991:
2518:
functional mandibles that may be used for biting. The flies that feed on vertebrate blood have sharp stylets that pierce the skin, with some species having anticoagulant saliva that is regurgitated before absorbing the blood that flows; in this process, certain diseases can be transmitted. The bot flies (Oestridae) have evolved to parasitize mammals. Many species complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts. The larvae of a few fly groups (Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae) are capable of inducing plant galls. Some dipteran larvae are leaf-miners. The larvae of many brachyceran families are predaceous. In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations; these insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females.
3031:
2060:
1214:
818:
2079:
1156:
925:
738:
668:
2514:
feeding behaviours. The fruit or detritus is consumed along with the associated micro-organisms, a sieve-like filter in the pharynx being used to concentrate the particles, while flesh-eating larvae have mouth-hooks to help shred their food. The larvae of some groups feed on or in the living tissues of plants and fungi, and some of these are serious pests of agricultural crops. Some aquatic larvae consume the films of algae that form underwater on rocks and plants. Many of the parasitoid larvae grow inside and eventually kill other arthropods, while parasitic larvae may attack vertebrate hosts.
321:
2386:. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots, but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as
1123:, distinguished by the differences in antennae. The Nematocera are identified by their elongated bodies and many-segmented, often feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The Brachycera have rounder bodies and much shorter antennae. Subsequent studies have identified the Nematocera as being non-monophyletic with modern phylogenies placing the Brachycera within grades of groups formerly placed in the Nematocera. The construction of a phylogenetic tree has been the subject of ongoing research. The following cladogram is based on the FLYTREE project.
2569:
876:
904:
2493:
direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season. More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate.
2354:
1705:
689:
2323:
1666:
204:
1242:
589:
1645:
2874:
6524:"Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of the flies (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).", Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (173). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2647:
2229:
1366:
1298:
1494:
1338:
1090:
839:
1387:
1177:
3119:
1617:
759:
1435:
2144:
1548:
11087:
10486:
9637:
1576:
640:
2502:
1463:
1270:
145:
1890:
2421:, where the larvae starting development inside the eggs before they hatch or viviparous, the larvae hatching and maturing in the body of the mother before being externally deposited. These are found especially in groups that have larvae dependent on food sources that are short-lived or are accessible for brief periods. This is widespread in some families such as the Sarcophagidae. In
6542:"For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.", Herrmann, "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, K., Becking, B., & Horst, P. W. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.) (154). Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans.
1908:
more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic. There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of
Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region. While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (
3273:, and fruit fly. In contrast, common names of non-dipteran insects that have "fly" in their names are written as one word, e.g. butterfly, stonefly, dragonfly, scorpionfly, sawfly, caddisfly, whitefly. In practice, however, this is a comparatively new convention; especially in older books, names like "saw fly" and "caddis fly", or hyphenated forms such as
3226:. The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find, but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods.
1953:. Flies are the second largest group of pollinators after the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and relatives). In wet and colder environments flies are significantly more important as pollinators. Compared to bees, they need less food as they do not need to provision their young. Many flowers that bear low nectar and those that have evolved
412:, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete
1961:
mines. Some families are mycophagous or fungus feeding. These include the cave dwelling
Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) whose larvae are the only diptera with bioluminescence. The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers.
2586:
Flies are eaten by other animals at all stages of their development. The eggs and larvae are parasitised by other insects and are eaten by many creatures, some of which specialise in feeding on flies but most of which consume them as part of a mixed diet. Birds, bats, frogs, lizards, dragonflies and
2492:
being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite
2474:
take various forms. In some groups, particularly the
Nematocera, the pupa is intermediate between the larval and adult form; these pupae are described as "obtect", having the future appendages visible as structures that adhere to the pupal body. The outer surface of the pupa may be leathery and bear
2341:
In many flies, the larval stage is long and adults may have a short life. Most dipteran larvae develop in protected environments; many are aquatic and others are found in moist places such as carrion, fruit, vegetable matter, fungi and, in the case of parasitic species, inside their hosts. They tend
3192:
larvae to remove the dead tissue from wounds, most commonly being amputations. Historically, this has been used for centuries, both intentional and unintentional, on battlefields and in early hospital settings. Removing the dead tissue promotes cell growth and healthy wound healing. The larvae also
2127:
that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females
2115:
is responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw. The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to
2110:
field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons. A subset of these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as yaw, roll, and sideward translation. Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the visual
2254:
and typically involve an angle of 90°, being achieved in 50 milliseconds. They are initiated by visual stimuli as the fly observes an object, nerves then activate steering muscles in the thorax that cause a small change in wing stroke which generate sufficient torque to turn. Detecting this within
2205:
The abdomen shows considerable variability among members of the order. It consists of eleven segments in primitive groups and ten segments in more derived groups, the tenth and eleventh segments having fused. The last two or three segments are adapted for reproduction. Each segment is made up of a
1907:
and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively. The suborder
Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader,
3240:
magazine suggested a trap for these flies. A pipe acting as a chimney was fitted to the toilet which let in some light to attract these flies up to the end of this pipe where a gauze covering prevented escape to the air outside so that they were trapped and died. Toilets are generally dark inside
2731:
In
Ancient Egypt, flies appear in amulets and as a military award for bravery and tenacity, due to the fact that they always come back when swatted at. It is thought that flies may have also been associated with the departing spirit of the dead, as they are often found near dead bodies. In modern
2513:
both as consumers and as prey. In some groups the larvae complete their development without feeding, and in others the adults do not feed. The larvae can be herbivores, scavengers, decomposers, predators or parasites, with the consumption of decaying organic matter being one of the most prevalent
2487:
The adult stage is usually short, its function is only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects. In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that
2517:
Whereas many dipteran larvae are aquatic or live in enclosed terrestrial locations, the majority of adults live above ground and are capable of flight. Predominantly they feed on nectar or plant or animal exudates, such as honeydew, for which their lapping mouthparts are adapted. Some flies have
6533:"1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba‘al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel’s King Ahaziah requested an oracle.", Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–). Vol. 1: Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament (211). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
1960:
The greatest diversity of gall forming insects are found among the flies, principally in the family
Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). Many flies (most importantly in the family Agromyzidae) lay their eggs in the mesophyll tissue of leaves with larvae feeding between the surfaces forming blisters and
2094:
on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different
2246:
organs and are rapidly oscillated in time with the wings; they act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles, and flies deprived of their halteres are unable to fly. The wings and halteres move in synchrony but the amplitude of each wing beat is
2346:, most dipteran larvae have sclerotised head capsules, which may be reduced to remnant mouth hooks; the Brachycera, however, have soft, gelatinized head capsules from which the sclerites are reduced or missing. Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax. The
2297:, many hover flies, bee flies (Bombyliidae) and fruit flies (Tephritidae) maintain territories within which they engage in aerial pursuit to drive away intruding males and other species. While these territories may be held by individual males, some species, such as
3173:. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed to the inclusion of insects in their food, and the use of insects in animal feed remains illegal in areas such as the
1902:
Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from
Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been
2441:; a single fertilised egg is retained in the oviduct and the developing larva feeds on glandular secretions. When fully grown, the female finds a spot with soft soil and the larva works its way out of the oviduct, buries itself and pupates. Some flies like
1077:
insects has long been accepted, with the main orders being established as
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and it is the relationships between these groups which has caused difficulties. Diptera is widely thought to be a member of
2479:, formed from the last larval skin, and the actual pupa is concealed within. When the adult insect is ready to emerge from this tough, desiccation-resistant capsule, it inflates a balloon-like structure on its head, and forces its way out.
2045:
consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the 3 hindmost segments modified for reproduction. Some
Dipterans are mimics and can only be distinguished from their models by very careful inspection. An example of this is
4919:
Lakes-Harlan, Reinhard; Jacobs, Kirsten; Allen, Geoff R. (2007). "Comparison of auditory sense organs in parasitoid
Tachinidae (Diptera) hosted by Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) and homologous structures in a non-hearing Phoridae (Diptera)".
2276:
in 1927. This claim, of speeds of 600 to 800 miles per hour, was regularly repeated until it was shown to be physically impossible as well as incorrect by Irving Langmuir. Langmuir suggested an estimated speed of 25 miles per hour.
2817:("painted fly" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as an inconspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained by various reasons.
2541:
such as members of the Sarcophagidae. The miltogramminae are known as "satellite flies" for their habit of following wasps and stealing their stung prey or laying their eggs into them. Phorids, milichids and the genus
2307:
with many males aggregating in displays. Some flies maintain an airspace and still others form dense swarms that maintain a stationary location with respect to landmarks. Many flies mate in flight while swarming.
