814:. Upon ingestion, a digital video stream from tape is converted to computer files. These files can be edited directly or converted to an intermediate format for editing. Then video is output in its final format, possibly to a film recorder for theatrical exhibition, or back to video tape for broadcast use. Original video tapes are kept as an archival medium. The files generated by the non-linear editing application contain the information necessary to retrieve footage from the proper tapes, should the footage stored on the computer's hard disk be lost. With increasing convenience of file-based workflows, the tape-based workflows have become marginal in recent years.
909:
not a problem, as each successive frame is played in order, so the preceding frames have already been decompressed. In editing, however, it is common to jump around to specific frames and to play footage backwards or at different speeds. Because of the need to decompress extra frames in these situations, inter-frame compression can cause performance problems for editing systems. Inter-frame compression is also disadvantageous because the loss of a single frame (say, due to a flaw writing data to a tape) will typically ruin all the frames until the next keyframe occurs. In the case of the
1053:
also offers increased flexibility with respect to showing trailers and pre-show advertisements and allowing theater owners to more easily move films between screens or change how many screens a film is playing on, and the higher quality of digital projection provides a better experience to help attract consumers who can now access high-definition content at home. These factors have resulted in digital projection becoming an increasingly attractive prospect for theater owners, and the pace of adoption has been rapidly increasing.
31:
749:
460:
1027:, a joint venture of Disney, Fox, MGM, Paramount, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal and Warner Bros. Studios, has established standards for digital cinema projection. In July 2005, they released the first version of the Digital Cinema System Specification, which encompasses 2K and 4K theatrical projection. They also offer compliance testing for exhibitors and equipment suppliers.
1216:
Christopher Nolan has speculated that the film industry's adoption of digital formats has been driven purely by economic factors as opposed to digital being a superior medium to film: "I think, truthfully, it boils down to the economic interest of manufacturers and industry that makes more money through change rather than through maintaining the status quo."
850:, compared to throughput available from a single, yet fast, hard disk drive. Such requirements are often termed as "on-line" storage. Post-production not requiring real-time playback performances (typically for lettering, subtitling, versioning and other similar visual effects) can be migrated to slightly slower RAID stores.
908:
compression systems can further compress data by examining and eliminating redundancy between frames. This leads to higher compression ratios, but displaying a single frame will usually require the playback system to decompress a number of frames from before & after it. In normal playback this is
887:
Most digital cinematography systems further reduce data rate by subsampling color information. Because the human visual system is much more sensitive to luminance than to color, lower resolution color information can be overlaid with higher resolution luma (brightness) information, to create an image
356:
Major movies shot on digital video overtook those shot on film in 2013. Since 2016 over 90% of major films were shot on digital video. As of 2017, 92% of films are shot on digital. Only 24 major films released in 2018 were shot on 35mm. Since the 2000s, most movies across the world have been captured
1150:
In order to utilize digital intermediate workflow with film, the camera negative must first be processed and then scanned to a digital format. Some filmmakers have years of experience achieving their artistic vision using the techniques available in a traditional photochemical workflow, and prefer
1052:
Theater owners initially balked at installing digital projection systems because of high cost and concern over increased technical complexity. However new funding models, in which distributors pay a "digital print" fee to theater owners, have helped to alleviate these concerns. Digital projection
1154:
Digitally shot movies can be printed, transferred or archived on film. Large scale digital productions are often archived on film, as it provides a safer medium for storage, benefiting insurance and storage costs. As long as the negative does not completely degrade, it will always be possible to
1215:
have publicly criticized digital cinema, and advocated the use of film and film prints. Tarantino has suggested he may retire because he will no longer be able to have his films projected in 35mm in most
American cinemas. Tarantino considers digital cinema to be simply "television in public."
822:
Digital cinematography has mostly shifted towards "tapeless" or "file-based" workflows. This trend has accelerated with increased capacity and reduced cost of non-linear storage solutions such as hard disk drives, optical discs, and solid-state memory. With tapeless workflows digital video is
1158:
In contrast, even if digital data is stored on a medium that will preserve its integrity, highly specialized digital equipment will always be required to reproduce it. Changes in technology may thus render the format unreadable or expensive to recover over time. For this reason, film studios
888:
that looks very similar to one in which both color and luma information are sampled at full resolution. This scheme may cause pixelation or color bleeding under some circumstances. High quality digital cinematography systems are capable of recording full resolution color data (4:4:4) or
586:), with dimensions similar in size to a 16 or 35 mm film frame or even (as with the Vision 65) a 65 mm film frame. An image can be projected onto a single large sensor exactly the same way it can be projected onto a film frame, so cameras with this design can be made with
853:
Short-term archiving, "if ever", is accomplished by moving the digital files into "slower" RAID arrays (still of either managed and unmanaged type, but with lower performances), where playback capability is poor to non-existent (unless via proxy images), but minimal editing and
711:
soundtrack space, is only 1828 pixels wide, with vertical resolutions rescaling accordingly. This led to a plethora of motion-picture related video resolutions, which is quite confusing and often redundant with respect to the relatively few available projection standards.
