589:
repeater station will use the same antenna for transmission and reception; highly selective filters called "duplexers" separate the faint incoming received signal from the billions of times more powerful outbound transmitted signal. Sometimes separate transmitting and receiving locations are used, connected by a wire line or a radio link. While the repeater station is designed for simultaneous reception and transmission, mobile units need not be equipped with the bulky and costly duplexers, as they only transmit or receive at any time.
388:
280:, one going in each direction. So telephone repeaters have to be bilateral, amplifying the signal in both directions without causing feedback, which complicates their design considerably. Telephone repeaters were the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification. The development of telephone repeaters between 1900 and 1915 made long-distance phone service possible. Now, most telecommunications cables are
396:
38:
555:: Used by amateur radio operators to enable two-way communication across an area which would otherwise be difficult by point-to-point on VHF and UHF. These repeaters are set up and maintained by individual operators or clubs, and are generally available for any licensed amateur to use. A hill or mountaintop location is a preferable location to construct a repeater, as it will maximize the usability across a large area.
413:
of a radio signal. The history of radio relay repeaters began in 1898 from the publication by Johann
Mattausch in Austrian Journal Zeitschrift für Electrotechnik (v. 16, 35 - 36). But his proposal "Translator" was primitive and not suitable for use. The first relay system with radio repeaters, which
568:
Radio repeaters may also allow translation from one set of radio frequencies to another, for example to allow two different public service agencies to interoperate (say, police and fire services of a city, or neighboring police departments). They may provide links to the public switched telephone
595:
units in a repeater system may be provided with a "talkaround" channel that allows direct mobile-to-mobile operation on a single channel. This may be used if out of reach of the repeater system, or for communications not requiring the attention of all mobiles. The "talkaround" channel may be the
588:
Typically a repeater station listens on one frequency, A, and transmits on a second, B. All mobile stations listen for signals on channel B and transmit on channel A. The difference between the two frequencies may be relatively small compared to the frequency of operation, say 1%. Often the
57:
and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or
565:. Without a repeater, these systems are limited in range by the curvature of the Earth and the blocking effect of terrain or high buildings. A repeater on a hilltop or tall building can allow stations that are out of each other's line-of-sight range to communicate reliably.
476:
distance, and a microwave transmitter which passes the information on to the next station over another beam of microwaves. Networks of microwave relay stations transmit telephone calls, television programs, and computer data from one city to another over continent-wide
599:
An engineered radio communication system designer will analyze the coverage area desired and select repeater locations, elevations, antennas, operating frequencies and power levels to permit a predictable level of reliable communication over the designed coverage area.
493:: This is a microwave relay that simply consists of a flat metal surface to reflect the microwave beam in another direction. It is used to get microwave relay signals over hills and mountains when it is not necessary to amplify the signal.
417:
A radio repeater usually consists of a radio receiver connected to a radio transmitter. The received signal is amplified and retransmitted, often on another frequency, to provide coverage beyond the obstruction. Usage of a
651:
1 and 0. A digital repeater amplifies the signal, and it also may retime, resynchronize, and reshape the pulses. A repeater that performs the retiming or resynchronizing functions may be called a
291:
were used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters. After the turn of the 20th century it was found that negative resistance mercury lamps could amplify, and they were used. The invention of
824:
Mattausch J. Telegraphie ohne Draht. Eine Studie. // Zeitschrift für
Elektrotechnik. Organ des Elektrotechnischen Vereines in Wien.- Heft 3, 16. Jänner 1898. - XVI. Jahrgang. - S. 35–36.
925:
620:
in which the voltage or current is proportional to the amplitude of the signal, as in an audio signal. They are also used in trunklines that transmit multiple signals using
446:. It consists of a secondary radio or television transmitter. The signal from the main transmitter often comes over leased telephone lines or by microwave relay.
