythology
5312:Ramayanas
5299:Mythology
5290:forms of
5266:Vajrayana
5171:does not
5148:family."
5117:Abrahamic
5059:Karnataka
5047:Rajasthan
4997:Raja Yoga
4876:disciples
4859:ēk ōaṅkār
4703:Tyagaraja
4647:Ramananda
4613:June 2013
4416:Ramananda
4288:Ajativada
4241:See also
4193:Chalukyas
3994:inference
3992:(logical
3982:pratyakṣa
3763:Tamilakam
3706:Thirumaal
3570:Kharavela
3507:Bodh Gaya
3444:East Asia
3440:Southeast
3436:Sri Lanka
3424:Kshatriya
3344:The 24th
3292:Oldenberg
3173:Brahmanas
2987:" is the
2823:into the
2764:Gilgamesh
2762:to fight
2681:Pashupati
2589:Neolithic
2585:Bhimbetka
2349:Education
2339:Dynasties
2259:Rajasthan
2244:Karnataka
2189:Sri Lanka
1457:(753–982)
1437:(736–916)
1417:(661–750)
1397:(632–661)
1377:(618–841)
1367:(606–647)
1336:(543–753)
1309:(489–632)
1299:(475–576)
1289:(475–767)
1279:(420–624)
1249:(345–525)
1239:(280–550)
1187:(230–360)
1177:(224–651)
1167:(210–340)
1157:(170–350)
1120:(AD 21 –
978:– AD 800)
730:Janapadas
558:–1900 BC)
485:Neolithic
278:Dravidian
266:into the
172:Buddhists
148:Religion
109:religions
17931:Category
17895:Suriname
17885:Paraguay
17870:Colombia
17777:Kiribati
17704:Honduras
17674:Dominica
17649:Barbados
17614:Scotland
17574:Slovenia
17569:Slovakia
17544:Portugal
17414:Bulgaria
17336:Thailand
17286:Pakistan
17266:Mongolia
17261:Maldives
17256:Malaysia
17144:Cambodia
17091:Zimbabwe
17066:Tanzania
16916:Ethiopia
16911:Eswatini
16891:Djibouti
16856:Cameroon
16841:Botswana
16785:Timeline
16780:Scholars
16740:Founders
16600:Violence
16555:Politics
16425:Business
16388:Theology
16132:Prophecy
16122:Paganism
16010:Covenant
15977:Apostasy
15912:Scythian
15853:Rapa Nui
15807:Thracian
15802:Illyrian
15792:Albanian
15763:Sumerian
15706:Harappan
15642:Germanic
15637:Georgian
15630:Selk'nam
15615:Etruscan
15603:Egyptian
15581:Druidism
15544:Armenian
15467:Satanism
15447:Eckankar
15370:Estonian
15355:Romanian
15345:Ossetian
15325:Germanic
15274:Armenian
15263:African
15256:paganism
15185:Sant Mat
15175:Rajneesh
15150:Meivazhi
15145:Japanese
15102:Siberian
15035:Santería
15005:Convince
14871:Bushongo
14775:Kiratism
14702:Hmongism
14569:Wocekiye
14554:Jivaroan
14522:Iroquois
14517:Ho-Chunk
14466:Cherokee
14389:American
14360:Hawaiian
14273:Sarnaism
14243:Tungusic
14231:Tengrism
14221:Mongolic
14150:Sarnaism
14081:Nichiren
14058:Mahayana
14045:Buddhism
14023:Sant Mat
14013:Sauraism
14008:Smartism
14003:Shaktism
13996:Balinese
13981:Kaumaram
13976:Kapalika
13971:Kashmiri
13956:Shaivism
13896:Hinduism
13863:Caodaism
13807:Ryukyuan
13802:Tenrikyo
13797:Shugendō
13775:Japanese
13646:Yazidism
13631:Ishikism
13509:Quranism
13482:Khawarij
13431:Salafism
13426:Atharism
13315:Esoteric
13286:Holiness
13276:Lutheran
13237:Reformed
13217:Baptists
13190:Brethren
13154:Hussites
13142:Assyrian
13058:Haymanot
13012:Orthodox
12961:Religion
12864:Military
12785:Pakistan
12748:Hinduism
12743:Buddhism
12730:Religion
12700:Medieval
12690:Iron Age
12615:Politics
12578:Surnames
12500:Diaspora
12396:Southern
12386:Northern
12359:Pakistan
12349:Maldives
12232:Category
12153:Abkhazia
12103:Thailand
12058:Pakistan
12038:Mongolia
12033:Maldives
12028:Malaysia
11928:Cambodia
11831:Archived
11735:Archived
11711:Archived
11676:29 March
11620:Archived
11567:Archived
11541:Archived
11517:Archived
11496:7 August
11490:Archived
11485:BBC News
11460:cite web
11420:Archived
11281:(2009).
