901:
1953:
511:
57:
1726:
1579:, improves a person's life expectancy. Decreasing the systolic blood pressure to less than 140 mmHg is associated with a lower risk of death and better outcomes. Intensive blood pressure management (less than 130/80 mmHg) as opposed to standard blood pressure management (less than 140-160 mmHg systolic to 85–100 mmHg diastolic) results in a slight decrease in stroke risk but no effect on overall risk of death.
483:. As of 2015, there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985. Typically, it begins in middle or older age, although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was one of the first diseases ever described, dating back to an Egyptian manuscript from
1456:
reduce the risk of diabetes by about 28%. Evidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone, however, is limited, with some evidence for a diet high in green leafy vegetables and some for limiting the intake of sugary drinks. There is an association between higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice and diabetes, but no evidence of an association with 100% fruit juice. A 2019 review found evidence of benefit from
1598:
and life expectancy. Hypoglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in older people with type 2 diabetes. Despite guidelines recommending that intensive blood sugar control be based on balancing immediate harms with long-term benefits, many people – for example people with a life expectancy of
1455:
Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise. Intensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss. High levels of physical activity
1999:
Rates of diabetes in 1985 were estimated at 30 million, increasing to 135 million in 1995 and 217 million in 2005. This increase is believed to be primarily due to the global population aging, a decrease in exercise, and increasing rates of obesity. Traditionally considered a disease
1839:
Many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90 mmHg for people with diabetes. However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than
1814:
may either be added to oral medication or used alone. Most people do not initially need insulin. When it is used, a long-acting formulation is typically added at night, with oral medications being continued. Doses are then increased to effect (blood sugar levels being well controlled). When nightly
934:
release. However, in the setting of insulin resistance, the liver inappropriately releases glucose into the blood. The proportion of insulin resistance versus beta cell dysfunction differs among individuals, with some having primarily insulin resistance and only a minor defect in insulin secretion
1649:
to promote weight loss is generally recommended. Around 80 percent of obese people with type 2 diabetes achieve complete remission with no need for medication if they sustain a weight loss of at least 15 kilograms (33 lb), but most patients are not able to achieve or sustain significant
1673:. Other recommendations include emphasizing intake of fruits, vegetables, reduced saturated fat and low-fat dairy products, and with a macronutrient intake tailored to the individual, to distribute calories and carbohydrates throughout the day. A 2021 review showed that consumption of tree nuts (
1207:
threshold of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %) should be used to diagnose diabetes. This recommendation was adopted by the
American Diabetes Association in 2010. Positive tests should be repeated unless the person presents with typical symptoms and blood sugar >11.1 mmol/L
1566:
in the normal range. Self-monitoring of blood glucose for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may be used in combination with education, although the benefit of self-monitoring in those not using multi-dose insulin is questionable. In those who do not want to measure blood levels,
1482:
intervention, appeared to delay or reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This same review found moderate-quality evidence that when compared to intensive diet and exercise, Metformin did not reduce risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as well as very low-quality evidence that
8529:"Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation"
2108:
In 2020, Diabetes
Severity Score (DISSCO) was developed which is a tool that might better than HbA1c identify if a person's condition is declining. It uses a computer algorithm to analyse data from anonymised electronic patient records and produces a score based on 34 indicators.
1287:
has the advantages that fasting is not required and results are more stable but has the disadvantage that the test is more costly than measurement of blood glucose. It is estimated that 20% of people with diabetes in the United States do not realize that they have the disease.
2004:
rates. The five countries with the greatest number of people with diabetes as of 2000 are India having 31.7 million, China 20.8 million, the United States 17.7 million, Indonesia 8.4 million, and Japan 6.8 million. It is recognized as a global
1933:
is an effective measure to treat diabetes. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medication following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The
1899:(acetylsalicylic acid) to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Aspirin is recommended in people with previous cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes. Aspirin as
1696:
Culturally appropriate education may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels for up to 24 months. There is not enough evidence to determine if lifestyle interventions affect mortality in those who already have type 2 diabetes.
1483:
combining metformin with intensive diet and exercise does not appear to have any effect on risk of developing type 2 diabetes when compared to intensive diet and exercise alone. This systematic review only found one suitable trial comparing metformin with
1995:
are at particularly high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes in normal weight individuals represents 60 to 80 percent of all cases in some Asian countries. The mechanism causing diabetes in non-obese individuals is poorly understood.
1631:
A proper diet and regular exercise are foundations of diabetic care, with one review indicating that a greater amount of exercise improved outcomes. Regular exercise may improve blood sugar control, decrease body fat content, and decrease blood lipid levels.
629:
The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics.
580:
Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including
6295:
Mannucci E, Giaccari A, Gallo M, Bonifazi A, Belén ÁD, Masini ML, et al. (February 2022). "Self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes: Group-based versus individual education. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trails".
1903:
may have greater risk than benefit, but could be considered in people aged 50 to 70 with another significant cardiovascular risk factor and low risk of bleeding after information about possible risks and benefits as part of shared-decision making.
1436:
descent the recommendation to start prevention starts at the BMI of 27,5. A study based on a large sample of people in
England suggest even lower BMIs for certain ethnic groups for the start of prevention, for example 24 in South Asian and 21 in
4678:
Cobelli C, Toffolo GM, Dalla Man C, Campioni M, Denti P, Caumo A, et al. (July 2007). "Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests".
7912:"Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
980:
The causes of the aging-related insulin resistance seen in obesity and in type 2 diabetes are uncertain. Effects of intracellular lipid metabolism and ATP production in liver and muscle cells may contribute to insulin resistance.
904:
Hyberbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function showing dynamical compensation in "healthy" insulin resistance (transition from A to B) and the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (transition from A to C).
2363:
Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, et al. (June 2016). "Diabetes
Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
4359:
Rosen ED, Kaestner KH, Natarajan R, Patti ME, Sallari R, Sander M, Susztak K. Epigenetics and
Epigenomics: Implications for Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes. 2018 Oct;67(10):1923-1931. doi: 10.2337/db18-0537. PMID 30237160; PMCID:
1875:
in preventing cardiovascular disease. Although a 2016 review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes. There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.
1752:
is generally recommended as a first line treatment as there is some evidence that it decreases mortality; however, this conclusion is questioned. Metformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems. The
5784:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
8323:"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis"
8011:
Chen X, Yang L, Zhai SD (December 2012). "Risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among diabetic patients prescribed rosiglitazone or pioglitazone: a meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies".
708:
has also been linked to type 2 diabetes. Laboratory studies have linked short-term sleep deprivations to changes in glucose metabolism, nervous system activity, or hormonal factors that may lead to diabetes.
9478:
9463:
1541:. The same review found that there was no conclusive evidence that voglibose compared to diet and exercise or placebo reduced incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2, or any of the other measured outcomes.
3736:
Abdullah A, Peeters A, de
Courten M, Stoelwinder J (September 2010). "The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".
1917:
with people who have type 2 diabetes helps them to reduce their blood sugar levels. It is a way of helping people understand their own health condition and involving them actively in its management.
1303:
that is a new onset of high blood sugars associated with pregnancy. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can typically be distinguished based on the presenting circumstances. If the diagnosis is in doubt
1840:
140 mmHg, and a subsequent review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130–140 mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.
909:
integrate beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in a way so that the results remain constant across dynamical compensation. Changed from
Cobelli et al. 2007, Hannon et al. 2018 and Dietrich et al.
2038:
mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as
8364:"Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients"
1594:
of 7 to 8% or a fasting glucose of less than 7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL); however these goals may be changed after professional clinical consultation, taking into account particular risks of
785:, for example, increases the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times and is the greatest risk of the common genetic variants. Most of the genes linked to diabetes are involved in pancreatic
589:. In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure. It has also been associated with an increased risk of
9593:
2572:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1808:, a thiazolidinedione, has not been found to improve long-term outcomes even though it improves blood sugar levels. Additionally it is associated with increased rates of heart disease and death.
6586:"Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians"
2203:
1685:) reduced fasting blood glucose in diabetic people. As of 2015, there is insufficient data to recommend nonnutritive sweeteners, which may help reduce caloric intake. An elevated intake of
7368:"Higher intake of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates and improved cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis and umbrella review of dietary management in patients with type 2 diabetes"
1938:
cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.
6441:"Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
5656:"Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus"
778:(SNPs) had been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. The
6150:"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus"
6981:
3593:"Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
9388:
4635:
Nieto-Martínez R, González-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H (November 2017). "Are Eating
Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
2336:
6969:
A weight loss of ~15 kg, achieved by calorie restriction as part of an intensive management programme, can lead to remission of T2DM in ~80% of patients with obesity and T2DM.
6343:
5009:"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
6096:"Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus"
1517:
appeared to reduce incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 when compared to placebo, however there was no conclusive evidence that acarbose compare to diet and exercise,
554:. Many people, however, have no symptoms during the first few years and are diagnosed on routine testing. A small number of people with type 2 diabetes can develop a
9586:
692:. Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of cases in
3004:"Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth"
7798:"First-Line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists : A Cost-Effectiveness Study"
7274:
Muley A, Fernandez R, Ellwood L, Muley P, Shah M (May 2021). "Effect of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review".
1157:
definition of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is for a single raised glucose reading with symptoms, otherwise raised values on two occasions, of either:
973:
In the early stages of insulin resistance, the mass of beta cells expands, increasing the output of insulin to compensate for the insulin insensitivity, so that the
4071:"Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis"
1366:(ADA) recommended in 2024 screening in all adults from the age of 35 years. ADA also recommends screening in adults of all ages with a BMI over 25 (or over 23 in
9579:
8420:"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses"
3435:
Akinpelu OV, Mujica-Mota M, Daniel SJ (March 2014). "Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis".
7319:"Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association"
3414:
5833:
Nield L, Summerbell CD, Hooper L, Whittaker V, Moore H (July 2008). Nield L (ed.). "Dietary advice for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults".
1804:. A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, were associated with lower mortality than placebo or no treatment.
8666:
7744:
7091:
2868:
Moscou S (2013). "Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement". In
Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB (eds.).
2570:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1291:
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to
7409:"Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
4183:"The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium"
6532:
6248:"Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
970:. However, not all people with insulin resistance develop diabetes since an impairment of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells is also required.
8475:
8269:
5611:
Raina Elley C, Kenealy T (December 2008). "Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance".
2714:
Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D (July 2005). Saenz A (ed.). "Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus".
2211:
1417:
1409:
There is no evidence that screening changes the risk of death and any benefit of screening on adverse effects, incidence of type 2 diabetes, HbA
1312:
levels may be useful to confirm type 2 diabetes, with C-peptide levels normal or high in type 2 diabetes, but low in type 1 diabetes.
1968:
estimates nearly 537 million people lived with diabetes worldwide in 2021, 90–95% of whom have type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is common both in the
1544:
A 2017 review found that, long term, lifestyle changes decreased the risk by 28%, while medication does not reduce risk after withdrawal. While low
10016:
8474:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
8268:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
7743:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
7090:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
6531:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
5147:
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).
5148:
8172:"Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses"
7010:
10365:
8702:"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation"
1758:
1200:
9333:"Development and validation of the DIabetes Severity SCOre (DISSCO) in 139 626 individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study"
10129:
7603:"Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Adverse Events Associated With Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis"
5528:
6784:"Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
4769:"A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis"
8221:"Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials"
1328:
6148:
Moelands SV, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, De Grauw WJ, Van de Laar FA (2018-12-28). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).
6094:
Madsen KS, Chi Y, Metzendorf MI, Richter B, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2019).
3145:
Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ (February 2016). "Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective".
2096:
In 1916, Elliot Joslin proposed that in people with diabetes, periods of fasting are helpful. Subsequent research has supported this, and
770:, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. The proportion of diabetes that is
2412:"Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works"
1548:
levels are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, correcting the levels by supplementing vitamin D3 does not improve that risk.
8803:
Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F (September–October 2009). ""Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus".
8619:"Impact of providing patients access to electronic health records on quality and safety of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4845:
9304:
3277:
2328:
3382:
429:
Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet (high in
6339:
1864:
1562:
Management of type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining
1275:
Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or HbA
1188:
938:
Other potentially important mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance include: increased breakdown of
17:
4022:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"
1650:
weight loss. Even modest weight loss can produce significant improvements in glycemic control and reduce the need for medication.
1191: %) is another method of diagnosing diabetes. In 2009 an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the
7560:
Ee CC, Armour M, Piya MK, McMorrow R, Al-Kanini I, Sabag A (2021-12-23). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).
6199:"Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"
2147:
4939:
4720:"Review of methods for measuring β-cell function: Design considerations from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium"
4118:
2046:
noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek
1770:
977:
remains constant. But when type 2 diabetes has become manifest, the person will have lost about half of their beta cells.
6400:"Intensive and Standard Blood Pressure Targets in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
826:
There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes. Some of the medications include:
8979:
8926:"Metabolic Surgery in the Treatment Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Statement by International Diabetes Organizations"
5319:
5290:
5258:
4956:
4824:
4386:
3121:
3067:
2881:
2690:
2628:
2551:
9893:
9838:
9641:
5494:
4890:"A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives"
4843:
Sun T, Han X (2019). "Death versus dedifferentiation: The molecular bases of beta cell mass reduction in type 2 diabetes".
1283:. A fasting or random blood sugar is preferred over the glucose tolerance test, as they are more convenient for people. HbA
801:
8966:
5008:
1420:
guidelines suggest taking action to prevent diabetes for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. For people of
10334:
9497:
7092:"5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
4339:
2047:
667:
7644:"Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
3774:"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2061:
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians
1394:
or severe obesity. ADA recommends repeat screening every 3 years at minimum. ADA recommends yearly tests in people with
10355:
9808:
9666:
5352:
US Preventive Services Task Force, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. (2021-08-24).
4410:
Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G (November 2005). "Drug-induced diabetes mellitus".
1992:
1429:
5564:"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study"
1863:) to reduce the risks of progression of kidney disease and present cardiovascular events. There is some evidence that
1347:, screening is recommended if they have a BMI over 23. Screening at an earlier age may be considered in people with a
10288:
9938:
3406:
1965:
1196:
757:
9019:"The Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Non-obese Individuals: An Overview of the Current Understanding"
10164:
8578:"The Effect of Improved Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis"
6627:"Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society"
2082:
1952:
1793:
1425:
559:
555:
361:
158:
7194:"Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base"
5708:"Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8473:
8267:
7742:
7642:
Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Kellou N, Cucherat M, Boissel JP, et al. (2012). Groop L (ed.).
