73:
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impact on global agriculture from the volcanic haze layer. However upon investigation, the reduction in the rate at which carbon dioxide filled the atmosphere did not match up with the hypothesis that plant respiration rates had declined. Instead the advantageous anomaly was relatively firmly linked
148:
Proceeding from analyses of the aftermath of the eruption of the
Philippines volcano Mount Pinatubo (in June 1991) and other studies: Diffused skylight, owing to its intrinsic structure and behavior, can illuminate under-canopy leaves, permitting more efficient total whole-plant photosynthesis than
1126:
leaves, limiting plant photosynthesis to the top canopy layer. This increase in global agriculture from the volcanic haze layer also naturally results as a product of other aerosols that are not emitted by volcanoes, such, "moderately thick smoke loading" pollution, as the same mechanism, the
1015:
falls out of the atmosphere rapidly, the negative agricultural, effects of the eruption were largely immediate and localized to a relatively small area in close proximity to the eruption, caused by the resulting thick ash cover. Globally however, despite a several-month 5% drop in overall
254:
such that much of the blue or green light is scattered away from the line of perceivable visible light. This phenomenon leaves the Sun's rays, and the clouds they illuminate, abundantly orange-to-red in colors, which one sees when looking at a sunset or sunrise.
179:
light more efficiently than that of longer wavelengths. Because its wavelengths are shorter, blue light is more strongly scattered than the longer-wavelength lights, red or green. Hence, the result that when looking at the sky away from the direct incident
545:
149:
would otherwise be the case; this in stark contrast to the effect of totally clear skies with direct sunlight that casts shadows onto understory leaves and thereby limits plant photosynthesis to the top canopy layer,
1084:
effect of global photosynthesis. The mechanism by which the increase in plant growth was possible, was that the 30% reduction of direct sunlight can also be expressed as an increase or "enhancement" in the amount of
218:
occurs. (In this case, the scattering coefficient varies inversely with the fourth power of the wavelength. At larger ratios scattering varies in a more complex fashion, as described for spherical particles by the
1121:
than would otherwise be the case, and also increasing evaporative cooling, from vegetated surfaces. In stark contrast, for totally clear skies and the direct sunlight that results from it, shadows are cast onto
490:
927:
1562:"Cooling Following Large Volcanic Eruptions Corrected for the Effect of Diffuse Radiation on Tree Rings. Alan Robock, 2005. See Figure 1 for a graphic of the recorded change in solar iiradiation"
845:
1738:
334:
sky, so all light is then diffuse sky radiation. The flux of light is not very wavelength-dependent because the cloud droplets are larger than the light's wavelength and
123:
is removed from the direct solar beam by scattering into the atmosphere; of this amount (of incident radiation) about two-thirds ultimately reaches the earth as
741:{\displaystyle R_{b}={\frac {\sin(\delta )\sin(\phi -\beta )+\cos(\delta )\cos(h)\cos(\phi -\beta )}{\sin(\delta )\sin(\phi )+\cos(\delta )\cos(h)\cos(\phi )}}}
1681:"Cooling Following Large Volcanic Eruptions Corrected for the Effect of Diffuse Radiation on Tree Rings. Alan Robock, 2005. See Figure 2 for a record of this"
1067:". This led numerous scientists to assume that the reduction was due to the lowering of Earth's temperature, and with that, a, slowdown in plant and soil
1281:
Young, Donald; Smith, William (1983). "Effect of
Cloudcover on Photosynthesis and Transpiration in the Subalpine Understory Species Arnica Latifolia".
68:
helps maintain blue color in the evening sky. At sunrise or sunset, tangentially incident solar rays illuminate clouds with orange to red hues.
1536:
1739:"Response of a Deciduous Forest to the Mount Pinatubo Eruption: Enhanced Photosynthesis. Gu et al., 28 March 2003 Journal of Science Vol 299"
1020:, and a reduction in direct sunlight by 30%, there was no negative impact on global agriculture. Surprisingly, a 3-4 year increase in global
80:. The blue sky spectrum contains light at all visible wavelengths with a broad maximum around 450–485 nm, the wavelengths of the color blue.