11191:10 March
11185:Archived
11167:(2004).
11069:10 March
11063:Archived
11045:(1997).
11035:20062578
11004:: 19–26.
10924:Archived
10831:10 March
10825:Archived
10807:(2002).
10760:10 March
10754:archived
10553:10 March
10547:Archived
10457:archived
10431:(2003),
10420:10 March
10414:archived
10382:archived
10291:(2008),
10261:10 March
10255:Archived
10235:(2011).
10118:archived
10100:(1996),
10083:archived
10065:New York
10044:62860085
9942:(2007),
9897:Archived
9873:29 March
9840:Archived
9702:Page i,
9541:Archived
9462:archived
9239:Archived
9197:20 April
9164:21 April
9158:Archived
8892:(1996),
8629:(1988).
8560:Archived
8223:96012383
8180:Archived
8149:Archived
8101:10 March
8092:Archived
7986:Archived
7956:Archived
7952:HuffPost
7925:Archived
7878:Archived
7765:archived
7441:Archived
7356:Day 1982
7231:Archived
7042:46661540
6990:46661540
6707:(2015).
6438:Archived
6407:Archived
6381:Archived
6377:BBC News
6193:and the
5894:Panchala
5793:Indology
5686:See also
5676:Governor
5470:Charvaka
5417:Charvaka
5380:Shaivism
5374:and the
5324:Ramakien
5261:abhiseka
5200:May 2021
5137:Buddhism
5133:Hinduism
5097:Buddhism
5085:Buddhist
5081:Navayana
5075:Navayana
5069:Buddhism
4960:Hindutva
4946:Hinduism
4937:held in
4872:students
4853:Vāhigurū
4840:Pakistan
4679:Tulsidas
4412:Ramanuja
4395:āḻvārkaḷ
4360:Nayanars
4358:and the
4333:Nayanars
4301:Buddhism
4264:Shaivism
4174:Buddhism
4112:Ramayana
4094:Ramayana
3963:Sanskrit
3799:Shaktism
3779:Wanji-ko
3722:Wanji-ko
3718:Marutham
3714:Kotravai
3629:Sanskrit
3609:Hinduism
3607:form of
3558:empire.
3500:Buddhist
3470:Angirasa
3402:Buddhism
3384:Buddhism
3378:shramana
3339:Mahavira
3317:Mahavira
3254:Buddhism
3241:Shramana
3187:Vedantic
3145:Mahavira
3074:and the
3072:Ramayana
3029:Brahmans
3007:Vamadeva
2894:Samhitas
2849:Hinduism
2839:Sanskrit
2826:Samhitas
2821:redacted
2771:Egyptian
2737:Shaktism
2714:Rishabha
2678:, after
2607:and the
2414:Timeline
2404:Religion
2384:Military
2374:Maritime
2364:Language
2354:Indology
2184:Pakistan
2174:Maldives
1872: –
1861: –
1850: –
1839: –
1828: –
1717: –
1706: –
1695: –
1684: –
1673: –
821:–300 BC)
761: –
750: –
739: –
728: –
707:Iron Age
687: –
676: –
655: –
644: –
633: –
343:Shaktism
339:Shaivism
264:redacted
245:Harappan
121:Hinduism
117:Buddhism
17900:Uruguay
17875:Ecuador
17855:Bolivia
17832:Vanuatu
17759:Oceania
17709:Jamaica
17689:Grenada
17644:Bahamas
17604:England
17594:Ukraine
17549:Romania
17509:Moldova
17469:Ireland
17464:Iceland
17459:Hungary
17449:Germany
17439:Finland
17434:Estonia
17429:Denmark
17424:Czechia
17419:Croatia
17404:Belgium
17399:Belarus
17394:Austria
17389:Andorra
17384:Albania
17361:Vietnam
17271:Myanmar
17246:Lebanon
17164:Georgia
17124:Bahrain