1087:
Determining resolution in digital acquisition seems straightforward, but it is significantly complicated by the way digital camera sensors work in the real world. This is particularly true in the case of high-end digital cinematography cameras that use a single large
1233:
or digital tape, can reliably store a film for a hundred years, something that properly stored and handled film can do. Although this also used to be the case with optical disc, in 2012 Millenniata, Inc. a digital storage company based in Utah, released
1181:, "Out of six times that we shot on the digital format, we only had one useable piece and it did not end up in the film. Out of the six times we shot with the Photo-Sonics camera and 35mm running through it, every single shot was in the movie."
736:
standard for cinema usually relies on a 1.89:1 aspect ratio, thus defining the maximum container size for 4K as 4096Ă—2160 pixels and for 2K as 2048Ă—1080 pixels. When distributed in the form of a
Digital Cinema Package (DCP), content is
1219:
Another concern with digital image capture is how to archive all the digital material. Archiving digital material is turning out to be extremely costly, and it creates issues in terms of long-term preservation. In a 2007 study, the
206:
and visual effects, all post production, sound effects, editing and scoring were completed digitally. The
Digital High Definition image was transferred to a 35mm negative via an electron beam recorder for theatrical release.
1228:
is "enormously higher – 1100% higher – than the cost of storing film masters." Furthermore, digital archiving faces challenges due to the insufficient longevity of today's digital storage: no current media, be it magnetic
1056:
Since some theaters currently do not have digital projection systems, even if a movie is shot and post-produced digitally, it must be transferred to film if a large theatrical release is planned. Typically, a
103:
in their resolution and dynamic range capacity; however, digital capture no longer has a different look from film. Some moviemakeres still prefer to use film picture formats to achieve the desired results.
755:
In the early years of digital cinematography, 2K was the most common format for digitally acquired major motion pictures however, as new camera systems gain acceptance, 4K is becoming more prominent. The
380:
offer a variety of choices for shooting high-definition video. At the high-end of the market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. These cameras from
1167:
Film proponents have argued that early digital cameras lack the reliability of film, particularly when filming sequences at high speed or in chaotic environments, due to digital cameras' technical
1748:
1796:
518:
HS-1 and HS-2, GS Vitec noX, and the Fusion Camera System. Independent micro-budget filmmakers have also pressed low-cost consumer and prosumer cameras into service for digital filmmaking.
900:
Most compression systems used for acquisition in the digital cinematography world compress footage one frame at a time, as if a video stream is a series of still images. This is called
287:
camera, with the video being released in
September the next year. According to the Guinness World Records, Vidocq is the first full length feature filmed in digital high resolution.
831:(array of computer disks) connected to an editing system. Once data is copied from the on-set media to the storage array, they are erased and returned to the set for more shooting.
1629:
262:. The digital footage blended seamlessly with the footage shot on film and he announced later that year he would film its sequels entirely on hi-def digital video. Also in 1999,
1640:
594:
and similar mounts, in order to use the wide range of existing high-end cinematography lenses available. Their large sensors also let these cameras achieve the same shallow
1023:
For theaters with digital projectors, digital films may be distributed digitally, either shipped to theaters on hard drives or sent via the
Internet or satellite networks.
2123:
53:. As digital technology has improved in recent years, this practice has become dominant. Since the 2000s, most movies across the world have been captured as well as
670:
630:, which is 1920Ă—1080 pixels), digital cinema formats are usually specified in terms of horizontal resolution. As a shorthand, these resolutions are often given in "
2148:
913:
format, for instance, this may result in as many as 6 frames being lost with 720p recording, or 15 with 1080i. An inter-frame compressed video stream consists of
2202:
432:, the term "digital cinematography" is usually applied only in cases where digital acquisition is substituted for film acquisition, such as when shooting a
2248:
232:) were also all digital. The film, transferred to 35mm negative for theatrical release, won Best U.S. Feature at the Santa Barbara Film Festival in 1998.
1756:
1100:
algorithm. Generally with a bayer pattern sensor, actual resolution will fall somewhere between the "native" value and half this figure, with different
846:
on a single computer workstation), are necessary due to the throughput required for real-time (320 MB/s for 2K @ 24fps) or near-real-time playback in
1155:
recover the images from it in the future, regardless of changes in technology, since all that will be involved is simple photographic reproduction.
861:
Long-term archiving is accomplished by backing up the digital files from the RAID, using standard practices and equipment for data backup from the
292:
256:
challenged the supremacy of the movie-making medium of film for the first time by including footage filmed with high-definition digital cameras in
1804:
1591:
1777:
1238:, an optical storage solution, designed to last up to 1,000 years, thus, offering a possibility of digital storage as a viable storage solution.
2397:
258:
1195:
or electrical damage from dust. Since 2015 digital has almost totally replaced film for high speed sequences up to 1000 frames per second.
2203:"Christopher Nolan talks film vs. digital, his take on CGI, his disinterest in 3D, and much more in insightful DGA interview – Movie News"
2274:
1221:
2629:
2152:
310:, partially developed by George Lucas using a Sony HDW-F900 camera, following Robert Rodriguez's introduction to the camera at Lucas'
1282:
2667:
2174:"TRANSFORMERS: DARK OF THE MOON Edit Bay Visit! Steve Watches 20 Minutes of the Movie and Interviews Michael Bay for Over 2 Hours!"