3111:. Thus, the presence or absence of particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as
2037:, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the
7095:
6456:
Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized, and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths, Big Fly (
3771:
Yeates, David K.; Weigmann, Brian M; Courtney, Greg W.; Meier, Rudolf; Lambkins, Christine; Pape, Thomas (2007). "Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects".
2186:
are exceptional in having lost their wings and become flightless. The only other order of insects bearing a single pair of true, functional wings, in addition to any form of halteres, are the
2537:
fluid in a behaviour termed as "bubbling" which has been thought to help the insects evaporate water and concentrate food or possibly to cool by evaporation. Some adult diptera are known for
5933:
487:. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as
2433:(Phoridae) females have incubation pouches, and a full developed third instar larva is deposited by the adult and it almost immediately pupates with no freely feeding larval stage. The
3107:. Maggots of different species of flies visit corpses and carcases at fairly well-defined times after the death of the victim, and so do their predators, such as beetles in the family
6298:
Whitman, D. W.; Orsak, L.; Greene, E. (1988). "Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Further experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by
4101:
Ssymank, Axel; Kearns, C. A.; Pape, Thomas; Thompson, F. Christian (1 April 2008). "Pollinating Flies (Diptera): A major contribution to plant diversity and agricultural production".
5986:
Hendrichs, J.; Cooley, S. S.; Prokopy, R. J. (1992). "Post-feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid-feeding Diptera: concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water".
3986:
2443:
416:; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are
7189:
Gilead, L.; Mumcuoglu, K. Y.; Ingber, A. (16 August 2013). "The use of maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in hospitalised and ambulatory patients".
2095:
families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups. Female
424:, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults.
2979:. Other dipterans are a nuisance to humans, especially when present in large numbers; these include houseflies, which contaminate food and spread food-borne illnesses; the
2599:—their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members. Bombyliid bee flies such as
2247:
independent, allowing the fly to turn sideways. The wings of the fly are attached to two kinds of muscles, those used to power it and another set used for fine control.
6429:
381:, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000
2178:, and concentration of nerve tissue in the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder. Some flies such as the ectoparasitic
2128:
at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing. Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect
6873:
7102:
2475:
spines, respiratory features or locomotory paddles. In other groups, described as "coarctate", the appendages are not visible. In these, the outer surface is a
5545:
Becerril-Morales, Felipe; Macías-Ordóñez, Rogelio (2009). "Territorial contests within and between two species of flies (Diptera: Richardiidae) in the wild".
2250:
Flies tend to fly in a straight line then make a rapid change in direction before continuing on a different straight path. The directional changes are called
6821:
Ma, Kevin Y.; Chirarattananon, Pakpong; Fuller, Sawyer B.; Wood, Robert J. (3 May 2013). "Controlled flight of a biologically inspired, insect-scale robot".
2007:
inside the nests of social insects. Some brachycerans are agricultural pests, some bite animals and humans and suck their blood, and some transmit diseases.
2595:
is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps, ants and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders. Some species of hoverfly are
2795:, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit. In
3440:
1086:(twisted-wing flies). Diptera has been grouped with Siphonaptera and Mecoptera in the Antliophora, but this has not been confirmed by molecular studies.
5507:
Dodson, Gary; Yeates, David (1990). "The mating system of a bee fly (Diptera: Bombyliidae). II. Factors affecting male territorial and mating success".
552:. The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with "fly" in their names. However, some true flies such as
10421:
2423:
2099:
use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large
11460:
10363:
10343:
10436:
4819:
2190:. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax. Each of the fly's six
7225:
11306:
2732:
Egypt, a similar belief persists in some areas to not swat at shiny green flies, as they may be carrying the soul of a recently deceased person.
377:"wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as
10451:
9357:
2429:
6263:
Pie, Marcio R.; Del-Claro, Kleber (2002). "Male-male agonistic behavior and ant-mimicry in a Neotropical richardiid (Diptera: Richardiidae)".
1933:
Brachycera are ecologically very diverse, with many being predatory at the larval stage and some being parasitic. Animals parasitised include
11345:
10383:
10358:
2671:
Flies play a variety of symbolic roles in different cultures. These include both positive and negative roles in religion. In the traditional
3617:
Wiegmann, B. M.; Trautwein, M. D.; Winkler, I. S.; Barr, N. B.; Kim, J.-W.; Lambkin, C.; Bertone, M. A.; Cassel, B. K.; et al. (2011).
10531:
2781:: "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed."
990:
2194:
has a typical insect structure of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, with the tarsus in most instances being subdivided into five
1082:, along with Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Mecoptera (scorpionflies) and possibly
10378:
9540:
3257:
Some authors draw a distinction in writing the common names of insects. True flies are in their view best written as two words, such as
11480:
11475:
7527:
6196:
3994:
2605:
are short-bodied, round, furry, and distinctly bee-like as they visit flowers for nectar, and are likely also Batesian mimics of bees.
7391:
7337:, pp. 717–786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.),
6895:
Mulla, Mir S.; Chansang, Uruyakorn (2007). "Pestiferous nature, resting sites, aggregation, and host-seeking behavior of the eye fly
3741:
3361:"The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data"
1924:), with a length of up to 7 cm (2.8 in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world, while the smallest is
7289:
4351:
Stireman, John O. (1 September 2002). "Learning in the Generalist Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista Mella Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae)".
2751:, and was thus turned by the angry goddess into a fly, who now always deprives people of their sleep in memory of her past life. In
11280:
2284:(Chloropidae) are known to be dispersed by winds at altitudes of up to 2000 ft and over long distances. Some hover flies like
3030:
11319:
7398:
3946:"Gene Flow Among Geographically Diverse Housefly Populations (Musca domestica L.): A Worldwide Survey of Mitochondrial Diversity"
3065:. A large number of genetic studies have been undertaken based on this species; these have had a profound impact on the study of
2394:. Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified.
1213:
4214:"Phylogenetic relationships within the leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) inferred from sequence data from multiple genes"
3201:
activity found in their secretions as they feed. These medicinal maggots are a safe and effective treatment for chronic wounds.
2712:, the dead corpses floating on the waters are compared to flies. Later, the gods are said to swarm "like flies" around the hero
1038:
which were abundant at the time, and dipteran mouthparts are well-adapted to softening and lapping up the crusted residues. The
10815:
3359:
Peters, Ralph S.; Meusemann, Karen; Petersen, Malte; Mayer, Christoph; Wilbrandt, Jeanne; Ziesmann, Tanja; et al. (2014).
6680:
6464:) (Wyman and Bailey 1964:29–30, 51, 137–144), are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun.
7438:
7266:
6749:
6722:
6690:
6663:
6574:
6440:
6377:
6179:
5962:
5801:
5772:
5745:
5720:
5705:
5056:
4803:
4648:
4562:
4530:
4435:
3809:
3689:
3571:
3444:
11324:
3093:, techniques that he applied to morphological characters but now adapted for use with molecular sequences in phylogenetics.
11470:
3010:(Empididae) are predators and parasitoids of other insects, helping to control a variety of pests. Many dipterans such as
6787:
2916:
6393:
Eslin, Patrice; Doury, Géraldine (2006). "The fly Drosophila subobscura: A natural case of innate immunity deficiency".
2059:
11455:
11450:
6086:
Marshall, S.A.; Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. (2017). "Natural history of Diptera". In Kirk-Spriggs, A.H.; Sinclair, B.J. (eds.).
1030:. Based on the attraction of many modern fly groups to shiny droplets, it has been suggested that they may have fed on
5908:
5572:
Alcock, John; Schaefer, John E. (1983). "Hilltop territoriality in a Sonoran desert bot fly (Diptera: Cuterebridae)".
2915:(Oestridae) attack livestock, causing wounds, spreading disease, and creating significant economic harm. See article:
6625:
6487:
11417:
11259:
10524:
7074:
2554:
forage underwater, and have special hydrophobic hairs that trap a bubble of air that lets them breathe underwater.
2132:
emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts, Many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of
1026:(around 140 million years ago), so the original dipterans must have had a different source of nutrition other than
11350:
11272:
10540:
9533:
3825:
Yeates, D. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (1999). "Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level phylogeny of diptera".
2636:
2390:. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding
817:
284:
6591:
2521:
Most adult diptera have their mouthparts modified to sponge up fluid. The adults of many species of flies (e.g.
10930:
7520:
6912:
3893:
Pape, Thomas; Beuk, Paul; Pont, Adrian Charles; Shatalkin, Anatole I.; Ozerov, Andrey L.; et al. (2015).
11332:
11013:
10606:
4752:
Eckert, Hendrik (1980). "Functional properties of the H1-neurone in the third optic Ganglion of the Blowfly,
3070:
10170:
3458:
Mayhew, Peter J. (2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies".