7089:
6676:"An Evidence-Based Medicine Approach to Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus to Overcome Overtreatment"
6530:
6439:
Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Lafont S, Bergeonneau C, Kassaï B, et al. (July 2011).
5146:
1179:
A random blood sugar of greater than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) in association with typical symptoms or a
336:(wounds) that do not heal. Often, symptoms develop slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include
5934:"Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies"
2176:
9749:
812:, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.
809:
775:
761:
9389:"New tool for assessing the severity of type 2 diabetes could help personalise treatment and improve outcomes"
5529:"Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group"
4941:
Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF consultation
2765:
10054:
9765:
4715:
1868:
1754:
1450:
1363:
1192:
7458:"Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
6723:
Simpson TC, Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Weldon JC, Needleman I, et al. (April 14, 2022).
2464:
Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (February 2005). "Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus".
2238:"Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment"
1351:
of diabetes; some ethnic groups, including Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans; a history of
850:
are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Other health problems that are associated include:
642:
status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of
10094:
10021:
9236:
5885:"Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis"
5354:"Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
1860:
745:
9076:
Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, Rinaldi L, Criscuolo L, Di Martino A, et al. (30 December 2022).
5654:
Hemmingsen B, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué I, Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, et al. (December 2017).
1529:, reduced or increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, serious or non-serious adverse events, non-fatal
1331:(USPSTF) recommended in 2021 screening for type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years old who are
10006:
9931:
9926:
9607:
5403:"Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
3681:
Pedersen HK, Gudmundsdottir V, Nielsen HB, Hyotylainen T, Nielsen T, Jensen BA, et al. (July 2016).
1910:
supplementation to people with type 2 diabetes may improve markers of insulin resistance and HbA1c.
1827:, but as they are significantly more expensive, they are not cost effective as of 2010. In those who are
1498:
792:
There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as
419:
7040:"8. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021"
672:
Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being
10360:
10238:
10067:
9874:
9742:
4274:
Fuchsberger C, Flannick J, Teslovich TM, Mahajan A, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, et al. (August 2016).
3347:
Pasquier F (October 2010). "Diabetes and cognitive impairment: how to evaluate the cognitive status?".
3320:
Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ (January 2009). "Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus".
1464:
1102:
1077:
713:
465:
8090:"Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation"
2766:"Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin"
10141:
10089:
9986:
9331:
Zghebi SS, Mamas MA, Ashcroft DM, Salisbury C, Mallen CD, Chew-Graham CA, et al. (May 5, 2020).
8700:
Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, et al. (September 2009).
6888:
Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J (June 2009). "Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus".
5282:
4948:
2010:
1980:
1745:
1705:
Although psychological stress is recognized as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, the effect of
1690:
1391:
1356:
1154:
705:
575:
9002:
Kahn CR, Ferris HA, O'Neill BT (2020). "Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology".
7317:
Gardner C, Wylie-Rosett J, Gidding SS, Steffen LM, Johnson RK, Reader D, et al. (August 2012).
7192:
Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC, et al. (January 2015).
5932:
Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, et al. (May 2017).
4816:
2288:
Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO (June 2008). "Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management".
2077:. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when the Canadians
10324:
10062:
9869:
9508:
7910:
Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, et al. (April 2018).
6398:
McBrien K, Rabi DM, Campbell N, Barnieh L, Clement F, Hemmelgarn BR, et al. (September 2012).
4767:
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, et al. (2 January 2024).
4502:
Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, Bergenstal RM, Gapstur SM, Habel LA, et al. (July 2010).
1957:
1947:
1914:
1615:
618:
8838:
Colucci RA (January 2011). "Bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes: a viable option".
7233:
Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. (January 2014).
5562:
Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, Cappuccio FP, Hardy R, Mathur R, et al. (July 2021).
4332:"Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young"
4134:"Can persistent organic pollutants and plastic-associated chemicals cause cardiovascular disease?"
1815:
insulin is insufficient, twice daily insulin may achieve better control. The long acting insulins
10216:
10181:
9571:
8527:
Pignone M, Alberts MJ, Colwell JA, Cushman M, Inzucchi SE, Mukherjee D, et al. (June 2010).
7407:
Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, Zurbau A, Komishon A, Mazhar N, Sievenpiper JL, et al. (May 2019).
6246:
Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, et al. (October 2014).
5040:"International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes"
1666:
1600:
1491:
1468:
875:
716:
in excess is associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet are important, with
153:
8129:
Mitchell S, Malanda B, Damasceno A, Eckel RH, Gaita D, Kotseva K, et al. (September 2019).
4181:
Willemsen G, Ward KJ, Bell CG, Christensen K, Bowden J, Dalgård C, et al. (December 2015).
3002:
Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, et al. (December 2012).
498:
with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being overweight. The importance of
10011:
9981:
9971:
9886:
9857:
9801:
8881:
Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P (June 2012). "Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes".
5983:"Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4551:
Saad F, Gooren L (March 2009). "The role of testosterone in the metabolic syndrome: a review".
4069:
Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sá TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, et al. (September 2018).
3924:"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis"
3875:"Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk"
2681:
Gardner DG, Shoback D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17: Pancreatic hormones & diabetes mellitus".
1889:
1852:
1801:
1778:
1762:
1383:
1172:
967:
839:
598:
582:
530:), and weight loss. Other symptoms that are commonly present at diagnosis include a history of
415:
9548:
7959:
Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Clar C, Ebrahim SH (July 2007). Richter B (ed.).
7694:
7601:
Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Nicolucci A, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Craig JC, et al. (July 2016).
5307:
4374:
2873:
2000:
of adults, type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in children in parallel with rising
1487:
in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes but it did not report any patient-relevant outcomes.
494:. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions in 400–500
10159:
10154:
9948:
7796:
Choi JG, Winn AN, Skandari MR, Franco MI, Staab EM, Alexander J, et al. (October 2022).
6197:
Haw JS, Galaviz KI, Straus AN, Kowalski AJ, Magee MJ, Weber MB, et al. (December 2017).
5747:
O'Gorman DJ, Krook A (September 2011). "Exercise and the treatment of diabetes and obesity".
4112:
3383:"Diabetic ketoacidosis: Know the warning signs-Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms & causes"
3055:
1670:
1538:
1371:
855:
614:
590:
539:
365:
162:
7693:
Marx N, Davies MJ, Grant PJ, Mathieu C, Petrie JR, Cosentino F, et al. (January 2021).
5782:
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).
5724:
5707:
5275:
4985:
4809:
3220:
3109:
2821:"Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective"
10319:
10278:
10211:
10201:
10196:
10084:
9851:
9636:
8924:
Rubino F, Nathan DM, Eckel RH, Schauer PR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, et al. (June 2016).
6625:
Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, Cryer P, Dagogo-Jack S, Fish L, et al. (May 2013).
5994:
4287:
3694:
1811:
1438:
1421:
1399:
1352:
1321:
1300:
874:. Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes.
847:
712:
Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of
685:
654:
606:
461:
395:
345:
174:
9440:
1892:
should be considered after evaluating the person's total risk for cardiovascular disease.
8:
10329:
10314:
10243:
10228:
10223:
10206:
10191:
10176:
10119:
10114:
10079:
10046:
9976:
9559:
9482:
8131:"A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes"
6042:"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses"
3973:"White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review"
2022:
1739:
1646:
1590:
of 7–7.9%) does not appear to change mortality. The goal of treatment is typically an HbA
1563:
1557:
1510:
1387:
1180:
741:
737:
729:
725:
701:
681:
617:, and frequent infections. There is also an association between type 2 diabetes and mild
423:
376:
333:
9430:
7853:
Baker C, Retzik-Stahr C, Singh V, Plomondon R, Anderson V, Rasouli N (13 January 2021).
7830:
7797:
7482:
7457:
6488:
Webster MW (July 2011). "Clinical practice and implications of recent diabetes trials".
5998:
4291:
3698:
1567:
measuring urine levels may be done. Managing other cardiovascular risk factors, such as
926:
to respond adequately to normal levels of insulin, occurs primarily within the muscles,
10293:
9881:
9732:
9711:
9603:
9491:
9487:
9404:
9365:
9332:
9281:
9256:
9171:
9136:
9112:
9077:
9053:
9018:
8906:
8863:
8782:
8682:
8667:"Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes"
8643:
8618:
8553:
8528:
8446:
8419:
8388:
8363:
8245:
8220:
8196:
8171:
8065:
8040:
8039:
Swinnen SG, Simon AC, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, Devries JH (July 2011). Simon AC (ed.).
7988:
7936:
7911:
7887:
7854:
7745:"9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
7722:
7670:
7643:
7586:
7561:
7542:
7438:
7343:
7318:
7299:
7169:
7144:
7069:
6960:
6870:
6857:
6832:
6808:
6783:
6759:
6724:
6700:
6675:
6651:
6626:
6513:
6465:
6440:
6321:
6272:
6247:
6223:
6198:
6174:
6149:
6120:
6095:
6071:
6017:
5982:
5958:
5933:
5909:
5884:
5862:
5810:
5783:
5680:
5655:
5636:
5588:
5563:
5544:
5510:
5468:
5443:
5226:
5201:
5113:
5088:
5064:
5039:
4916:
4889:
4870:
4744:
4719:
4660:
4576:
4528:
4503:
4479:
4454:
4435:
4308:
4275:
4256:
4163:
4095:
4070:
4046:
4021:
3997:
3972:
3948:
3923:
3899:
3874:
3855:
3798:
3773:
3718:
3642:"Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease"
3617:
3592:
3568:
3535:
3511:
3486:
3460:
3232:
3170:
3028:
3003:
2979:
2954:
2935:
2845:
2820:
2801:
2596:
2571:
2489:
2438:
2411:
2389:
2262:
2237:
2155:
1900:
1658:
992:
919:
631:
610:
468:) is advised; however, this may not be needed in those who are not on insulin therapy.
301:
129:
9395:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-08-07.
8894:
7960:
7710:
7695:"Guideline recommendations and the positioning of newer drugs in type 2 diabetes care"
6691:
6058:
6041:
5579:
5535:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-03-10.
5351:
4037:
3890:
3789:
3360:
2587:
10099:
10036:
9966:
9921:
9794:
9672:
9615:
9519:
9408:
9370:
9352:
9286:
9217:
9196:"Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030"
9176:
9158:
9117:
9099:
9058:
9040:
8975:
8947:
8898:
8867:
8855:
8820:
8774:
8733:
8728:
8686:
8648:
8599:
8558:
8509:
8497:
8451:
8413:
8393:
8344:
8303:
8291:
8250:
8201:
8152:
8111:
8070:
8021:
7993:
7941:
7892:
7874:
7835:
7817:
7778:
7766:
7726:
7714:
7675:
7624:
7534:
7526:
7487:
7430:
7389:
7348:
7303:
7291:
7256:
7215:
7174:
7125:
7113:
7073:
7061:
6964:
6952:
6944:
6905:
6862:
6813:
6764:
6705:
6656:
6607:
6566:
6554:
6505:
6470:
6421:
6380:
6325:
6313:
6277:
6228:
6179:
6125:
6063:
6022:
5963:
5914:
5854:
5815:
5764:
5729:
5685:
5628:
5593:
5548:
5514:
5473:
5424:
5383:
5375:
5325:
5315:
5286:
5254:
5231:
5182:
5170:
5118:
5069:
4989:
4952:
4921:
4874:
4862:
4820:
4790:
4749:
4696:
4652:
4617:
4568:
4533:
4484:
4427:
4392:
4382:
4338:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH. March 2007.
4313:
4248:
4243:
4226:
4204:
4155:
4150:
4133:
4100:
4051:
4002:
3953:
3904:
3847:
3803:
3754:
3710:
3663:
3622:
3573:
3555:
3516:
3452:
3364:
3329:
3259:
3236:
3224:
3162:
3158:
3127:
3117:
3073:
3063:
3033:
2984:
2927:
2887:
2877:
2850:
2805:
2793:
2746:
2727:
2696:
2686:
2634:
2624:
2601:
2547:
2481:
2477:
2443:
2381:
2297:
2267:
2078:
2001:
1984:
1926:
1789:
1706:
1494:
1471:
1296:
1127:
974:
935:
and others with slight insulin resistance and primarily a lack of insulin secretion.
906:
721:
602:
469:
293:
252:
233:
219:
117:
8786:
8476:"10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
8270:"11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
7546:
7442:
6924:
6874:
6517:
6416:
6399:
6214:
6075:
5866:
5640:
4580:
4439:
4260:
4167:
3859:
3464:
3174:
2970:
2493:
2393:
1175:, two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)
10074:
9699:
9396:
9360:
9344:
9276:
9268:
9207:
9166:
9148:
9107:
9089:
9048:
9030:
8937:
8910:
8890:
8847:
8812:
8764:
8723:
8713:
8674:
8638:
8630:
8589:
8548:
8540:
8505:
8487:
8441:
8431:
8383:
8375:
8339:
8334:
8322:
8299:
8281:
8240:
8232:
8191:
8183:
8142:
8101:
8088:
Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, Clar C, Marien M, Richter B, et al. (July 2010).
8060:
8056:
8052:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7931:
7923:
7882:
7866:
7825:
7809:
7774:
7756:
7706:
7665:
7655:
7614:
7581:
7573:
7518:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7420:
7379:
7338:
7330:
7283:
7246:
7205:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7121:
7103:
7051:
6936:
6897:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6803:
6795:
6754:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6725:"Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus"
6695:
6687:
6646:
6638:
6597:
6562:
6544:
6497:
6460:
6452:
6411:
6370:
6359:"Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
6305:
6267:
6259:
6218:
6210:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6053:
6012:
6002:
5953:
5945:
5904:
5896:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5805:
5795:
5756:
5719:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5620:
5583:
5575:
5536:
5502:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5414:
5365:
5221:
5213:
5178:
5160:
5108:
5100:
5059:
5051:
4981:
4911:
4901:
4854:
4780:
4739:
4731:
4718:, Utzschneider KM, Buchanan TA, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, et al. (January 2018).
4688:
4664:
4644:
4607:
4560:
4523:
4515:
4474:
4466:
4419:
4303:
4295:
4238:
4194:
4145:
4090:
4082:
4041:
4033:
3992:
3984:
3943:
3935:
3894:
3886:
3837:
3793:
3785:
3746:
3722:
3702:
3653:
3612:
3604:
3563:
3547:
3506:
3498:
3444:
3356:
3216:
3154:
3023:
3015:
2974:
2966:
2939:
2919:
2840:
2832:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2764:
Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD (January 2012).
2742:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2591:
2583:
2473:
2433:
2423:
2373:
2257:
2249:
1973:
1816:
1686:
1641:
1576:
1572:
887:
863:
805:
793:
697:
648:
453:
329:
77:
7855:"Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes?"
