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education by taking a more data-driven approach to healthcare. The availability of technologies makes it possible to build personalized models for patients, continuously adjustable based on tracked health and lifestyle parameters. This can ultimately lead to a virtual patient, with detailed description of the healthy state of an individual patient and not only on previous records. Furthermore, the digital twin enables individual's records to be compared to the population in order to easier find patterns with great detail. The biggest benefit of the digital twin on the healthcare industry is the fact that healthcare can be tailored to anticipate on the responses of individual patients. Digital twins will not only lead to better resolutions when defining the health of an individual patient but also change the expected image of a healthy patient. Previously, 'healthy' was seen as the absence of disease indications. Now, 'healthy' patients can be compared to the rest of the population in order to really define healthy. However, the emergence of the digital twin in healthcare also brings some downsides. The digital twin may lead to inequality, as the technology might not be accessible for everyone by widening the gap between the rich and poor. Furthermore, the digital twin will identify patterns in a population which may lead to discrimination.
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characteristics that have similarities with the character of the IoT, namely its connective nature. First and foremost, the technology enables connectivity between the physical component and its digital counterpart. The basis of digital twins is based on this connection; without it, digital twin technology would not exist. As described in the previous section, this connectivity is created by sensors on the physical product which obtain data and integrate and communicate this data through various integration technologies. Digital twin technology enables increased connectivity between organizations, products, and customers. For example, connectivity between partners and customers in a supply chain can be increased by enabling members of this supply chain to check the digital twin of a product or asset. These partners can then check the status of this product by simply checking the digital twin.
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software-based digital abilities. A specific example of digital twin technology in the automotive industry is where automotive engineers use digital twin technology in combination with the firm's analytical tool in order to analyze how a specific car is driven. In doing so, they can suggest incorporating new features in the car that can reduce car accidents on the road, which was previously not possible in such a short time frame. Digital twins can be built for not just individual vehicles but also the whole mobility system, where humans (e.g., drivers, passengers, pedestrians), vehicles (e.g., connected vehicles, connected and automated vehicles), and traffics (e.g., traffic networks, traffic infrastructures) can seek guidance from their digital twins deployed on edge/
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merge the product physical and virtual space. The digital twin enables companies to have a digital footprint of all of their products, from design to development and throughout the entire product life cycle. Broadly speaking, industries with manufacturing business are highly disrupted by digital twins. In the manufacturing process, the digital twin is like a virtual replica of the near-time occurrences in the factory. Thousands of sensors are being placed throughout the physical manufacturing process, all collecting data from different dimensions, such as environmental conditions, behavioural characteristics of the machine and work that is being performed. All this data is continuously communicating and collected by the digital twin.
203:(DTA). The DTP consists of the designs, analyses, and processes that realize a physical product. The DTP exists before there is a physical product. The DTI is the digital twin of each individual instance of the product once it is manufactured. The DTI is linked with its physical counterpart for the remainder of the physical counterpart's life. The DTA is the aggregation of DTIs whose data and information can be used for interrogation about the physical product, prognostics, and learning. The specific information contained in the digital twins is driven by use cases. The digital twin is a logical construct, meaning that the actual data and information may be contained in other applications.
145:
267:. A consequence of this reprogrammable nature is the emergence of functionalities. If we take the example of an engine again, digital twins can be used to collect data about the performance of the engine and if needed adjust the engine, creating a newer version of the product. Also, servitization can be seen as a consequence of the reprogrammable nature as well. Manufacturers can be responsible for observing the digital twin, making adjustments, or reprogramming the digital twin when needed and they can offer this as an extra service.
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the following four aspects: modularity, autonomy, connectivity and digital twin. As there is an increasing digitalization in the stages of a manufacturing process, opportunities are opening up to achieve a higher productivity. This starts with modularity and leading to higher effectiveness in the production system. Furthermore, autonomy enables the production system to respond to unexpected events in an efficient and intelligent way. Lastly, connectivity like the
415:, makes the closing of the digitalization loop possible, by then allowing the following cycle of product design and promotion to be optimized for higher performance. This may lead to increase in customer satisfaction and loyalty when products can determine a problem before actually breaking down. Furthermore, as storage and computing costs are becoming less expensive, the ways in which digital twins are used are expanding. Implementation challenges such as
244:, computing power will continue to increase exponentially over the coming years, while the cost of computing decreases significantly. This would, therefore, lead to lower marginal costs of developing digital twins and make it comparatively much cheaper to test, predict, and solve problems on virtual representations rather than testing on physical models and waiting for physical products to break before intervening.