1054:
are thought to have occurred based on the fossil record. Many new species of lower Diptera developed in the
11396:
7248:
7070:
2273:
2242:
Flies are capable of great manoeuvrability during flight due to the presence of the halteres. These act as
5817:
Meier, Rudolf; Kotrba, Marion; Ferrar, Paul (August 1999). "Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera".
4666:"On the neuronal basis of figure-ground discrimination by relative motion in the visual system of the fly"
3587:
Downes, William L. Jr.; Dahlem, Gregory A. (1987). "Keys to the Evolution of Diptera: Role of Homoptera".
2258:
Flies have rapid reflexes that aid their escape from predators but their sustained flight speeds are low.
2210:, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic
11465:
11189:
11166:
11063:
10517:
2333:
Diptera go through a complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult.
435:
relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant
17:
6088:
Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4
5607:
Yuval, B.; Bouskila, A. (1 March 1993). "Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito swarms".
3742:"Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification"
2078:
1986:
sp., Chironomidae), hot springs, geysers, saline pools, sulphur pools, septic tanks and even crude oil (
1155:
11043:
11023:
9526:
3563:
3185:
2413:
adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues or prey. The majority of dipterans are
2280:
Although most flies live and fly close to the ground, a few are known to fly at heights and a few like
2266:
respond in less than 5 milliseconds to camera flashes by taking flight. In the past, the deer bot fly,
11409:
11194:
4017:
2255:
four or five wingbeats, the halteres trigger a counter-turn and the fly heads off in a new direction.
11485:
11422:
11360:
7513:
7500:
7424:
7150:
Diaz-Roa, A.; Gaona, M. A.; Segura, N. A.; Suárez, D.; Patarroyo, M.A.; Bello, F. J. (August 2014). "
2534:
2891:
Dipterans are an important group of insects and have a considerable impact on the environment. Some
2777:, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman
2198:. At the tip of the limb is a pair of claws, and between these are cushion-like structures known as
1957:
depend on flies. It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies.
203:
11008:
11003:
9509:
4253:"Artocarpus (Moraceae)-Gall Midge Pollination Mutualism Mediated by a Male-Flower Parasitic Fungus"
2563:
2529:
3057:
in research because of the ease with which it can be bred and reared in the laboratory, its small
2627:, leading to an inability to defend against parasitic attacks, a form of innate immunodeficiency.
10910:
10887:
10800:
6651:
3502:
3049:
3036:
2438:
2034:
2021:
Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first
1972:
35:
6997:"The use of insects in forensic investigations: An overview on the scope of forensic entomology"
6369:
5209:"Faster than a flash: The fastest visual startle reflex response is found in a long-legged fly,
3345:
2805:
to that of a cow chased by a gadfly. More recently, in 1962 the biologist Vincent Dethier wrote
11386:
11106:
10975:
9552:
8688:
6477:
4955:
3892:
1926:
1051:
924:
181:
46:
6942:
6739:
6712:
6232:"Do hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) sound like the Hymenoptera they morphologically resemble?"
5131:
Dickinson, Michael H; Tu, Michael S (1 March 1997). "The function of dipteran flight muscle".
5046:
4520:
4425:
3749:
3410:
11381:
11068:
10960:
10750:
10745:
10596:
6564:
5762:
3799:
2936:
2832:
2610:
2347:
2048:
2016:
337:
160:
11373:
11311:
6655:
6205:
3157:, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some
2272:, was claimed to be one of the fastest insects on the basis of an estimate made visually by
737:
667:
11228:
11153:
10915:
10709:
10696:
7402:
7047:
6830:
6114:
6034:
5616:
5292:
5085:
4880:
Zhu, Junwei J.; Zhang, Qing-he; Taylor, David B.; Friesen, Kristina A. (1 September 2016).
4059:
3632:
2797:
2748:
2676:
2397:
Dipteran larvae have no jointed, "true legs", but some dipteran larvae, such as species of
1970:(Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish. The
1031:
39:
4329:
2033:(the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the
8:
11073:
11018:
10900:
10785:
10770:
10654:
6103:"Superhydrophobic diving flies ( Ephydra hians ) and the hypersaline waters of Mono Lake"
4665:
3335:
3100:
2879:
2782:
2359:
2299:
2259:
1988:
1904:
476:
431:
and human importance. Flies are important pollinators, second only to the bees and their
402:
7494:
7154:(Diptera: Calliphoridae) excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity".
6981:
6834:
6118:
6038:
5679:
5620:
5296:
5089:
4410:
4063:
3636:
2136:
that occurs near large animals. Some tachinid flies (Ormiinae) which are parasitoids of
1976:
fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts. The larvae of the
10591:
10461:
9976:
9181:
7749:
7023:
6996:
6924:
6854:
6362:
6342:
6280:
6145:
6102:
6063:
6022:
6003:
5999:
5968:
5875:
5834:
5830:
5790:
5648:
5589:
5524:
5489:
5450:
5446:
5411:
5339:
5265:
5234:
5189:
5108:
5073:
5022:
5009:
4989:
4937:
4862:
4813:
4773:
4729:
4720:
4704:
4685:
4604:
4595:
4580:"Dendro-dendritic interactions between motion-sensitive large-field neurons in the fly"
4579:
4477:
4452:
4376:
4282:
4161:
4118:
4083:
3921:
3894:
3655:
3618:
3531:
3506:
3483:
3387:
3360:
3339:
2840:
2728:
beads were often worn in ancient Mesopotamia, along with other kinds of fly-jewellery.
2568:
2317:
1980:(Ephydridae) and some Chironomidae survive in extreme environments including glaciers (
1966:
1208:
1099:
198:
188:
7167:
7048:"Roasted maggots (Dipteran larvae) as a dietary protein source for laboratory animals"
5585:
5144:
3103:. Maggot species can be identified by their anatomical features and by matching their
3085:
and development among other research topics. The studies on dipteran relationships by
2843:, as a fly might see them. Flies have inspired the design of miniature flying robots.
2663:
320:
11368:
11215:
11144:
10795:
10765:
10714:
10704:
10679:
10613:
10411:
8034:
7368:
7206:
7171:
7128:
7028:
6916:
6846:
6745:
6718:
6686:
6659:
6621:
6570:
6493:
6483:
6410:
6373:
6175:
6150:
6132:
6068:
6050:
5958:
5797:
5768:
5741:
5734:
5701:
5640:
5632:
5308:
5181:
5113:
5052:
5027:
4901:
4854:
4799:
4734:
4689:
4644:
4609:
4558:
4526:
4482:
4431:
4368:
4333:
4290:
4233:
4075:
3967:
3926:
3842:
3805:
3685:
3660:
3567:
3536:
3475:
3471:
3392:
3282:
2072:
2030:
2026:
1150:
1043:
484:
333:
7375:(Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols.
6928:
6858:
6284:
6021:
Gomes, Guilherme; Köberle, Roland; Von Zuben, Claudio J.; Andrade, Denis V. (2018).
6007:
5972:
5879:
5838:
5652:
5593:
5528:
5493:
5468:
Wellington, W. G.; Fitzpatrick, Sheila M. (2012). "Territoriality in the Drone Fly,
5454:
5238:
4941:
4918:
4866:
4777:
4380:
4165:
4122:
4087:
2437:(as well as other Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae, Nycteribidae and Streblidae) exhibits
2111:
scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax. The
875:
10965:
10847:
10740:
10735:
10601:
10353:
10204:
9890:
9409:
9315:
9298:
9176:
8618:
8221:
7978:
7889:
7240:
7198:
7163:
7018:
7008:
6977:
6908:
6838:
6402:
6311:
6272:
6243:
6140:
6122:
6058:
6042:
5995:
5950:
5865:
5826:
5675:
5624:
5581:
5554:
5516:
5481:
5442:
5403:
5370:
5300:
5224:
5193:
5171:
5140:
5103:
5093:
5017:
5001:
4929:
4893:
4881:
4846:
4765:
4724:
4716:
4677:
4636:
4599:
4591:
4472:
4464:
4406:
4360:
4325:
4274:
4264:
4225:
4192:
4153:
4145:
4110:
4067:
3957:
3916:
3906:
3834:
3780:
3650:
3640:
3596:
3526:
3518:
3487:
3467:
3382:
3372:
3234:
Flies are a health hazard and are attracted to toilets because of their smell. The
2892:
2844:
2802:
2753:
2740:
2592:
2538:
2353:
1954:
1916:
1894:
1332:
799:
167:
10509:
6511:
5390:
Johnson, C.G.; Taylor, L.R.; T.R.E. Southwood (1962). "High altitude migration of
4114:
3838:
2342:
to have thin cuticles and become desiccated if exposed to the air. Apart from the
2288:
have been known to undertake long flights in response to aphid population spurts.