1819:
243:
technology, the idea, now re-branded as "digital cinematography," began to gain traction in the market. Shot and released in 1998,
1092:
CMOS sensor. A bayer pattern sensor does not sample full RGB data at every point; instead, each pixel is biased toward red, green
2569:
1843:
917:(GOPs), each of which has only one full frame, and a handful of other frames referring to this frame. If the full frame, called
719:, and capture usually occurs at the same 24 frame per second rate established as the standard for 35mm film. Some films such as
2672:
349:(2009), not only was shot on digital cameras as well, but also made the main revenues at the box office no longer by film, but
2033:
2017:
1986:
1695:
1410:
1379:
1348:
340:
1641:
Attack of the zeros and ones: the early years of digital cinema, as told by David Lynch, Miranda July, Michael Mann and more
1609:
827:
or flash memory-based digital "magazines". These files can be easily copied to another storage device, typically to a large
2504:
2065:
198:(1996) was the world's first film to utilize extensive digital post production techniques. Shot entirely with Sony's first
2127:
729:
of 48 fps, although in some theatres it was also released in a 24 fps version which many fans of traditional film prefer.
2847:
2173:
707:
K" notation not corresponding to specific horizontal resolutions per format a 2K image lacking, for example, the typical
1888:
2832:
2617:
2516:
2061:
JPEG2000 Image
Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice
1864:
1563:
249:
is believed by some to be the first feature-length video shot and edited entirely on consumer-level digital equipment.
1104:
algorithms producing different results. Additionally, most digital cameras (both bayer and three-chip designs) employ
2551:
2390:
2104:
2073:
1321:
773:
721:
582:
Single chip cameras designed specifically for the digital cinematography market often use a single sensor (much like
476:
405:
117:
69:
1042:
1191:, 35mm cameras had to be used when filming in slow-motion and sequences where the digital cameras were subject to
2563:
2499:
1247:
1074:
683:
For instance, a 2K image is 2048 pixels wide, and a 4K image is 4096 pixels wide. Vertical resolutions vary with
503:
428:. While there is a clear technical distinction that separates the images captured in digital cinematography from
1159:
distributing digitally-originated films often make film-based separation masters of them for archival purposes.
598:
as 35 or 65 mm motion picture film cameras, which many cinematographers consider an essential visual tool.
2837:
1187:
858:
harvesting is still feasible. Such intermediate requirements easily fall into the "mid-line" storage category.
2689:
2557:
1820:"Steven Soderbergh Says He's Done Directing Studio Movies and Wants to Only Shoot on iPhones — Sundance 2018"
1652:
1630:
Achieving the
Cinematic Impossible; "Russian Ark" DP Tilman Buttner Discusses What It's Like To Make History
1096:
blue, and a full color image is assembled from this checkerboard of color by processing the image through a
2383:
2309:
782:
in 2010. As of 2017, 4K cameras are now commonplace, with most high-end films being shot at 4K resolution.
17:
2806:
2701:
1262:
623:
1065:. After that the duplication process is identical to that of a traditional negative from a film camera.
2721:
2679:
1724:
1034:
1024:
991:
806:-based workflow, video is recorded to tape on set. This video is then ingested into a computer running
733:
302:
2622:
2607:
2533:
2493:
2273:"The Digital Dilemma. Strategic issues in archiving and accessing digital motion picture materials".
937:
245:
177:
136:
technology. Following the commercialization of CCD sensors during the late 1970s to early 1980s, the
2295:
1520:
1483:
436:. The term is seldom applied when digital acquisition is substituted for video acquisition, as with
2634:
2539:
2527:
839:
472:
203:
1670:
2684:
2462:
2457:
2227:
1105:
511:
507:
385:
326:(2002), was also shot with the same camera and was the first tapeless digital movie, recorded on
199:
81:
2842:
2575:
1478:
952:
862:
401:
137:
84:
and companies which have traditionally focused on consumer and broadcast video equipment, like
2090:
2059:
1976:
1311:
2790:
2744:
2612:
2510:
2447:
2282:
2003:
1396:
1365:
1046:
980:
843:
569:
240:
181:
129:
60:
Many vendors have brought products to market, including traditional film camera vendors like
1338:
1147:
digitally instead of via traditional photochemical finishing techniques, has become common.
412:
that exceeds that of traditional video cameras, which are designed for the limited needs of
2716:
2711:
2694:
2414:
2335:
1470:
1208:
1140:
835:
652:
454:
413:
46:
8:
2763:
2706:
2545:
2467:
2442:
2406:
2096:
1465:(12 July 1993). "Active pixel sensors: Are CCDS dinosaurs?". In Blouke, Morley M. (ed.).
1257:
811:
677:
576:
546:
425:
335:
194:
152:
2249:"Quentin Tarantino: 'I can't stand digital filmmaking, it's TV in public' – Movies News"
1534:
1474:
2783:
2768:
2649:
2487:
2452:
1508:
1496:
1084:
Unlike a digital sensor, a film frame does not have a regular grid of discrete pixels.
