1839:
174:
A distinct branch of Di known as the Ba-Di emerged during the 3rd-century. The Ba-Di were initially Cong people from
Sichuan that relocated to northwestern China and intermixed with the local Di population. The "Ba" in Ba-Di refers to the region of
379:. After Shi Hu's death and the collapse of Later Zhao that followed, Pu Hong attempted to break away by returning to Guanzhong, changing his family name to Fu (苻) and claiming the title of King of the Three Qins in the process. In 351, his son,
887:
549:
restored
Chouchi, beginning the Wudu period that lasted until the death of Yang Wendu in 477. Afterwards, the realm was split between two branches of the Yang clan in Wuxing and Yinping. The Wuxing regime was conquered by the
329:
and established the state of Cheng, one of the first of the
Sixteen Kingdoms and the only one that was not based in northern China. It became a haven for refugees fleeing the wars in the north, and due to the prevalence of
342:
took the throne in a coup and declared a new state called Han. As both Cheng and Han were ruled by the Li clan, historians consider them as a single polity, thus the name Cheng-Han. The Han was conquered in 347 by the
533:
rebellion in 296. Chouchi is divided into five periods: Former
Chouchi, Later Chouchi, Wudu, Yinping and Wuxing. Former Chouchi was subjugated by the Former Qin in 371. It was revived as Later Chouchi by
525:
Chouchi was a small state located southeast in present-day Gansu. It was ruled by the White Neck Di, which had briefly resided in the region before migrating to Lüeyang, but later returned under
322:
to escape the confusion. Li Te became a representative for the refugee families, and in 301, he rebelled against Jin in part due to an imperial edict forcing the refugees to return to
Guanzhong.
884:
554:
in 553, while the
Yinping regime seemingly disappeared around the same time. In 580, Yang Yongan (楊永安), a Di chieftain in Shazhou (沙州; a name of a region that appears in offices granted by the
1537:
559:
20:
338:
was appointed as the state's first
Chancellor. Li Xiong initially took the title of King, before elevating himself to Emperor in 306. In 338, Li Xiong's cousin,
171:
stories. There were various distinct tribes among the Di people such as the Baima Di (白馬氐) and White Neck Di (白項氐), each ruled by their own chieftain or king.
1530:
478:) his capital. He introduced a new reign era in 386, but only declared himself King of Sanhe in 389 and then Heavenly King of (Later) Liang in 396.
1496:
430:
from the
Eastern Jin dynasty. Fu Jiān vied to complete the full unification of China, but following a disastrous defeat to the Eastern Jin at the
567:
1523:
546:
410:, as his prime minister, the Former Qin briefly unified northern China and became the largest of the Sixteen Kingdoms, conquering the
88:
509:. Later Liang was unable to stop the rebellions, and in 403, faced with pressure from their rival Liang states, their last ruler,
481:
The Later Liang was a highly-militaristic regime as they violently suppress their subjects and launched continuous attacks on the
485:
dynasty. In 397, after a failed invasion of
Western Qin, a string of rebellions broke out in Later Liang. Most notably, the Tufa-
167:, but farmed in the river valleys and lived in wood-frame homes with mud walls. They might be related to the Geji (戈基) people in
939:
872:
434:
in 383, his empire disintegrated as his generals took the opportunity to secede. Fu Jiān was assassinated by a rebel general,
1016:
1838:
823:
794:
207:. Despite initial resistance, relations between the Han and their Di subjects were peaceful for the next three centuries.
848:
234:. The Di people who remained all surrendered to Cao Cao. In 219, Cao Cao relocated around 50,000 Di people from Wudu to
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As the
Western Jin collapsed, the Di tribes in Guanzhong had free rein over the region. One Di chieftain,
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being one of the state's most decorated generals. In 383, he was ordered to lead an expedition to the
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1383:
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1213:
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Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt.
344:
164:
127:(巴氐) were a branch of the Di that intermixed with another ethnic group known as the Cong people (賨).