17114:Armenia
17076:Tunisia
17046:Somalia
17031:Senegal
17016:Nigeria
17006:Namibia
16996:Morocco
16961:Liberia
16956:Lesotho
16906:Eritrea
16876:Comoros
16851:Burundi
16826:Algeria
16770:Outline
16735:Deities
16662:Atheism
16575:Science
16493:Freedom
16351:History
16318:studies
16271:Dualism
16261:Animism
16226:Worship
16206:Symbols
16147:Liturgy
16060:Goddess
16020:Deities
16001:Laicism
15991:Beliefs
15970:Aspects
15942:Zapotec
15937:Vainakh
15905:Yahwism
15890:Semitic
15819:Iranian
15721:Hurrian
15711:Hittite
15701:Guanche
15694:Orphism
15625:Fuegian
15620:Finnish
15608:Atenism
15554:Latvian
15539:Arabian
15482:Raëlism
15462:Jediism
15457:Goddess
15430:De novo
15318:Druidry
15212:Thelema
15165:New Age
15050:Umbanda
14941:Tumbuka
14926:Odinala
14911:Lugbara
14831:African
14797:African
14745:Bimoism
14735:Burmese
14581:Mapuche
14547:Wyandot
14507:Guarani
14488:Choctaw
14483:Chilote
14402:Alaskan
14397:Abenaki
14348:Tagalog
14321:Kejawèn
14170:Sikhism
14133:Jainism
14093:Tibetan
14076:Amidism
13944:Warkari
13858:Đạo Mẫu
13708:Chinese
13690:Eastern
13667:Roshani
13586:Iranian
13494:Alevism
13487:Ibadism
13460:Zaydism
13137:Ancient
13108:Eastern
13068:Renewal
13053:Karaite
13034:Zionist
13022:Hasidic
13004:Judaism
12986:Western
12909:History
12855:History
12805:Cricket
12758:Sikhism
12753:Jainism
12738:Dharmic
12665:History
12611:Economy
12596:Monsoon
12573:Scripts
12543:Fashion
12533:Cuisine
12510:Culture
12493:Semitic
12483:Chinese
12391:Eastern
12342:Islands
12128:Vietnam
12043:Myanmar
12023:Lebanon
11953:Georgia
11908:Bahrain
11898:Armenia
11816:Reports
11346:(ed.),
11100:1061875
9918:Sources
9761:page 16
9715:P. 163
8566:21 July
8186:27 July
7833:, Inc.
7664:Page 18
7447:23 June
7367:P. 285
7146:P. 382
6918:(2002)
6413:17 July
6387:17 July
6221:mandala
6052:times."
5902:Magadha
5644:special
5513:nāstika
5505:nāstika
5501:Sāṃkhya
5497:atheist
5493:nāstika
5478:nāstika
5474:nāstika
5462:Vedanta
5450:Samkhya
5438:nāstika
5426:nāstika
5391:nāstika
5320:Reamker
5281:samsara
5192:removed
5177:sources
5145:Sikhism
5141:Jainism
5043:Gujarat
5031:Jainism
4789:Sikhism
4757:gopuram
4691:Tukaram
4651:Ravidas
4597:scholar
4498:Afghans
4348:Krishna
4294:Vedanta
4278:Vedanta
4256:Mandala
4151:Puranas
4144:Ganesha
4120:Ganesha
4098:Puranas
4082:Vellore
4061:nāstika
4056:Cārvāka
4040:Mimāṃsā
4024:Samkhya
4003:in the
3990:anumāna
3974:pramāṇa
3957:Vedanta
3894:Advaita
3803:Natukal
3775:Madurai
3743:Rigveda
3726:Neithal
3724:in the
3702:Kurinji
3694:thinais
3574:Kalinga
3556:Magadha
3536:Gujarat
3466:Magadha
3428:decline
3374:Parshva
3321:Jainism
3311:Jainism
3296:Neumann
3284:samsara
3263:saṃsāra
3258:Magadha
3250:Jainism
3245:Magadha
3206:Vedanta
3199:Puranas
3181:Vedanta
3153:Jainism
