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124:, such as positive social networks or high self-esteem, can counteract the effects of stressors and prevent or curb the effects of the disorder. Many psychological disorders have a window of vulnerability, during which time an individual is more likely to develop a disorder than others. Diathesis–stress models are often conceptualized as multi-causal developmental models, which propose that multiple risk factors over the course of development interact with stressors and protective factors contributing to normal development or psychopathology. The
114:, the diathesis-stress model can help explain why Person A may become depressed while Person B does not, even when exposed to the same stressors. More recently, the diathesis-stress model has been used to explain why some individuals are more at risk for developing a disorder than others. For example, children who have a family history of depression are generally more vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder themselves. A child who has a family history of depression and who has been exposed to a particular stressor, such as
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397:, may engender strong social support, which may later serve as a protective factor when experiencing stressors or losses that may delay or prevent the development of depression. Conversely, an individual who finds it difficult to develop and maintain supportive relationships may be more vulnerable to developing depression following a job loss because they do not have protective social support. An individual's threshold is determined by the interaction of diatheses and stress.
432:, which extends the model to include a vulnerability to positive environments as well as negative environments or stress. A person could have a biological vulnerability that, when combined with a stressor, could lead to psychopathology (diathesis–stress model); but that same person with a biological vulnerability, if exposed to a particularly positive environment, could have better outcomes than a person without the vulnerability.
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factors associated with parental depression that increase their vulnerability to developing depression as well. Protective factors, such as a strong peer network, involvement in extracurricular activities, and a positive relationship with the non-depressed parent, interact with the child's vulnerabilities in determining the progression to psychopathology versus normative development.
372:, while not an inherent component of the diathesis–stress model, are of importance when considering the interaction of diatheses and stress. Protective factors can mitigate or provide a buffer against the effects of major stressors by providing an individual with developmentally adaptive outlets to deal with stress. Examples of protective factors include a positive parent-child
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understand this, theorists and researchers explored other factors that affected the development of a disorder and proposed that some individuals under stress develop a disorder and others do not. As such, some individuals are more vulnerable than others to developing a disorder once the stress has been introduced. This led to the formulation of the diathesis-stress model.
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heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative". SPS captures sensitivity to the environment in a heritable, evolutionary-conserved trait associated with increased information processing in the brain, moderating sensitivity to environments in a for-better-and-for-worse fashion. Interaction with negative experiences increases the risk for
180:-related factors. Some examples of diatheses include genetic factors, such as abnormalities in some genes or variations in multiple genes that interact to increase vulnerability. Other diatheses include early life experiences such as the loss of a parent or high neuroticism. Diatheses can also be conceptualized as situational factors, such as low
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It has been long recognized that psychological stress plays a significant role in understanding how psychopathology develops in individuals. However, psychologists have also identified that not all individuals who are stressed, or go through stressful life events, develop a psychological disorder. To
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if certain stress is encountered. Diatheses are considered inherent within the individual and are typically conceptualized as being stable, but not unchangeable, over the lifespan. They are also often considered latent (i.e., dormant) because they are harder to recognize unless provoked by stressors.
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generally suggest that all people have some level of vulnerability towards certain mental disorders but posit a large range of individual differences in the point at which a person will develop a certain disorder. For example, an individual with personality traits that tend to promote relationships,
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There is evidence that "children exposed to prenatal stress may experience resilience driven by epigenome-wide interactions". Early life stress interactions with the epigenome show potential mechanisms driving vulnerability towards psychiatric illness. Ancestral stress alters lifetime mental health
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Stress can be conceptualized as a life event that disrupts the equilibrium of a person's life. For instance, a person may be vulnerable to becoming depressed but will not develop depression unless he or she is exposed to a specific stress, which may trigger a depressive disorder. Stressors can take
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over the course of development interact with stressors and protective factors contributing to normal development or psychopathology. For example, a child with a family history of depression likely has a genetic vulnerability to depressive disorder. This child has also been exposed to environmental
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Windows of vulnerability for developing specific psychopathologies are believed to exist at different points of the lifespan. Moreover, different diatheses and stressors are implicated in different disorders. For example, breakups and other severe or traumatic life stressors are implicated in the
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processing of physical, social and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which are driven by
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Sinibaldi, Lorenzo; Ursini, Gianluca; Castori, Marco (March 2015). "Psychopathological manifestations of joint hypermobility and joint hypermobility syndrome/ Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type: The link between connective tissue and psychological distress revised".
118:, would be more likely to develop depression than a child with a family history of depression that has an otherwise positive social network of peers. The diathesis-stress model has also served as useful in explaining other poor (but non-clinical) developmental outcomes.
896:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants"
58:
term (διάθεσις) for a predisposition or sensibility. A diathesis can take the form of genetic, psychological, biological, or situational factors. A large range of differences exists among individuals' vulnerabilities to the development of a disorder.
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Doleschall, Márton; Szabó, Julianna Anna; Pázmándi, Júlia; Szilágyi, Ágnes; Koncz, Klára; Farkas, Henriette; Tóth, Miklós; Igaz, Péter; Gláz, Edit; Prohászka, Zoltán; Korbonits, Márta; Rácz, Károly; Füst, George; Patócs, Attila (11 September 2014).
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or ongoing marital problems. Stresses can also be related to more daily hassles, such as school assignment deadlines. This also parallels the popular (and engineering) usage of stress, but note that some literature defines stress as the
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response. Stress is a life event or series of events that disrupt a person's psychological equilibrium and may catalyze the development of a disorder. Thus the diathesis-stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits
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Greven, Corina U.; Lionetti, Francesca; Booth, Charlotte; Aron, Elaine N.; Fox, Elaine; Schendan, Haline E.; Pluess, Michael; Bruining, Hilgo; Acevedo, Bianca; Bijttebier, Patricia; Homberg, Judith (1 March 2019).
75:) to produce disorders such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia. The diathesis-stress model asserts that if the combination of the predisposition and the stress exceeds a threshold, the person will develop a
226:
activator. Mast cells are long-lived tissue-resident cells with an important role in many inflammatory settings, including host defense against parasitic infection and in allergic reactions.
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Jeronimus, B. F.; Ormel, J.; Aleman, A.; Penninx, B. W. J. H.; Riese, H. (15 February 2013). "Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism".
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have a predisposition to stress due to the unique nature of this gene. True rates of prevalence are not known, but common genetic variants of the human
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Gene (
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Booth, Charlotte; Standage, Helen; Fox, Elaine (1 Dec 2015), "Sensory-processing sensitivity moderates the association between childhood experiences and adult life satisfaction",
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Serpeloni, Fernanda; Radtke, Karl M.; Hecker, Tobias; Sill, Johanna; Vukojevic, Vanja; Assis, Simone G. de; Schauer, Maggie; Elbert, Thomas; Nätt, Daniel (16 April 2019).
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in medicine and in the specialty of psychiatry dates back to the 1800s. However, the diathesis-stress model was not introduced and used to describe the development of
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Kyritsi, E. M.; Koltsida, G.; Farakla, I.; Papanikolaou, A.; Critselis, E.; Mantzou, E.; Zoumakis, E.; Kolaitis, G.; Chrousos, G. P.; Charmandari, E. (12 May 2017).
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throughout the lifespan. Diathesis-stress models can also assist in determining who will develop a disorder and who will not. For example, in the context of
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Gazelle, Heidi; Ladd, Gary W. (February 2003). "Anxious
Solitude and Peer Exclusion: A Diathesis-Stress Model of Internalizing Trajectories in Childhood".
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Monroe, Scott M.; Simons, Anne D. (1991). "Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders".
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Concolino, Paola (17 July 2019). "Issues with the
Detection of Large Genomic Rearrangements in Molecular Diagnosis of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency".
256:, JHS/EDS-HT). Interestingly, in addition to the confirmation of a tight link between anxiety and gJHM, preliminary connections with depression,
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405:, and stressful events can then prevent recovery and trigger relapse. Having a genetic disposition for becoming addicted and later engaging in
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A cup analogy demonstrating under the same amount of stressors, person 2 is more vulnerable than person 1, because of their predisposition
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763:
1336:"Common Genetic Variants of the Human Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP21A2) Are Related to Differences in Circulating Hormone Levels"
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1525:"Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda"
102:, specifically for studying the development of psychopathology. It is useful for the purposes of understanding the interplay of
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Psychological distress significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. It is a known feature of generalized
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17:
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Ambeskovic, Mirela; Babenko, Olena; Ilnytskyy, Yaroslav; Kovalchuk, Igor; Kolb, Bryan; Metz, Gerlinde A. S. (23 April 2019).
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1145:"Early life stress interactions with the epigenome: potential mechanisms driving vulnerability towards psychiatric illness"
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Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael (2009). "Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences".
