282:
129:
402:
32:
2056:
730:, a hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the stomach chyme containing high hydrogen atom concentration (high acidity), is released into the blood stream; upon return to the digestive tract, secretion decreases gastric emptying, increases secretion of the pancreatic ductal cells, as well as stimulating pancreatic acinar cells to release their zymogenic juice.
736:(CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, resulting in
791:
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar
588:
to produce their bicarbonate-rich secretions, in what is in essence a bio-feedback mechanism; highly acidic stomach chyme entering the duodenum stimulates duodenal cells called "S cells" to produce the hormone secretin and release to the bloodstream. Secretin having entered the blood eventually
329:
Complex food substances that are eaten must be broken down into simple, soluble, and diffusible substances before they can be absorbed. In the oral cavity, salivary glands secrete an array of enzymes and substances that aid in digestion and also disinfection. They include the following:
566:), to control glucose metabolism, and also to secrete digestive / exocrinic pancreatic juice, which is secreted eventually via the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Digestive or exocrine function of pancreas is as significant to the maintenance of health as its endocrine function.
722:
The pancreas's exocrine function owes part of its notable reliability to biofeedback mechanisms controlling secretion of the juice. The following significant pancreatic biofeedback mechanisms are essential to the maintenance of pancreatic juice balance/production:
1206:
800:, which is the sphincter that regulates flow through the ampulla of Vater. CCK also decreases gastric activity and decreases gastric emptying, thereby giving more time to the pancreatic juices to neutralize the acidity of the gastric chyme.
470:. The stomach plays a major role in digestion, both in a mechanical sense by mixing and crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic sense, by digesting it. The following are enzymes produced by the stomach and their respective function:
1033:
347:: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates, mainly cooked starch, to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as
531:
occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic
856:: This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. A majority of Middle-Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme. This enzyme also decreases with age. As such
824:
enzymes whose function is to further break down the chyme released from the stomach into absorbable particles. These enzymes are absorbed whilst peristalsis occurs. Some of these enzymes include:
1077:
Freund, Matthias; Graus, Dorothea; Fleischmann, Andreas; Gilbert, Kadeem J; Lin, Qianshi; Renner, Tanya; Stigloher, Christian; Albert, Victor A; Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (2022-05-23).
357:: Considering that food contains more than just essential nutrients, e.g. bacteria or viruses, the lysozyme offers a limited and non-specific, yet beneficial antiseptic function in digestion.
143:, which follows the mechanical process of digestion. Food consists of macromolecules of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that need to be broken down chemically by digestive enzymes in the
792:
cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, causing release of pre-stored bile into the cystic duct, and eventually into the common bile duct and via the
748:
and eventually the duodenum. Bile of course helps absorption of the fat by emulsifying it, increasing its absorptive surface. Bile is made by the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder.
764:
is a hormone produced by the mucosal cells of the duodenum and also the "delta cells" of the pancreas. Somatostatin has a major inhibitory effect, including on pancreatic production.
1298:
Morino, P; Mascagni, F; McDonald, A; Hökfelt, T (1994). "Cholecystokinin corticostriatal pathway in the rat: Evidence for bilateral origin from medial prefrontal cortical areas".
603:) that, once present in the small bowel, become activated and perform their major digestive functions by breaking down proteins, fat, and DNA/RNA. Acinar cells are stimulated by
515:
mucosa of the stomach. It has a pH level of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as
493:. Protein digestion, therefore, primarily starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids, which start their digestion in the mouth (however, trace amounts of the enzyme
902:. The absorption of the needed nutrients are usually more efficient than in other plants. Digestive enzymes independently came about in carnivorous plants and animals.
584:), which acts to neutralize the acidity of the stomach chyme entering duodenum through the pylorus. Ductal cells of the pancreas are stimulated by the hormone
2001:
607:(CCK), which is a hormone/neurotransmitter produced by the intestinal cells (I cells) in the duodenum. CCK stimulates production of the pancreatic zymogens.
485:. Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as
1861:
861:
558:
Pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland, in that it functions to produce endocrinic hormones released into the circulatory system (such as
589:
comes into contact with the pancreatic ductal cells, stimulating them to produce their bicarbonate-rich juice. Secretin also inhibits production of
1601:
860:
is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle-Eastern, Asian, and older populations, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and
1468:
1621:
96:
68:
754:(GIP) is produced by the mucosal duodenal cells in response to chyme containing high amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and
368:: These glands produce a secretion rich in water, electrolytes, and enzymes. A great example of a serous oral gland is the
886:
and in some plants small animals. In some plants, the leaf collapses on the prey to increase contact, others have a small
1594:
75:
297:, the main sites of digestion are the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by different
1374:
Carnivory of Byblis revisited - A simple method for enzyme testing on carnivorous plants, by
Hartmeyer, Siegfried 1997
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449:
423:
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803:
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP): This peptide decreases gastric motility and is produced by duodenal mucosal cells.