3125:Sarnath
3060:Brahman
3056:Ishvara
3052:Vedanta
3011:Angiras
3003:Rishaba
2904:Rigveda
2835:mantras
2741:baetyls
2702:vahanas
2698:Mahisha
2555:animism
2344:Economy
2329:Coinage
2249:Kashmir
2229:Gujarat
1326:– 1026)
436:Outline
392:History
355:Shrauta
323:saṃsāra
318:nastika
313:śramaṇa
291:Vedānta
216:Others
129:Sikhism
125:Jainism
17941:Portal
17880:Guyana
17860:Brazil
17827:Tuvalu
17724:Panama
17714:Mexico
17659:Canada
17654:Belize
17584:Sweden
17564:Serbia
17554:Russia
17539:Poland
17534:Norway
17514:Monaco
17484:Latvia
17479:Kosovo
17454:Greece
17444:France
17376:Europe
17341:Turkey
17326:Taiwan
17231:Kuwait
17204:Jordan
17194:Israel
17154:Cyprus
17139:Brunei
17134:Bhutan
17086:Zambia
17081:Uganda
17021:Rwanda
16976:Malawi
16936:Guinea
16926:Gambia
16831:Angola
16818:Africa
16627:Wealth
16570:Schism
16525:Growth
16449:Priest
16434:Clergy
16253:Theism
16236:Nature
16231:Astral
16174:Groves
16142:Ritual
16127:Prayer
16085:Novice
16035:Ethnic
15960:Topics
15932:Urartu
15927:Tongan
15922:Somali
15917:Slavic
15797:Dacian
15576:Celtic
15571:Basque
15549:Baltic
15400:Udmurt
15365:Uralic
15360:Slavic
15313:Celtic
15301:Abkhaz
15289:Romuva
15279:Baltic
15254:Modern
15097:Papuan
15060:Voodoo
15015:Kumina
14956:Yoruba
14946:Urhobo
14916:Maasai
14901:Lotuko
14849:Baluba
14839:Akamba
14812:Berber
14770:Heraka
14760:Dongba
14638:Pueblo
14633:Pawnee
14623:Navajo
14613:Muisca
14576:Lenape
14564:Lakota
14542:Seneca
14532:Mohawk
14454:Ohlone
14429:Apache
14412:Ojibwe
14387:Native
14253:Manchu
14248:Evenki
14209:Altaic
14200:Ethnic
14175:Khalsa
14128:Kalash
14018:Śrauta
13887:Indian
13817:Korean
13783:Shinto
13753:Taoism
13726:Luoism
13552:Baháʼí
13547:Bábism
13499:Ahmadi
13477:Sufism
13470:Alawis
13120:Church
13048:Reform
13029:Modern
13017:Haredi
12914:Swords
12797:Sports
12638:Muslim
12528:Cinema
12470:Turkic
12455:Iranic
12364:Punjab
12310:Bhutan
12173:Taiwan
12108:Turkey
12073:Russia
12008:Kuwait
11988:Jordan
11978:Israel
11938:Cyprus
11923:Brunei
11918:Bhutan
11837:28 May
11806:28 May
11775:28 May
11573:2 July
11547:2 July
11378:
11360:
11322:
11291:
11268:
11249:
11228:
11208:
11177:
11106:
11098:
11055:
11033:
10950:
10933:2 July
10918:
10910:
10864:
10817:
10794:
10776:
10746:
10731:, Wien
10717:
10665:, SAGE
10632:
10581:
10539:
10521:
10490:
10463:2 July
10439:
10406:
10388:30 May
10374:
10317:
10299:
10278:
10247:
10198:
10169:
10151:
10110:
10075:
10061:London
10042:
10011:
9990:
9846:2 July
9798:27 May
9454:
9381:
8968:Ajanta
8900:
8698:
8641:
8221:
8211:
8141:
8055:
8030:
7919:
7909:
7856:
7837:
7795:
7757:
7733:P. 93
7660:
7527:
7500:
7255:
7223:
7187:P. 41
7174:P. 46
7040:
7030:
6988:
6978:
6926:
6887:
6733:
6723:
6444:2 July
6357:29 May
6020:time."