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453:(AR) systems are being used as both collaborative tools for design and planning in the built environment integrating data feeds from embedded sensors in cities and API services to form digital twins. For example, AR can be used to create augmented reality maps, buildings, and data feeds projected onto tabletops for collaborative viewing by built environment professionals.
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decoupling the information from its physical form. Therefore, the homogenization of data and the decoupling of the information from its physical artifact, have allowed digital twins to come into existence. However, digital twins also enable increasingly more information on physical products to be stored digitally and become decoupled from the product itself.
160:. The digital twin concept consists of three distinct parts: the physical object or process and its physical environment, the digital representation of the object or process, and the communication channel between the physical and virtual representations. The connections between the physical version and the digital version include
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track the machines that are used and notice possible areas of improvement in the machines. When these machines are made modular, by using digital twin technology, manufacturers can see which components make the machine perform poorly and replace these with better fitting components to improve the manufacturing process.
460:(BIM) processes, planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance activities are increasingly being digitised, and digital twins of built assets are seen as a logical extension - at an individual asset level and at a national level. In the United Kingdom in November 2018, for example, the
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Digital twins offer a great amount of business potential by predicting the future instead of analyzing the past of the manufacturing process. The representation of reality created by digital twins allows manufacturers to evolve towards ex-ante business practices. The future of manufacturing drives on
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Another characteristic that can be observed, is the fact that digital twin technologies leave digital traces. These traces can be used by engineers for example, when a machine malfunctions to go back and check the traces of the digital twin, to diagnose where the problem occurred. These diagnoses can
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A digital twin is set of adaptive models that emulate the behaviour of a physical system in a virtual system getting real time data to update itself along its life cycle. The digital twin replicates the physical system to predict failures and opportunities for changing, to prescribe real time actions
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Healthcare is recognized as an industry being disrupted by the digital twin technology. The concept of digital twin in the healthcare industry was originally proposed and first used in product or equipment prognostics. With a digital twin, lives can be improved in terms of medical health, sports and
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The automobile industry has been improved by digital twin technology. Digital twins in the automobile industry are implemented by using existing data in order to facilitate processes and reduce marginal costs. Currently, automobile designers expand the existing physical materiality by incorporating
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In the sense of the manufacturing industry, modularity can be described as the design and customization of products and production modules. By adding modularity to the manufacturing models, manufacturers gain the ability to tweak models and machines. Digital twin technology enables manufacturers to
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Servitization is the process of organizations that are adding value to their core corporate offerings through services. In the case of the example of engines, the manufacturing of the engine is the core offering of this organization, they then add value by providing a service of checking the engine
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initiative, first formulated in 2018, defines a digital twin as "an integrated multiphysics, multiscale, probabilistic simulation of an as-built system, enabled by a
Digital Thread, that uses the best available models, sensor information, and input data to mirror and predict activities/performance
403:
The digital twin is disrupting the entire product lifecycle management (PLM), from design, to manufacturing, to service and operations. Nowadays, PLM is very time-consuming in terms of efficiency, manufacturing, intelligence, service phases and sustainability in product design. A digital twin can
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Digital twins of autonomous vehicles and their sensor suites embedded in a traffic and environment simulation have also been proposed as a means to overcome the significant development, testing and validation challenges for the automotive application, in particular when the related algorithms are
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to create digital companions for the physical objects. It can be used to view the status of the actual physical object, which provides a way to project physical objects into the digital world. For example, when sensors collect data from a connected device, the sensor data can be used to update a
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In the past, factory managers had their office overlooking the factory so that they could get a feel for what was happening on the factory floor. With the digital twin, not only the factory manager, but everyone associated with factory production could have that same virtual window to not only a
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Another consequence of the homogenization and decoupling of information is that the user experience converges. As information from physical objects is digitized, a single artifact can have multiple new affordances. Digital twin technology allows detailed information about a physical object to be
298:"digital twin" copy of the device's state in real time. The term "device shadow" is also used for the concept of a digital twin. The digital twin is meant to be an up-to-date and accurate copy of the physical object's properties and states, including shape, position, gesture, status and motion.
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that is both the consequence and an enabler of the homogenization of data. Due to the fact that any type of information or content can now be stored and transmitted in the same digital form, it can be used to create a virtual representation of the product (in the form of a digital twin), thus
219:
One of the main characteristics of digital twin technology is its connectivity. The recent development of the
Internet of Things (IoT) brings forward numerous new technologies. The development of IoT also brings forward the development of digital twin technology. This technology shows many
175:(INCOSE) maintains in its Systems Engineering Book of Knowledge (SEBoK) that: "A digital twin is a related yet distinct concept to digital engineering. The digital twin is a high-fidelity model of the system which can be used to emulate the actual system." The evolving
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shared with a larger number of agents, unconstrained by physical location or time. In his white paper on digital twin technology in the manufacturing industry, Michael
Grieves noted the following about the consequences of homogenization enabled by digital twins:
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As stated above, a digital twin enables a physical product to be reprogrammable in a certain way. Furthermore, the digital twin is also reprogrammable in an automatic manner, through the sensors on the physical product, artificial intelligence technologies, and
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The physical manufacturing objects are virtualized and represented as digital twin models (avatars) seamlessly and closely integrated in both the physical and cyber spaces. Physical objects and twin models interact in a mutually beneficial manner.