1704:
11220:
10497:
10431:
10348:
10338:
10315:
9882:
9026:
9021:
8886:
8785:
8734:
8571:
8252:
8117:
7943:
7935:
7757:
7716:
7442:
7434:
6645:
6617:
6611:
6169:
4640:
4453:"Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster"
3679:
3146:
3066:
2980:
2972:
2821:
2786:
2650:
2601:
2574:
2451:
2124:
2064:
2022:
1910:
1360:
1019:
1014:(around 240 million years ago), and they became widespread during the Middle and
1011:
903:
464:
359:
11337:
11158:
10275:
7476:
7373:
Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe
5304:
4457:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
4309:
4229:
4149:
2994:
Many dipterans serve roles that are useful to humans. Houseflies, blowflies and
11445:
11267:
11254:
11171:
11091:
10982:
10955:
10881:
10755:
10639:
10572:
10490:
10446:
10441:
10426:
10373:
9307:
9233:
9147:
9084:
9000:
8935:
8917:
8902:
8808:
8803:
8652:
8430:
8351:
8307:
8268:
8042:
7961:
7902:
7897:
7765:
7663:
7358:
7323:
7202:
6799:
6046:
4197:
4180:
3784:
3286:
3218:
3213:
3174:
3054:
2995:
2778:
2774:
2596:
2579:
2133:
1665:
1611:
1430:
1264:
1074:
611:
512:
452:
444:
6995:
Joseph, Isaac; Mathew, Deepu G.; Sathyan, Pradeesh; Vargheese, Geetha (2011).
6767:
6406:
6276:
5954:
4933:
4628:
4364:
3962:
3507:"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics"
1073:
The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of
11439:
11038:
10583:
10401:
10393:
9619:
9611:
9448:
9440:
9431:
9323:
9257:
9249:
9202:
9168:
8984:
8940:
8845:
8837:
8759:
8749:
8693:
8665:
8555:
8414:
8367:
8336:
8088:
8080:
7991:
7871:
7863:
7791:
7773:
7692:
7319:
6741:
Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography, 1961–1991
6230:
Rashed, A.; Khan, M. I.; Dawson, J. W.; Yack, J. E.; Sherratt, T. N. (2008).
6136:
6054:
5636:
5558:
4990:"Adhesion Forces Measured at the Level of a Terminal Plate of the Fly's Seta"
4833:
Stocker, Reinhard F. (2005). "The organization of the chemosensory system in
4372:
3704:
B.B. Rohdendorf. 1964. Trans. Inst. Paleont., Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow, v. 100
3555:
3437:
Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae)
3236:
3198:
3189:
3142:
2991:) which visit the eye in search of fluids can be a nuisance in some seasons.
2976:
2959:
2849:
2813:
2809:, introducing the general reader to the behaviour and physiology of the fly.
2621:, lacks a category of hemocytes that are present in other studied species of
2550:
2510:
2427:(Anthomyiidae) the larva moults to the second instar before hatching, and in
2418:
2406:
2391:
2236:
2223:
2191:
2179:
2137:
2120:
2082:
A head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly.
1236:
1108:
1047:
1015:
688:
634:
601:
553:
496:
420:, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae instead of eggs on
417:
413:
366:
95:
7013:
6842:
6329:
Akre, Roger D.; Garnett, William B.; Zack, Richard S. (1990). "Ant hosts of
6315:
6248:
6231:
6127:
6090:. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. pp. 135–152.
5098:
4136:
Labandeira, Conrad C. (3 April 1998). "How Old Is the Flower and the Fly?".
3797:
3645:
3377:
11129:
10970:
10935:
10859:
10629:
10333:
10106:
10083:
10075:
10017:
9972:
9804:
9747:
9576:
9479:
9471:
9462:
9404:
9365:
9348:
9223:
9123:
9060:
8968:
8945:
8876:
8821:
8798:
8754:
8744:
8739:
8729:
8708:
8623:
8584:
8547:
8517:
8475:
8454:
8422:
8323:
8273:
8071:
7970:
7881:
7829:
7821:
7724:
7700:
7638:
7580:
7344:
7294:
7210:
7175:
7032:
6920:
6850:
6414:
6154:
6072:
5912:
5644:
5312:
5185:
5176:
5159:
5117:
5031:
5005:
4905:
4738:
4613:
4486:
4468:
4337:
4294:
4237:
4079:
3971:
3930:
3846:
3664:
3540:
3522:
3479:
3396:
3277:
and dragon-fly are widely used. Exceptions to this rule occur, such as the
3150:
3086:
3082:
2999:
2964:
2904:
2725:
2459:
2327:
2322:
2187:
2174:. A further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural
2100:
2087:
2068:
1859:
1699:
1506:
1381:
1171:
1083:
1003:
999:
919:
753:
719:
621:
570:
541:
529:
504:
488:
472:
468:
409:
341:
325:
302:
174:
7505:
7482:
7244:
6566:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
4858:
3600:
2350:
in the larva and pupa do not have any internal mechanical closing device.
1241:
11293:
11181:
11138:
11033:
10864:
10835:
10760:
10730:
10684:
10634:
10456:
10388:
10320:
10221:
10122:
10052:
9903:
9841:
9717:
9396:
9375:
9106:
9089:
9065:
9052:
8976:
8955:
8868:
8860:
8850:
8793:
8764:
8724:
8698:
8589:
8563:
8508:
8392:
8359:
8302:
8239:
8196:
8050:
8009:
8001:
7983:
7876:
7858:
7671:
7459:
5389:
5229:
5208:
3223:
3194:
3019:
2988:
2954:
2932:
2900:
2896:
2824:
2713:
2448:
2268:
2159:
2096:
2041:, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the
1877:
1871:
1853:
1644:
1598:
1588:
1417:
1104:
1079:
1063:
1039:
833:
812:
662:
588:
583:
549:
545:
533:
508:
436:
432:
390:
386:
265:
70:
6346:
5854:"Why grow up? A perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis"
5485:
5375:
5358:
5343:
5269:
5048:
Arthropod Collection and Identification: Laboratory and Field Techniques
3911:
3586:
2103:, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal.
1930:, which at 0.4 mm (0.016 in) is smaller than a grain of salt.
10810:
10805:
10662:
10577:
10406:
10130:
9940:
9849:
9833:
9817:
9645:
9388:
9331:
9265:
9241:
9215:
9160:
8992:
8963:
8930:
8907:
8829:
8716:
8683:
8670:
8644:
8579:
8467:
8294:
8281:
8226:
8176:
8133:
8125:
7842:
7808:
7800:
7647:
7620:
7612:
7596:
7464:
5628:
5520:
5013:
4850:
4769:
4681:
4286:
4278:
4071:
3262:
3209:
3181:
3130:
3122:
3108:
3090:
3078:
3015:
3003:
2968:
2950:
2873:
2828:
2736:
2709:
2684:
2623:
2617:
2455:
2434:
2398:
2383:
2379:
2343:
2304:
2243:
2211:
2183:
2171:
2163:
2107:
1993:
1977:
1865:
1831:
1660:
1570:
1493:
1488:
1475:
1365:
1311:
1297:
1292:
1120:
1116:
1094:
1023:
995:
732:
683:
492:
480:
440:
428:
394:
311:
298:
115:
80:
5870:
5853:
4988:
Langer, Mattias G.; Ruppersberg, J. Peter; Gorb, Stanislav N. (2004).
4157:
2646:
2228:
1337:
11298:
11241:
11028:
10644:
10368:
10212:
10172:
10147:
10000:
9911:
9870:
9857:
9688:
9675:
9570:
9414:
9370:
9207:
9197:
9131:
9115:
9039:
9031:
9013:
8925:
8912:
8894:
8881:
8660:
8610:
8597:
8534:
8526:
8438:
8341:
8328:
8315:
8260:
8205:
8141:
8101:
7910:
7708:
7568:
7556:
7448:
7267:"A Desperate Search for Casu Marzu, Sardinia's Illegal Maggot Cheese"
5160:"The initiation and control of rapid flight maneuvers in fruit flies"
3274:
3258:
3062:
3011:
3007:
2941:
2928:
2908:
2791:
2762:
2758:
2717:
2680:
2523:
2414:
2402:
2293:
2232:
2195:
2148:
2112:
2004:
2001:
1950:
1942:
1921:
1639:
1616:
1542:
1457:
1386:
1176:
1089:
1067:
1062:, some 180 million years ago. A third radiation took place among the
1058:, about 220 million years ago. Many lower Brachycera appeared in the
1035:
898:
838:
789:
560:
537:
306:
255:
235:
215:
120:
64:
11207:
11100:
7351:. 4 (2) (31):1–337. General introduction with key to World Families
7318:
Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. (2002)). "
5415:
5072:
Deora, Tanvi; Singh, Amit Kumar; Sane, Sanjay P. (3 February 2015).