5990:Śrauta
5898:Kosala
5768:Ahimsa
5657:states
5625:Muslim
5615:, and
5552:dharma
5509:āstika
5491:" and
5489:theist
5485:āstika
5466:āstika
5434:āstika
5422:Āstika
5405:, and
5387:Āstika
5366:kills
5340:Avatar
5286:moksha
5276:dharma
5254:Ritual
5248:moksha
5236:Dharma
5152:Dharma
5143:, and
5093:Dalits
5061:, and
4962:, and
4939:Prayag
4864:Punjab
4832:Punjab
4805:, and
4683:Namdev
4637:Bhakti
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4506:Rajput
4486:, and
4408:bhakti
4364:Basava
4356:Alvars
4331:, and
4329:Alwars
4319:Bhakti
4272:Bhakti
4223:Harsha
4213:Tantra
4207:Tantra
4199:, and
4142:, and
4140:Skanda
4128:Vishnu
4106:, the
4096:, and
3988:) and
3971:shabda
3944:smarta
3935:bhakti
3927:smriti
3923:smarta
3919:smarta
3910:smriti
3904:Smriti
3898:Bhakti
3890:Dvaita
3872:Guptas
3856:Gaṇeśa
3852:Lalita
3730:Mayyon
3710:Mullai
3698:thinai
3686:Seyyon
3621:Agamas
3613:Āgamic
3597:, and
3534:hill,
3462:Ashoka
3458:Shakya
3454:Buddha
3412:, and
3363:asteya
3351:ahimsa
3327:, and
3304:Thomas
3277:Buddha
3269:moksha
3217:Parsva
3179:, and
3080:Śrauta
3009:, and
2954:Sat-ya
2915:Samans
2900:rishis
2844:shruti
2718:Buddha
2279:Odisha
2274:Punjab
2219:Bengal
2164:Bhutan
408:, and
351:Smarta
335:bhakti
328:moksha
306:Moksha
274:Agamas
224:Total
157:Hindus
127:, and
88:
82:
76:
70:
64:
17865:Chile
17822:Tonga
17812:Samoa
17802:Palau
17792:Nauru
17699:Haiti
17619:Wales
17579:Spain
17504:Malta
17474:Italy
17366:Yemen
17321:Syria
17301:Qatar
17276:Nepal
17251:Macau
17214:Korea
17199:Japan
17174:India
17149:China
17061:Sudan
17011:Niger
16966:Libya
16951:Kenya
16931:Ghana
16921:Gabon
16896:Egypt
16836:Benin
16745:Index
16716:lists
16580:State
16398:Women
16266:Deism
16241:Place
16221:Water
16216:Truth
16184:Trees
16040:Faith
16005:Laity
15900:Punic
15858:Roman
15824:Vedic
15782:Olmec
15669:Greek
15662:Norse
15586:Irish
15407:Wicca
15202:Subud
15092:Inuit
15065:Winti
15055:Vodou
15020:Obeah
15000:Comfa
14983:Bantu
14936:Serer
14921:Mbuti
14881:Dogon
14876:Dinka
14859:Kongo
14854:Bantu
14780:Qiang
14670:Yaqui
14601:Olmec
14591:Aztec
14512:Haida
14449:Miwok
14444:Kuksu
14365:Māori
14296:Dayak
14217:Turko
14180:Sects
14116:Other
14071:Thiền
13655:Other
13557:Druze
13535:Other
13411:Sunni
13403:Islam
13185:Amish
13103:Latin
12780:India
12765:Islam
12633:Hindu
12558:Music
12354:Nepal
12332:South
12320:North
12315:India
12214:Macau
12133:Yemen
12093:Syria
12068:Qatar
12048:Nepal
11983:Japan
11958:India
11948:Egypt
11933:China
11634:c.f.