4331:
3750:
3502:
479:
Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with
10273:
9943:
9831:
9737:
9626:
9513:
9272:
8769:
8752:
8436:
8147:
8130:
7660:
7456:
Attridge M, Creamer J, Ramsden M, Cannings-John R, Hawthorne K (September 2014).
6501:
6309:
6007:
5149:"2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
4858:
4470:
2027:
Diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from
1969:
1935:
1867:(ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as
1820:
1797:
1766:
1710:
1607:
1433:
1367:
1344:
1336:
1292:
883:
879:
859:
677:
643:
586:
585:
and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of
391:
265:
9078:"Current Knowledge on the Pathophysiology of Lean/Normal-Weight Type 2 Diabetes"
8236:
7506:
7287:
6040:
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L (February 2019).
5012:
4634:
4564:
3251:
704:
is often present. Smoking appears to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
464:. In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as through a
10233:
10106:
9348:
8415:
6925:"Diet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus"
6584:
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA (April 2018).
6438:
5760:
5506:
4692:
3482:
1526:
1375:
1348:
923:
827:
797:
543:
531:
353:
178:
9524:
9212:
9195:
8634:
7577:
7507:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor"
7235:"Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes"
7210:
7193:
6940:
6799:
6357:
Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A (February 2015).
5949:
4648:
4423:
4086:
2955:"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the evolving chameleon"
1781:. The higher cost of these drugs compared to metformin has limited their use.
10349:
10250:
10171:
10149:
9694:
9685:
9356:
9162:
9103:
9044:
8851:
8501:
8379:
8295:
7878:
7870:
7821:
7770:
7530:
7117:
7011:"Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
6948:
6558:
5379:
5329:
5314:(5th ed.). Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
5174:
4612:
4595:
4396:
3922:
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB (November 2010).
3559:
3131:
3077:
2910:
Smyth S, Heron A (January 2006). "Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics".
2891:
2700:
2638:
1856:
1805:
1774:
1534:
1457:
717:
551:
442:
337:
297:
244:
166:
122:
9472:
9305:"Developing tools to help predict future risk for diabetes and heart attack"
8617:
Neves AL, Freise L, Laranjo L, Carter AW, Darzi A, Mayer E (December 2020).
6375:
6358:
5370:
5353:
4785:
4768:
4379:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evidence-based approach to practical management
4020:
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).
3278:"Developing tools to help predict future risk for diabetes and heart attack"
2836:
2428:
2089:
in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the longer acting
1324:
for diabetes in people without risk factors or symptoms is not recommended.
900:
510:
10255:
9996:
9991:
9706:
9374:
9290:
9221:
9180:
9153:
9121:
9062:
8951:
8902:
8859:
8824:
8778:
8737:
8652:
8603:
8562:
8513:
8455:
8397:
8348:
8307:
8254:
8205:
8156:
8115:
8074:
8025:
7997:
7945:
7927:
7896:
7839:
7782:
7718:
7679:
7628:
7619:
7602:
7538:
7522:
7491:
7434:
7393:
7384:
7367:
7352:
7295:
7260:
7219:
7178:
7129:
7065:
6956:
6909:
6866:
6817:
6768:
6709:
6660:
6611:
6570:
6509:
6474:
6425:
6384:
6317:
6281:
6232:
6183:
6129:
6067:
6026:
5967:
5918:
5858:
5819:
5768:
5733:
5706:
Schellenberg ES, Dryden DM, Vandermeer B, Ha C, Korownyk C (October 2013).
5689:
5632:
5597:
5477:
5428:
5387:
5235:
5186:
5122:
5073:
4993:
4925:
4866:
4794:
4753:
4700:
4656:
4621:
4572:
4537:
4488:
4431:
4317:
4252:
4208:
4159:
4104:
4055:
4006:
3957:
3908:
3851:
3842:
3825:
3807:
3758:
3714:
3667:
3626:
3577:
3520:
3456:
3368:
3333:
3263:
3228:
3166:
3037:
2988:
2931:
2854:
2797:
2750:
2731:
2605:
2485:
2447:
2385:
2301:
2271:
2051:
1844:
1785:
1662:
1595:
1568:
1506:
1484:
1403:
1379:
835:
771:
693:
689:
56:
9435:
8594:
8577:
7562:"Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
3658:
3641:
3608:
1725:
1618:
results in an improvement in blood sugar levels for people with diabetes.
10298:
10026:
9864:
9543:
9137:"Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes"
9094:
7145:"Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus"
6263:
5624:
4906:
3683:"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity"
2097:
2090:
1848:
1824:
1769:
as the first-line treatment in patients who have or are at high risk for
1714:
1611:
1502:
1395:
1280:
871:
563:
321:
142:
9455:
9400:
9035:
8816:
8678:
6533:"6. Glycemic Goals and Hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024"
5540:
4299:
4199:
4182:
3706:
3680:
3551:
1606:
It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular
9958:
9770:
5850:
3448:
2872:(2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.
2074:
2070:
2035:
1332:
1295:
in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of
851:
815:
733:
673:
527:
523:
495:
491:
407:
403:
357:
325:
309:
182:
146:
134:
8942:
8925:
8544:
8492:
8414:
Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, Rosano GM,
8321:
Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Han F, Li X, He X, et al. (May 2014).
8286:
8041:"Insulin detemir versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
7761:
7641:
7425:
7408:
7334:
7251:
7234:
7108:
7056:
7039:
6901:
6749:
6642:
6549:
6456:
5900:
5800:
5401:
Selph S, Dana T, Blazina I, Bougatsos C, Patel H, Chou R (June 2015).
5217:
5165:
5104:
5055:
4735:
4519:
4227:"Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance"
3988:
3939:
3019:
2923:
2789:
2546:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1371–1435.
2253:
10001:
9775:
9554:
8718:
8701:
8576:
Mirhosseini N, Vatanparast H, Mazidi M, Kimball SM (September 2017).
8187:
8106:
8089:
7958:
7813:
7366:
Xu B, Fu J, Qiao Y, Cao J, Deehan EC, Li Z, et al. (June 2021).
6602:
6585:
5419:
5402:
4381:. Contemporary endocrinology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 462.
2377:
1907:
1872:
1749:
1654:
1545:
1518:
1475:
1309:
915:
786:
639:
457:
434:
349:
259:
248:
9254:
5931:
5653:
3735:
3682:
2180:
914:
Type 2 diabetes is due to insufficient insulin production from
10031:
9817:
8575:
7455:
7015:
6722:
5883:
Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ (August 2010).
5561:
4273:
2062:
2006:
1828:
1823:
are equally safe and effective, and do not appear much better than
1682:
1514:
1305:
951:
947:
943:
831:
594:
535:
519:
456:. If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication
449:
411:
387:
380:
313:
212:
138:
9601:
4409:
2713:
2179:. International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from
2073:
with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being
460:
is typically recommended. Many people may eventually also require
9723:
9257:"Strategies of Unloading the Failing Heart from Metabolic Stress"
9255:
Koutroumpakis E, Jozwik B, Aguilar D, Taegtmeyer H (March 2020).
8964:
8699:
7909:
7316:
6147:
5281:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. p.
4815:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. p.
4501:
2086:
2066:
1988:
1896:
1522:
1479:
1340:
931:
635:
547:
499:
480:
399:
372:
317:
305:
208:
9502:
9431:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
7191:
6986:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2333:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2208:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
9914:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9659:
9656:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9467:
9075:
7852:
7406:
5501:. National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-07-26.
5253:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders. pp. 1194–95.
4677:
4375:"Influencing self-management: from compliance to collaboration"
1885:
1678:
1674:
1530:
963:
939:
867:
843:
782:
779:
341:
170:
8974:(10 ed.). International Diabetes Federation. p. 33.
7600:
5981:
Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P, et al. (2014).
5832:
5705:
5037:
4713:
3873:
Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB (March 2010).
3591:
Hilawe EH, Yatsuya H, Kawaguchi L, Aoyama A (September 2013).
2542:
Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. (2011).
2541:
2058:
commenting that he had only seen two cases during his career.
638:
is more common in women than men in many parts of Africa. The
92:
9425:
8128:
7037:
6294:
5199:
5086:
4894:
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
2763:
2055:
1930:
959:
927:
473:
438:
430:
9330:
8802:
8526:
8038:
4681:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
4180:
4068:
3590:
1709:
interventions on disease progression are not established. A
930:, and fat tissue. In the liver, insulin normally suppresses
356:, and poor blood flow in the lower-limbs, which may lead to
10283:
9786:
6624:
6583:
5249:
Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas AK, Cotran RS, Robbins SL (2005).
5242:
4596:"Low testosterone and the association with type 2 diabetes"
3001:
2409:
2362:
1855:, an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system (such as an
955:
767:
98:
86:
83:
7273:
6397:
6093:
6039:
5781:
4766:
3107:
1308:
testing may be useful to confirm type 1 diabetes and
7232:
6982:"Achieving Type 2 Diabetes Remission through Weight Loss"
6782:
Smith AD, Crippa A, Woodcock J, Brage S (December 2016).
6245:
5882:
5400:
4553:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
3434:
1586:< 6%) as opposed to standard blood sugar lowering (HbA
1161:
fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)
774:
is estimated at 72%. More than 36 genes and 80
605:. Other complications include hyperpigmentation of skin (
518:
The classic symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination (
9194:
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (May 2004).
8923:
8880:
8616:
6781:
6356:
6196:
4972:
Vijan S (March 2010). "In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes".
3207:
Vijan S (March 2010). "In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes".
558:(a condition of very high blood sugar associated with a
9134:
6887:
3144:
2870:
Public health nursing: practicing population-based care
2410:
Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S (June 2015).
8757:
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
7795:
7692:
5248:
4593:
3921:
3872:
3772:
Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB, Wu T (December 2015).
3536:"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends"
2287:
1717:‐based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes.
1610:. There is moderate evidence suggesting that treating
398:. In type 1 diabetes, there is a lower total level of
9250:
9248:
9193:
9135:
Vipin VA, Blesson CS, Yallampalli C (15 March 2022).
9001:
8087:
7143:
Thomas D, Elliott EJ (January 2009). Thomas D (ed.).
6830:
5006:
4887:
4019:
3533:
3110:"The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus"
514:
Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes
371:
Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of
101:
9445:
8582:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
7859:
Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism
7559:
6340:"Type 2 diabetes: The management of type 2 diabetes"
6252:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5441:
2959:
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia
1374:
with diabetes, ethnicity at high risk for diabetes,
966:, and inappropriate regulation of metabolism by the
818:
regulation may have a role in type 2 diabetes.
386:
Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of
95:
89:
80:
5701:
5699:
5495:"Diabetes: putting people at the heart of services"
5202:"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
5089:"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
3534:Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB (July 7, 2012).
3116:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 3–16.
3062:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 25.
2569:
2100:is a first line treatment in type 2 diabetes.
9245:
8320:
7226:
6922:
6298:Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases
5610:
5274:
4808:
4452:
4336:National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC)
882:may also interact with type 2 diabetes, with
414:. Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as
64:A blue circle is the universal symbol of diabetes.
9016:
8750:
8218:
8169:
5746:
3108:Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L (2009).
2819:Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW (April 2015).
2818:
10347:
10017:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
9441:ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2024
8361:
7038:American Diabetes Association (1 January 2021).
6831:Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton GA (July 2006).
5696:
5394:
5305:
3639:
3487:"Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes"
3480:
2290:African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences
2235:
1831:, insulin is generally the treatment of choice.
922:. Insulin resistance, which is the inability of
8469:
8467:
8465:
8362:Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S (September 2017).
6143:
6141:
6139:
4888:Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V (August 2021).
4838:
4836:
4372:
3771:
3319:
3053:
2952:
2685:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
1599:less than nine years who will not benefit, are
658:have been connected with type 2 diabetes.
9326:
9324:
7738:
7736:
7504:
7085:
7083:
6923:Magkos F, Hjorth MF, Astrup A (October 2020).
5251:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
5200:American Diabetes Association (January 2012).
5087:American Diabetes Association (January 2010).
4220:
4218:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2683:Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology
2680:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2050:. The disease was rare during the time of the
1759:European Association for the Study of Diabetes
1201:European Association for the Study of Diabetes
878:is also associated with type 2 diabetes.
50:noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
9802:
9587:
8798:
8796:
7142:
6890:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
6089:
6087:
6085:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4368:
4366:
4276:"The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes"
3970:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2565:
2563:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
736:appears to play a role in increasing risk. A
9006:(14 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1349–1370.
8462:
8409:
8407:
8261:
8010:
7961:"Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
7005:
7003:
6716:
6332:
6136:
5312:Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
5038:International Expert Committee (July 2009).
4833:
4671:
4587:
4544:
4453:Sampson UK, Linton MF, Fazio S (July 2011).
4062:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3249:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2463:
1329:United States Preventive Services Task Force
954:levels in the blood, increased retention of
502:in the disease was determined in the 1920s.
9321:
9082:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
8753:"Bariatric surgery for diabetes management"
8045:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7733:
7462:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7365:
7149:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7080:
6837:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6729:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6673:
6524:
6100:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5980:
5835:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5660:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5489:
5487:
5448:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5442:Peer N, Balakrishna Y, Durao S (May 2020).
4707:
4594:Farrell JB, Deshmukh A, Baghaie AA (2008).
4224:
4215:
3971:Hu EA, Pan A, Malik V, Sun Q (March 2012).
3084:
2770:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2716:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2308:
1653:Several diets may be effective such as the
1359:. Screening can be repeated every 3 years.
9809:
9795:
9594:
9580:
9436:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9187:
8965:International Diabetes Federation (2021).
8793:
8219:Brunström M, Carlberg B (September 2019).
7372:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
6082:
5336:
5129:
5026:
4846:Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology
4550:
4363:
4231:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
3476:
3474:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3049:
3047:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2618:
2560:
2236:Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE (November 2014).
2187:
2142:
1834:
1478:, when compared to diet and exercise or a
9759:Other pancreatic disorders and conditions
9364:
9280:
9211:
9170:
9152:
9111:
9093:
9052:
9034:
8941:
8768:
8727:
8717:
8642:
8593:
8552:
8491:
8445:
8435:
8404:
8387:
8338:
8285:
8244:
8195:
8170:Brunström M, Carlberg B (February 2016).