65:
generally), the first practical definition of a digital twin originated from NASA in an attempt to improve the physical-model simulation of spacecraft in 2010. Digital twins are the result of continual improvement in modeling and engineering.
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connected movement sensors in the cofferdam and boreholes to the digital object-model to display movements in the model. A digital grouting object was made to monitor the effects of pumping grout into the earth to stabilise ground movements.
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Digital twins have also been proposed as a method to reduce the need for visual inspections of buildings and infrastructure after earthquakes by using unmanned vehicles to gather data to be added to a virtual model of the affected area.
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movement. These digital twins are often proposed in the form of interactive platforms to capture and display real-time 3D and 4D spatial data in order to model urban environments (cities) and the data feeds within them.
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In the 2010s and 2020s, manufacturing industries began moving beyond digital product definition to extending the digital twin concept to the entire manufacturing process. Doing so allows the benefits of
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That technology allows manufacturers to create what David
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for optimizing and/or mitigating unexpected events observing and evaluating the operating profile system. Though the concept originated earlier (as a natural aspect of
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in the future also be used by the manufacturer of these machines, to improve their designs so that these same malfunctions will occur less often in the future.
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Advanced ways of product and asset maintenance and management come within reach as there is a digital twin of the real 'thing' with real-time capabilities.
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platforms can use digital twins in finding the root cause of issues and improve
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Digital twins are commonly divided into subtypes that sometimes include:
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The digital twin concept, which has been known by different names (e.g.,
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449:Visualization technologies such as
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149:
88:preventive maintenance
2054:Frontiers in Genetics
1713:www.digitalistmag.com
892:Piascik, R., et al.,
688:Manufacturing Letters
554:Finite element method
466:The Gemini Principles
250:
197:digital twin instance
166:physical sensor flows
147:
1647:10.4271/2018-01-1066
1409:10.18280/mmep.050405
1347:on 24 September 2014
1081:Organization Science
837:. Oxford; New York:
763:Elisa Negri (2017).
528:Related technologies
437:Digital architecture
380:improve this article
337:Industrial use cases
271:Digital trace making
265:predictive analytics
76:inventory management
2151:(18): 17452–17467.
2126:Gartner Trends 2018
1745:(9–12): 3563–3576.
1551:docs.aws.amazon.com
1501:on 13 February 2019
1126:. pp. 85–113.
879:. 3 December 2016.
820:Digital Twin Summit
515:Automotive industry
500:Healthcare industry
158:2010 Roadmap Report
63:computer simulation
1940:www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk
1871:"NSW Digital Twin"
1597:. GE Oil & Gas
1483:Grieves, Michael.
1155:Grieves, Michael.
579:Internet of things
506:Health informatics
413:internet of things
234:digital technology
150:
104:business processes
80:lean manufacturing
2192:Augmented reality
2022:978-3-031-07257-4
1910:978-1-4503-7002-8
1855:978-981-19-3455-1
1783:Deloitte Insights
1527:. 24 October 2016
1257:IFAC-PapersOnLine
1141:978-3-319-38754-3
911:www.sebokwiki.org
744:978-3-319-32156-1
544:Digital workplace
451:augmented reality
397:
396:
162:information flows
96:spatial computing
2199:
2177:
2176:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:. December 2017.
2096:
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2045:
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1996:
1990:
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1494:. Archived from
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1343:. Archived from
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1210:
1204:
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1201:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1162:. Archived from
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1152:
1146:
1145:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1087:(5): 1398–1408.
1076:
1063:
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679:
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669:
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627:
487:and BIM pioneer
477:Heathrow Airport
473:Heathrow Express
417:data integration
392:
389:
383:
360:
359:
352:
92:extended reality
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:
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2182:
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1525:InformationWeek
1519:
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1457:Marr, Bernard.
1455:
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747:
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624:
620:
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517:
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489:Jonathan Ingram
439:
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291:
282:
273:
260:
230:
217:
209:
207:Characteristics
189:
135:David Gelernter
124:Apollo missions
116:
84:troubleshooting
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2205:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2178:
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1436:LinkedIn Pulse
1423:
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1382:
1358:
1328:
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1263:(3): 567–572.