995:
882:
807:
778:
345:
275:
263:
552:
expressed an interest in filming other productions solely with iPhones going forward.
300:
camera as Lucas had previously stated. The film was released in May 2002. In May 2001
2739:
2100:
2069:
2013:
1982:
1938:
1914:
1749:"Qube Cinema Supports Cinecolor in Its Transition to Digital Cinema in Latin America"
1559:
1406:
1375:
1344:
1317:
1212:
1204:
1038:
956:
948:
914:
611:
549:
393:
73:
1500:
424:
Digital cinematography captures motion pictures digitally in a process analogous to
180:. The effort met with very little success. However, this led to one of the earliest
2472:
2037:
1488:
1442:
941:
889:
870:
824:
716:
607:
537:
495:
229:
212:
100:
30:
1978:
The
Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age: Fifth Edition
2662:
2657:
2639:
2602:
2597:
2522:
2482:
1469:. Vol. 1900. International Society for Optics and Photonics. pp. 2–14.
847:
726:
708:
641:
is the multiplier of 1024 such that the horizontal resolution of a corresponding
499:
437:
377:
327:
316:
311:
225:
217:
186:
141:
113:
77:
2592:
1225:
1018:
1006:
929:(the referenced images) can be displayed. In this case, the whole GOP is lost.
794:
paradigms are used for data acquisition and storage in digital cinematography.
761:
595:
583:
561:
491:
358:
350:
170:
54:
2223:
1610:"Robert Rodriguez Film Once Upon a Time in Mexico This is a structural review"
1447:
1430:
2826:
2773:
2756:
2751:
2149:"From The Dark Knight to Inception, Wally Pfister, ASC refuses to compromise"
1700:
1172:
1144:
1089:
1062:
1058:
696:
684:
673:
565:
527:
487:
483:
468:
409:
307:
145:
133:
125:
121:
239:
recorders and 1920 Ă— 1080 pixel digital professional video cameras based on
1002:
968:
646:
433:
253:
1112:; suboptimal antialiasing filtering can further reduce system resolution.
1462:
1426:
1182:
1128:
1127:
Digitally acquired footage lacks this grain structure. It has electronic
1101:
1097:
1061:
will be used to print digital image data to film, to create a 35 mm
905:
901:
748:
738:
322:
167:
156:
1579:
1556:
Digital
Filmmaking: The Changing Art and Craft of Making Motion Pictures
99:
As of 2017, professional 4K digital cameras were approximately equal to
2811:
2477:
2422:
1797:"Studios Abandon Film, Small Theaters Struggle -- And Ther - Indiewire"
1230:
1121:
972:
866:
823:
recorded as digital files onto random-access media like optical discs,
803:
768:
760:
captured a 2.8k image. During 2009 at least two major
Hollywood films,
757:
700:
397:
221:
65:
50:
2375:
2313:
1492:
1398:
Digital Cinematography: Fundamentals, Tools, Techniques, and Workflows
1367:
Digital Cinematography: Fundamentals, Tools, Techniques, and Workflows
2437:
2009:
1402:
1371:
1252:
1177:
1030:
988:
742:
542:
369:
174:
93:
1283:"Film vs. Digital: A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages"
626:, which are specified in terms of vertical resolution (for example,
2432:
2427:
1192:
1109:
960:
855:
791:
591:
532:
515:
297:
284:
1431:"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors"
944:
process used in digital film recording and editing, including the
672:
pixels. Here the "K" has a customary meaning corresponding to the
459:
926:
922:
918:
691:(16:9) aspect ratio is 2048Ă—1152 pixels, while a 2K image with a
587:
703:
ratio (2.39:1) would be 2048Ă—856 pixels, and so on. Due to the "
339:
became the first movie shot mainly in digital to be awarded the
1963:
1844:"Putting the FULL FRAME confusion to bed – Personal View Talks"
1578:
The Last Broadcast is A First: The Making of a Digital Feature
1235:
1168:
999:
522:
1778:"How Digital Conversion Is Killing Independent Movie Theaters"
1134:
1592:"First full length feature filmed in digital high resolution"
984:
964:
745:
as appropriate to fit within one of these container formats.
627:
429:
280:
236:
89:
1696:"Maybe the war between digital and film isn't a war at all"
1539:
976:
945:
828:
692:
688:
573:
480:
389:
381:
365:
163:
149:
85:
61:
42:
1671:"The use of digital vs celluloid film on Hollywood movies"
1467:
Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III
921:, is lost due to transmission or media error, none of the
895:
210:
The first digitally videoed and post produced feature was
910:
373:
283:, began principal photography shot entirely using a Sony
216:, shot in Tibet and Nepal in 1996 on the Sony DVW-700WS
202:
Cinematography cameras and featuring over 35 minutes of
1124:
structure. Different film stocks have different grain.