431:
1341:
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20:
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551:"Pancreatic enzyme" and "pancrease" redirect to this discussion of endogenous forms. For exogenous forms, see
64:
1821:
809:: This substance increases gastro-intestinal motility via specialized receptors called "motilin receptors".
477:
is the main gastric enzyme. It is produced by the stomach cells called "chief cells" in its inactive form
614:, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, contains the following digestive enzymes:
2046:
1454:
751:
182:
Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the tracts of
635:, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, turns into
1736:
1721:
1618:
412:
625:, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme
593:
by "G cells", and also stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to produce their pancreatic enzyme.
2011:
1976:
1971:
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42:
1134:
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which are alpha-linked glucose polymers. Humans lack the cellulases to digest the carbohydrate
294:
290:
176:
89:
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1816:
171:. Once in the stomach further mechanical churning takes place mixing the food with secreted
1956:
640:
569:
Two of the population of cells in the pancreatic parenchyma make up its digestive enzymes:
383:, and include sublingual and submandibular glands. Their secretion is mucinous and high in
159:, before being able to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Initial breakdown is achieved by
8:
1856:
1846:
1663:
1658:
857:
361:
Of note is the diversity of the salivary glands. There are two types of salivary glands:
341:
digestion initiates in the mouth. Lingual lipase starts the digestion of the lipids/fats.
1182:
1427:
1400:
1323:
1111:
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into the second anatomic position of the duodenum. CCK also decreases the tone of the
1838:
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621:, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into
539:
516:
318:
183:
1327:
1231:
179:. Most of the enzymatic activity, and hence absorption takes place in the duodenum.
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1518:
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1307:
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of the pancreas. Its main function is to inhibit a variety of secretory mechanisms.
793:
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198:
321:
plant-specific digestive enzymes are used to break down their captured organisms.
2060:
1871:
1866:
1638:
1614:
1498:
733:
672:
649:, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a protein
604:
314:
175:. Digestive gastric enzymes take part in some of the chemical process needed for
1015:
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to break down the food. These plants do not have digestive juices, but use the
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187:
1401:"Discovery of digestive enzymes in carnivorous plants with focus on proteases"
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This article is about the naturally produced enzymes. For the medication, see
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Some of the preceding endogenous enzymes have pharmaceutical counterparts (
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242:
172:
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1288:
Brown, Thomas A. "Rapid Review
Physiology." Mosby Elsevier, 1st Ed. p. 244
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Brown, Thomas A. "Rapid Review
Physiology." Mosby Elsevier, 1st Ed. p. 235
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somatostatin: This hormone is produced by duodenal mucosa and also by the
281:
2031:
2026:
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1524:
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894:. Then digestion fluids are used to digest the prey to get at the needed
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599:: Mainly responsible for production of the inactive pancreatic enzymes (
1993:
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1183:"Proteolytic enzyme | Description, Types, & Functions | Britannica"
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1365:
The Uptake of
Digestion Products by Drosera, by Chandler, Graeme, 1978
497:, which catabolises certain protein, is found in saliva in the mouth).
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2007:
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1135:"Enzymes: What Are Enzymes, Pancreas, Digestion & Liver Function"
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for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid
401:
132:
Diagram of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine and pancreas
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Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous
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McPherson, S., A. Wistuba, A. Fleischmann & J. Nerz 2011.
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In carnivorous plants, digestive enzymes and acids break down
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186:, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside
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1279:. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010
1159:"Lipase | Fat-digesting, Pancreatic, Lipolytic | Britannica"
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784:: This is an endocrine hormone produced by the duodenal "
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that convert peptones and polypeptides into amino acids.
758:. Main function of GIP is to decrease gastric emptying.
666:
that degrades triglycerides into two fatty acids and a
197:
Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target
1058:
Heda, Rajiv; Toro, Fadi; Tombazzi, Claudio R. (2024).
2044:
194:, where they function to maintain cellular survival.
1034:"22.10C: Digestive Processes of the Small Intestine"
643:. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.
773:The following enzymes/hormones are produced in the
289:Digestive enzymes are found throughout much of the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1232:"Pancreatic nucleases - Big Chemical Encyclopedia"
788:" in response to the acidity of the gastric chyme.
2068:
1207:"3.3: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates"
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1013:
1014:Patricia, Justin J.; Dhamoon, Amit S. (2024).