1987:
1255:
1599:
184:, the human eye perceives the sky to be blue. The color perceived is similar to that presented by a monochromatic blue (at wavelength
1812:"Cooling Following LargeVolcanic Eruptions Corrected for the Effect of Diffuse Radiation on Tree Rings. Alan Robock, 2005. Figure 1"
380:
2021:
1749:
1915:
Direct observations of the effects of aerosol loading on net ecosystem CO2 exchanges over different landscapes. Niyogi et al.
1011:
which persisted for years. This resulted in the global average temperature dropping by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F). Since
863:
1953:
1447:
1422:
1226:
1665:
Evaluating aerosol direct radiative effects on global terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics from 2003 to 2010. Chen et al.,
1463:
960:
taken on August 8, 1991, which captures the double layer of
Pinatubo aerosol clouds (dark streaks) above lower cloud tops.
76:
The visible spectrum, approximately 380 to 740 nanometers (nm), shows the atmospheric water absorption band and the solar
790:
142:, meaning that a photon of light can be deviated from its path without being absorbed and without changing wavelength.
1711:
L., Gu; D., Baldocchi (December 1, 2001). "Roles of volcanic eruptions, aerosols and clouds in global carbon cycle".
1895:
Impact of atmospheric aerosol light scattering and absorption on terrestrial net primary productivity, Cohan et al.
214:
in the atmosphere) to the wavelength of the incident radiation. When this ratio is less than about one-tenth,
339:
1613:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
145:
Under an overcast sky, there is no direct sunlight, and all light results from diffused skylight radiation.
1611:
Self, S. (August 15, 2006). "The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions".
1974:
1021:
192:
1383:
239:
41:
20:
1486:
1256:"Large Volcanic Eruptions Help Plants Absorb More Carbon Dioxide From the Atmosphere : News"
1137:
1811:
1680:
1561:
1342:
1984:
1979:
1774:
1218:
1077:
1259:
195:
blue light. The explanation of blue color by
Rayleigh in 1871 is a famous example of applying
1412:
1068:
108:
33:
1852:
1720:
1620:
1357:
1290:
247:
196:
1798:
8:
2016:
1163:
299:
262:, in broad daylight, the sky is blue due to Rayleigh scattering, which also involves the
251:
215:
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of sunlight radiation by the atmosphere. Scattering varies as a function of the ratio of
172:
131:
61:
53:
1856:
1724:
1624:
1361:
1294:
1969:
1878:
1644:
1306:
1211:
1168:
1142:
1086:
975:
in June 1991 ejected roughly 10 km (2.4 cu mi) of magma and "17,000,000
139:
1669:
2014; 66, 21808, Published by the international meteorological institute in
Stockholm.
65:
1949:
1882:
1870:
1636:
1443:
1418:
1222:
1173:
1063:) was filling the atmosphere was observed, which is charted in what is known as the "
1017:
996:
756:
1648:
1920:
1900:
1860:
1628:
1600:
LARGE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS HELP PLANTS ABSORB MORE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
1365:
1298:
1114:
1000:
224:
124:
77:
1055:
The means of discovery was that initially, a mysterious drop in the rate at which
1991:
1004:
88:
1942:
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2011:
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1056:
984:
972:
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28:
2000:
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957:
343:
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This diffused skylight, owing to its intrinsic nature, can illuminate under-
2006:
1640:
1632:
1012:
937:
243:
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104:
1511:
1324:
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1904:
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1840:
1123:
1081:
1072:
965:
203:
45:
1841:"Strong Local Evaporative Cooling Over Land Due to Atmospheric Aerosols"
1183:
1384:"Craig F. Bohren, "Atmospheric Optics", Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, page 56"
1310:
1147:
1106:
976:
772:
176:
96:
72:
1369:
1343:"Human color vision and the unsaturated blue color of the daytime sky"
1178:
948:
319:
187:
1331:. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. retrieved November 16, 2007.
1302:
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1109:
conditions, that permits photosynthesis on leaves under the canopy.
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331:
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The dominant radiative scattering processes in the atmosphere are
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of direct sunlight under the extreme of thickest storm clouds.
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485:{\displaystyle H_{t}=H_{b}R_{b}+H_{d}R_{d}+(H_{b}+H_{d})R_{r}}
303:
92:
238:, most of the solar beam of visible sunlight arrives nearly
161:
115:, the determinative process for changing the colors of the
1031:
119:. Approximately 23% of direct incident radiation of total
1097:
1080:, of global plant life, resulting in the increase of the
116:
44:
light. Scattering and absorption are major causes of the
1839:
Chakraborty, TC; Lee, Xuhui; Lawrence, David M. (2021).