8146:
8105:
8064:
7987:
7935:
7886:
7829:
7760:
7669:
7659:
7618:
7585:
7481:
7424:
7383:
7342:
7250:
7209:
7168:
7107:
7055:
7000:
6856:
6807:
6758:
6748:
6699:
6650:
6601:
6548:
6464:
6415:
6374:
6271:
6222:
6173:
6119:
6057:
6016:
6006:
5957:
5908:
5809:
5799:
5723:
5679:
5587:
5467:
5418:
5369:
5277:Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care
5225:
5164:
5112:
5063:
4915:
4905:
4811:Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care
4784:
4743:
4611:
4527:
4504:"Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report"
4478:
4307:
4242:
4198:
4149:
4094:
4045:
3996:
3947:
3898:
3841:
3814:
3797:
3657:
3616:
3597:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3567:
3510:
3027:
2978:
2844:
2645:
2595:
2459:
2457:
2437:
2427:
2405:
2403:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2283:
2281:
2261:
2231:
2229:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1187:) of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5
472:often improves diabetes in those who are
8751:Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB (April 2009).
8368:Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research
5568:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
5484:
5444:"Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
4174:
4131:
3778:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
3346:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
2500:
1956:Prevalence of total diabetes by age and
1951:
1865:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
1724:
1413:or socioeconomic effects are not clear.
1212:ADA diabetes diagnostic criteria
899:
700:. Among those who are not obese, a high
509:
9309:Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health
8837:
7699:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
7566:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6881:
6833:"Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
6487:
6154:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5925:
5775:
5725:10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00007
4986:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003
4932:
4639:(Systematic review and meta-analysis).
3866:
3739:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
3471:
3282:Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health
3221:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003
3181:
3044:
2898:
2204:"Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes"
990:WHO diabetes diagnostic criteria
14:
10348:
9234:
5000:
4842:
3640:Christian P, Stewart CP (March 2010).
2867:
2707:
2454:
2400:
2351:
2278:
2226:
2119:
1784:Other classes of medications include:
1771:atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
1733:
1713:is under way to assess the effects of
1693:may be useful in those with diabetes.
1689:can help reducing the effects of T2D.
390:, with the other 10% due primarily to
10366:Medical conditions related to obesity
9790:
9575:
9337:BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care
9241:. OrangeBooks Publication. p. 2.
8673:(Plain English summary). 2020-10-21.
8418:, Ridao M, et al. (March 2016).
4971:
3294:
3206:
1474:found moderate-quality evidence that
1263:Random glucose with classic symptoms
821:
732:decreasing the risk. Eating a lot of
505:
10059:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
9017:Olaogun I, Farag M, Hamid P (2020).
6674:Makam AN, Nguyen OK (January 2017).
5749:The Medical Clinics of North America
4377:. In Bethel MN, Feinglos MA (eds.).
3830:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
3826:"Does lack of sleep cause diabetes?"
2953:Tfayli H, Arslanian S (March 2009).
2339:from the original on 2 February 2016
1700:
802:maturity onset diabetes of the young
766:Most cases of diabetes involve many
402:to control blood glucose, due to an
10335:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
9847:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
7241:(Professional society guidelines).
6633:(Professional society guidelines).
4510:(Professional society guidelines).
1687:microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
1582:Intensive blood sugar lowering (HbA
668:Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes
24:
9004:Williams Textbook of Endocrinology
4724:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
4117:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3824:Touma C, Pannain S (August 2011).
2544:Williams textbook of endocrinology
893:
798:"other specific types of diabetes"
740:is believed to cause 7% of cases.
597:through disease processes such as
406:induced loss of insulin-producing
25:
10377:
10289:International Diabetes Federation
9419:
6692:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022622
5308:"Chapter 13: Endocrine Disorders"
3891:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185
1966:International Diabetes Federation
1794:dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
1197:International Diabetes Federation
758:Genetic causes of type 2 diabetes
10165:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
9381:
9297:
9261:The American Journal of Medicine
9228:
9128:
9069:
9010:
8995:
8958:
8917:
8874:
8831:
8744:
8693:
8659:
8610:
8569:
8520:
8355:
8314:
8212:
8163:
8122:
8081:
8032:
8004:
7952:
7903:
7846:
7789:
7686:
7635:
7594:
7553:
7498:
7449:
7400:
7359:
7310:
7267:
7185:
7136:
7031:
6974:
6916:
6824:
6775:
6667:
6618:
6577:
6346:from the original on 2015-05-22.
5938:European Journal of Epidemiology
5306:Vivian EM, Blackorbay B (2013).
4373:Funnell MM, Anderson RM (2008).
4244:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02454.x
4187:Twin Research and Human Genetics
4151:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02536.x
4075:European Journal of Epidemiology
3159:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281
2478:10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005
1406:are also recommended screening.
846:. Those who have previously had
569:
560:decreased level of consciousness
556:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
362:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
159:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
76:
55:
6481:
6432:
6417:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3147
6391:
6350:
6288:
6239:
6215:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040
6190:
6033:
5974:
5876:
5826:
5740:
5647:
5604:
5555:
5521:
5435:
5299:
5267:
5193:
5080:
4965:
4881:
4801:
4760:
4628:
4495:
4446:
4403:
4353:
4342:from the original on 2008-07-04
4324:
4267:
4225:Herder C, Roden M (June 2011).
4125:
4013:
3964:
3915:
3765:
3729:
3674:
3633:
3584:
3527:
3428:
3417:from the original on 2024-03-19
3399:
3375:
3340:
3270:
3243:
3138:
3114:Principles of diabetes mellitus
3060:Exercise and disease management
3054:Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I (2011).
2995:
2971:10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008
2946:
2861:
2812:
2757:
2623:. Academic Press. p. 575.
2619:MacKay I, Rose N, eds. (2014).
2612:
2416:World Journal of Clinical Cases
1941:
1378:≥130/80 mmHg or on therapy for
776:single nucleotide polymorphisms
632:Generous consumption of alcohol
8712:(41): 1–190, 215–357, iii–iv.
8340:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348
8057:10.1002/14651858.CD006383.pub2
7980:10.1002/14651858.CD006063.pub2
7505:Hackett RA, Steptoe A (2017).
7474:10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3
7161:10.1002/14651858.CD006296.pub2
6849:10.1002/14651858.CD002968.pub2
6741:10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub4
6166:10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub3
6112:10.1002/14651858.CD008558.pub2
5843:10.1002/14651858.CD005102.pub2
5672:10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub4
5460:10.1002/14651858.cd005266.pub2
2825:Journal of Biomedical Research
2782:10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3
2743:10.1002/14651858.CD002966.pub4
2724:10.1002/14651858.CD002966.pub3
2169:
1720:
1621:
762:Epigenetics of diabetes type 2
13:
1:
10224:Diabetes-related skin disease
9766:Pancreatic beta cell function
8895:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60401-2
7711:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30343-0
6490:Current Opinion in Cardiology
6404:Archives of Internal Medicine
6059:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9
5580:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7
4459:Current Opinion in Cardiology
4412:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
4132:Lind L, Lind PM (June 2012).
4038:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
3790:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00316-2
3751:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.04.012
3503:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002
3361:10.1016/S1262-3636(10)70475-4
2588:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2177:"Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol"
2154:. August 2011. Archived from
2112:
2028:
1869:angiotensin receptor blockers
1755:American Diabetes Association
1744:There are several classes of
1729:Metformin 500 mg tablets
1551:
1451:Prevention of type 2 diabetes
1444:
1364:American Diabetes Association
1203:(EASD) recommended that a HbA
1193:American Diabetes Association
746:Persistent organic pollutants
550:. Other symptoms may include
484:
10022:Homeostatic model assessment
9816:
9273:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.035
8770:10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7
8706:Health Technology Assessment
8437:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971
8148:10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009
8094:Health Technology Assessment
7661:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001204
7511:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
6929:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
6502:10.1097/HCO.0b013e328347b139
6310:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.005
6008:10.1371/journal.pone.0093471
4980:(5): ITC31-15, quiz ITC316.
4859:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.002
4471:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283470359
4138:Journal of Internal Medicine
3215:(5): ITC31–15, quiz ITC316.
3147:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1861:angiotensin receptor blocker
1843:In people with diabetes and
1667:monitored carbohydrate diets
1499:alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1370:) with another risk factor:
1315:
1233:≥ 6.5% (≥ 48 mmol/mol)
984:
946:, resistance to and lack of
661:
324:. Symptoms may also include
7:
10007:Noninvasive glucose monitor
8486:(Supplement_1): S179–S218.
8280:(Supplement_1): S219–S230.
8237:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686
7802:Annals of Internal Medicine
7755:(Supplement_1): S158–S178.
7288:10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00397
7245:(Supplement_1): S120–S143.
7050:(Supplement_1): S100–S110.
6590:Annals of Internal Medicine
6543:(Supplement_1): S111–S125.
5712:Annals of Internal Medicine
5407:Annals of Internal Medicine
5007:World Health Organization.
4974:Annals of Internal Medicine
4565:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.022
4455:"Are statins diabetogenic?"
3250:Rathee M, Prachi J (2019).
3209:Annals of Internal Medicine
2366:Annals of Internal Medicine
2210:. June 2014. Archived from
2148:"Diabetes Fact sheet N°312"
2103:
1979:Some ethnic groups such as
1626:
1525:, no intervention improved
1513:(HbA1c). It was found that
751:
420:oral glucose tolerance test
232:Maintaining normal weight,
10:
10382:
10239:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
10068:Ambulatory glucose profile
9875:Impaired glucose tolerance
9750:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
9743:Congenital hyperinsulinism
9349:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000962
7102:(Supplement_1): S77–S110.
5761:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.007
5507:10.3310/nihrevidence_52026
4693:10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2006
3491:Progress in Lipid Research
3407:"WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES?"
2020:
2016:
1945:
1921:
1737:
1639:
1555:
1465:impaired glucose tolerance
1448:
1299:cells in the pancreas and
1279:and complications such as
1236:5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol)
1103:Impaired glucose tolerance
1078:Impaired fasting glycaemia
810:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
755:
665:
646:. The intestinal bacteria
573:
466:continuous glucose monitor
383:more at risk than others.
308:. Common symptoms include
10356:Aging-associated diseases
10307:
10264:
10140:
10045:
9987:Postprandial glucose test
9957:
9824:
9758:
9722:
9683:
9614:
9534:
9449:
9213:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
9141:World Journal of Diabetes
8635:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010581
7578:10.1002/14651858.CD014881
7211:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011
6941:10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5
6800:10.1007/s00125-016-4079-0
5950:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y
5159:(Supplement_1): S20–S42.
4949:World Health Organization
4649:10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1
4424:10.1517/14740338.4.6.1097
4087:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1
3349:Diabetes & Metabolism
3322:American Family Physician
3258:. StatPearls Publishing.
2152:World Health Organization
2011:World Health Organization
1915:electronic health records
1746:anti-diabetic medications
1691:Viscous fiber supplements
1392:polycystic ovary syndrome
1357:polycystic ovary syndrome
1155:World Health Organization
1053:
1008:
1005:
1002:
724:increasing the risk, and
682:lack of physical activity
624:
576:Complications of diabetes
328:, having a sensation of
296:that is characterized by
271:
258:
240:
228:
218:
204:
196:
188:
152:
128:
116:
68:
63:
54:
46:Diabetes mellitus type 2;
42:
37:
27:Form of diabetes mellitus
10325:Epidemiology of diabetes
10063:Blood glucose monitoring
9939:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
9870:Impaired fasting glucose
8852:10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242
8623:BMJ Quality & Safety
8380:10.1177/1479164117715854
7871:10.1177/2042018820980225
4637:Current Diabetes Reports
4613:10.1177/0145721708323100
3646:The Journal of Nutrition
3485:, Hu FB (January 2009).
1958:Global Burden of Disease
1948:Epidemiology of diabetes
1879:
1616:scaling and root planing
1535:congestive heart failure
1501:in people with impaired
886:increasing the risk and
744:is another risk factor.
18:Diabetes mellitus type 2
10182:Neuropathic arthropathy
9426:IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021
9238:A Hand Book On Diabetes
9235:Sajida S (2021-01-26).
8014:Chinese Medical Journal
6376:10.1001/jama.2014.18574
5613:Evidence-Based Medicine
5371:10.1001/jama.2021.12531
5099:(Supplement_1): S62-9.
4786:10.1111/1753-0407.13525
3112:. In Poretsky L (ed.).
2837:10.7555/JBR.29.20140127
2621:The Autoimmune Diseases
2429:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504
1888:in diabetes to prevent
1835:Blood pressure lowering
1802:GLP-1 receptor agonists
1635:
1511:glycated hemoglobin A1c
1497:assessed the effect of
1398:. People with previous
1345:people of Asian descent
876:Testosterone deficiency
840:atypical antipsychotics
634:is also a risk factor.
304:, and relative lack of
10130:Gastric bypass surgery
10012:Insulin tolerance test
9982:Glucose tolerance test
9887:Ketosis-prone diabetes
9858:Diabetes and pregnancy
9154:10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.185
8327:JAMA Internal Medicine
7928:10.1001/jama.2018.3024
7620:10.1001/jama.2016.9400
7523:10.1038/nrendo.2017.64
7276:JBI Evidence Synthesis
6203:JAMA Internal Medicine
3843:10.3949/ccjm.78a.10165
1961:
1890:cardiovascular disease
1853:chronic kidney disease
1779:chronic kidney disease
1763:GLP-1 receptor agonist
1730:
1384:cardiovascular disease
1266:≥ 200 mg/dL
1255:≥ 200 mg/dL
1244:≥ 126 mg/dL
1208:(>200 mg/dL).
1173:glucose tolerance test
968:central nervous system
911:
748:may also play a role.
714:sugar-sweetened drinks
583:ischemic heart disease
515:
416:fasting plasma glucose
360:. The sudden onset of
348:, which can result in
8840:Postgraduate Medicine
8729:10536/DRO/DU:30064294
8595:10.1210/jc.2017-01024
4600:The Diabetes Educator
3659:10.3945/jn.109.116327
3609:10.2471/BLT.12.113415
3413:. December 29, 2021.
2737:(Retracted, see
2021:Further information:
1955:
1946:Further information:
1812:Injections of insulin
1728:
1671:low carbohydrate diet
1640:Further information:
1556:Further information:
1539:myocardial infarction
1507:fasting blood glucose
1372:first-degree relative
903:
796:forms of diabetes or
680:of greater than 25),
615:diabetic ketoacidosis
591:cognitive dysfunction
540:peripheral neuropathy
526:), increased hunger (
522:), increased thirst (
513:
288:), formerly known as
163:diabetic ketoacidosis
48:adult-onset diabetes;
10320:Glossary of diabetes
10279:Open Insulin Project
10115:Embryonic stem cells
9852:Gestational diabetes
9095:10.3390/ijms24010658
7865:: 2042018820980225.