4897:
4269:
4252:
4213:
3945:
3309:
3118:
2801:, Shakespeare similarly likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the
1434:
758:
495:
cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as
11285:
11246:
11202:
11123:
10925:
10830:
10672:
10667:
10416:
10325:
10114:
9984:
9776:
9582:
9139:
9047:
8772:
8675:
8631:
8483:
8446:
8231:
8213:
7679:
7574:
7454:
6874:"Jurassic Park ruled out – dinosaur DNA could not survive in amber"
6475:
5666:
Downes, J. A. (1969). "The swarming and mating flight of Diptera".
3278:
3270:
3205:
3126:
3112:
3074:
3041:
2984:
2924:
2912:
2836:
2544:
2509:
As ubiquitous insects, dipterans play an important role at various
2476:
2378:
Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the
2207:
2199:
2167:
2129:
2038:
1938:
1934:
1059:
1055:
448:
398:
378:
345:
280:
154:
133:
110:
105:
90:
85:
75:
5736:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
4212:
Scheffer, Sonja J.; Winkler, Isaac S.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2007).
3859:
3061:, and the fact that many of its genes have counterparts in higher
2857:
could be preserved in the stomach contents of a blood-sucking fly
2587:
spiders are among the predators of flies. Many flies have evolved
2143:
1547:
10920:
10876:
10842:
10820:
10775:
9755:
9636:
8405:
7655:
7392:"Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)"
5760:
5429:
Svensson, BO G.; Janzon, Lars-ÅKE (1984). "Why does the hoverfly
5407:
3715:
3266:
3166:
3154:
2946:
2920:
2884:
2699:
2588:
2251:
2175:
2152:
2042:
1997:
1982:
1575:
1519:
532:, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the
456:
421:
382:
125:
100:
30:
This article is about the insect. For the process of flying, see
9518:
6593:
The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt
6497:
6085:
5256:
mechanism and the Daylight-Day circuit of the Earth by flight".
4794:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
3554:
Blagoderov, V. A.; Lukashevich, E. D.; Mostovski, M. B. (2002).
2903:(Cecidomyiidae) are pests of agricultural crops; others such as
2140:, have sound receptors to help them locate their singing hosts.
1462:
1269:
639:
10854:
10555:
10544:
10092:
9992:
9919:
9825:
9734:
9726:
9564:
9549:
9189:
8247:
7562:
7550:
6641:
5909:"Crampton, G. The TemporalAbdominal Structures of Male Diptera"
5074:"Biomechanical basis of wing and haltere coordination in flies"
4705:"Performance of fly visual interneurons during object fixation"
3677:
3158:
3096:
3058:
2858:
2744:
2721:
2695:
2672:
2501:
2410:
2387:
2367:
2091:
2053:
1946:
1027:
985:
500:
460:
355:
245:
225:
31:
11086:
10485:
5544:
4518:
4018:"World's Tiniest Fly May Decapitate Ants, Live in Their Heads"
3553:
427:
Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable
144:
11404:
10825:
4967:
4631:. In Stavenga, Doekele Gerben; Hardie, Roger Clayton (eds.).
2862:
2704:
2691:
2364:
11233:
7430:
The Diptera.info portal with galleries and discussion forums
7133:
Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society Meeting
7052:
African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology
6994:
6020:
5947:
The World Oestridae (Diptera), Mammals and Continental Drift
3861:
3616:
3358:
2683:
is a demonic fly, the "Lord of the Flies", and a god of the
2630:
2488:
occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the
1889:
10869:
10180:
6820:
5934:
Sex with a twist in the tail: The common-or-garden housefly
4557:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 493–499.
3770:
3623:
3170:
3162:
2770:
2766:
2489:
2471:
2371:
2090:
on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small
1115:
Diptera were traditionally broken down into two suborders,
7429:
6682:
Murder among Friends: Violation of Philia in Greek Tragedy
5695:
5133:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
4423:
2998:(Mycetophilidae) are scavengers and aid in decomposition.
2865:, though the mechanism has been discounted by scientists.
401:
and others, although only about 125,000 species have been
7149:
6913:
10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[292:pnrsaa]2.0.co;2
4882:"Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping"
4392:
4390:
4100:
3798:
Pape, Thomas; Bickel, Daniel John; Meier, Rudolf (2009).
3714:
Wiegmann, Brian M.; Yeates, David K. (29 November 2007).
3500:
3104:
2854:
329:
6685:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4251:
Sakai, Shoko; Kato, Makoto; Nagamasu, Hidetoshi (2000).
2757:, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright
2000:
and the larvae adopt diverse lifestyles including being
328:
species showing characteristic dipteran features: large
6482:. Anthropology Series. University of New Mexico Press.
4629:"Neural Mechanisms of Visual Course Control in Insects"
4211:
10133:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
7071:"How insects could feed the food industry of tomorrow"
5985:
5283:
Langmuir, Irving (1938). "The speed of the deer fly".
4387:
3505:; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016).
507:, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in
7188:
5467:
4987:
4879:
4042:
Strijbosch, H. (1980). "Mortality in a population of
2151:, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped
499:, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as
6640:
6229:
2820:
Flies appear in popular culture in concepts such as
10539:
6717:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 205–208.
5852:Mcmahon, Dino P.; Hayward, Alexander (April 2016).
4553:Hoell, H. V.; Doyen, J. T.; Purcell, A. H. (1998).
3441:
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
2883:mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries
2675:religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being. In
2548:are known to steal food carried by ants. Adults of
483:, commensal with humans all over the world, spread
7401:, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Archived from
7126:
6766:
6361:
6297:
6100:
5789:
5733:
3740:Yeates, David K.; Meier, Rudolf; Wiegmann, Brian.
7934:
7748:
6968:Ashlock, P. D. (1974). "The Uses of Cladistics".
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6101:van Breug, Floris; Dickinson, Michael H. (2017).
5816:
5725:
5698:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3rd Edition
4552:
4250:
3748:. Illinois Natural History Survey. Archived from
523:
11437:
8033:
7290:"Illegal food: step away from the cheese, ma'am"
6364:Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology
6333:(Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific Northwest".
6198:The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies
6023:"Droplet bubbling evaporatively cools a blowfly"
4793:
4702:
3558:. In Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Quicke, D. L. J. (eds.).
2747:by attempting to seduce her lover, the sleeping
2690:Flies have appeared in literature since ancient
556:(louse flies) have become secondarily wingless.
8449:(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)
6328:
6107:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5078:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3987:"World's Biggest Fly Faces Two New Challengers"
3801:Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools
3739:
3612:
3610:
408:Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large
7986:(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)
7045:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6545:
6476:Leland Clifton Wyman; Flora L. Bailey (1964).
6304:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
5851:
5571:
5428:
5071:
4626:
4444:
3944:Marquez, J. G.; Krafsur, E. S. (1 July 2002).
3943:
3824:
3713:
3129:sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the
2694:. In a Sumerian poem, a fly helps the goddess
2417:and lay batches of eggs, but some species are
2086:Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large
10525:
9970:
9534:
9439:
9306:
7960:
7521:
7127:Stegman, Sylvia; Steenvoorde, Pascal (2011).
7101:. All About Feed. August 2014. Archived from
7096:"Why are insects not allowed in animal feed?"
6894:
6609:
5606:
5540:
5538:
5332:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
5258:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
4397:Foote, B A (1995). "Biology of Shore Flies".
4181:"Adaptive radiation of gall-inducing insects"
3860:Wiegmann, Brian M.; Yeates, David K. (2007).
3853:
3619:"Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life"
2935:(Psychodidae) impact human health, acting as
2311:
9470:
7790:
7611:
6569:. The British Museum Press. pp. 84–85.
6265:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
6262:
5761:Lancaster, Jill; Downes, Barbara J. (2013).
5506:
4818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4745:
4571:
4555:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
3607:
3328:
2987:(Muscidae). In tropical regions, eye flies (
2708:demons. In the Mesopotamian versions of the
2557:
1010:The first true dipterans known are from the
986:Relationships between subgroups and families
45:"Flies" redirects here. For other uses, see
9802:
9610:
8070:
7637:
7535:
7333:Colless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K. (1991).
6731:
6699:
6514:. Native Languages of the Americas website.
6353:
6335:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
5700:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 499–505.
5130:
5045:Gibb, Timothy J.; Oseto, Christian (2010).
3684:. Columbia University Press. pp. 4–6.