285:Table of the different major digestive enzymes
1595:
1462:
1389:. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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1079:"The digestive systems of carnivorous plants"
870:: converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.
1399:Ravee, R.; Goh, H. H.; Goh, Hoe-Han (2018).
1398:
926:Some carnivorous plants digestive enzymes:
430:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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450:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1342:"Small Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes"
1007:
715:) that are administered to people with
707:which is a beta-linked glucose polymer.
576:: Mainly responsible for production of
163:(mastication) and the use of digestive
2069:
1615:serine proteases/serine endopeptidases
915:do not use digestive enzymes, but use
1583:
1476:
1450:
462:The enzymes that are secreted in the
375:Mixed glands: These glands have both
139:take part in the chemical process of
1266:"Exocrine Secretion of the Pancreas"
428:adding citations to reliable sources
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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639:and breaks down proteins at their
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717:exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
686:that degrade nucleic acids, like
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850:: converts maltose into glucose.
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503:: Gastric lipase is an acidic
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1827:Urinary plasminogen activator
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629:into its active form trypsin.
1822:Tissue plasminogen activator
1312:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90297-6
699:that breaks down starch and
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309:, secretory cells in the
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1022:. StatPearls Publishing.
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1016:"Physiology, Digestion"
660:and some other proteins
1967:Proprotein convertases
1095:10.1093/plphys/kiac232
295:human digestive system
291:gastrointestinal tract
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190:, especially in their
133:
1817:Plasminogen activator
1277:The Exocrine Pancreas
873:Other disaccharidases
284:
131:
1957:Prolyl endopeptidase
1060:"Physiology, Pepsin"
641:aromatic amino acids
424:improve this section
50:improve this article
1211:Medicine LibreTexts
1038:Medicine LibreTexts
858:lactose intolerance
509:gastric chief cells
1418:10.7717/peerj.4914
1187:www.britannica.com
1163:www.britannica.com
907:carnivorous plants
740:squeezed into the
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697:Pancreatic amylase
519:), do not require
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798:sphincter of Oddi
664:Pancreatic lipase
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1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1890:immune system
1886:
1880:
1879:C3-convertase
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
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1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1688:
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1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1554:Carbohydrates
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:(4): 939–52.
1305:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
996:
993:
992:
983:
980:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
933:
929:
928:
927:
924:
923:of the prey.
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
890:of digestive
889:
885:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:exopeptidases
827:
826:
825:
823:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
776:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
724:
720:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
678:Phospholipase
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:monoglyceride
665:
662:
659:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
617:
616:
615:
613:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
587:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
565:
561:
554:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:, which is a
480:
476:
473:
472:
471:
469:
465:
454:
451:
443:
440:December 2016
433:
429:
425:
419:
418:
414:
409:This section
407:
403:
398:
397:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
366:Serous glands
364:
363:
362:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
340:
336:
333:
332:
331:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
274:
272:
268:
267:nucleic acids
264:
260:
256:
255:simple sugars
252:
248:
244:
243:carbohydrates
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2016
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1807:fibrinolysis
1805:
1683:
1649:Chymotrypsin
1630:
1509:Chymotrypsin
1477:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1350:
1336:
1303:
1300:Neuroscience
1299:
1293:
1284:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1213:. 2017-06-14
1210:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1089:(1): 44–59.
1086:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1040:. 2018-07-22
1037:
1028:
1019:
1009:
955:Phosphatases
930:
925:
910:
904:
881:
822:brush border
819:
772:
762:Somatostatin
721:
710:
637:chymotrypsin
627:enterokinase
610:
597:Acinar cells
574:Ductal cells
568:
557:
467:
461:
446:
437:
422:Please help
410:
381:mucous cells
377:serous cells
360:
328:
288:
196:
181:
173:gastric acid
136:
135:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1712:Factor XIIa
1692:Factor VIIa
1676:Coagulation
1567:Pancreatic
1525:Nepenthesin
1486:Amino acids
1275:Pandol SJ.
967:Peroxidases
912:Heliamphora
838:dipeptidase
814:delta cells
756:fatty acids
742:cystic duct
619:Trypsinogen
578:bicarbonate
536:Cathepsin F
491:amino acids
271:nucleotides
235:amino acids
229:into small
207:fatty acids
1994:Subtilisin
1936:Batroxobin
1717:Kallikrein
1707:Factor XIa
1697:Factor IXa
1664:Pancreatic
1659:Neutrophil
1263:Bowen, R.