1238:
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1014:
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987:
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848:978-0195079067
847:
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590:External links
588:
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541:
539:Digital mockup
536:
529:
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485:Mott MacDonald
475:facilities at
432:
429:
421:organizational
395:
394:
378:. Please help
364:
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355:
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229:
228:Homogenization
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130:oxygen tanks.
115:
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72:virtualization
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1803:. 2017-11-11.
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1225:: 1031–1042.
1224:
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1198:September 23,
1194:
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1183:
1169:on 2019-02-13
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876:The Economist
872:
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534:Digital Earth
532:
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512:
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490:
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483:. Consultant
482:
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154:virtual twin)
146:
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139:Mirror Worlds
137:'s 1991 book
136:
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1939:
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1864:
1837:
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1819:Biz4intellia
1818:
1809:
1800:
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1524:
1515:
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1496:the original
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1435:
1426:
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1370:
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1351:22 September
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1345:the original
1340:
1331:
1321:22 September
1319:. Retrieved
1314:
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1295:22 September
1293:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1260:
1256:
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1193:Networkworld
1192:
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1164:the original
1150:
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901:
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726:
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639:
635:
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569:Industry 4.0
518:
509:
494:
470:
465:
455:
448:
443:Smart Cities
440:
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406:
402:
398:
385:
366:
327:
323:productivity
300:
292:
283:
274:
261:
251:
246:
239:
231:
222:
218:
215:Connectivity
210:
200:
196:
192:
190:
179:
170:
157:
153:
151:
138:
132:
117:
68:
59:
34:
27:digital twin
26:
24:
1876:25 February
1675:(1): 6–15.
1652:23 December
1575:26 November
1442:25 November
1341:news.com.au
933:. June 2018
775:: 939–948.
603:DSpace-CRIS
597:DSpace-CRIS
382:if you can.
311:prognostics
307:diagnostics
295:3D modeling
242:Moore's law
199:(DTI), and
128:Apollo 13's
55:maintenance
43:integration
2028:2022-09-03
1946:2020-01-01
1718:2018-10-08
1376:2019-09-11
1173:2019-02-12
916:2022-12-12
750:2024-03-16
642:: 104517.
618:References
504:See also:
481:Terminal 1
464:published
435:See also:
425:compliance
346:See also:
303:monitoring
280:Modularity
108:production
78:including
51:monitoring
39:simulation
2173:246525083
2165:2327-4662
1919:208033164
1759:114484028
1418:2369-0739
1317:. Siemens
984:: 96–114.
801:115508540
708:2213-8463
694:: 64–66.
666:1350-6307
376:talk page
369:buzzwords
329:based on
2186:Category
2086:29487613
1689:42651835
1505:24 March
1101:23252314
1051:23015642
857:23868481
289:Examples
195:(DTP),
2128:: 1–24.
2077:5816748
1801:I-Scoop
1601:26 July
1595:Youtube
1569:YouTube
1531:26 July
1468:7 March
1371:i-SCOOP
1315:YouTube
1289:YouTube
1109:8913405
1059:5096464
348:CAD/CAM
114:History
100:product
47:testing
2171:
2163:
2084:
2074:
2060:: 31.
2019:
1971:1 June
1917:
1907:
1852:
1757:
1687:
1463:Forbes
1416:
1138:
1107:
1099:
1057:
1049:
937:11 Dec
855:
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741:
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177:US DoD
86:, and
53:, and
2169:S2CID
2122:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1755:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1499:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1291:. PTC
1167:(PDF)
1160:(PDF)
1105:S2CID
1097:JSTOR
1055:S2CID
1047:JSTOR
1027:(PDF)
955:, in
797:S2CID
601:IEEE
522:cloud
315:fleet
187:Types
31:model
2161:ISSN
2082:PMID
2017:ISBN
1973:2020
1905:ISBN
1878:2020
1850:ISBN
1654:2018
1603:2017
1577:2015
1533:2017
1507:2017
1470:2017
1444:2015
1414:ISSN
1353:2015
1323:2015
1297:2015
1200:2018
1136:ISBN
939:2022
853:OCLC
843:ISBN
739:ISBN
704:ISSN
662:ISSN
309:and
171:The
120:NASA
94:and
2153:doi
2072:PMC
2062:doi
2009:doi
1897:doi
1842:doi
1747:doi
1677:doi
1643:doi
1404:doi
1265:doi
1227:doi
1128:doi
1089:doi
1039:doi
1005:doi
787:hdl
777:doi
731:doi
696:doi
652:hdl
644:doi
640:112
479:'s
423:or
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2003:,
1964:.
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