922:{\displaystyle R_{r}={\frac {\rho (1-\cos(\beta ))}{2}}}
56:, while around sunrise or sunset, and especially during
1799:
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalGarden/
1838:
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of direct sunlight for relatively thin clouds down to
48:
of sunlight radiation by the atmosphere. During broad
1706:
1704:
866:
793:
548:
383:
1410:
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into the air, introducing ten times as much total SO
338:
approximately equally. The light passes through the
1117:leaves permitting more efficient total whole-plant
374:One of the equations for total solar radiation is:
1941:
1701:
1210:
1127:"aerosol direct radiative effect" is behind both.
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839:
740:
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202:Scattering and absorption are major causes of the
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1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
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840:{\displaystyle R_{d}={\frac {1+\cos(\beta )}{2}}}
330:There is essentially no direct sunlight under an
150:
1998:
1440:The Gulf War Aftermath: An Environmental Tragedy
1438:John C McCain; Muhammad Sadiq; M Sadiq (1993).
1092:
369:
1340:
1235:
19:"Red sky" redirects here. For other uses, see
1970:Dr. C. V. Raman lecture: Why is the sky blue?
1845:Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
1660:
1658:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
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1585:
523:is the tilt factor for diffuse radiation and
1464:"Mt. Pinatubo's cloud shades global climate"
1208:
1024:and forestry growth was observed, excepting
944:Agriculture and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
530:is the tilt factor for reflected radiation.
16:Solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
1985:Atmospheric Optics (.pdf), Dr. Craig Bohren
1456:
1076:to an unprecedented increase in the growth/
318:) significantly contributes to maintaining
1655:
1582:
1280:
1864:
1035:Under more-or-less direct sunlight, dark
1414:Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Systems
1096:
1051:, very little direct sunlight can enter.
1030:
947:
325:
165:A clear daytime sky, looking toward the
160:
71:
36:, the dominant scattering efficiency of
27:
1411:Mukherjee, D.; Chakrabarti, S. (2004).
509:is the tilt factor for beam radiation,
230:Daily at any global venue experiencing
1999:
346:. The intensity ranges (roughly) from
191:) mixed with white light, that is, an
1939:
1801:Global Garden gets greener. NASA 2003
1417:. New Age International. p. 22.
516:is the diffuse radiation irradiance,
1710:
1610:
1537:"Mt. pinatubo (LK): Biosphere - ESS"
767:is an angle from the horizontal and
294:. Near sunset and especially during
1484:
1003:event of June 15, 1991, creating a
13:
1933:
1919:Volume 31, Issue 20, October 2004
1213:Biology: Concepts and Applications
1101:Well lit understorey areas due to
502:is the beam radiation irradiance,
14:
2033:
1963:
227:begin to apply at higher ratios.
1980:Blue Sky and Rayleigh Scattering
1258:. March 16, 2010. Archived from
199:to solving problems in physics.
1909:
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1832:
1804:
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1767:
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1673:
1604:
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1504:
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1217:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p.
956:) photograph of the Earth over
1487:"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory"
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1404:
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1334:
1317:
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1202:
1039:that limit photosynthesis are
999:, mostly during the explosive
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342:clouds in a manner similar to
258:For the example of the Sun at
242:to Earth's surface. Here, the
99:from the direct solar beam by
1:
2022:Atmospheric optical phenomena
1195:
95:'s surface after having been
1917:Geophysical Research Letters
1897:GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
1341:Glenn S. Smith (July 2005).
1093:The diffused skylight effect
370:As a part of total radiation
7:
1899:2002 VOL. 16, NO. 4, 1090,
1350:American Journal of Physics
1130:
10:
2038:
1713:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1485:Program, Volcano Hazards.
18:
1990:December 6, 2013, at the
1022:Agricultural productivity
952:A Space Shuttle (Mission
52:, the sky is blue due to
1442:. Springer. p. 60.
1105:clouds creating diffuse/
156:
21:Red Sky (disambiguation)
1329:Encyclopædia Britannica
1138:Atmospheric diffraction
1005:global stratospheric SO
1633:10.1098/rsta.2006.1814
1110:
1078:net primary production
1052:
961:
923:
841:
742:
486:
248:through the atmosphere
169:
81:
69:
1940:Pesic, Peter (2005).