3556:"Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies"
2739:, a very chatty and talkative maiden named
10532:
10518:
9716:
9541:
9527:
8195:
7528:
7514:
6562:
6395:Developmental & Comparative Immunology
6392:
5535:
4789:
4787:
4703:Kimmerle, Bernd; Egelhaaf, Martin (2000).
4135:
4041:
3678:Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012).
3451:
3149:) are bred commercially; they are sold as
3040:fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a
2025:of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the
143:
7264:
7223:
7022:
7012:
6247:
6144:
6126:
6062:
5897:(3 ed.). Springer. pp. 614–615.
5869:
5796:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5754:
5691:
5689:
5374:
5356:
5326:Townsend, Charles H.T. (1939). "Speed of
5228:
5175:
5157:
5107:
5097:
5065:
5044:
5021:
4728:
4603:
4577:
4519:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2009).
4476:
4450:
4417:
4268:
4196:
3961:
3920:
3910:
3654:
3644:
3530:
3386:
3376:
2939:of major tropical diseases. Among these,
2743:(meaning "fly") enraged the moon-goddess
2631:Human interaction and cultural depictions
2010:
518:
11461:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances
10262:Four most speciose orders are marked in
9852:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
6970:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
6678:
5944:
5325:
5282:
5251:
5206:
4663:
4627:Hausen, Klaus; Egelhaaf, Martin (1989).
4578:Haag, Juergen; Borst, Alexander (2002).
4350:
3791:
3334:
3117:
3029:
2872:
2645:
2567:
2500:
2352:
2321:
2227:
2142:
2077:
2058:
1888:
1088:
989:
319:
9171:(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)
8174:
7594:
7399:United States Department of Agriculture
7068:
7046:Ogunleye, R. F.; Edward, J. B. (2005).
6967:
6764:
6710:
6359:
6194:
6167:
6161:
5892:
5787:
5767:. Oxford University Press. p. 16.
5252:Townsend, Charles H.T. (1927). "On the
4832:
4784:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3053:, a fruit fly, has long been used as a
563:represents the current consensus view.
14:
11438:
10816:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
8404:
7287:
6737:
6563:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
6368:. Princeton University Press. p.
5686:
5665:
4798:. Cengage Learning. pp. 735–736.
4751:
4430:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 320.
4307:
3895:"Fauna Europaea: Diptera – Brachycera"
3511:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
3457:
3434:
2868:
11105:
11104:
10513:
10300:
9595:
9522:
8173:
7593:
7509:
6899:(Diptera: Chloropidae) in Thailand".
6744:. Taylor & Francis. p. 363.
6427:
5792:The Insects; Structure & Function
5731:
5696:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2005).
4427:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
4424:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2009).
4396:
4330:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093415
4310:"Natural History of the Scuttle Fly,
4218:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4178:
4015:
3445:Royal Entomological Society of London
1996:(Syrphidae) are well known for their
11410:95010EA3-1EA4-2194-6DC6-C6B7FD9EB759
11361:0441df7d-4b0f-4271-b0b9-75c7789ee555
11273:27be1201-53d6-4518-8656-a0ed1af676e8
10125:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
7451:– The Society for the study of flies
7425:The Systema Dipterorum Database site
6871:
6777:
5038:
4539:
4525:. Academic Press. pp. 284–297.
4493:
3984:
3879:
3241:particularly if the door is closed.
2899:(Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) and
1848:Abbreviations used in the cladogram:
1174:(mosquitoes, blackflies and midges)
1153:(phantom and primitive crane-flies)
7460:The World Catalog of Fossil Diptera
7001:Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences
6982:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000501
6872:Gray, Richard (12 September 2013).
6460:) and Ripener (Corn Beetle) Girl ('
5680:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001415
5164:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4411:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002221
3707:
3494:
3184:tool for wound care and treatment.
2917:Parasitic flies of domestic animals
2839:name suggests that events are seen
2458:have larvae that can produce eggs (
24:
8634:(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)
7377:Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique
7312:
7265:Colangelo, Matt (9 October 2015).
6610:Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990).
6589:
6437:Handbook of North American Indians
6000:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01193.x
5831:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x
5447:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1984.tb00856.x
4994:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4721:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06256.2000
4596:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-08-03227.2002
3077:. Other studies have investigated
2773:pursues and torments his mistress
2106:For visual course control, flies'
365:, the name being derived from the
25:
11497:
11481:Triassic animals of South America
11476:Triassic animals of North America
9548:
7413:
7168:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.018
6711:Stagman, Myron (11 August 2010).
4796:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
4758:Journal of Comparative Physiology
3681:The Evolutionary Biology of Flies
2123:that detect smell and taste, and
152:Diptera from different families:
11085:
10484:
9635:
7281:
7258:
7217:
7182:
7143:
7120:
7088:
7075:British Broadcasting Corporation
7062:
7039:
6988:
6961:
6935:
6888:
6865:
6814:
6792:
6758:
6714:Shakespeare's Greek Drama Secret
3985:Owen, James (10 December 2015).
3472:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x
3141:Some species of maggots such as
2923:in humans. Still others such as
2533:) that feed on liquid food will
2170:, or reduced hind wings, on the
1898:is the largest fly in the world.
1703:
1664:
1643:
1615:
1574:
1546:
1492:
1461:
1433:
1385:
1384:(horse flies, snipe flies, etc)
1364:
1336:
1296:
1268:
1240:
1212:
1175:
1154:
923:
902:
874:
837:
816:
757:
736:
687:
666:
638:
587:
447:in research, but less benignly,
344:, hindwings reduced to clublike
202:
68:
6679:Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (2000).
6672:
6634:
6603:
6583:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6512:"Native American Fly Mythology"
6504:
6469:
6421:
6386:
6322:
6291:
6256:
6223:
6188:
6094:
6079:
6014:
5979:
5938:
5927:
5901:
5886:
5845:
5810:
5781:
5714:
5659:
5600:
5565:
5500:
5461:
5422:
5383:
5350:
5319:
5276:
5245:
5200:
5151:
5124:
5051:. Academic Press. p. 189.
4981:
4948:
4912:
4873:
4826:
4696:
4657:
4620:
4344:
4301:
4244:
4205:
4172:
4129:
4094:
4035:
4016:Welsh, Jennifer (2 July 2012).
4009:
3978:
3937:
3818:
3764:
3733:
3698:
3671:
3580:
3411:"Taxon: Superorder Antliophora"
3344:. Comstock Publishing. p.
3281:, which is a true fly, and the
3099:found on corpses are useful to
2724:, the god of death. Fly-shaped
2637:Human interactions with insects
2119:Like other insects, flies have
1663:(blow flies, flesh flies, etc)
1642:(house flies, dung flies, etc)
1460:(robber flies, bee flies, etc)
1267:(drain flies, sand flies, etc)
10931:Home-stored product entomology
7501:Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator
7288:Brones, Anna (15 April 2013).
6943:"Why use the fly in research?"
6428:Wyman, Leland Clifton (1983).
5158:Dickinson, Michael H. (2005).
4451:Dickinson, Michael H. (1999).
3547:
3428:
3403:
3352:
3302:
3251:
3008:dagger flies and balloon flies
2615:a species of fly in the genus
2158:Diptera have one pair of fore
2052:, which is a fly but mimics a
586:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
524:Relationships to other insects
13:
1:
11014:Decline in insect populations
10607:List of insect-inspired songs
10055:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
8318:(dagger flies, balloon flies)
7341:. Melbourne University Press.
6479:Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology
6439:. p. 539. Archived from
5586:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80074-8
5145:10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00162-4
4115:10.1080/14888386.2008.9712892
3839:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.397
3341:An Introduction to Entomology
3296:
3212:is exposed to flies known as
3089:helped in the development of
2785:, inspired by Aeschylus, has
2716:'s offering. Flies appear on
2444:Lundstroemia parthenogenetica
2291:Males of fly species such as
1097:in Dominican amber. Sandfly,
10003:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
7435:FLYTREE – dipteran phylogeny
7363:The Natural History of Flies
7129:"Maggot debridement therapy"
7069:Fleming, Nic (4 June 2014).
6773:. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
6765:Dethier, Vincent G. (1962).
6613:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths
5394:L. (Diptera: Chloropidae)".
4641:10.1007/978-3-642-74082-4_18
3180:Fly larvae can be used as a
2641:
2447:(Chironomidae) reproduce by
1884:
7:
11471:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
10301:
9510:List of families of Diptera
9142:(house flies, stable flies)
6738:Walker, John Lewis (2002).
6171:What eats flies for dinner?