1241:2023-08-14
1217:2023-08-14
1192:2023-08-14
1168:2023-08-14
1144:2023-08-14
1064:StatPearls
1044:2023-08-14
1020:StatPearls
1001:References
961:Glucanases
932:Hydrolytic
900:phosphorus
836:including
529:hydrolysis
495:kallikrein
479:pepsinogen
317:. In some
223:peptidases
199:substrates
177:absorption
76:newspapers
2022:Cathepsin
2008:Sedolisin
1984:Prostasin
1702:Factor Xa
1411:: e4914.
1103:0032-0889
982:Chitinase
943:hydrolase
909:like the
705:cellulose
684:nucleases
654:elastases
532:activity.
521:bile acid
411:does not
385:viscosity
293:. In the
263:nucleases
219:proteases
192:lysosomes
141:digestion
2071:Category
2061:Medicine
1923:Venombin
1908:Tryptase
1903:Granzyme
1857:Factor I
1852:Factor D
1847:Factor B
1687:Thrombin
1684:factors:
1654:Elastase
1561:Gastric
1542:Gastric
1514:Elastase
1437:29888132
1328:32097183
1121:35604105
989:See also
939:Esterase
917:bacteria
896:nitrates
828:Various
782:secretin
775:duodenum
769:Duodenum
728:Secretin
701:glycogen
682:Several
652:Several
601:zymogens
586:secretin
564:glucagon
547:Pancreas
525:colipase
355:Lysozyme
311:pancreas
299:exocrine
257:such as
245:such as
239:amylases
231:peptides
227:proteins
157:duodenum
153:pancreas
2077:Enzymes
1962:Pronase
1952:Acrosin
1898:Chymase
1812:Plasmin
1644:Trypsin
1569:amylase
1563:amylase
1504:Trypsin
1428:5993016
1320:7520138
1112:9434158
995:Erepsin
934:process
884:insects
868:Sucrase
854:Lactase
848:Maltase
807:motilin
786:S cells
658:elastin
623:trypsin
591:gastrin
560:insulin
538:: is a
511:in the
487:peptide
483:zymogen
464:stomach
432:removed
417:sources
392:Stomach
370:parotid
349:ptyalin
259:glucose
203:lipases
165:enzymes
161:chewing
149:stomach
90:scholar
2047:Portal
1989:Reelin
1931:Ancrod
1888:Other
1622:3.4.21
1544:lipase
1535:Lipids
1494:Pepsin
1435:
1425:
1326:
1318:
1119:
1109:
1101:
984:enzyme
969:enzyme
963:enzyme
957:enzyme
945:enzyme
892:liquid
888:vessel
878:Plants
692:RNAase
688:DNAase
562:, and
513:fundic
505:lipase
475:Pepsin
372:gland.
265:split
261:, and
251:sugars
247:starch
241:split
225:split
205:split
169:saliva
155:, and
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1998:Furin
1945:Other
1872:MASP2
1867:MASP1
1797:KLK15
1792:KLK14
1787:KLK13
1782:KLK12
1777:KLK11
1772:KLK10
1405:PeerJ
1324:S2CID
973:Ureas
905:Some
339:Lipid
325:Mouth
277:Types
269:into
253:into
209:into
188:cells
145:mouth
97:JSTOR
83:books
2012:TPP1
1862:MASP
1767:KLK9
1762:KLK8
1757:KLK7
1752:KLK6
1747:KLK5
1742:KLK4
1737:KLK3
1732:KLK2
1727:KLK1
1521:A, B
1433:PMID
1316:PMID
1117:PMID
1099:ISSN
898:and
840:and
832:and
738:bile
690:and
580:(HCO
466:are
415:any
413:cite
379:and
249:and
233:and
221:and
215:oils
213:and
211:fats
69:news
2002:S1P
1722:PSA
1423:PMC
1413:doi
1308:doi
1107:PMC
1091:doi
1087:190
975:an
921:rot
523:or
426:by
167:of
52:by
2073::
1619:EC
1613::
1431:.
1421:.
1407:.
1403:.
1322:.
1314:.
1304:59
1302:.
1234:.
1209:.
1185:.
1161:.
1137:.
1115:.
1105:.
1097:.
1085:.
1081:.
1062:.
1036:.
1018:.
941:a
777::
744:,
719:.
337::
305:,
273:.
237:;
217:;
201::
151:,
147:,
2049::
2032:G
2027:A
2010:/
2004:4
2000:/
1996:/
1977:2
1972:1
1809::
1624:)
1617:(
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1470:e
1463:t
1456:v
1439:.
1415::
1409:6
1344:.
1330:.
1310::
1244:.
1220:.
1195:.
1171:.
1147:.
1123:.
1093::
1047:.
864:.
582:3
555:.
542:.
453:)
447:(
442:)
438:(
434:.
420:.
387:.
351:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