11320:S2CID
11150:(PDF)
11143:(PDF)
11104:S2CID
11096:JSTOR
11031:JSTOR
10927:(PDF)
10916:S2CID
10908:JSTOR
10888:(PDF)
10519:S2CID
10040:S2CID
9900:(PDF)
9893:(PDF)
9191:(PDF)
9184:(PDF)
8095:(PDF)
8088:(PDF)
8009:, by
7917:JSTOR
6351:(PDF)
6340:(PDF)
6247:Jains
6217:vajra
6136:Aryan
5850:Notes
5631:) or
5617:Sikhs
5613:Jains
5442:Nyaya
5314:are:
5271:karma
5228:Ganga
5101:caste
4868:Sikhs
4848:gurus
4844:Nanak
4836:India
4824:Sikhs
4675:Kabir
4671:Meera
4642:Sants
4604:JSTOR
4590:books
4514:Delhi
4494:Turks
4450:Alvar
4404:Tamil
4387:Tamil
4380:Molla
4352:Durga
4136:Surya
4132:Durga
4124:Shiva
4104:epics
4032:Nyaya
3931:sruti
3915:sruti
3836:Keshi
3783:Indra
3771:Shiva
3755:koyil
3734:Vaali
3682:Sivan
3670:Seyon
3637:murti
3625:Tamil
3617:vedic
3605:Vedic
3511:Bihar
3432:Nepal
3357:satya
3300:Eliot
3210:Vedas
3123:from
3070:(the
3068:epics
2938:Satya
2930:Satya
2919:Yajus
2911:Yajna
2890:Vedas
2831:Vedas
2760:Aruru
2668:Rudra
2664:Shiva
2637:linga
2552:local
2299:Tibet
2284:Sindh
2239:Kabul
2224:Bihar
2209:Assam
2179:Nepal
2169:India
269:Vedas
202:Jains
187:Sikhs
17890:Peru
17772:Fiji
17669:Cuba
17281:Oman
17241:Laos
17189:Iraq
17184:Iran
17101:Asia
17071:Togo
16981:Mali
16871:Chad
16714:and
16641:and
16211:Text
16191:Soul
16080:Monk
16045:Fire
15726:Inca
15534:Ainu
15418:list
15395:Sámi
15025:Palo
14993:Ketu
14988:Jejé
14906:Lozi
14886:Efik
14864:Zulu
14844:Akan
14697:Ahom
14689:Miao
14687:and
14675:Zuni
14648:Hopi
14596:Maya
14493:Crow
14459:Pomo
14106:list
14063:Chan
14034:list
13991:Nath
13789:list
13525:list
13450:Shia
13392:list
13079:list
12643:Sikh
12613:and
12053:Oman
12018:Laos
11973:Iraq
11968:Iran
11839:2007
11808:2007
11777:2007
11719:2007
11678:2008
11601:2013
11575:2021
11549:2021
11498:2007
11466:link
11452:2007
11376:ISBN
11358:ISBN
11289:ISBN
11266:ISBN
11247:ISBN
11226:ISBN
11206:ISBN
11193:2021
11175:ISBN
11158:2015
11071:2021
11053:ISBN
10948:ISBN
10935:2021
10862:ISBN
10833:2021
10815:ISBN
10792:ISBN
10774:ISBN
10762:2021
10744:ISBN
10715:ISBN
10630:ISBN
10579:ISBN
10555:2021
10537:ISBN
10488:ISBN
10465:2021
10437:ISBN
10422:2021
10404:ISBN
10390:2020
10372:ISBN
10315:ISBN
10297:ISBN
10276:ISBN
10263:2021
10245:ISBN
10196:ISBN
10167:ISBN
10149:ISBN
10126:2015
10108:ISBN
10091:2017
10073:ISBN
10063:and
10009:ISBN
9988:ISBN
9908:2024
9875:2008
9848:2021
9800:2017
9549:2023
9470:2020
9452:ISBN
9392:2014
9379:ISBN
9358:2014
9199:2013
9166:2007
8898:ISBN
8696:ISBN
8639:ISBN
8568:2022
8219:LCCN
8209:ISBN
8188:2015
8157:2015
8139:ISBN
8103:2024
8053:ISBN
8028:ISBN
7994:2024
7964:2024
7933:2024
7907:ISBN
7886:2024
7854:ISBN
7835:ISBN
7793:ISBN
7773:2015
7755:ISBN
7658:ISBN
7525:ISBN
7498:ISBN
7449:2022
7253:ISBN
7239:2022
7221:ISBN
7120:and
7038:OCLC
7028:ISBN
6986:OCLC
6976:ISBN
6924:ISBN
6885:ISBN
6731:OCLC
6721:ISBN
6446:2021
6415:2021
6389:2021
6359:2015
6323:2013
6138:and
6006:and
5890:Kuru
5495:as "
5487:as "
5460:and
5454:Yoga
5436:and
5424:and
5415:and
5389:and
5304:Rama
5292:Yoga
5175:any
5173:cite
4984:and
4895:and
4838:and
4576:news
4496:and
4378:and
4346:and
4344:Rama
4337:The
4286:and
4245:and
4166:and
4110:and
4042:and
4028:Yoga
3908:The
3886:Yoga
3858:and
3824:and
3767:koil
3732:and
3548:and
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