5668:Annual Review of Entomology
5305:10.1126/science.87.2254.233
4709:The Journal of Neuroscience
4584:The Journal of Neuroscience
4399:Annual Review of Entomology
4318:Annual Review of Entomology
4230:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.018
4150:10.1126/science.280.5360.57
3827:Annual Review of Entomology
2985:houseflies and stable flies
2981:biting midges and sandflies
2591:that aid their protection.
2116:the approach of an object.
1042:in the Diptera include the
342:single pair of flying wings
10:
11502:
11044:Pesticide toxicity to bees
11024:List of endangered insects
10193:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
10086:(twisted-winged parasites)
9758:(dragonflies, damselflies)
9596:
7913:(dark-winged fungus gnats)
7905:(long-winged fungus gnats)
7892:(long-beaked fungus gnats)
7347:. "Diptera (Zweifluger)".
7203:10.12968/jowc.2012.21.2.78
7152:Sarconesiopsis magellanica
6647:Lucian: Selected Dialogues
6430:"Navajo Ceremonial System"
6360:Godfray, H. C. J. (1994).
6047:10.1038/s41598-018-23670-2
5721:Manual of Nearctic Diptera
5509:Journal of Insect Behavior
4353:Journal of Insect Behavior
4257:American Journal of Botany
4198:10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.002
3785:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27
3564:Kluwer Academic Publishers
3229:
3186:Maggot debridement therapy
3071:gene regulatory mechanisms
2983:(Ceratopogonidae) and the
2634:
2561:
2496:
2315:
2312:Life cycle and development
2221:
2014:
192:(Asilidae) (bottom right)
185:(Syrphidae) (bottom left)
44:
29:
11456:Anisian first appearances
11451:Diptera by classification
11113:
11082:
11054:
10996:
10948:
10899:
10784:
10723:
10695:
10653:
10622:
10565:
10551:
10478:
10311:
10307:
10296:
10258:
10203:
10161:
10146:
10105:
10074:
10065:
10047:
10016:
9966:
9939:
9902:
9869:
9813:
9798:
9775:
9746:
9725:
9712:
9687:
9671:
9644:
9633:
9606:
9602:
9591:
9559:
9507:
9461:
9430:
9387:
9356:
9347:
9297:
9293:
9232:
9159:
9114:
9105:
9077:
9012:
8987:(vinegar and fruit flies)
8954:
8897:(lekking, or druid flies)
8859:
8820:
8784:
8707:
8643:
8609:
8546:
8525:
8516:
8507:
8503:
8466:
8413:
8400:
8391:
8350:
8293:
8204:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8169:
8120:(long-bodied crane flies)
8100:
8079:
8066:
8029:
8000:
7969:
7956:
7930:
7841:
7820:
7799:
7786:
7744:
7691:
7646:
7633:
7607:
7603:
7589:
7545:
6901:Journal of Vector Ecology
6644:; C. D. N. Costa (2005).
6407:10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.007
6277:10.1076/snfe.37.1.19.2114
6195:Gilbert, Francis (2004).
5955:10.1007/978-94-010-1306-2
5474:The Canadian Entomologist
5396:Journal of Animal Ecology
5207:Sourakov, Andrei (2011).
4934:10.1007/s00435-007-0043-3
4664:Egelhaaf, Martin (1985).
4185:Basic and Applied Ecology
3899:Biodiversity Data Journal
2558:Anti-predator adaptations
2357:Life cycle of stable fly
2217:
1827:
1697:
1658:
1637:
1630:
1609:
1602:
1592:
1568:
1561:
1545:(flat-footed flies, etc)
1540:
1533:
1517:
1510:
1486:
1479:
1455:
1448:
1428:
1421:
1379:
1358:
1351:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1290:
1283:
1262:
1255:
1234:
1227:
1211:(net-winged midges, etc)
1206:
1199:
1169:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1111:, c. 20 million years ago
1022:did not appear until the
1006:, c. 50 million years ago
917:
896:
889:
869:
862:
831:
810:
803:
793:
756:(twisted-wing parasites)
751:
730:
723:
681:
660:
653:
632:
625:
615:
605:
581:
574:
296:
291:
199:Scientific classification
197:
175:Ochlerotatus notoscriptus
151:
142:
56:
11009:Colony collapse disorder
11004:Bees and toxic chemicals
9844:(stick and leaf insects)
7884:(predatory fungus gnats)
7465:The Tree of Life Project
7390:Thompson, F. Christian.
7384:La Biologie des Dipteres
7339:The Insects of Australia
6802:. British Film Institute
6168:Collins, Robert (2004).
5988:Physiological Entomology
5893:Gillott, Cedric (2005).
5559:10.1163/156853909X410766
4964:Insects and their Allies
4839:Cell and Tissue Research
4179:Price, Peter W. (2005).
3866:Tree of Life Web Project
3589:Environmental Entomology
3365:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3244:
3222:, members of the family
3143:blowfly larvae (gentles)
2853:relied on the idea that
2655:Portrait of a Carthusian
2564:Anti-predator adaptation
2530:Steganopsis melanogaster
2505:A calliphorid "bubbling"
2482:
2336:
2202:which provide adhesion.
1070:, 66 million years ago.
665:(alderflies and allies)
178:(Culicidae) (mid right)
168:Ctenophora pectinicornis
164:(Tabanidae) (top right)
10911:Insect bites and stings
10888:Drosophila melanogaster
10801:Biological pest control
10271:are paraphyletic groups
9914:(cockroaches, termites)
9678:(silverfish, firebrats)
8775:(black scavenger flies)
8136:(hairy-eyed craneflies)
8053:(primitive crane flies)
7811:(march flies, lovebugs)
7224:Berenbaum, May (2007).
7014:10.4103/0975-1475.92154
6843:10.1126/science.1231806
6784:Encyclopedia of Insects
6652:Oxford University Press
6128:10.1073/pnas.1714874114
5788:Chapman, R. F. (1998).
5472:(Diptera: Syrphidae)".
5099:10.1073/pnas.1412279112
4886:Pest Management Science
4835:Drosophila melanogaster
4522:Encyclopedia of Insects
4365:10.1023/A:1020752024329
4308:Disney, R.H.L. (2007).
4046:resulting from the fly
3963:10.1093/jhered/93.4.254
3646:10.1073/pnas.1012675108
3378:10.1186/1471-2148-14-52
3316:. Iowa State University
3145:and bluebottle larvae (
3050:Drosophila melanogaster
3037:Drosophila melanogaster
3025:
2919:. A few can even cause
2465:
2439:adenotrophic viviparity
1973:Exorista mella (Walker)
1020:Modern flowering plants
686:(Lacewings and allies)
171:(Tipulidae) (mid left)
10976:Rats, Lice and History
9622:(jumping bristletails)
9417:(horse and deer flies)
8689:Strongylophthalmyiidae
8600:(picture-winged flies)
8128:(limoniid crane flies)
7382:Séguy, Eugène (1950).
7379:, Serie B II: Diptera.
7328:The History of Insects
6204:. CABI. Archived from
5732:Brown, Lesley (1993).
5357:Berenbaum, M. (1999).
5006:10.1098/rspb.2004.2850
4670:Biological Cybernetics
4469:10.1098/rstb.1999.0442
3523:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363
3435:Hutson, A. M. (1984).
3310:"Order Diptera: Flies"
3138:
3101:forensic entomologists
3083:microbial pathogenesis
3045:
2888:
2668:
2583:
2506:
2375:
2330:
2239:
2155:
2083:
2075:
2011:Anatomy and morphology
1927:Euryplatea nanaknihali
1899:
1112:
1052:evolutionary radiation
1007:
519:Taxonomy and phylogeny
348:
182:Milesia crabroniformis
157:(Muscidae) (top left)
47:Flies (disambiguation)
38:. For other uses, see
11382:Paleobiology Database
10961:Alfred Russel Wallace
10746:Entomological warfare
10597:Insects in literature
9003:(frightful hairy fly)
8832:(beetle-backed flies)
8370:(tangle-veined flies)
8255:(hilarimorphid flies)
8216:(flower-loving flies)
8045:(phantom crane flies)
7483:Drawing Wing venation
7477:Fly: Anatomical Atlas
7441:13 April 2020 at the
7408:on 18 September 2015.
7330:, Kluwer pp.–227–240.
7233:American Entomologist
7226:"A mite unappetizing"
7191:Journal of Wound Care
6897:Siphunculina funicola
6316:10.1093/aesa/81.3.532
6249:10.1093/beheco/arn148
5945:Papavero, N. (1977).
5858:Ecological Entomology
5435:Ecological Entomology
5363:American Entomologist
5359:"Getting Up to Speed"
5213:sp. (Dolichopodidae)"
3862:"Diptera: True flies"
3804:. BRILL. p. 13.
3443:. Vol. 10 pt 7.