1209:Starr, Cecie (2006).
1100:
1034:
1001:Plinian/Ultra-Plinian
951:
924:
842:
743:
487:
326:Under an overcast sky
164:
85:Diffuse sky radiation
75:
31:
1975:Why is the sky blue?
1925:10.1029/2004GL020915
1905:10.1029/2001GB001441
1866:10.1029/2021ms002491
964:The eruption of the
864:
791:
546:
381:
322:in the evening sky.
197:dimensional analysis
127:skylight radiation.
111:. It is also called
1857:2021JAMES..1302491C
1725:2001AGUFM.B51A0194G
1625:2006RSPTA.364.2073S
1619:(1845): 2073–2097.
1362:2005AmJPh..73..590S
1325:Rayleigh scattering
1295:1983Ecol...64..681Y
1164:Rayleigh scattering
216:Rayleigh scattering
132:Rayleigh scattering
54:Rayleigh scattering
1779:www.co2science.org
1169:Rayleigh sky model
1143:Aerial perspective
1111:
1053:
997:1991 Kuwaiti fires
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919:
837:
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482:
336:scatter all colors
208:particle diameters
173:Earth's atmosphere
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82:
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64:of irradiation by
34:Earth's atmosphere
1955:978-0-262-16234-0
1948:. The MIT Press.
1449:978-0-792-32278-8
1424:978-81-224-1540-7
1370:10.1119/1.1858479
1262:on March 16, 2010
1228:978-0-534-46226-0
1174:Sunshine duration
1043:onto understorey
1018:solar irradiation
917:
835:
763:is the latitude,
757:solar declination
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1775:"CO2 Science"
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1065:Keeling Curve
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1260:the original
1212:
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1013:volcanic ash
963:
938:reflectivity
933:
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246:of sunlight
240:tangentially
229:
212:particulates
201:
171:
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105:particulates
84:
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42:red or green
25:
1819:rutgers.edu
1746:utoledo.edu
1688:rutgers.edu
1569:rutgers.edu
1124:understorey
1082:carbon sink
1073:deleterious
1069:respiration
977:metric tons
966:Philippines
340:translucent
204:attenuation
193:unsaturated
151:(see below)
138:; they are
46:attenuation
2017:Visibility
2001:Categories
1196:References
1157:Nighttime
1148:Cyanometer
1089:sunlight.
1009:haze layer
773:hour angle
320:blue color
300:absorption
221:Mie theory
177:wavelength
109:atmosphere
62:absorption
38:blue light
1883:236541532
1875:1942-2466
1512:"Mercado"
981:teragrams
905:β
899:
893:−
884:ρ
826:β
820:
730:ϕ
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700:δ
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682:ϕ
676:
667:δ
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647:−
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614:δ
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596:β
593:−
590:ϕ
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575:δ
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252:elongated
101:molecules
97:scattered
1988:Archived
1824:April 4,
1784:April 4,
1759:April 4,
1693:April 4,
1667:Tellus B
1649:28228518
1641:16844649
1574:April 4,
1546:April 4,
1521:April 4,
1496:April 4,
1470:March 7,
1396:April 4,
1266:April 4,
1153:Daylight
1131:See also
1103:overcast
1028:regions.
332:overcast
296:twilight
264:diatomic
186:474–476
182:sunlight
121:sunlight
58:twilight
50:daylight
1853:Bibcode
1721:Bibcode
1621:Bibcode
1358:Bibcode
1311:1937189
1291:Bibcode
1283:Ecology
1159:airglow
1087:diffuse
1049:thicket
1037:shadows
995:as the
969:volcano
936:is the
755:is the
361:⁄
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140:elastic
107:in the
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1115:canopy
1045:leaves
954:STS-43
932:where
751:where
495:where
266:gases
260:zenith
236:sunset
167:zenith
2012:Light
1879:S2CID
1851:(5).
1815:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
1565:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
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1307:JSTOR
983:) of
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304:ozone
157:Color
93:Earth
66:ozone
1950:ISBN
1871:ISSN
1826:2018
1786:2018
1761:2018
1717:2001
1695:2018
1637:PMID
1576:2018
1548:2018
1523:2018
1498:2018
1472:2010
1444:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1398:2018
1268:2018
1223:ISBN
1041:cast
857:by:
850:and
363:1000
280:and
244:path
210:(of
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