343:. The highest-grossing movie in the history of cinema,
296:
began principal photography shot entirely using a Sony
148:
over the next two decades. The CCD was followed by the
1068:
2092:
Understanding Digital Cinema: A Professional Handbook
655:
306:
was also shot in 24 frame-per-second high-definition
228:) and the online post and color work (Roland House /
715:
All formats designed for digital cinematography are
545:phones) and in January 2018, Unsane's director and
266:were installed in four theaters for the showing of
1045:(JPEG) between 1997 and 2000, was selected as the
834:Such RAID arrays, both of "managed" (for example,
664:
2369:Defined as the top 200 grossing live-action films
1554:Ohanian, Thomas; Phillips, Natalie (2013-04-03).
1336:
2824:
2057:
1313:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future
2266:
1865:"Should I Use Canon's C-RAW Image File Format?"
1553:
1425:
1794:
2391:
1974:
1435:IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society
293:Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
2275:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
2058:Taubman, David; Marcellin, Michael (2012).
1222:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
1135:Digital intermediate workflow and archiving
2398:
2384:
1889:"Apple Goes After RED Over Key RAW Patent"
1305:
1303:
932:
699:(4:3) is 2048Ă—1536 pixels, and one with a
41:is the process of capturing (recording) a
2001:
1939:"Blackmagic RAW | Film and Digital Times"
1912:
1482:
1446:
1419:
1198:
259:Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
2196:
2194:
2166:
2124:"KODAK Color Asset Protection Film 2332"
2118:
2116:
1725:"24 Films Shot on 35mm Released in 2018"
1309:
458:
29:
2570:Application-specific integrated circuit
2405:
2200:
1975:Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (2012).
1455:
1300:
1012:
896:Intra-frame vs. Inter-frame compression
817:
797:
560:Digital cinematography cameras capture
14:
2825:
2333:
2088:
2082:
1461:
614:Raw, Red Raw, Arri Raw and Canon Raw.
579:, usually in one of two arrangements.
314:facility whilst editing the sound for
2379:
2191:
2141:
2113:
2066:Springer Science & Business Media
2034:"Digital Cinema System Specification"
1722:
1580:http://www.thelastbroadcastmovie.com/
1394:
1363:
1175:noted that for his shoot on the film
876:
341:Academy Award for Best Cinematography
2505:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
1817:
525:have been used to shoot movies like
521:Flagship smartphones like the Apple
2310:"What is M-Disc? » The M-DISC"
1069:Comparison with film cinematography
364:Today, cameras from companies like
24:
2517:Erasable programmable logic device
2126:. Motion.kodak.com. Archived from
1224:found that the cost of storing 4K
1115:
987:. An alternative to DCT coding is
747:
235:In 1997, with the introduction of
25:
2859:
2552:Complex programmable logic device
1795:Michael Hurley (2 January 2014).
1340:Scientific charge-coupled devices
722:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
467:Professional cameras include the
1151:that finishing/editing process.
1043:Joint Photographic Experts Group
940:(DCT) coding is the most common
842:) and "unmanaged" (for example,
617:
166:began marketing the concept of "
2564:Field-programmable object array
2500:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
2363:
2327:
2302:
2241:
2230:from the original on 2021-12-21
2216:
2051:
2026:
1995:
1968:
1956:
1931:
1906:
1881:
1857:
1836:
1811:
1788:
1770:
1741:
1716:
1688:
1663:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1602:
1584:
1572:
1248:Digital versus film photography
1075:Digital versus film photography
1025:Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC
785:
610:video recording codecs include
2201:Merchan, George (2012-04-15).
1723:Rizov, Vadim (24 April 2019).
1547:
1527:
1388:
1357:
1330:
1275:
1188:Transformers: Dark of the Moon
1162:
687:though; so a 2K image with an
510:, IMAX 3D camera based on two
140:slowly began transitioning to
68:, as well as new vendors like
27:Digital image capture for film
13:
1:
2690:Hardware description language
2558:Field-programmable gate array
1268:
1258:List of motion picture topics
1079:
419:
162:Beginning in the late 1980s,
2336:"The 1,000 year DVD is here"
2334:Harris, Robin (2013-01-14).
1343:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4.
1316:. Springer. pp. 245–8.
1203:Some film directors such as
1049:for digital cinema in 2004.
443:
34:A Panavision Genesis camera.
7:
2702:Formal equivalence checking
2312:. Mdisc.com. Archived from
2089:Swartz, Charles S. (2005).
2005:Image Processing for Cinema
2002:Bertalmio, Marcelo (2014).
1981:. Penguin. pp. 246–7.
1429:; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014).
1263:Motion picture film scanner
1241:
1143:workflow, where movies are
159:), developed in the 1990s.
10:
2864:
2848:Film and video terminology
2722:Hierarchical state machine
2680:Transaction-level modeling
1337:James R. Janesick (2001).
1120:Film has a characteristic
1072:
1041:standard developed by the
1035:discrete wavelet transform
1016:
994:(DWT) coding, used in the
992:discrete wavelet transform
880:
555:
452:
448:
303:Once Upon a Time in Mexico
178:professional video cameras
107:
2833:Film and video technology
2799:
2732:
2648:
2623:Digital signal processing
2608:Logic in computer science
2585:
2534:Programmable logic device
2494:Hybrid integrated circuit
2413:
2224:"pta on digital vs. film"
1818:Kohn, Eric (2018-01-26).