148:
of the signal at the far end. So with a long enough wire the call will not be audible at the other end. Similarly, the greater the distance between a
918:
893:
359:. Digital information travels through a fiber-optic cable in the form of short pulses of light. The light is made up of particles called
847:
160:, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is an electronic device in a communication channel that increases the power of a signal and
773:
521:, an amplifier, and a local antenna to rebroadcast the signal to nearby cell phones. It is often used in downtown office buildings.
827:
1018:
872:
948:
Land mobile radio systems - 2nd ed. Improving and
Extending Area Coverage (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : PTR Prentice Hall, 1994)
1402:
379:
are being developed for repeaters to amplify the light itself without the need of converting it to an electric signal first.
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461:
338:
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1321:
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350:
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which converts the light pulses to an electrical signal, an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, an
1238:
1081:
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363:, which can be absorbed or scattered in the fiber. An optical communications repeater usually consists of a
323:
repeaters were commonplace in frequency-division multiplexing systems from the middle to late 20th century.
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31:
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repeater output frequency; the repeater will not retransmit any signals on its output frequency.
433:
253:
105:
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Radio repeaters improve communication coverage in systems using frequencies that typically have
375:
which converts the electrical signal to light again and sends it out the other fiber. However,
1046:
1004:
692:
551:
799:
205:, because repeaters work with the actual physical signal, and do not attempt to interpret the
1341:
682:
647:, in which the data is in the form of pulses with only two possible values, representing the
514:
257:
141:
121:
843:
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telephone line consisting of a pair of wires, it consists of an amplifier circuit made of
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of the copper wire. The longer the wire, the more power is lost, and the smaller the
1233:
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Repeaters can be divided into two types depending on the type of data they handle:
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repeaters around 1916 made transcontinental telephony practical. In the 1930s
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74:
844:"Radio Awareness about Communications Systems - HOW DO REPEATER SYSTEMS WORK?"
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1027:
617:
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238:
This is used to increase the range of telephone signals in a telephone line.
149:
974:
624:(FDM). Analog repeaters are composed of a linear amplifier, and may include
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1177:
1167:
770:
International
Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 21–24 April 2015
648:
592:
534:
443:
277:
222:
157:
137:
109:
442:: This is a repeater used to extend the coverage of a radio or television
124:, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. For example, when a
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really functioned, was that invented in 1899 by Emile
Guarini-Foresio.
308:
265:
176:
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which use power from a DC current source to increase the power of the
1331:
570:
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function, passing on packets of information from one node to another.
469:
316:
303:
became commonplace, allowing the use of thinner wires. In the 1950s
214:
191:
165:
145:
70:
59:
517:, with a directional antenna to receive the signal from the nearest
395:
311:
version called the E6 repeater was the final major type used in the
287:
Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled
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1218:
1139:
616:
This type is used in channels that transmit data in the form of an
578:
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37:
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1124:
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30:
This article is about the electronic device. For other uses, see
996:
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reception in a limited area. The device functions like a small
276:(bidirectional) communication system, the wire pair carries two
1298:
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to compensate for frequency and phase distortion in the line.
391:
A radio communications with a
Repeater or a Talkaround channel
372:
184:
991:
582:
574:
206:
975:
Repeaters and
Equalizers for the SD Submarine Cable System
585:) as an alternative path from source to the destination.
337:
This is a type of telephone repeater used in underwater
979:
919:"Tactical Voice Communications Solutions for HLD/HLS"
315:
before the low cost of digital transmission made all
120:
When an information-bearing signal passes through a
464:telecommunications link, consisting of a microwave
355:This is used to increase the range of signals in a
272:audio signal on the line. Since the telephone is a
894:"Radio Interoperability - TELEPHONE INTERCONNECT-"
344:
65:There are several different types of repeaters; a
869:"Radio Interoperability Communications Systems -"
1394:
801:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion
426:for both receive and transmit at the same time.
756:
754:
752:
1012:
742:A Hand-book of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph
749:
745:. New York: D. Van Nostrand. pp. 53–54.