2175:
988:
375:
in 329, where became a high-ranking general and was appointed to supervise the Di under its ruler,
231:
144:
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that lived in western China, and are best known as one of the non-Han Chinese peoples known as the
458:, thus avoiding the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Fei River. In 385, at the advice of the
980:
1454:
1343:
1119:
423:
403:
218:, Gansu) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) of the White Neck Di (白項氐) allied themselves with the warlord,
211:
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during the 4th-century and early 5th-century. During this era, the Di ruled the states of
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to live in the valleys, while others submitted to the Han and dispersed throughout the
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origin, though there is a widespread belief among Chinese scholars that the Di spoke a
25:
1515:
282:(296–580) was another Di-led state which coincided with both the Sixteen Kingdoms and
130:
Only a few special Di names and place names have been preserved in old Chinese books.
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111:(狄), which refers to unrelated nomadic peoples in northern China during the earlier
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1605:
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in 310 and independently controlled the region until 319, when he submitted to the
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104:
46:
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306:, was acclaimed as emperor and led a four-year-long rebellion that devastated the
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In 111 BC, the Han dynasty established Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-day
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Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History
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192:
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Jin shu Xie Xuan Chuan: 晉書謝玄傳: Wen feng sheng he lei, jie yi wei wang shi
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1954:
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199:. In 108 BC, the Di rebelled against Han but were defeated, prompting
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402:) overthrew his cousin and took the throne. With the early help of
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The Baima Tibetans and the Di people of Chinese historical records
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in 385, and in 394, the last of the Former Qin rulers was killed.
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period. This ethnic group should not be confused with the earlier
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2010:
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With the fall of the last Chouchi states, the Di were eventually
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Jin dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties
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Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form
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674:(died 407), a pair of sisters and empresses of the Xianbei-led
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In 304, Li Te's son, Li Xiong captured the provincial capital,
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513:, surrendered himself and his whole territory to the
664:368–394), military general and rebel of Former Qin
226:. Agui was killed in battle by Cao Cao's general,
2152:
1497:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
813:, Volume 1, Issue 1, J. Benjamins 1996. page 7.
103:that seized power in northern China during the
274:(386–403), while the Ba-Di ruled the state of
1531:
1010:
768:. University of Hawaii Press, 2004, page 44.
310:region. Many refugees, including the Ba-Di,
538:in 385, which in turn was conquered by the
246:to deter them from allying with his rival,
1538:
1524:
1017:
1003:
446:The Lü were a prominent Di clan under the
16:Historical ethnic group in Chinese history
1085:Northern Wei's unification of North China
877:
753:An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
179:, where their ancestors originated from.
441:
651:(died 310), empress of the Xiongnu-led
354:
147:, the Di lived in areas of present-day
71:
2153:
289:
163:. They were culturally related to the
1519:
998:
115:. The Di are thought to have been of
1070:Fu Jian's unification of North China
1024:
801:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. page 43.
755:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 209
520:
811:Guo Ji Zhongguo Yu Yan Xue Ping Lun
577:into other populations. The modern
13:
688:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
558:to the rulers of Yinping), joined
334:in the region, the Taoist hermit,
14:
2187:
974:
592:
203:to relocate a portion of them to
19:Not to be confused with mythical
1837:
1050:Shi Le's conquest of North China
562:in rebelling against the future
505:Juqu clan into establishing the
1040:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
985:(a 3rd century CE Chinese text)
959:
948:
930:
919:
908:
897:
474:, making Guzang (姑臧, in modern
363:, declared himself the Duke of
296:upheaval of the Five Barbarians
284:Northern and Southern dynasties
866:
841:
816:
804:
784:
771:
758:
745:
731:
589:may be descended from the Di.
222:, against the Han Chancellor,
182:
61:
1:
719:
371:. He later submitted to the
7:
904:四川三星堆之謎新解：平武發現"縱目人"後裔?-搜狐IT
781:. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
681:
489:broke away and founded the
10:
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302:. In 296, a Di chieftain,
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1032:
966:华夏文化-西南夷——氐羌、笮人及炯人 - 国际在线
466:, Lü Guang returned from
262:that founded most of the
50:
21:Di people (Shan Hai Jing)
2166:Ethnic groups in Sichuan
2161:Ancient peoples of China
1199:Southern Liang (397–414)
1115:Northern Liang (397–460)
989:University of Washington
751:Schuessler, Axel. 2007.