1448:10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412
1185:stated that when filming
938:Discrete cosine transform
772:, were shot in 4K on the
118:metal–oxide–semiconductor
2635:Switching circuit theory
2540:Programmable Array Logic
2528:Programmable logic array
2356:
1913:ShareGrid (2018-03-13).
1310:Williams, J. B. (2017).
1106:optical low-pass filters
473:Blackmagic Cinema Camera
320:. A lesser-known movie,
279:, which was directed by
204:digital image processing
173:," utilizing its analog
2685:Register-transfer level
2226:. YouTube. 2006-08-10.
2151:. kodak. Archived from
1869:The-Digital-Picture.com
933:DCT vs. DWT compression
512:Vision Research Phantom
508:Vision Research Phantom
224:. The offline editing (
2576:Tensor Processing Unit
2290:Cite journal requires
1596:Guinness World Records
1199:Criticism and concerns
953:video coding standards
752:
666:
464:
220:and the prosumer Sony
200:Solid State Electronic
138:entertainment industry
124:. The first practical
39:Digital cinematography
35:
2838:Digital movie cameras
2791:Electronic literature
2745:Hardware acceleration
2613:Computer architecture
2511:Emitter-coupled logic
2448:Printed circuit board
1395:Stump, David (2014).
1364:Stump, David (2014).
1139:The process of using
1047:video coding standard
981:Advanced Video Coding
951:standard and various
751:
667:
665:{\displaystyle 1024n}
584:digital photo cameras
570:charge-coupled device
500:Silicon Imaging SI-2K
462:
440:television programs.
408:offer resolution and
184:shot feature movies,
182:high definition video
130:charge-coupled device
128:image sensor was the
47:digital image sensors
33:
2717:Finite-state machine
2695:High-level synthesis
2630:Circuit minimization
2097:Taylor & Francis
1209:Paul Thomas Anderson
1141:digital intermediate
1013:Digital distribution
818:File-based workflows
798:Tape-based workflows
776:camera, followed by
653:
577:active-pixel sensors
455:Digital movie camera
414:broadcast television
49:rather than through
2764:Digital photography
2546:Generic Array Logic
2468:Combinational logic
2443:Printed electronics
2407:Digital electronics
1846:. Personal-view.com
1475:1993SPIE.1900....2F
865:industry, often to
624:other video formats
426:digital photography
336:Slumdog Millionaire
153:active-pixel sensor
2712:Asynchronous logic
2488:Integrated circuit
2453:Electronic circuit
2180:. December 8, 2010
1915:"What is ARRIRAW?"
1729:Filmmaker Magazine
1657:siliconimaging.com
1405:. pp. 19–22.
1171:. Cinematographer
915:groups of pictures
883:Chroma subsampling
877:Chroma subsampling
810:software, using a
808:non-linear editing
779:The Social Network
753:
662:
637:" notation, where
465:
351:digital projection
268:The Phantom Menace
264:digital projectors
246:The Last Broadcast
36:
2820:
2819:
2769:Digital telephone
2740:Computer hardware
2707:Synchronous logic
2019:978-1-4398-9928-1
1988:978-1-101-61380-1
1653:"Silicon Imaging"
1535:"Julia and Julia"
1493:10.1117/12.148585
1412:978-1-136-04042-9
1381:978-1-136-04042-9
1374:. pp. 83–5.
1350:978-0-8194-3698-6
1213:Quentin Tarantino
1205:Christopher Nolan
1039:image compression
949:image compression
649:frame is exactly
572:(CCD) sensors or
550:Steven Soderbergh
394:Blackmagic Design
330:instead of tape.
16:(Redirected from
2855:
2473:Sequential logic
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2036:. Archived from
2030:
2024:
2023:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:. 19 August 2019
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1803:. Archived from
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1755:. Archived from
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1704:. 23 August 2018
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1486:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1279:
942:data compression
825:hard disk drives
717:progressive scan
671:
669:
668:
663:
132:(CCD), based on
21:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2795:
2728:
2663:Place and route
2658:Logic synthesis
2644:
2640:Gate equivalent
2603:Logic synthesis
2598:Boolean algebra
2581:
2523:Macrocell array
2483:Boolean circuit
2409:
2404:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:. p. 147.
2087:
2083:
2076:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1943:www.fdtimes.com
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1812:
1793:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1675:Stephen Follows
1669:
1668:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1552:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1484:10.1.1.408.6558
1463:Fossum, Eric R.
1460:
1456:
1427:Fossum, Eric R.
1424:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1244:
1226:digital masters
1201:
1165:
1137:
1118:
1116:Grain and noise
1082:
1077:
1071:
1021:
1015:
935:
898:
890:raw sensor data
885:
879:
848:post-production
820:
800:
788:
727:High Frame Rate
654:
651:
650:
620:
558:
541:(shot on three
457:
451:
446:
422:
386:Vision Research
312:Skywalker Ranch
218:Digital Betacam
187:Julia and Julia
142:digital imaging
114:digital cameras
110:
82:Vision Research
78:Silicon Imaging
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:cinematography
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2618:Digital signal
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Digital signal
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2292:|journal=
2265:
2240:
2215:
2190:
2165:
2140:
2112:
2105:
2081:
2074:
2050:
2025:
2018:
2012:. p. 95.