164:it, allowing it to travel further. Since it
85:circuit that amplifies the light beam in an
41:A radio repeater retransmits a radio signal.
846:. .taitradioacademy.com/. 22 October 2014.
1019:
1005:
640:is used in channels that transmit data by
468:that receives information over a beam of
187:) used to regenerate telegraph signals.
509:: This is a radio repeater for boosting
394:
386:
179:in the 19th century, and referred to an
53:is an electronic device that receives a
36:
797:
760:
209:being transmitted, they operate on the
14:
1395:
791:
779:from the original on 24 September 2015
772:. Kharkiv, Ukraine. pp. 254–255.
738:
307:gain devices were more popular, and a
1000:
284:which use optical repeaters (below).
233:
409:This is used to extend the range of
175:The term "repeater" originated with
168:the signal, it requires a source of
763:"First Antennas for Relay Stations"
631:
339:submarine telecommunications cables
24:
611:
422:can allow the repeater to use one
101:that retransmits a radio signal.
25:
1429:
1130:Common traffic advisory frequency
1026:
992:Amateur Radio Repeaters in Europe
963:
896:. codanradio.com/. Archived from
382:
371:which reshapes the pulses, and a
252:They are most frequently used in
190:Use of the term has continued in
980:Amateur Radio Repeaters in India
603:
931:from the original on 2022-10-09
875:from the original on 2017-09-04
850:from the original on 2017-09-04
622:frequency division multiplexing
351:Optical communications repeater
345:Optical communications repeater
942:
911:
886:
861:
836:
818:
732:
678:Complementary ground component
472:from another relay station in
110:broadcast radio and television
13:
1:
1239:Maritime mobile amateur radio
725:
688:PLC carrier repeating station
221:repeater is usually called a
140:is dissipated as heat in the
1403:Telecommunications equipment
1382:Voting (diversity combining)
1120:Aircraft emergency frequency
1067:General Mobile Radio Service
714:Wireless distribution system
7:
1135:Mandatory frequency airport
660:
132:, some of the power in the
115:
10:
1434:
1327:Automatic vehicle location
804:. MIT Press. p. 165.
402:
399:Guarini-Foresio's repeater
348:
29:
1352:Dynamic range compression
1307:
1269:Dual-tone multi-frequency
1247:
1211:
1183:Professional mobile radio
1158:
1145:Single Frequency Approach
1105:
1034:
668:12-channel carrier system
563:line-of-sight propagation
213:, the first layer of the
32:Repeater (disambiguation)
1418:Physical layer protocols
1377:Radiotelephony procedure
1193:Specialized Mobile Radio
537:network. It performs a
460:: This is a specialized
330:Submarine cable repeater
228:
1087:Multi-Use Radio Service
871:. basecampconnect.com.
761:Slyusar, Vadym (2015).
739:Loring, A. E.E (1878).
533:: A repeater node in a
434:Broadcast relay station
106:broadcast relay station
1159:Land-based commercial
1047:Amateur radio repeater
798:Sungook, Hong (2001).
700:in integrated circuits
693:Relay (disambiguation)
552:Amateur radio repeater
400:
392:
128:passes through a wire
108:is a repeater used in
42:
1161:and government mobile
1108:(aeronautical mobile)
683:Fiber media converter
515:cellular base station
398:
390:
136:which represents the
122:communication channel
40:
1198:Trunked radio system
1062:Public Radio Service
1057:Family Radio Service
1035:Amateur and hobbyist
569:network as well, or
444:broadcasting station
319:repeaters obsolete.