7385:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa435
6264:10.1210/jc.2014-2136
5625:10.1136/ebm.13.6.173
4951:. 2006. p. 21.
4907:10.2147/DMSO.S319895
3540:Oman Medical Journal
2582:(10053): 1545–1602.
2329:"Causes of Diabetes"
2048:Apollonius Memphites
1960:super-region in 2021
1564:blood glucose levels
1400:gestational diabetes
1353:gestational diabetes
1301:gestational diabetes
848:gestational diabetes
686:psychological stress
655:Bacteroides vulgatus
607:acanthosis nigricans
396:gestational diabetes
364:may occur; however,
346:diabetic retinopathy
290:adult-onset diabetes
211:, lack of exercise,
175:diabetic retinopathy
10330:History of diabetes
10315:Outline of diabetes
10244:Diabetic foot ulcer
10229:Diabetic dermopathy
10188:Organs in diabetes
10120:Artificial pancreas
10080:Diabetes medication
9977:Glycated hemoglobin
9401:10.3310/alert_40652
9036:10.7759/cureus.7614
8817:10.4158/EP09170.RAR
8679:10.3310/alert_42103
6988:. 30 September 2020
5999:2014PLoSO...993471X
5541:10.3310/alert_48878
5212:(Suppl 1): S64-71.
4773:Journal of Diabetes
4300:10.1038/nature18642
4292:2016Natur.536...41F
4200:10.1017/thg.2015.83
3707:10.1038/nature18646
3699:2016Natur.535..376P
3552:10.5001/omj.2012.68
3355:(Suppl 3): S100-5.
2023:History of diabetes
1927:Weight loss surgery
1740:Diabetes medication
1734:Blood sugar control
1647:Calorie restriction
1558:Diabetes management
1527:all-cause mortality
1388:physical inactivity
1258:140–199 mg/dL
1247:100–125 mg/dL
1213:
1181:glycated hemoglobin
996:
907:Disposition metrics
742:Sedentary lifestyle
730:monounsaturated fat
599:Alzheimer's disease
448:Treatment involves
424:glycated hemoglobin
192:Middle or older age
10294:World Diabetes Day
9882:Insulin resistance
9733:Insulin resistance
9608:glucose metabolism
9535:External resources
8968:IDF Diabetes Atlas
8805:Endocrine Practice
6052:(10170): 434–445.
5310:. In Lee M (ed.).
3449:10.1002/lary.24354
1962:
1901:primary prevention
1790:thiazolidinediones
1761:recommend using a
1731:
1659:Mediterranean diet
1219:Diabetes mellitus
1211:
989:
920:insulin resistance
918:in the setting of
912:
856:Cushing's syndrome
822:Medical conditions
611:sexual dysfunction
564:low blood pressure
544:vaginal infections
516:
506:Signs and symptoms
462:insulin injections
379:. Some people are
314:frequent urination
302:insulin resistance
275:392 million (2015)
139:frequent urination
10361:Types of diabetes
10343:
10342:
10037:Disposition index
9967:Blood sugar level
9837:Type 1 diabetes (
9784:
9783:
9673:Template:Diabetes
9569:
9568:
8981:978-2-930229-98-0
8943:10.2337/dc16-0236
8889:(9833): 2300–11.
8629:(12): 1019–1032.
8545:10.2337/dc10-0555
8493:10.2337/dc24-S010
8287:10.2337/dc24-S011
7922:(15): 1580–1591.
7808:(10): 1392–1400.
7762:10.2337/dc24-S011
7426:10.2337/dc18-1126
7335:10.2337/dc12-9002
7252:10.2337/dc14-S120
7109:10.2337/dc24-S005
7057:10.2337/dc21-S008
6902:10.1002/msj.20118
6794:(12): 2527–2545.
6643:10.2337/dc12-2480
6550:10.2337/dc24-S006
6457:10.1136/bmj.d4169
6410:(17): 1296–1303.
6209:(12): 1808–1817.
5901:10.1136/bmj.c4229
5801:10.1136/bmj.i3857
5321:978-1-58528-345-3
5292:978-1-58255-732-8
5260:978-0-7216-0187-8
5218:10.2337/dc12-s064
5166:10.2337/dc24-S002
5105:10.2337/dc10-S062
5056:10.2337/dc09-9033
4958:978-92-4-159493-6
4826:978-1-58255-732-8
4736:10.1111/dom.13005
4520:10.2337/dc10-0666
4388:978-1-58829-794-5
3989:10.1136/bmj.e1454
3940:10.2337/dc10-1079
3123:978-0-387-09840-1
3069:978-1-4398-2759-8
3020:10.2337/dc12-0669
2924:10.1038/nm0106-75
2883:978-1-4496-4660-8
2692:978-0-07-162243-1
2630:978-0-12-384929-8
2553:978-1-4377-0324-5
2254:10.2337/dc14-0984
2183:on 5 August 2007.
2158:on 26 August 2013
2079:Frederick Banting
1985:Pacific Islanders
1929:in those who are
1707:stress management
1701:Stress management
1503:glucose tolerance
1495:systematic review
1472:systematic review
1426:African-Caribbean
1339:over 25) or have
1273:
1272:
1151:
1150:
1128:Diabetes mellitus
995:
975:disposition index
800:). These include
722:trans fatty acids
698:Pacific Islanders
603:vascular dementia
470:Bariatric surgery
294:diabetes mellitus
279:
278:
253:bariatric surgery
220:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
10373:
10075:Diet in diabetes
9811:
9804:
9797:
9788:
9787:
9700:Oxyhyperglycemia
9596:
9589:
9582:
9573:
9572:
9447:
9446:
9413:
9412:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9368:
9328:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9315:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9252:
9243:
9242:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9215:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9174:
9156:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9115:
9097:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9056:
9038:
9014:
9008:
9007:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8973:
8962:
8956:
8955:
8945:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8878:
8872:
8871:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8772:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8731:
8721:
8719:10.3310/hta13410
8697:
8691:
8690:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8597:
8588:(9): 3097–3110.
8573:
8567:
8566:
8556:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8508: 10725811.
8495:
8471:
8460:
8459:
8449:
8439:
8411:
8402:
8401:
8391:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8342:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8302: 10725805.
8289:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8199:
8188:10.1136/bmj.i717
8167:
8161:
8160:
8150:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8109:
8107:10.3310/hta14360
8085:
8079:
8078:
8068:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7991:
7965:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7939:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7890:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7814:10.7326/M21-2941
7793:
7787:
7786:
7777: 10725810.
7764:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7673:
7663:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7622:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7572:(12): CD014881.
7557:
7551:
7550:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7485:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7428:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7387:
7378:(6): 1515–1530.
7363:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7329:(8): 1798–1808.
7314:
7308:
7307:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7254:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7213:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7172:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7124: 10725816.
7111:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7059:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7019:. September 2023
7007:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6860:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6811:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6762:
6752:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6637:(5): 1384–1395.
6622:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6603:10.7326/M17-0939
6581:
6575:
6574:
6565: 10725808.
6552:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6419:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6160:(12): CD005061.
6145:
6134:
6133:
6123:
6106:(12): CD008558.
6091:
6080:
6079:
6061:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6010:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5803:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5666:(12): CD003054.
5651:
5645:
5644:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5420:10.7326/M14-2221
5398:
5392:
5391:
5373:
5349:
5334:
5333:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5181: 10725812.
5168:
5144:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5035:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5011:. Archived from
5004:
4998:
4997:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4814:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4514:(7): 1674–1685.
4499:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4418:(6): 1097–1109.
4407:
4401:
4400:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4246:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4153:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4098:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4032:(9838): 219–29.
4017:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3845:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3693:(7612): 376–81.
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3437:The Laryngoscope
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3204:
3179:
3178:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3105:
3082:
3081:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3031:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2735:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2678:
2643:
2642:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2498:
2497:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2378:10.7326/M15-2650
2360:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2305:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2144:
2069:in 400–500
2033:
2030:
1993:Native Americans
1974:developing world
1798:SGLT2 inhibitors
1642:Diet in diabetes
1608:eye examinations
1577:microalbuminuria
1573:high cholesterol
1281:retinal problems
1241:Fasting glucose
1214:
1210:
1006:Fasting glucose
997:
991:
988:
888:anorexia nervosa
880:Eating disorders
864:pheochromocytoma
806:Donohue syndrome
738:lack of exercise
649:Prevotella copri
587:hospitalizations
489:
486:
377:lack of exercise
330:pins and needles
326:increased hunger
320:and unexplained
310:increased thirst
298:high blood sugar
264:10 year shorter
147:increased hunger
135:Increased thirst
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
59:
35:
34:
21:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10303:
10274:T1International
10266:
10265:Advocacy &
10260:
10136:
10085:Insulin therapy
10041:
9953:
9820:
9815:
9785:
9780:
9754:
9738:Hyperinsulinism
9718:
9712:Whipple's triad
9679:
9610:
9602:Disease of the
9600:
9570:
9565:
9564:
9530:
9529:
9458:
9422:
9417:
9416:
9387:
9386:
9382:
9329:
9322:
9313:
9311:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9253:
9246:
9233:
9229:
9192:
9188:
9133:
9129:
9074:
9070:
9015:
9011:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8971:
8963:
8959:
8922:
8918:
8879:
8875:
8836:
8832:
8801:
8794:
8749:
8745:
8698:
8694:
8665:
8664:
8660:
8615:
8611:
8574:
8570:
8539:(6): 1395–402.
8525:
8521:
8472:
8463:
8430:(3): e1001971.
8412:
8405:
8360:
8356:
8319:
8315:
8266:
8262:
8217:
8213:
8168:
8164:
8127:
8123:
8086:
8082:
8051:(7): CD006383.
8037:
8033:
8009:
8005:
7974:(3): CD006063.
7963:
7957:
7953:
7908:
7904:
7851:
7847:
7794:
7790:
7741:
7734:
7691:
7687:
7654:(4): e1001204.
7640:
7636:
7599:
7595:
7558:
7554:
7503:
7499:
7468:(9): CD006424.
7454:
7450:
7405:
7401:
7364:
7360:
7315:
7311:
7282:(5): 966–1002.
7272:
7268:
7231:
7227:
7190:
7186:
7155:(1): CD006296.
7141:
7137:
7088:
7081:
7036:
7032:
7022:
7020:
7009:
7008:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6935:(10): 545–555.
6921:
6917:
6886:
6882:
6843:(3): CD002968.
6829:
6825:
6780:
6776:
6735:(4): CD004714.
6721:
6717:
6672:
6668:
6623:
6619:
6582:
6578:
6529:
6525:
6486:
6482:
6437:
6433:
6396:
6392:
6355:
6351:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6293:
6289:
6258:(10): 3551–60.
6244:
6240:
6195:
6191:
6146:
6137:
6092:
6083:
6038:
6034:
5979:
5975:
5930:
5926:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5837:(3): CD005102.
5831:
5827:
5780:
5776:
5745:
5741:
5704:
5697:
5652:
5648:
5609:
5605:
5560:
5556:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5454:(6): CD005266.
5440:
5436:
5399:
5395:
5350:
5337:
5322:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5247:
5243:
5198:
5194:
5145:
5130:
5085:
5081:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5005:
5001:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4886:
4882:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4765:
4761:
4712:
4708:
4676:
4672:
4633:
4629:
4592:
4588:
4549:
4545:
4500:
4496:
4451:
4447:
4408:
4404:
4389:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4345:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4286:(7614): 41–47.
4272:
4268:
4223:
4216:
4179:
4175:
4130:
4126:
4110:
4109:
4067:
4063:
4018:
4014:
3969:
3965:
3934:(11): 2477–83.
3920:
3916:
3885:(11): 1356–64.
3871:
3867:
3822:
3815:
3770:
3766:
3734:
3730:
3679:
3675:
3638:
3634:
3603:(9): 671–682D.
3589:
3585:
3532:
3528:
3479:
3472:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3345:
3341:
3318:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3248:
3244:
3205:
3182:
3143:
3139:
3124:
3106:
3085:
3070:
3052:
3045:
3014:(12): 2515–20.
3000:
2996:
2951:
2947:
2912:Nature Medicine
2908:
2899:
2884:
2866:
2862:
2817:
2813:
2762:
2758:
2736:
2718:(3): CD002966.
2712:
2708:
2693:
2679:
2646:
2631:
2617:
2613:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2501:
2462:
2455:
2408:
2401:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2309:
2286:
2279:
2248:(11): 3124–31.
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2214:on 6 March 2016
2202:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2031:
2025:
2019:
1950:
1944:
1936:body mass index
1924:
1882:
1837:
1767:SGLT2 inhibitor
1742:
1736:
1723:
1711:Cochrane review
1703:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1560:
1554:
1537:, or non-fatal
1453:
1447:
1412:
1368:Asian Americans
1318:
1293:type 1 diabetes
1286:
1278:
1230:
1206:
1199:(IDF), and the
1186:
1012:
1003:2-hour glucose
987:
896:
894:Pathophysiology
890:decreasing it.
884:bulimia nervosa
860:hyperthyroidism
828:glucocorticoids
824:
764:
756:Main articles:
754:
726:polyunsaturated
702:waist–hip ratio
678:body mass index
670:
664:
644:DNA methylation
627:
578:
572:
508:
487:
454:dietary changes
392:type 1 diabetes
292:, is a form of
282:Type 2 diabetes
266:life expectancy
245:Dietary changes
112:
79:
75:
49:
47:
38:Type 2 diabetes
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10379:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10311:
10309:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10234:Diabetic bulla
10231:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10150:Diabetic comas
10146:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10109:
10107:Diabetic shoes
10104:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10065:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9963:
9961:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9890:
9884:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9848:
9842:
9835:
9834:(SAID cluster)
9828:
9826:
9822:
9821:
9814:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9791:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9691:
9689:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9675:
9664:
9663:
9662:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9620:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9599:
9598:
9591:
9584:
9576:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9560:article/117853
9551:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9527:
9516:
9505:
9494:
9475:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:Classification
9444:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9421:
9420:External links
9418:
9415:
9414:
9380:
9343:(1): e000962.
9320:
9296:
9267:(3): 290–296.
9244:
9227:
9206:(5): 1047–53.
9186:
9147:(3): 185–202.
9127:
9068:
9009:
8994:
8980:
8957:
8916:
8873:
8830:
8792:
8743:
8692:
8658:
8609:
8568:
8519:
8461:
8403:
8374:(5): 400–406.