1994:
1987:
1967:
1955:
1945:. 7 April 2019
1930:
1905:
1880:
1856:
1835:
1810:
1807:on 2016-02-01.
1787:
1769:
1753:qubecinema.com
1740:
1715:
1687:
1662:
1644:
1633:
1622:
1601:
1583:
1571:
1565:978-1136053542
1564:
1546:
1526:
1517:|journal=
1454:
1418:
1411:
1387:
1380:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1299:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1200:
1197:
1164:
1161:
1136:
1133:
1117:
1114:
1081:
1078:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1019:Digital cinema
1017:Main article:
1014:
1011:
1009:distribution.
1007:digital cinema
934:
931:
897:
894:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
819:
816:
799:
796:
787:
784:
661:
658:
647:digitized film
619:
616:
596:depth of field
562:digital images
557:
554:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
445:
442:
438:live broadcast
421:
418:
290:In June 2000,
171:cinematography
112:The basis for
109:
106:
43:motion picture
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Digital media
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Metastability
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:Design issues
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:Digital video
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:Digital audio
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2316:on 2013-01-29
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2155:on 2013-05-23
2154:
2150:
2144:
2130:on 2013-05-21
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2106:9780240806174
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2075:9781461507994
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2040:on 2007-07-01
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1894:
1893:petapixel.com
1890:
1884:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1782:Rolling Stone
1779:
1773:
1759:on 2016-03-11
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1702:
1701:The A.V. Club
1697:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1558:. CRC Press.
1557:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1323:9783319490885
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1289:. 26 May 2015
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:Wally Pfister
1170:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:bayer pattern
1085:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1063:internegative
1060:
1059:film recorder
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
904:compression.
903:
893:
891:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
815:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
790:Broadly, two
783:
781:
780:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:
759:
750:
746:
744:
740:
735:
730:
728:
724:
723:
718:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Academy ratio
694:
690:
686:
685:aspect ratios
681:
679:
675:
674:binary prefix
659:
656:
648:
644:
643:full-aperture
640:
636:
634:
629:
625:
618:Video formats
615:
613:
609:
606:Professional
604:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
575:
571:
567:
566:image sensors
563:
553:
551:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
533:iPhone 7 Plus
531:(shot on the
530:
529:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Thomson Viper
501:
497:
494:, Panavision
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Sony CineAlta
463:Arriflex D-21
461:
456:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
411:
410:dynamic range
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
354:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
308:digital video
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:
273:In May 2000,
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
252:In May 1999,
250:
248:
247:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
208:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
151:
147:
146:digital video
143:
139:
135:
134:MOS capacitor
131:
127:
126:semiconductor
123:
122:image sensors
119:
115:
105:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2778:
2733:Applications
2365:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:the original
2304:
2283:cite journal
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2255:. 2012-11-30
2252:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2182:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2091:
2084:
2060:
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2028:
2004:
1997:
1977:
1970:
1964:adamwilt.com
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1813:
1805:the original
1800:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1752:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1677:. 2019-02-11
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1586:
1574:
1555:
1549:
1538:
1529:
1466:
1457:
1441:(3): 33–43.
1438:
1434:
1421:
1397:
1390:
1366:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1312:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1277:
1218:
1202:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:color graded
1138:
1126:
1119:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1055:
1051:
1037:(DWT) based
1029:
1022:
1003:video codecs
969:Apple ProRes
936:
899:
886:
860:
852:
833:
821:
801:
789:
786:Data storage
777:
767:
762:
754:
731:
720:
714:
704:
682:
642:
638:
632:
631:
621:
605:
601:
600:
581:
559:
547:Oscar winner
536:
526:
520:
471:(F) Series,
466:
434:feature film
423:
402:Grass Valley
363:
355:
344:
334:
332:
321:
315:
301:
291:
289:
274:
272:
267:
257:
254:George Lucas
251:
244:
234:
211:
209:
193:
192:
185:
161:
111:
98:
59:
38:
37:
18:Digital film
2463:Memory cell
2253:Digital Spy
2205:. JoBlo.com
1708:26 November
1612:. WriteWork
1231:hard drives
1183:Michael Bay
1163:Reliability
1102:demosaicing
1098:demosaicing
1005:as well as
906:Inter-frame
902:intra-frame
743:pillarboxed
739:letterboxed
361:digitally.
359:distributed
357:as well as
323:Russian Ark
157:CMOS sensor
57:digitally.
