278:" was originally coined to describe the rigid and finely dispersed constituent that emerges in steels subjected to rapid cooling. Subsequent investigations revealed that materials beyond ferrous alloys, such as non-ferrous alloys and ceramics, can also undergo diffusionless transformations. Consequently, the term "martensite" has evolved to encompass the resultant product arising from such transformations in a more inclusive manner. In the context of diffusionless transformations, a cooperative and homogeneous movement occurs, leading to a modification in the crystal structure during a
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that do not hinge on the diffusion of atoms across extensive distances. Rather, these transformations manifest as a result of synchronized shifts in atomic positions, wherein atoms undergo displacements of distances smaller than the spacing between adjacent atoms, all while preserving their relative
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A subclassification of lattice-distortive displacements can be made by considering the dilutional and shear components of the distortion. In transformations dominated by the shear component, it is possible to find a line in the new phase that is undistorted from the parent phase while all lines are
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The phenomenon in which atoms or groups of atoms coordinate to displace their neighboring counterparts resulting in structural modification is known as a displacive transformation. The scope of displacive transformations is extensive, encompassing a diverse array of structural changes. As a result,
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In addition to displacive transformation and diffusive transformation, a new type of phase transformation that involves a displacive sublattice transition and atomic diffusion was discovered using a high-pressure X-ray diffraction system. The new transformation mechanism has been christened pseudo
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steels is subtle in nature. Austenite exhibits a face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cell, whereas the transformation to martensite entails a distortion of this cube into a body-centered tetragonal shape (BCT). This transformation occurs due to a displacive process, where interstitial carbon atoms lack
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typically give rise to the formation of an interface delineating the transformed and parent materials. The energy requisite for establishing this new interface is contingent upon its characteristics, specifically how well the two structures interlock. An additional energy consideration arises when
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and strain energy terms significantly influences the kinetics of the transformation and the morphology of the resulting phase. Notably, in shuffle transformations characterized by minimal distortions, interfacial energies tend to predominate, distinguishing them from lattice-distortive
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Shuffles, aptly named, refer to the minute displacement of atoms within the unit cell. Notably, pure shuffles typically do not induce a modification in the shape of the unit cell; instead, they predominantly impact its symmetry and overall structural configuration.
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of the atoms in the lattice and hence whether the strain energies have a notable influence on the kinetics of the transformation and the morphology of the resulting phase. If the strain energy is a significant factor, then the transformations are dubbed
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the time to diffuse out. Consequently, the unit cell undergoes a slight elongation in one dimension and contraction in the other two. Despite differences in the symmetry of the crystal structures, the chemical bonding between them remains similar.
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distorted when the dilation is predominant. Shear-dominated transformations can be further classified according to the magnitude of the strain energies involved compared to the innate
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The iron-carbon martensitic transformation generates an increase in hardness. The martensitic phase of the steel is supersaturated in carbon and thus undergoes
717:"Observation of Cation Reordering during the Olivine-Spinel Transition in Fayalite by In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction at High Pressure and Temperature"
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represents the most economically significant example of this category of phase transformations. However, an increasing number of alternatives, such as
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arrangement. An example of such a phenomenon is the martensitic transformation, a notable occurrence observed in the context of steel materials.
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transformation, which is probably the most studied but is only one subset of non-diffusional transformations. The martensitic transformation in
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the transformation involves a change in shape. In such instances, if the new phase is constrained by the surrounding material,
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steels, defects prevent atoms from sliding past one another in an organized fashion, causing the material to become harder.
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This is homogeneous, as straight lines are transformed into new straight lines. Examples of such transformations include a
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additional classifications have been devised to provide a more nuanced understanding of these transformations.
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Chen, Jiuhua; Weidner, Donald J.; Parise, John B.; Vaughan, Michael T.; Raterron, Paul (2001-04-30).
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Homogeneous lattice-distortive strains, also known as Bain strains, transform one
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The systematic movement of large numbers of atoms led some to refer to them as
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D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling, Phase transformations in metals and alloys,
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685:. Pergamon materials series. Amsterdam ; Oxford: Elsevier/Pergamon.
593:. International Conference on Martensitic Transformations. pp. 1–11.
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Basics of
Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics
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The first distinction can be drawn between transformations dominated by
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transformations where the impact of strain energy is more pronounced.
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Duhamel, C.; Venkataraman, S.; Scudino, S.; Eckert, J. (May 2008),
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Phase transformations: examples from titanium and zirconium alloys
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The most commonly encountered transformation of this type is the
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European
Symposium on Martensitic Transformations (ESOMAT)
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into a different one. This can be represented by a strain
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from the original on 2023-06-17 – via J-STAGE.
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777:"New Phase Transition May Explain Deep Earthquakes"
397:increasing in size on all three axes (dilation) or
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728:(18). American Physical Society (APS): 4072–4075.
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584:Cohen, Morris; Olson, G. B.; Clapp, P. C. (1979).
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27:Shift of atomic positions in a crystal structure
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822:Green, D.J.; Hannick, R.; Swain, M.V. (1989).
817:Theory of Structural Transformations in Solids
810:Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys
453:, if not the transformation is referred to as
845:Extensive resources from Cambridge University
293:diffusion-based phase changes, initially by
34:Diffusionless transformation classifications
72:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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435:energy term. The interplay between these
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
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679:Banerjee, S.; Mukhopadhyay, P. (2007).
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316:, are becoming more important as well.
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860:PTC Lab for martensite crystallography
658:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 333.
461:Iron-carbon martensitic transformation
824:Transformation Toughening of Ceramics
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431:deformation may occur, introducing a
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107:adding citations to reliable sources
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850:The cubic-to-tetragonal transition
775:Leutwyler, Kristin (May 2, 2001).
196:tone or style may not reflect the
194:This Martensitic transformation's
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489:Pseudo martensitic transformation
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289:transformations, in contrast to
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819:, Dover Publications, NY (1983)
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606:"Diffusionless transformations"
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61:or discuss these issues on the
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336:are of greater importance.
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626:10.1142/9789812790590_0006
330:lattice-distortive strains
826:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
656:Transformations in Metals
654:Shewmon, Paul G. (1969).
558:10.2320/materia1962.6.497
260:displacive transformation
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465:The distinction between
812:, Pergamon Press (1975)
722:Physical Review Letters
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551:(7). 日本金属学会: 497–506.
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815:Khachaturyan, A.G.,
383:{\displaystyle y=Sx}
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258:, commonly known as
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781:Scientific American
734:2001PhRvL..86.4072C
618:2008btpt.book..119D
314:shape memory alloys
517:Chapman & Hall
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268:crystal structures
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808:Christian, J.W.,
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451:martensitic
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405:structure.
306:martensitic
264:solid-state
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641:2023-08-11
498:References
467:austenitic
446:vibrations
403:monoclinic
276:martensite
274:The term "
262:, denotes
129:newspapers
58:improve it
750:0031-9007
701:156890507
567:1884-5835
159:July 2008
64:talk page
869:Category
785:Archived
762:Archived
758:11328098
571:Archived
545:日本金属学会会報
399:shearing
334:shuffles
291:civilian
287:military
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425:elastic
401:into a
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