8354:
8333:(5): 773–785.
8313:
8260:
8231:(9): e026686.
8211:
8162:
8141:(3): 215–240.
8121:
8080:
8031:
8020:(23): 4301–6.
8003:
7951:
7902:
7845:
7788:
7732:
7685:
7634:
7593:
7552:
7517:(9): 547–560.
7497:
7448:
7419:(5): 755–766.
7399:
7358:
7309:
7266:
7225:
7184:
7135:
7079:
7030:
6999:
6973:
6915:
6896:(3): 257–268.
6880:
6823:
6774:
6715:
6686:(2): 180–195.
6666:
6617:
6596:(8): 569–576.
6576:
6523:
6480:
6431:
6390:
6369:(6): 603–615.
6349:
6331:
6304:(2): 330–336.
6287:
6238:
6189:
6135:
6081:
6032:
5973:
5944:(5): 363–375.
5924:
5875:
5825:
5774:
5755:(5): 953–969.
5739:
5718:(8): 543–551.
5695:
5646:
5603:
5574:(7): 419–426.
5554:
5520:
5483:
5434:
5413:(11): 765–76.
5393:
5364:(8): 736–743.
5335:
5320:
5298:
5291:
5266:
5259:
5241:
5192:
5128:
5079:
5050:(7): 1327–34.
5025:
4999:
4964:
4957:
4931:
4880:
4832:
4825:
4800:
4759:
4706:
4670:
4627:
4606:(5): 799–806.
4586:
4559:(1–2): 40–43.
4543:
4494:
4465:(4): 342–347.
4445:
4402:
4387:
4362:
4352:
4323:
4266:
4237:(6): 679–692.
4214:
4193:(6): 762–771.
4173:
4124:
4081:(9): 811–829.
4061:
4012:
3963:
3914:
3865:
3813:
3784:(12): 958–67.
3764:
3728:
3673:
3632:
3583:
3546:(4): 269–273.
3526:
3470:
3443:(3): 767–776.
3427:
3411:Diabetes Daily
3398:
3374:
3339:
3293:
3269:
3242:
3180:
3153:(1084): 63–9.
3137:
3122:
3083:
3068:
3043:
2994:
2945:
2897:
2882:
2860:
2811:
2756:
2706:
2691:
2644:
2629:
2611:
2559:
2552:
2499:
2472:(3): 385–411.
2453:
2399:
2372:(11): 740–51.
2350:
2307:
2277:
2225:
2186:
2168:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2093:in the 1940s.
2018:
2015:
1943:
1940:
1923:
1920:
1913:Sharing their
1881:
1878:
1836:
1833:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1702:
1699:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1553:
1550:
1463:In those with
1449:Main article:
1446:
1443:
1410:
1376:blood pressure
1349:family history
1317:
1314:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:Not available
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1204:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
986:
983:
895:
892:
866:, and certain
823:
820:
753:
750:
676:(defined by a
666:Main article:
663:
660:
626:
623:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
532:blurred vision
507:
504:
354:kidney failure
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
262:
256:
255:
242:
238:
237:
236:, healthy diet
230:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
179:kidney failure
156:
150:
149:
141:, unexplained
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
111:
110:
72:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10378:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10267:Organizations
10263:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10251:Hyperglycemia
10249:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10192:Blood vessels
10190:
10189:
10187:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10172:Diabetic foot
10170:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10142:Complications
10139:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10044:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9916:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9812:
9807:
9805:
9800:
9798:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9748:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9695:Hyperglycemia
9693:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:blood glucose
9682:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9667:Complications
9665:
9661:
9658:
9655:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9597:
9592:
9590:
9585:
9583:
9578:
9577:
9574:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9541:
9540:
9537:
9533:
9526:
9522:
9521:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9499:
9495:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9452:
9448:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9393:NIHR Evidence
9390:
9384:
9376:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9327:
9325:
9310:
9306:
9300:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9249:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9200:Diabetes Care
9197:
9190:
9182:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9013:
9005:
8998:
8983:
8977:
8970:
8969:
8961:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8936:(6): 861–77.
8935:
8931:
8930:Diabetes Care
8927:
8920:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8834:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8811:(6): 624–31.
8810:
8806:
8799:
8797:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8763:(2): 119–24.
8762:
8758:
8754:
8747:
8739:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8671:NIHR Evidence
8668:
8662:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8572:
8564:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8533:Diabetes Care
8530:
8523:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8480:Diabetes Care
8477:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8424:PLOS Medicine
8421:
8417:
8410:
8408:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8274:Diabetes Care
8271:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8125:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8100:(36): 1–248.
8099:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8007:
7999:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7841:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7792:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7749:Diabetes Care
7746:
7739:
7737:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7689:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7648:PLOS Medicine
7645:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7613:(3): 313–24.
7612:
7608:
7604:
7597:
7588:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7413:Diabetes Care
7410:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7323:Diabetes Care
7320:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7239:Diabetes Care
7236:
7229:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7139:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7096:Diabetes Care
7093:
7086:
7084:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7044:Diabetes Care
7041:
7034:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7004:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6631:Diabetes Care
6628:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6537:Diabetes Care
6534:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6496:(4): 288–93.
6495:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:(3): e93471.
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5533:NIHR Evidence
5530:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:NIHR Evidence
5496:
5490:
5488:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5206:Diabetes Care
5203:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5153:Diabetes Care
5150:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:Diabetes Care
5090:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:Diabetes Care
5041:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5015:on 2007-05-29
5014:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4900:: 3567–3602.
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4687:(1): E1–E15.
4686:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:Diabetes Care
4505:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4144:(6): 537–53.
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3928:Diabetes Care
3925:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3836:(8): 549–58.
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:(3): 309–19.
3744:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3652:(3): 437–45.
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:Diabetes Care
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:(2): 165–74.
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:(2): 105–11.
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2338:
2335:. June 2014.
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2296:(2): 99–105.
2295:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:Diabetes Care
2239:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:ACE inhibitor
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:Rosiglitazone
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:sulfonylureas
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:heart failure
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1485:sulphonylurea
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:dietary fiber
1452:
1442:
1441:populations.
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Black African
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:, history of
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
999:
998:
994:
982:
978:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
908:
902:
898:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:beta blockers
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
759:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:saturated fat
715:
710:
707:
706:Lack of sleep
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:, poor diet,
683:
679:
675:
669:
659:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
570:Complications
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:loss of taste
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
443:saturated fat
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
368:is uncommon.
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:heart disease
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
270:
267:
263:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:, lower-limb
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:heart disease
164:
160:
157:
155:
154:Complications
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
123:Endocrinology
121:
119:
115:
106:
74:
73:
71:
69:Pronunciation
67:
62:
58:
53:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
10256:Hypoglycemia
10160:Ketoacidosis
10155:Hypoglycemia
10095:conventional
9997:Glucose test
9992:Fructosamine
9844:
9707:Hypoglycemia
9631:
9553:
9542:
9518:
9507:
9496:
9477:
9462:
9392:
9383:
9340:
9336:
9312:. Retrieved
9308:
9299:
9264:
9260:
9237:
9230:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9085:
9081:
9071:
9029:(4): e7614.
9026:
9022:
9012:
9003:
8997:
8985:. Retrieved
8967:
8960:
8933:
8929:
8919:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8846:(1): 24–33.
8843:
8839:
8833:
8808:
8804:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8709:
8705:
8695:
8670:
8661:
8626:
8622:
8612:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8536:
8532:
8522:
8483:
8479:
8427:
8423:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8228:
8224:
8214:
8179:
8175:
8165:
8138:
8135:Global Heart
8134:
8124:
8097:
8093:
8083:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7971:
7967:
7954:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7805:
7801:
7791:
7752:
7748:
7705:(1): 46–52.
7702:
7698:
7688:
7651:
7647:
7637:
7610:
7606:
7596:
7569:
7565:
7555:
7514:
7510:
7500:
7465:
7461:
7451:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7375:
7371:
7361:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7152:
7148:
7138:
7099:
7095:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7021:. Retrieved
7014:
6990:. Retrieved
6985:
6976:
6968:
6932:
6928:
6918:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6791:
6788:Diabetologia
6787:
6777:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6448:
6444:
6434:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6342:. May 2009.
6334:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6157:
6153:
6103:
6099:
6049:
6045:
6035:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5834:
5828:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5715:
5711:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5532:
5523:
5498:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5361:
5357:
5311:
5301:
5276:
5269:
5250:
5244:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5156:
5152:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5047:
5043:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:the original
5002:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4940:
4934:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4850:
4844:
4810:
4803:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4730:(1): 14–24.
4727:
4723:
4709:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4378:
4355:
4344:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4234:
4230:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4113:cite journal
4078:
4074:
4064:
4029:
4025:
4015:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3833:
3829:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3497:(1): 44–51.
3494:
3490:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3410:
3401:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3328:(1): 29–36.
3325:
3321:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3255:
3245:
3212:
3208:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3113:
3059:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2918:(1): 75–80.
2915:
2911:
2869:
2863:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2776:: CD005060.
2773:
2769:
2759:
2715:
2709:
2682:
2620:
2614:
2579:
2575:
2543:
2469:
2465:
2422:(6): 504–9.
2419:
2415:
2369:
2365:
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2293:
2289:
2245:
2241:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2207:
2181:the original
2171:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:the original
2151:
2107:
2095:
2083:Charles Best
2060:
2052:Roman empire
2043:
2039:
2026:
1998:
1981:South Asians
1978:
1963:
1942:Epidemiology
1925:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1883:
1845:hypertension
1842:
1838:
1810:
1783:
1743:
1704:
1695:
1663:low-fat diet
1652:
1645:
1630:
1605:
1601:over-treated
1596:hypoglycemia
1581:
1569:hypertension
1561:
1543:
1489:
1462:
1454:
1415:
1408:
1404:pancreatitis
1380:hypertension
1361:
1326:
1319:
1290:
1274:
1222:Prediabetes
1178:
1152:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
979:
972:
937:
913:
897:
872:glucagonomas
825:
814:
791:
765:
711:
694:Pima Indians
690:urbanization
671:
653:
647:
628:
619:hearing loss
579:
542:, recurrent
517:
478:
447:
428:
385:
370:
366:ketoacidosis
289:
285:
281:
280:
29:
10299:Diabetes UK
10027:SPINA-GBeta
9959:Blood tests
9865:Prediabetes
9637:gestational
9544:MedlinePlus
7204:(1): 1–13.
7023:29 November
6992:29 November
6680:Circulation
5872:(Retracted)
5851:10149/92337
4714:Hannon TS,
4643:(12): 138.
3879:Circulation
3481:Risérus U,
3387:Mayo Clinic
2343:10 February
2218:10 February
2098:weight loss
2091:NPH insulin
2085:discovered
2044:honey urine
2032: 1500
1895:The use of
1884:The use of
1871:(ARBs), or
1849:albuminuria
1847:and either
1825:NPH insulin
1748:available.
1721:Medications
1715:mindfulness
1612:gum disease
1509:, elevated
1505:, impaired
1439:Bangladeshi
1430:South Asian
1416:In the UK,
1396:prediabetes
1252:2h glucose
1195:(ADA), the
1048:DCCT %
789:functions.
640:nutritional
488: 1500
437:and low in
381:genetically
358:amputations
322:weight loss
251:, insulin,
189:Usual onset
183:amputations
143:weight loss
43:Other names
10350:Categories
10055:Prevention
10047:Management
9972:Biomarkers
9771:Insulinoma
9520:DiseasesDB
9314:2024-03-20
9263:(Review).
9088:(1): 658.
6750:2164/20480
5619:(6): 173.
5019:2007-05-29
4947:. Geneva:
4360:PMC6463748
4346:2008-08-04
3483:Willett WC
3421:2024-03-20
3392:2024-03-20
3287:2024-03-20
3256:StatPearls
3056:"Diabetes"
2790:1871/48558
2162:2012-01-09
2113:References
2075:overweight
1738:See also:
1669:such as a
1552:Management
1445:Prevention
1333:overweight
1320:Universal
1000:Condition
916:beta cells
852:acromegaly
816:Epigenetic
734:white rice
674:overweight
528:polyphagia
524:polydipsia
435:vegetables
408:beta cells
404:autoimmune
234:exercising
229:Prevention
224:Blood test
10100:pulsatile
10090:intensive
10002:C-peptide
9932:Permanent
9927:Transient
9892:Type 3a (
9776:Insulitis
9726:disorders
9684:Abnormal
9555:eMedicine
9409:242997909
9357:2052-4897
9163:1948-9358
9104:1422-0067
9045:2168-8184
8868:207551737
8687:242149388
8502:1935-5548
8296:1935-5548
7879:2042-0188
7822:1539-3704
7771:1935-5548
7727:226280186
7531:1759-5029
7304:226250006
7198:Nutrition
7118:0149-5992
7074:228087486
6965:220651657
6949:1759-5037
6559:0149-5992
6451:: d4169.
6326:244580173
5895:: c4229.
5794:: i3857.
5549:247390548
5515:251299176
5380:0098-7484
5330:859778842
5175:0149-5992
4875:209341381
4853:: 76–82.
4397:261324723
3983:: e1454.
3560:1999-768X
3252:"Ageusia"
3237:207535925
3132:663097550
3078:725919496
2892:758391750
2806:205176936
2701:613429053
2639:965646175
2040:madhumeha
1970:developed
1908:Vitamin D
1873:aliskiren
1750:Metformin
1683:hazelnuts
1655:DASH diet
1622:Lifestyle
1546:vitamin D
1519:metformin
1476:metformin
1467:, a 2019
1322:screening
1316:Screening
1310:C-peptide
1072:< 6.0
985:Diagnosis
944:fat cells
832:thiazides
794:monogenic
787:beta cell
772:inherited
662:Lifestyle
536:itchiness
458:metformin
350:blindness
272:Frequency
260:Prognosis
249:metformin
241:Treatment
200:Long term
118:Specialty
10032:SPINA-GR
9922:Neonatal
9850:Type 4 (
9841:cluster)
9818:Diabetes
9616:Diabetes
9604:pancreas
9375:32385076
9291:31520618
9222:15111519
9181:35432755
9122:36614099
9063:32399348
8987:18 March
8952:27222544
8903:22683132
8860:21293081
8825:19625245
8787:31797748
8779:19276974
8738:19726018
8653:32532814
8604:28957454
8563:20508233
8514:38078592
8456:26954482
8416:Davis BR
8398:28844155
8349:24687000
8308:38078574
8255:31575567
8225:BMJ Open
8206:26920333
8182:: i717.