1229:Coast radio station
1115:Air traffic control
1052:Citizens band radio
973:technical journal:
270:alternating current
203:computer networking
196:data communications
87:optical fiber cable
1212:Marine (shipboard)
1097:UHF CB (Australia)
985:2017-07-05 at the
830:2017-08-06 at the
698:Repeater insertion
673:ADSL loop extender
626:electronic filters
401:
393:
377:optical amplifiers
321:Frequency frogging
305:negative impedance
289:carbon microphones
282:fiber-optic cables
245:Land line repeater
234:Telephone repeater
67:telephone repeater
47:telecommunications
43:
1413:Radio electronics
1408:Mobile technology
1390:
1389:
1251:Selective calling
719:Wireless repeater
539:store and forward
506:Cellular repeater
369:electronic filter
357:fiber-optic cable
181:electromechanical
156:, the weaker the
16:(Redirected from
1425:
1308:System elements
1234:Marine VHF radio
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632:Digital repeater
490:Passive repeater
299:repeaters using
134:electric current
79:optical repeater
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704:Signal strength
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645:digital signals
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612:Analog repeater
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457:Microwave relay
436:, rebroadcastor
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365:phototransistor
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405:Radio repeater
403:Main article:
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383:Radio repeater
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309:transistorized
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211:physical layer
170:electric power
130:telephone line
126:telephone call
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95:radio receiver
91:radio repeater
83:optoelectronic
75:telephone line
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900:on 2017-09-04
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27:Relay station
19:
1289:Quik-Call II
1279:Push-to-talk
1249:Signaling /
1178:Mobile radio
1168:Base station
944:
933:. Retrieved
924:. c-at.com.
913:
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
888:
877:. Retrieved
863:
852:. Retrieved
838:
820:
800:
793:
781:. Retrieved
769:
741:
734:
652:
637:
635:
615:
607:
598:
591:
587:
567:
560:
550:
535:packet radio
530:
504:
488:
455:
439:
432:
416:
410:
408:
354:
336:
329:
301:hybrid coils
286:
251:
244:
237:
200:
189:
174:
158:radio signal
138:audio signal
119:
103:
66:
64:
50:
44:
1372:Tone remote
1362:Link budget
1357:Fade margin
1284:Quik-Call I
971:Bell system
956:, p. 67-75.
709:Transponder
654:regenerator
313:Bell System
297:vacuum tube
293:audion tube
266:transistors
256:that carry
162:retransmits
99:transmitter
1397:Categories
1082:Mobile rig
954:0131231596
935:2017-08-23
904:2017-08-23
879:2017-08-23
854:2017-08-23
811:0262082985
726:References
531:Digipeater
519:cell tower
511:cell phone
470:microwaves
440:translator
254:trunklines
183:device (a
177:telegraphy
142:resistance
18:Digipeater
1342:DC remote
1332:Call sign
1106:Aviation
783:10 August
573:network (
571:satellite
317:voiceband
215:OSI model
192:telephony
166:amplifies
146:amplitude
71:amplifier
60:baud rate
1347:Dispatch
1274:MDC-1200
1219:2182 kHz
1140:MULTICOM
983:Archived
926:Archived
873:Archived
848:Archived
828:Archived
774:Archived
661:See also
579:INMARSAT
466:receiver
420:duplexer
411:coverage
219:Ethernet
154:receiver
116:Overview
89:; and a
51:repeater
1317:Antenna
1294:Selcall
1224:500 kHz
1125:Airband
1072:KDR 444
424:antenna
361:photons
1299:SELCAL
1264:D-STAR
1150:UNICOM
1092:PMR446
1077:LPD433
952:
808:
642:binary
593:Mobile
477:areas.
274:duplex
262:analog
152:and a
81:is an
69:is an
55:signal
1259:CTCSS
929:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
373:laser
229:Types
185:relay
93:is a
77:, an
73:in a
1322:APRS
969:The
950:ISBN
806:ISBN
785:2017
636:The
583:MSAT
575:BGAN
207:data
194:and
97:and
49:, a
1337:CAD
438:or
223:hub
201:In
45:In
1399::
768:.
751:^
657:.
581:,
577:,
341:.
225:.
198:.
172:.
112:.
104:A
62:.
1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
938:.
907:.
882:.
857:.
814:.
787:.
34:.
20:)
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