501:, who was backed by the
145:Spring and Autumn period
1245:Western Liang (400–421)
258:The Di were one of the
242:commanderies along the
1349:Northern Wei (386–535)
1250:Northern Yan (407–436)
1240:Former Liang (318–376)
1204:Southern Yan (398–410)
1065:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1060:Conquest of Wei by Yan
566:, but was defeated by
387:and declaring himself
383:succeeded him, taking
230:while Qianwan fled to
212:end of the Han dynasty
1287:Western Yan (384–394)
1194:Western Qin (385–431)
1148:Later Liang (386–403)
849:"古羌族派分之民族 五 川西北地区的氐类"
442:Later Liang (386–403)
1489:Histories of the Era
1184:Former Yan (337–370)
1166:Later Zhao (319–351)
1143:Former Qin (351–394)
1080:Liu Yu's Expeditions
581:living in southeast
398:(note the different
355:Former Qin (351–394)
1222:Later Qin (384–417)
1189:Later Yan (384–409)
1138:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1075:Battle of Fei River
1045:Disaster of Yongjia
926:“羌戈大战”与岷江上游古羌人的族群认同
824:"用麗江白族語試讀趙整歌謠"阿得脂""
790:John A.G. Roberts:
643:Western Jin dynasty
432:Battle of Fei River
300:Western Jin dynasty
290:Cheng-Han (304–347)
77:Eastern Han Chinese
1302:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1297:Huan Chu (403–404)
1292:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1110:Han-Zhao (304–329)
942:2012-05-10 at the
890:2018-09-08 at the
885:段渝, 先秦巴蜀地区百濮和氐羌的来源
797:2016-04-29 at the
792:A History of China
564:Emperor Wen of Sui
556:Southern dynasties
493:, followed by the
426:by 376 as well as
205:Jiuquan Commandery
95:) were an ancient
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1282:Duan Qi (350–356)
1277:Ran Wei (350–352)
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1257:
981:Described in the
764:Dorothy C. Wong:
521:Chouchi (296–580)
391:of (Former) Qin.
201:Emperor Wu of Han
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832:. Retrieved
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693:Qiang people
649:Empress Shan
641:(died 299),
579:Baima people
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568:Daxi Changru
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540:Northern Wei
531:Qi Wannian's
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80:
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42:
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1504:Book of Jin
1460:Murong Chui
1369:Jin dynasty
1270:Short-lived
704:Later Liang
625:Later Liang
575:assimilated
552:Western Wei
527:Yang Maosou
495:Han Chinese
483:Western Qin
470:and seized
408:Han Chinese
347:commander,
345:Eastern Jin
278:(304–347).
272:Later Liang
232:Yi province
228:Xiahou Yuan
210:During the
183:Han dynasty
85:Old Chinese
32:Northern Di
24: [
2155:Categories
1914:Karakhanid
894:2006-11-30
883:(Chinese)
859:2013-08-25
834:2013-08-25
720:References
709:Former Qin
672:Fu Xunying
639:Qi Wannian
616:Former Qin
547:Yang Wende
529:to escape
497:governor,
464:Kumārajīva
448:Former Qin
412:Former Yan
373:Later Zhao
304:Qi Wannian
268:Former Qin
67:Wade–Giles
2016:Xueyantuo
1924:Khotanese
1706:Tocharian
1475:Tuoba Tao
1470:Tuoba Gui
1455:Wang Meng
699:Cheng-Han
676:Later Yan
668:Fu Song'e
658:Dou Chong
603:Cheng-Han
560:Wang Qian
536:Yang Ding
515:Later Qin
436:Yao Chang
404:Wang Meng
308:Guanzhong
276:Cheng-Han
244:Wei River
38:) people.