8157:31451236
8116:20646668
8075:21735405
8026:23217404
7998:17636824
7946:29677303
7897:33489086
7840:36191315
7831:10155215
7783:38078590
7719:33159841
7680:22509138
7629:27434443
7547:34925223
7539:28664919
7492:25188210
7483:10680058
7443:58665219
7435:30617143
7394:33693499
7353:22778165
7296:33141798
7261:24357208
7220:25287761
7179:19160276
7130:38078584
7066:33298419
7016:UpToDate
6957:32690918
6910:19421969
6875:25505640
6867:16855995
6818:27747395
6769:35420698
6710:28069712
6661:23589542
6612:29507945
6571:38078586
6518:20819316
6510:21577100
6475:21791495
6426:22868819
6385:25668264
6344:Archived
6318:34893413
6282:25062463
6233:29114778
6184:30592787
6130:31794067
6076:58632705
6068:30638909
6027:24682091
5987:PLOS ONE
5968:28397016
5919:20724400
5867:23039006
5859:18646120
5820:27510511
5769:21855702
5734:24126648
5690:29205264
5641:26714233
5633:19043031
5598:33989535
5478:32470201
5429:25867111
5388:34427594
5236:22187472
5187:38078589
5123:20042775
5074:19502545
4994:20194231
4926:34413662
4867:31831356
4795:38169110
4754:28493515
4701:17341552
4657:29168047
4622:18832284
4581:22222112
4573:19444934
4538:20587728
4489:21499090
4440:21532595
4432:16255667
4340:Archived
4318:27398621
4261:43548816
4253:21198561
4209:26678054
4168:41018361
4160:22372998
4105:29589226
4056:22818936
4007:22422870
3958:20693348
3909:20308626
3860:45708828
3852:21807927
3808:26388413
3759:20493574
3715:27409811
3668:20071652
3627:24101783
3578:23071876
3521:19032965
3465:25569962
3457:23945844
3415:Archived
3369:21211730
3334:19145963
3264:31747182
3229:20194231
3175:28169759
3167:26621825
3038:23173134
2989:19466209
2932:16397575
2855:25859264
2798:22258959
2751:26421423
2732:16034881
2606:27733282
2494:29670619
2486:15669880
2448:26090370
2394:32016657
2386:27088241
2337:Archived
2302:18939392
2272:25342831
2104:Research
2063:Sushruta
2007:epidemic
1972:and the
1829:pregnant
1817:glargine
1627:Exercise
1515:acarbose
1492:Cochrane
1469:Cochrane
1306:antibody
1122:6.0–6.4
1116:< 126
1113:< 7.0
1097:6.0–6.4
1085:< 140
1082:< 7.8
1066:< 110
1063:< 6.1
1060:< 140
1057:< 7.8
1043:mmol/mol
952:glucagon
948:incretin
870:such as
804:(MODY),
752:Genetics
595:dementia
520:polyuria
450:exercise
412:pancreas
388:diabetes
213:genetics
197:Duration
130:Symptoms
9724:Insulin
9514:D003924
9366:7228474
9282:7054139
9172:8984567
9113:9820420
9054:7213678
8911:5198462
8644:7785164
8554:2875463
8447:4783064
8389:5600262
8246:6773352
8197:4770818
8066:6486036
7989:7389529
7937:5933330
7888:7809522
7671:3323508
7587:8701561
7344:3402256
7170:6486008
6858:8989410
6809:6207340
6760:9009294
6701:5502688
6652:3631867
6466:3144314
6273:4483466
6224:5820728
6175:6517235
6121:6889926
6018:3969361
5995:Bibcode
5959:5506108
5910:2924474
5811:4979358
5681:6486271
5589:8208895
5469:7259754
5227:3632174
5114:2797383
5065:2699715
4917:8369920
4745:6095472
4716:Kahn SE
4665:3688434
4529:2890380
4480:3341610
4309:5034897
4288:Bibcode
4096:6133005
4047:3645500
3998:3307808
3949:2963518
3900:2862465
3799:4656094
3723:4459808
3695:Bibcode
3618:3790213
3569:3464757
3512:2654180
3029:3507562
2980:2846552
2940:1042625
2846:4389109
2597:5055577
2439:4468896
2263:4207202
2087:insulin
2067:Charaka
2017:History
2009:by the
2002:obesity
1989:Latinos
1922:Surgery
1897:aspirin
1886:statins
1821:detemir
1679:almonds
1675:walnuts
1523:placebo
1490:A 2018
1480:placebo
1434:Chinese
1341:obesity
1171:with a
1091:110–125
1088:6.1–7.0
1069:< 42
964:kidneys
962:by the
950:, high
942:within
932:glucose
868:cancers
844:statins
636:Obesity
548:fatigue
500:insulin
481:obesity
426:(A1c).
410:in the
400:insulin
373:obesity
318:fatigue
306:insulin
209:Obesity
10212:Retina
10207:Nerves
10202:Kidney
10197:Muscle
10126:Other
9944:Type 3
9900:Type 1
9845:Type 2
9832:Type 1
9688:levels
9632:type 2
9627:type 1
9623:Types
9549:000313
9503:125853
9492:250.02
9488:250.00
9407:
9373:
9363:
9355:
9289:
9279:
9220:
9179:
9169:
9161:
9120:
9110:
9102:
9061:
9051:
9043:
9023:Cureus
8978:
8950:
8909:
8901:
8883:Lancet
8866:
8858:
8823:
8785:
8777:
8736:
8685:
8651:
8641:
8602:
8561:
8551:
8512:
8500:
8454:
8444:
8396:
8386:
8347:
8306:
8294:
8253:
8243:
8204:
8194:
8155:
8114:
8073:
8063:
8024:
7996:
7986:
7944:
7934:
7895:
7885:
7877:
7838:
7828:
7820:
7781:
7769:
7725:
7717:
7678:
7668:
7627:
7584:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7490:
7480:
7441:
7433:
7392:
7351:
7341:
7302:
7294:
7259:
7218:
7177:
7167:
7128:
7116:
7072:
7064:
6963:
6955:
6947:
6908:
6873:
6865:
6855:
6816:
6806:
6767:
6757:
6708:
6698:
6659:
6649:
6610:
6569:
6557:
6516:
6508:
6473:
6463:
6424:
6383:
6324:
6316:
6280:
6270:
6231:
6221:
6182:
6172:
6128:
6118:
6074:
6066:
6046:Lancet
6025:
6015:
5966:
5956:
5917:
5907:
5865:
5857:
5818:
5808:
5767:
5732:
5688:
5678:
5639:
5631:
5596:
5586:
5547:
5513:
5476:
5466:
5427:
5386:
5378:
5328:
5318:
5289:
5257:
5234:
5224:
5185:
5173:
5121:
5111:
5072:
5062:
4992:
4955:
4924:
4914:
4873:
4865:
4823:
4793:
4752:
4742:
4699:
4663:
4655:
4620:
4579:
4571:
4536:
4526:
4487:
4477:
4438:
4430:
4395:
4385:
4316:
4306:
4280:Nature
4259:
4251:
4207:
4166:
4158:
4103:
4093:
4054:
4044:
4026:Lancet
4005:
3995:
3956:
3946:
3907:
3897:
3858:
3850:
3806:
3796:
3757:
3721:
3713:
3687:Nature
3666:
3625:
3615:
3576:
3566:
3558:
3519:
3509:
3463:
3455:
3367:
3332:
3262:
3235:
3227:
3173:
3165:
3130:
3120:
3076:
3066:
3036:
3026:
2987:
2977:
2938:
2930:
2890:
2880:
2853:
2843:
2804:
2796:
2749:
2745:,
2730:
2699:
2689:
2637:
2627:
2604:
2594:
2576:Lancet
2550:
2492:
2484:
2446:
2436:
2392:
2384:
2300:
2270:
2260:
2034:
1991:, and
1800:, and
1681:, and
1575:, and
1531:stroke
1343:. For
1335:(i.e.
1147:≥ 6.5
1132:≥ 11.1
1054:Normal
1033:mmol/L
1023:mmol/L
940:lipids
842:, and
808:, and
783:allele
780:TCF7L2
688:, and
625:Causes
546:, and
490:
431:fruits
342:stroke
332:, and
205:Causes
171:stroke
109:
10308:Other
10217:Heart
10177:ulcer
10111:Cure
9889:(KPD)
9825:Types
9405:S2CID
8972:(PDF)
8907:S2CID
8864:S2CID
8783:S2CID
8683:S2CID
7964:(PDF)
7723:S2CID
7543:S2CID
7439:S2CID
7300:S2CID
7070:S2CID
6961:S2CID
6871:S2CID
6514:S2CID
6322:S2CID
6072:S2CID
5863:S2CID
5637:S2CID
5545:S2CID
5511:S2CID
4945:(PDF)
4871:S2CID
4779:(9).
4661:S2CID
4577:S2CID
4436:S2CID
4257:S2CID
4164:S2CID
3856:S2CID
3719:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3171:S2CID
2936:S2CID
2802:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2466:Drugs
2390:S2CID
2056:Galen
2054:with
1931:obese
1880:Other
1777:, or
1665:, or
1297:islet
1141:≥ 126
1138:≥ 7.0
1135:≥ 200
1119:42–46
1110:≥ 140
1107:≥ 7.8
1094:42–46
1038:mg/dL
1028:mg/dL
960:water
928:liver
924:cells
768:genes
474:obese
439:sugar
422:, or
334:sores
10284:JDRF
9949:MIDD
9894:MODY
9839:LADA
9671:See
9642:MODY
9606:and
9525:3661
9509:MeSH
9498:OMIM
9483:9-CM
9371:PMID
9353:ISSN
9287:PMID
9218:PMID
9177:PMID
9159:ISSN
9118:PMID
9100:ISSN
9059:PMID
9041:ISSN
8989:2022
8976:ISBN
8948:PMID
8899:PMID
8856:PMID
8821:PMID
8775:PMID
8734:PMID
8649:PMID
8600:PMID
8559:PMID
8510:PMID
8498:ISSN
8452:PMID
8394:PMID
8345:PMID
8304:PMID
8292:ISSN
8251:PMID
8202:PMID
8153:PMID
8112:PMID
8071:PMID
8049:2011
8022:PMID
7994:PMID
7972:2007
7942:PMID
7916:JAMA
7893:PMID
7875:ISSN
7836:PMID
7818:ISSN
7779:PMID
7767:ISSN
7715:PMID
7676:PMID
7625:PMID
7607:JAMA
7570:2021
7535:PMID
7527:ISSN
7488:PMID
7466:2014
7431:PMID
7390:PMID
7349:PMID
7292:PMID
7257:PMID
7216:PMID
7175:PMID
7153:2009
7126:PMID
7114:ISSN
7062:PMID
7025:2023
6994:2023
6953:PMID
6945:ISSN
6906:PMID
6863:PMID
6841:2009
6814:PMID
6765:PMID
6733:2022
6706:PMID
6657:PMID
6608:PMID
6567:PMID
6555:ISSN
6506:PMID
6471:PMID
6422:PMID
6381:PMID
6363:JAMA
6314:PMID
6278:PMID
6229:PMID
6180:PMID
6158:2018
6126:PMID
6104:2019
6064:PMID
6023:PMID
5964:PMID
5915:PMID
5855:PMID
5816:PMID
5765:PMID
5730:PMID
5686:PMID
5664:2017
5629:PMID
5594:PMID
5474:PMID
5425:PMID
5384:PMID
5376:ISSN
5358:JAMA
5326:OCLC
5316:ISBN
5287:ISBN
5255:ISBN
5232:PMID
5183:PMID
5171:ISSN
5119:PMID
5070:PMID
4990:PMID
4953:ISBN
4922:PMID
4863:PMID
4821:ISBN
4791:PMID
4750:PMID
4697:PMID
4653:PMID
4618:PMID
4569:PMID
4534:PMID
4485:PMID
4428:PMID
4393:OCLC
4383:ISBN
4314:PMID
4249:PMID
4205:PMID
4156:PMID
4119:link
4101:PMID
4052:PMID
4003:PMID
3954:PMID
3905:PMID
3848:PMID
3804:PMID
3755:PMID
3711:PMID
3664:PMID
3623:PMID
3574:PMID
3556:ISSN
3517:PMID
3453:PMID
3365:PMID
3330:PMID
3260:PMID
3225:PMID
3163:PMID
3128:OCLC
3118:ISBN
3074:OCLC
3064:ISBN
3034:PMID
2985:PMID
2928:PMID
2888:OCLC
2878:ISBN
2851:PMID
2794:PMID
2747:PMID
2728:PMID
2697:OCLC
2687:ISBN
2635:OCLC
2625:ISBN
2602:PMID
2548:ISBN
2482:PMID
2444:PMID
2382:PMID
2345:2016
2298:PMID
2268:PMID
2220:2016
2081:and
2065:and
1964:The
1819:and
1757:and
1636:Diet
1432:and
1418:NICE
1362:The
1327:The
1189:DCCT
1183:(HbA
1153:The
1144:≥ 48
1018:Unit
993:edit
958:and
956:salt
910:2024
760:and
728:and
720:and
696:and
652:and
601:and
593:and
562:and
452:and
445:).