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1251:"Psychological vulnerability to stress in carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency"
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Ingram, R. E. & Luxton, D. D. (2005). "Vulnerability-Stress Models." In B.L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.),
1194:"Ancestral Stress Alters Lifetime Mental Health Trajectories and Cortical Neuromorphology via Epigenetic Regulation"
1094:"Does Prenatal Stress Shape Postnatal Resilience? – An Epigenome-Wide Study on Violence and Mental Health in Humans"
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Diathesis-stress models are often conceptualized as multi-causal developmental models, which propose that multiple
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combined with the stressor of being raised in a dysfunctional family raises the risk of developing schizophrenia.
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1439:"Making sense of it all: The impact of sensory processing sensitivity on daily functioning of children"
291:, whereas interaction with positive experiences (including interventions) increases positive outcomes.
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Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006a). "Emotions and mental health in adulthood."
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that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a
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Oatley, K., Keltner, D. & Jenkins, J. M. (2006b). "Emotions and mental health in childhood."
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54:, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences. The term diathesis derives from the
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makes it more or less likely that an individual will succumb to the development of
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Equipped with more resource, the effect from different life stressors is buffered.
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development of depression. Stressful events can also trigger the manic phase of
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768:. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov"
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Ormel J.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Kotov, M.; Riese, H.; Bos, E.H.; Hankin, B. (2013).
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Masten, Ann S. (2001). "Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development".
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241:) are related to differences in circulating hormone levels in the population.
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The diathesis, or predisposition, interacts with the individual's subsequent
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Preventing child maltreatment and promoting well-being: A network for action
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609:"From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks"
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American
Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
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Some theories have branched from the diathesis-stress model, such as the
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to stressors, especially where usage in biology influences neuroscience.
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248:(gJHM), as well as of its most common syndromic presentation, namely
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is a recent theory that has stemmed from the diathesis–stress model.
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Jeronimus, B. F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J. (15 August 2016).
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690:(6th ed.) (pp. 468-495). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
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Meehl, P. E. (1962). "Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia".
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in the family, or can be more chronic factors such as having a
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Cummings, M. E., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (2000).
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710:(2nd ed.) (pp. 353-383). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
575:(2nd ed.) (pp. 321-351). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
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Baldwin, AL (2006). "Mast cell activation by stress".
501:(pp. 32-46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
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The diathesis-stress model is used in many fields of
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Lewis, Candace Renee; Olive, Michael Foster (2014).
989:(4th ed.) (pp. 350-373). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
1079:"Mast Cells | British Society for Immunology"
764:"Administration for Children and Families (2012).
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683:Sigelman, C. K. & Rider, E. A. (2009).
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800:Barlow, D. H. & Durand, V. M. (2009).
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252:, hypermobility type (also known as
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160:Diatheses are understood to include
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87:until it was applied to explaining
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688:Life-span human development
613:Annual Review of Psychology
586:"Resources and Information"
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520:Clinical Psychology Review
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44:vulnerability–stress model
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106:in the susceptibility to
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1111:10.3389/fgene.2019.00269
590:www.preventionaction.org
268:(OCPD) were also found.
222:Stress is known to be a
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467:Human behavior genetics
380:Throughout the lifespan
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1004:Psychological Bulletin
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861:Psychological Bulletin
707:Understanding Emotions
572:Understanding emotions
457:Genetic predisposition
413:. A family history of
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79:. The use of the term
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48:psychological theory
42:, also known as the
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986:Abnormal Psychology
365:Coping (psychology)
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1535:: 287–305.
1204:(1): 6389.
619:(1): 1–22.
274:(SPS) is a
178:personality
1608:Categories
1039:Mast Cells
784:2012-10-31
473:References
411:alcoholism
363:See also:
166:biological
112:depression
100:psychology
93:Paul Meehl
1486:: 24–29,
1449:: 80–86.
1320:197543506
316:Threshold
284:cognitive
224:mast cell
174:cognitive
132:Diathesis
81:diathesis
73:stressors
69:diatheses
1561:30639671
1510:26688599
1416:25821094
1380:25210767
1340:PLOS ONE
1312:31317337
1277:28500827
1255:Hormones
1236:31011159
1179:25003947
1130:31040859
1065:16110169
971:43717734
963:23410535
928:23548727
920:27523506
881:19883141
841:11315249
745:12625449
550:23702592
436:See also
389:such as
336:Resource
260:(ADHD),
218:Genetics
208:response
77:disorder
1501:4681093
1424:8543532
1371:4161435
1348:Bibcode
1227:6476877
1206:Bibcode
1170:4119485
1121:6477038
1104:: 269.
1024:1758917
635:8434890
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331:Outcome
321:Symptom
239:CYP21A2
195:divorce
162:genetic
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778:(PDF)
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199:death
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