2091:Northern
2060:Southern
1938:Northern
1854:Southern
1847:Medieval
1803:Shanrong
1776:Dingling
1747:Northern
1721:Quanrong
1606:Lạc Việt
1579:Southern
1465:Yao Xing
1445:Huan Wen
1425:Liu Cong
1420:Liu Yuan
1404:Goguryeo
1399:Dingling
1362:Involved
955:浅说黑水民族源流
940:Archived
888:Archived
795:Archived
682:See also
653:Han-Zhao
542:in 443.
503:Lushuihu
460:Buddhist
452:Lü Guang
394:In 357,
385:Chang'an
369:Han-Zhao
349:Huan Wen
316:Hanzhong
236:Tianshui
30:or the
2171:Chouchi
2134:Khoshut
2129:Dzungar
2117:Western
1982:Khereid
1960:Jurchen
1950:Kumo Xi
1929:Tibetan
1907:Western
1871:Cuanman
1820:Xianyun
1793:Guifang
1786:Xianbei
1764:Xiongnu
1759:Chunwei
1726:Xianyun
1679:Western
1626:Yangyue
1621:Shanyue
1601:Dong'ou
1596:Âu Việt
1563:Eastern
1556:Ancient
1450:Fu Jian
1440:Ran Min
1389:Xianbei
1379:Xiongnu
1176:Xianbei
1102:Xiongnu
1033:History
983:Wei Lue
714:Chouchi
634:Chouchi
587:Sichuan
511:Lü Long
499:Duan Ye
487:Xianbei
450:, with
428:Sichuan
416:Chouchi
396:Fu Jiān
381:Fu Jiàn
365:Lüeyang
361:Pu Hong
340:Li Shou
327:Chengdu
320:Sichuan
280:Chouchi
248:Liu Bei
224:Cao Cao
220:Ma Chao
189:Longnan
161:Shaanxi
157:Sichuan
153:Qinghai
139:Origins
134:History
75:; <
47:Chinese
2124:Oirats
2103:Manchu
2038:Shatuo
2033:Yueban
2011:Uyghur
2001:Tangut
1987:Naiman
1967:Shiwei
1945:Khitan
1919:Karluk
1891:Zhuang
1886:Bouyei
1808:Sushen
1781:Wuhuan
1771:Donghu
1738:Yuezhi
1716:Xirong
1665:Yelang
1660:Nanman
1616:Nanyue
1611:Minyue
1591:Âu Lạc
1586:Baiyue
1570:Dongyi
1480:Liu Yu
1435:Shi Hu
1430:Shi Le
1332:States
1311:Tribes
462:monk,
400:pinyin
377:Shi Hu
332:Taoism
240:Fufeng
123:. The
69::
59::
57:pinyin
49::
2108:Nivkh
2028:Tujue
2021:Yugur
2006:Tiele
1992:Tatar
1825:Xunyu
1813:Yilou
1754:Beidi
1731:Xunyu
1711:Wusun
1701:Sumpa
1691:Qiang
1653:Hmong
1384:Qiang
1318:Yuwen
1214:Qiang
645:rebel
583:Gansu
468:Kucha
312:Li Te
165:Qiang
149:Gansu
125:Ba-Di
83:<
28:]
2072:Shan
1972:Zubu
1955:Mohe
1696:Saka
1648:Miao
1643:Dian
1323:Duan
739:"汉典"
630:Yang
422:and
406:, a
318:and
238:and
159:and
93:tˤij
91:): *
41:The
2082:Yao
2077:She
1881:Rau
1861:Bai
1798:Jie
1631:Yue
1548:Han
1374:Jie
1232:Han
1158:Jie
662:fl.
424:Dai
89:B-S
81:tei
2157::
2067:Bo
1898:Yi
1876:Li
1866:Bo
1686:Di
1670:Yi
1638:Bo
1394:Di
1130:Di
621:Lü
612:Fu
608:Pu
599:Li
570:.
517:.
418:,
414:,
351:.
286:.
250:.
177:Ba
155:,
151:,
109:Dí
72:Ti
65:;
62:Dī
55:;
43:Di
26:zh
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
862:.
837:.
741:.
660:(
610:/
87:(
79:*
52:氐
45:(
36:狄
34:(
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