441:and
433:and
394:and
375:and
9479:ICD
9473:E11
9464:ICD
9397:doi
9361:PMC
9345:doi
9277:PMC
9269:doi
9265:133
9208:doi
9167:PMC
9149:doi
9108:PMC
9090:doi
9049:PMC
9031:doi
8938:doi
8891:doi
8887:379
8848:doi
8844:123
8813:doi
8765:doi
8724:hdl
8714:doi
8675:doi
8639:PMC
8631:doi
8590:doi
8586:102
8549:PMC
8541:doi
8506:PMC
8488:doi
8442:PMC
8432:doi
8384:PMC
8376:doi
8335:doi
8331:174
8300:PMC
8282:doi
8241:PMC
8233:doi
8192:PMC
8184:doi
8180:352
8176:BMJ
8143:doi
8102:doi
8061:PMC
8053:doi
8018:125
7984:PMC
7976:doi
7932:PMC
7924:doi
7920:319
7883:PMC
7867:doi
7826:PMC
7810:doi
7806:175
7775:PMC
7757:doi
7707:doi
7666:PMC
7656:doi
7615:doi
7611:316
7582:PMC
7574:doi
7519:doi
7478:PMC
7470:doi
7421:doi
7380:doi
7376:113
7339:PMC
7331:doi
7284:doi
7247:doi
7206:doi
7165:PMC
7157:doi
7122:PMC
7104:doi
7052:doi
6937:doi
6898:doi
6853:PMC
6845:doi
6804:PMC
6796:doi
6755:PMC
6745:hdl
6737:doi
6696:PMC
6688:doi
6684:135
6647:PMC
6639:doi
6598:doi
6594:168
6563:PMC
6545:doi
6498:doi
6461:PMC
6453:doi
6449:343
6445:BMJ
6412:doi
6408:172
6371:doi
6367:313
6306:doi
6268:PMC
6260:doi
6219:PMC
6211:doi
6207:177
6170:PMC
6162:doi
6116:PMC
6108:doi
6054:doi
6050:393
6013:PMC
6003:doi
5954:PMC
5946:doi
5905:PMC
5897:doi
5893:341
5889:BMJ
5847:hdl
5839:doi
5806:PMC
5796:doi
5792:354
5788:BMJ
5757:doi
5720:doi
5716:159
5676:PMC
5668:doi
5621:doi
5584:PMC
5576:doi
5537:doi
5503:doi
5464:PMC
5456:doi
5415:doi
5411:162
5366:doi
5362:326
5283:201
5222:PMC
5214:doi
5179:PMC
5161:doi
5109:PMC
5101:doi
5060:PMC
5052:doi
4982:doi
4978:152
4912:PMC
4902:doi
4855:doi
4851:103
4781:doi
4740:PMC
4732:doi
4689:doi
4685:293
4645:doi
4608:doi
4561:doi
4557:114
4524:PMC
4516:doi
4475:PMC
4467:doi
4420:doi
4304:PMC
4296:doi
4284:536
4239:doi
4195:doi
4146:doi
4142:271
4091:PMC
4083:doi
4042:PMC
4034:doi
4030:380
3993:PMC
3985:doi
3981:344
3977:BMJ
3944:PMC
3936:doi
3895:PMC
3887:doi
3883:121
3838:doi
3794:PMC
3786:doi
3747:doi
3703:doi
3691:535
3654:doi
3650:140
3613:PMC
3605:doi
3564:PMC
3548:doi
3507:PMC
3499:doi
3445:doi
3441:124
3357:doi
3217:doi
3213:152
3155:doi
3024:PMC
3016:doi
2975:PMC
2967:doi
2920:doi
2874:317
2841:PMC
2833:doi
2786:hdl
2778:doi
2739:doi
2720:doi
2592:PMC
2584:doi
2580:388
2474:doi
2434:PMC
2424:doi
2374:doi
2370:164
2258:PMC
2250:doi
2042:or
2036:BCE
1859:or
1851:or
1765:or
1614:by
1402:or
1337:BMI
1227:HbA
1009:HbA
609:),
566:).
492:BCE
286:T2D
10352::
9896:)
9854:)
9558::
9547::
9523::
9512::
9501::
9490:,
9486::
9471::
9468:10
9403:.
9391:.
9369:.
9359:.
9351:.
9339:.
9335:.
9323:^
9307:.
9285:.
9275:.
9259:.
9247:^
9216:.
9204:27
9202:.
9198:.
9175:.
9165:.
9157:.
9145:13
9143:.
9139:.
9116:.
9106:.
9098:.
9086:24
9084:.
9080:.
9057:.
9047:.
9039:.
9027:12
9025:.
9021:.
8946:.
8934:39
8932:.
8928:.
8905:.
8897:.
8885:.
8862:.
8854:.
8842:.
8819:.
8809:15
8807:.
8795:^
8781:.
8773:.
8761:16
8759:.
8755:.
8732:.
8722:.
8710:13
8708:.
8704:.
8681:.
8669:.
8647:.
8637:.
8627:29
8625:.
8621:.
8598:.
8584:.
8580:.
8557:.
8547:.
8537:33
8535:.
8531:.
8504:.
8496:.
8484:47
8482:.
8478:.
8464:^
8450:.
8440:.
8428:13
8426:.
8422:.
8406:^
8392:.
8382:.
8372:14
8370:.
8366:.
8343:.
8329:.
8325:.
8298:.
8290:.
8278:47
8276:.
8272:.
8249:.
8239:.
8227:.
8223:.
8200:.
8190:.
8178:.
8174:.
8151:.
8139:14
8137:.
8133:.
8110:.
8098:14
8096:.
8092:.
8069:.
8059:.
8047:.
8043:.
8016:.
7992:.
7982:.
7970:.
7966:.
7940:.
7930:.
7918:.
7914:.
7891:.
7881:.
7873:.
7863:12
7861:.
7857:.
7834:.
7824:.
7816:.
7804:.
7800:.
7773:.
7765:.
7753:47
7751:.
7747:.
7735:^
7721:.
7713:.
7701:.
7697:.
7674:.
7664:.
7650:.
7646:.
7623:.
7609:.
7605:.
7580:.
7568:.
7564:.
7541:.
7533:.
7525:.
7515:13
7513:.
7509:.
7486:.
7476:.
7464:.
7460:.
7437:.
7429:.
7417:42
7415:.
7411:.
7388:.
7374:.
7370:.
7347:.
7337:.
7327:35
7325:.
7321:.
7298:.
7290:.
7280:19
7278:.
7255:.
7243:37
7237:.
7214:.
7202:31
7200:.
7196:.
7173:.
7163:.
7151:.
7147:.
7120:.
7112:.
7100:47
7098:.
7094:.
7082:^
7068:.
7060:.
7048:44
7046:.
7042:.
7013:.
7002:^
6984:.
6967:.
6959:.
6951:.
6943:.
6933:16
6931:.
6927:.
6904:.
6894:76
6892:.
6869:.
6861:.
6851:.
6839:.
6835:.
6812:.
6802:.
6792:59
6790:.
6786:.
6763:.
6753:.
6743:.
6731:.
6727:.
6704:.
6694:.
6682:.
6678:.
6655:.
6645:.
6635:36
6629:.
6606:.
6592:.
6588:.
6561:.
6553:.
6541:47
6539:.
6535:.
6512:.
6504:.
6494:26
6492:.
6469:.
6459:.
6447:.
6443:.
6420:.
6406:.
6402:.
6379:.
6365:.
6361:.
6320:.
6312:.
6302:32
6300:.
6276:.
6266:.
6256:99
6254:.
6250:.
6227:.
6217:.
6205:.
6201:.
6178:.
6168:.
6156:.
6152:.
6138:^
6124:.
6114:.
6102:.
6098:.
6084:^
6070:.
6062:.
6048:.
6044:.
6021:.
6011:.
6001:.
5989:.
5985:.
5962:.
5952:.
5942:32
5940:.
5936:.
5913:.
5903:.
5891:.
5887:.
5861:.
5853:.
5845:.
5814:.
5804:.
5790:.
5786:.
5763:.
5753:95
5751:.
5728:.
5714:.
5710:.
5698:^
5684:.
5674:.
5662:.
5658:.
5635:.
5627:.
5617:13
5615:.
5592:.
5582:.
5570:.
5566:.
5543:.
5531:.
5509:.
5497:.
5486:^
5472:.
5462:.
5450:.
5446:.
5423:.
5409:.
5405:.
5382:.
5374:.
5360:.
5356:.
5338:^
5324:.
5285:.
5230:.
5220:.
5210:35
5208:.
5204:.
5177:.
5169:.
5157:47
5155:.
5151:.
5131:^
5117:.
5107:.
5097:33
5095:.
5091:.
5068:.
5058:.
5048:32
5046:.
5042:.
5028:^
4988:.
4976:.
4920:.
4910:.
4898:14
4896:.
4892:.
4869:.
4861:.
4849:.
4835:^
4819:.
4817:15
4789:.
4777:16
4775:.
4771:.
4748:.
4738:.
4728:20
4726:.
4722:.
4695:.
4683:.
4659:.
4651:.
4641:17
4616:.
4604:34
4602:.
4598:.
4575:.
4567:.
4555:.
4532:.
4522:.
4512:33
4506:.
4483:.
4473:.
4463:26
4461:.
4457:.
4434:.
4426:.
4414:.
4391:.
4365:^
4334:.
4312:.
4302:.
4294:.
4282:.
4278:.
4255:.
4247:.
4235:41
4233:.
4229:.
4217:^
4203:.
4191:18
4189:.
4185:.
4162:.
4154:.
4140:.
4136:.
4115:}}
4111:{{
4099:.
4089:.
4079:33
4077:.
4073:.
4050:.
4040:.
4028:.
4024:.
4001:.
3991:.
3979:.
3975:.
3952:.
3942:.
3932:33
3930:.
3926:.
3903:.
3893:.
3881:.
3877:.
3854:.
3846:.
3834:78
3832:.
3828:.
3816:^
3802:.
3792:.
3780:.
3776:.
3753:.
3743:89
3741:.
3717:.
3709:.
3701:.
3689:.
3685:.
3662:.
3648:.
3644:.
3621:.
3611:.
3601:91
3599:.
3595:.
3572:.
3562:.
3554:.
3544:27
3542:.
3538:.
3515:.
3505:.
3495:48
3493:.
3489:.
3473:^
3459:.
3451:.
3439:.
3409:.
3385:.
3363:.
3353:36
3351:.
3326:79
3324:.
3296:^
3280:.
3254:.
3231:.
3223:.
3211:.
3183:^
3169:.
3161:.
3151:92
3149:.
3126:.
3086:^
3072:.
3058:.
3046:^
3032:.
3022:.
3012:35
3010:.
3006:.
2983:.
2973:.
2963:53
2961:.
2957:.
2934:.
2926:.
2916:12
2914:.
2900:^
2886:.
2876:.
2849:.
2839:.
2829:29
2827:.
2823:.
2800:.
2792:.
2784:.
2772:.
2768:.
2726:.
2695:.
2647:^
2633:.
2600:.
2590:.
2578:.
2574:.
2562:^
2502:^
2488:.
2480:.
2470:65
2468:.
2456:^
2442:.
2432:.
2418:.
2414:.
2402:^
2388:.
2380:.
2368:.
2353:^
2331:.
2310:^
2294:37
2292:.
2280:^
2266:.
2256:.
2246:37
2244:.
2240:.
2228:^
2206:.
2189:^
2150:.
2121:^
2071:CE
2029:c.
2013:.
1987:,
1983:,
1976:.
1796:,
1792:,
1788:,
1773:,
1677:,
1661:,
1657:,
1603:.
1592:1c
1588:1c
1584:1c
1571:,
1533:,
1521:,
1460:.
1428:,
1424:,
1411:1c
1390:,
1386:,
1355:;
1285:1c
1277:1c
1229:1c
1205:1c
1185:1c
1166:or
1011:1c
862:,
858:,
854:,
838:,
834:,
830:,
621:.
613:,
538:,
534:,
496:CE
485:c.
476:.
418:,
352:,
344:,
340:,
316:,
312:,
300:,
247:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
145:,
137:,
93:iː
84:aɪ
9915:6
9912:5
9909:4
9906:3
9903:2
9810:e
9803:t
9796:v
9660:6
9657:5
9654:4
9651:3
9648:2
9645:1
9595:e
9588:t
9581:v
9481:-
9466:-
9456:D
9411:.
9399::
9377:.
9347::
9341:8
9317:.
9293:.
9271::
9224:.
9210::
9183:.
9151::
9124:.
9092::
9065:.
9033::
8991:.
8954:.
8940::
8913:.
8893::
8870:.
8850::
8827:.
8815::
8789:.
8767::
8740:.
8726::
8716::
8689:.
8677::
8655:.
8633::
8606:.
8592::
8565:.
8543::
8516:.
8490::
8458:.
8434::
8400:.
8378::
8351:.
8337::
8310:.
8284::
8257:.
8235::
8229:9
8208:.
8186::
8159:.
8145::
8118:.
8104::
8077:.
8055::
8028:.
8000:.
7978::
7948:.
7926::
7899:.
7869::
7842:.
7812::
7785:.
7759::
7729:.
7709::
7703:9
7682:.
7658::
7652:9
7631:.
7617::
7590:.
7576::
7549:.
7521::
7494:.
7472::
7445:.
7423::
7396:.
7382::
7355:.
7333::
7306:.
7286::
7263:.
7249::
7222:.
7208::
7181:.
7159::
7132:.
7106::
7076:.
7054::
7027:.
6996:.
6939::
6912:.
6900::
6877:.
6847::
6820:.
6798::
6771:.
6747::
6739::
6712:.
6690::
6663:.
6641::
6614:.
6600::
6573:.
6547::
6520:.
6500::
6477:.
6455::
6428:.
6414::
6387:.
6373::
6328:.
6308::
6284:.
6262::
6235:.
6213::
6186:.
6164::
6132:.
6110::
6078:.
6056::
6029:.
6005::
5997::
5991:9
5970:.
5948::
5921:.
5899::
5869:.
5849::
5841::
5822:.
5798::
5771:.
5759::
5736:.
5722::
5692:.
5670::
5643:.
5623::
5600:.
5578::
5572:9
5551:.
5539::
5517:.
5505::
5480:.
5458::
5452:5
5431:.
5417::
5390:.
5368::
5332:.
5295:.
5263:.
5238:.
5216::
5189:.
5163::
5125:.
5103::
5076:.
5054::
5022:.
4996:.
4984::
4961:.
4928:.
4904::
4877:.
4857::
4829:.
4797:.
4783::
4756:.
4734::
4703:.
4691::
4667:.
4647::
4624:.
4610::
4583:.
4563::
4540:.
4518::
4491:.
4469::
4442:.
4422::
4416:4
4399:.
4349:.
4320:.
4298::
4290::
4263:.
4241::
4211:.
4197::
4170:.
4148::
4121:)
4107:.
4085::
4058:.
4036::
4009:.
3987::
3960:.
3938::
3911:.
3889::
3862:.
3840::
3810:.
3788::
3782:3
3761:.
3749::
3725:.
3705::
3697::
3670:.
3656::
3629:.
3607::
3580:.
3550::
3523:.
3501::
3467:.
3447::
3424:.
3395:.
3371:.
3359::
3336:.
3290:.
3266:.
3239:.
3219::
3177:.
3157::
3134:.
3080:.
3040:.
3018::
2991:.
2969::
2942:.
2922::
2894:.
2857:.
2835::
2808:.
2788::
2780::
2774:1
2753:)
2741::
2734:.
2722::
2703:.
2641:.
2608:.
2586::
2556:.
2496:.
2476::
2450:.
2426::
2420:3
2396:.
2376::
2347:.
2304:.
2274:.
2252::
2222:.
2165:.
284:(
105:/
102:s
99:ə
96:t
90:b
87:ə
81:d
78:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