55:distributed
2827:Categories
2812:Runt pulse
2784:television
2478:Logic gate
2423:Transistor
2415:Components
2345:2013-04-22
2320:2013-04-22
2259:2013-04-22
2234:2013-04-22
2209:2013-04-22
2184:2013-05-19
2159:2013-05-19
2134:2013-04-22
2044:2007-11-25
1962:recording
1949:2019-09-13
1924:2019-09-13
1899:2019-09-13
1874:2019-09-13
1850:2013-04-22
1829:2019-02-15
1763:2014-12-05
1734:2019-09-14
1681:2019-10-23
1616:2013-04-22
1293:2016-06-28
1269:References
1080:Resolution
983:(AVC) and
973:Avid DNxHD
867:data tapes
804:video-tape
769:District 9
758:Arri Alexa
701:Panavision
612:Blackmagic
420:Technology
398:Panavision
222:DCR-VX1000
168:electronic
74:Blackmagic
66:Panavision
51:film stock
2668:Placement
2458:Flip-flop
2438:Capacitor
2010:CRC Press
1919:ShareGrid
1824:IndieWire
1801:Indiewire
1519:ignored (
1509:cite book
1479:CiteSeerX
1403:CRC Press
1372:CRC Press
1287:PetaPixel
1253:Filmizing
1178:Inception
1108:to avoid
1031:JPEG 2000
989:JPEG 2000
709:35mm film
568:, either
543:iPhone 5S
538:Tangerine
444:Recording
370:Panasonic
333:In 2009,
213:Windhorse
175:Sony HDVS
101:35mm film
94:Panasonic
2433:Inductor
2428:Resistor
2228:Archived
2178:Collider
1501:10556755
1242:See also
1193:strobing
1169:glitches
1110:aliasing
961:DigiBeta
955:such as
927:B-frames
923:P-frames
856:metadata
792:workflow
680:" (ki).
516:Weisscam
481:Arriflex
317:Spy Kids
298:HDW-F900
285:HDW-F900
230:da Vinci
190:(1987).
2673:Routing
2507:(3D IC)
2277:. 2007.
1471:Bibcode
1000:DCI XYZ
996:Redcode
919:I-frame
774:Red One
763:Knowing
725:have a
622:Unlike
556:Sensors
514:cores,
496:Genesis
449:Cameras
195:Rainbow
108:History
2650:Design
2586:Theory
2572:(ASIC)
2566:(FPOA)
2560:(FPGA)
2554:(CPLD)
2519:(EPLD)
2103:
2072:
2016:
1985:
1562:
1499:
1481:
1409:
1378:
1347:
1320:
1236:M-DISC
869:(like
602:Codecs
564:using
535:) and
528:Unsane
523:iPhone
346:Avatar
276:Vidocq
120:(MOS)
92:, and
45:using
2757:radio
2578:(TPU)
2548:(GAL)
2542:(PAL)
2536:(PLD)
2530:(PLA)
2513:(ECL)
2496:(HIC)
2357:Notes
2340:ZDNet
1497:S2CID
1129:noise
1122:grain
985:AVCHD
965:HDCAM
844:JBoDs
802:With
628:1080p
492:Alexa
479:One,
430:video
378:Canon
281:Pitof
237:HDCAM
90:GoPro
2490:(IC)
2296:help
2101:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1710:2019
1560:ISBN
1540:IMDb
1521:help
1407:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1211:and
1033:, a
998:and
977:MPEG
946:JPEG
871:LTOs
840:NASs
838:and
836:SANs
829:RAID
812:deck
766:and
732:The
693:SDTV
689:HDTV
678:kibi
657:1024
574:CMOS
490:and
488:D-21
484:D-20
404:and
390:Arri
382:Sony
376:and
366:Sony
226:Avid
164:Sony
150:CMOS
144:and
116:are
86:Sony
64:and
62:Arri
1489:doi
1443:doi
925:or
911:HDV
873:).
741:or
734:DCI
695:or
608:raw
477:Red
406:Red
374:JVC
328:HDD
270:.
241:CCD
70:Red
2829::
2338:.
2287::
2285:}}
2281:{{
2251:.
2193:^
2176:.
2115:^
2095:.
2068:.
2064:.
2008:.
1941:.
1917:.
1891:.
1867:.
1822:.
1799:.
1780:.
1751:.
1727:.
1698:.
1673:.
1655:.
1594:.
1537:.
1513::
1511:}}
1507:{{
1495:.
1487:.
1477:.
1437:.
1433:.
1401:.
1370:.
1302:^
1285:.
1207:,
1131:.
1094:or
979:,
975:,
971:,
967:,
963:,
959:,
957:DV
892:.
863:IT
645:,
592:PV
590:,
588:PL
506:,
502:,
498:,
486:,
475:,
416:.
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
372:,
368:,
353:.
96:.
88:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
2399:e
2392:t
2385:v
2348:.
2323:.
2298:)
2294:(
2262:.
2237:.
2212:.
2187:.
2162:.
2137:.
2109:.
2078:.
2047:.
2022:.
1991:.
1952:.
1927:.
1902:.
1877:.
1853:.
1832:.
1784:.
1766:.
1737:.
1712:.
1684:.
1659:.
1619:.
1598:.
1568:.
1543:.
1523:)
1503:.
1491::
1473::
1451:.
1445::
1439:2
1415:.
1384:.
1353:.
1326:.
1296:.
705:n
676:"
660:n
639:n
635:K
633:n
155:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