3121:
3034:Diptera in research:
3033:
2876:
2833:television production
2649:
2635:Further information:
2611:Drosophila subobscura
2571:
2562:Further information:
2504:
2356:
2325:
2231:
2222:Further information:
2206:dorsal and a ventral
2146:
2081:
2062:
2049:Spilomyia longicornis
2017:Morphology of Diptera
1892:
1335:(soldier flies, etc)
1092:
993:
836:(butterflies, moths)
323:
161:Haematopota pluvialis
11268:Fauna Europaea (new)
10916:Insect sting allergy
10710:Cicadas in mythology
10224:(moths, butterflies)
9334:(wood soldier flies)
9184:(New Zealand batfly)
9134:(little house flies)
8626:(stilt-legged flies)
8537:(thick-headed flies)
8433:(spear-winged flies)
8362:(small-headed flies)
8091:(winter crane flies)
7666:(frog-biting midges)
7495:Authors of fly names
7449:The Dipterists Forum
7254:on 16 December 2010.
6650:. Oxford, New York:
6300:Zonosemata vittigera
6174:. Shortland Mimosa.
5431:Metasyrphus corollae
5230:10.1653/024.094.0240
5217:Florida Entomologist
5177:10.1093/icb/45.2.274
4635:. pp. 391–424.
3716:"Diptera True Flies"
3336:Comstock, John Henry
3188:(MDT) is the use of
2945:mosquitoes transmit
2798:Antony and Cleopatra
2720:seals as symbols of
2677:Christian demonology
2589:mimetic resemblances
2286:Metasyrphus corollae
1914:) are cosmopolitan.
1066:at the start of the
1050:. Three episodes of
40:Fly (disambiguation)
11019:Habitat destruction
10771:Insects in religion
9399:(water snipe flies)
8920:(upside-down flies)
8457:(flat-footed flies)
8441:(flat-footed flies)
8310:(long-legged flies)
8144:(large crane flies)
7760:(net-winged midges)
7727:(non-biting midges)
7326:and Quicke, D.L.J.
7245:10.1093/ae/53.3.132
6835:2013Sci...340..603M
6211:on 17 November 2017
6119:2017PNAS..11413483V
6113:(51): 13483–13488.
6039:2018NatSR...8.5464G
5621:1993Oecol..95...65Y
5486:10.4039/Ent113695-8
5297:1938Sci....87..233L
5090:2015PNAS..112.1481D
5000:(1554): 2209–2215.
4064:1980Oecol..45..285S
3997:on 13 December 2015
3991:National Geographic
3950:Journal of Heredity
3912:10.3897/BDJ.3.e4187
3752:on 28 December 2015
3637:2011PNAS..108.5690W
3601:10.1093/ee/16.4.847
3197:properties such as
2975:; sand flies carry
2971:; blackflies carry
2880:Anopheles stephensi
2869:Economic importance
2783:William Shakespeare
2702:is being chased by
2661:(painted fly) on a
2572:The large bee-fly,
2360:Stomoxys calcitrans
2262:flies in the genus
2071:and stout piercing
1989:Helaeomyia petrolei
1702:(marsh flies, etc)
1614:(louse flies, etc)
1491:(dance flies, etc)
1363:(stink flies, etc)
485:foodborne illnesses
477:infectious diseases
11466:Insects in culture
11092:Insects portal
11064:Insects and humans
10592:Arthropods in film
10541:Human interactions
10491:Insects portal
10462:Triadophlebioptera
9068:(freeloader flies)
8871:(leaf miner flies)
8811:(small dung flies)
8655:(stalk-eyed flies)
8478:(big-headed flies)
7936:Perissommatomorpha
7766:Deuterophlebiidae
7750:Blephariceromorpha
6462:Anilt'ánii 'At'ééd
6236:Behavioral Ecology
6027:Scientific Reports
5819:Biological Reviews
5764:Aquatic Entomology
5629:10.1007/BF00649508
5521:10.1007/BF01052332
4851:10.1007/BF00305372
4770:10.1007/BF00660179
4682:10.1007/BF00339948
4312:Megaselia scalaris
4072:10.1007/BF00346472
4048:Lucilia bufonivora
3560:History of Insects
3460:Biological Reviews
3139:
3046:
3014:(Bombyliidae) and
2889:
2803:Actium battlefield
2735:In a little-known
2669:
2584:
2507:
2376:
2363:, showing eggs, 3
2331:
2318:Biology of Diptera
2240:
2156:
2084:
2076:
1967:Megaselia scalaris
1905:formally described
1900:
1209:Blephariceromorpha
1113:
1100:Lutzomyia adiketis
1046:and the enigmatic
1008:
373:"two", and πτερόν
349:
338:sucking mouthparts
189:Holcocephala fusca
11433:
11432:
11369:Open Tree of Life
11107:Taxon identifiers
11098:
11097:
10987:Insect Literature
10944:
10943:
10843:Carmine/Cochineal
10796:Beneficial insect
10766:Insects in ethics
10715:Scarab (artifact)
10705:Bees in mythology
10614:Insects on stamps
10507:
10506:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10412:Palaeodictyoptera
10397:
10329:
10292:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10254:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10225:
10216:
10194:
10184:
10176:
10154:
10142:
10141:
10134:
10126:
10118:
10096:
10087:
10056:
10012:
10011:
10004:
9996:
9988:
9935:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9923:
9915:
9894:
9891:Mantophasmatodea
9886:
9875:
9861:
9853:
9845:
9837:
9829:
9821:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9759:
9738:
9727:Ephemeropteroidea
9679:
9631:
9630:
9623:
9516:
9515:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9483:
9457:
9456:
9426:
9425:
9418:
9400:
9379:
9343:
9342:
9335:
9327:
9319:
9316:Pantophthalmidae
9289:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9253:
9245:
9219:
9211:
9193:
9185:
9172:
9151:
9143:
9135:
9127:
9101:
9100:
9093:
9069:
9056:
9043:
9035:
9022:Acartophthalmidae
9004:
8996:
8988:
8980:
8972:
8971:(quasimodo flies)
8921:
8898:
8890:
8872:
8841:
8833:
8812:
8776:
8768:
8720:
8679:
8656:
8635:
8627:
8601:
8593:
8575:
8567:
8559:
8538:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8487:
8479:
8458:
8450:
8442:
8434:
8426:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8332:
8319:
8311:
8285:
8277:
8264:
8256:
8243:
8235:
8217:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8129:
8121:
8111:
8092:
8062:
8061:
8054:
8046:
8035:Ptychopteromorpha
8025:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8013:
7987:
7952:
7951:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7914:
7906:
7893:
7890:Lygistorrhinidae
7885:
7867:
7852:
7833:
7812:
7782:
7781:
7769:
7768:(mountain midges)
7761:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7703:(solitary midges)
7683:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7658:(meniscus midges)
7629:
7628:
7349:Handb. Zool. Berl
7108:on 11 August 2016
6876:. Daily Telegraph
6829:(6132): 603–607.
6800:"Fly on the Wall"
6751:978-0-8240-6697-0
6724:978-1-4438-2466-8
6692:978-0-19-513149-9
6665:978-0-19-925867-3
6576:978-0-7141-1705-8
6379:978-0-691-00047-3
6181:978-0-7327-3471-8
5964:978-94-010-1308-6
5871:10.1111/een.12313
5803:978-0-521-57890-5
5774:978-0-19-957321-9
5747:978-0-19-861271-1
5707:978-1-4051-4457-5
5376:10.1093/ae/45.1.4
5291:(2254): 233–234.
5058:978-0-08-091925-6
4805:978-81-315-0104-7
4650:978-3-642-74084-8
4564:978-0-19-510033-4
4532:978-0-08-092090-0
4463:(1385): 903–916.
4437:978-1-4051-4457-5
3811:978-90-04-14897-0
3691:978-0-231-50170-5
3631:(14): 5690–5695.
3573:978-1-4020-0026-3
3125:is a traditional
3006:(Tachinidae) and
2963:mosquitoes carry
2931:(Simuliidae) and
2698:when her husband
2653:'s 1446 painting
1844:
1843:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1188:
1187:
1151:Ptychopteromorpha
1044:Deuterophlebiidae
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
954:
953:
945:
944:
936:
935:
901:(scorpionflies)
850:
849:
779:
778:
770:
769:
709:
708:
700:
699:
318:
317:
287:
137:
16:(Redirected from
11493:
11486:Triassic insects
11426:
11425:
11413:
11412:
11400:
11399:
11390:
11389:
11377:
11376:
11364:
11363:
11354:
11353:
11341:
11340:
11338:NHMSYS0000841073
11328:
11327:
11315:
11314:
11302:
11301:
11289:
11288:
11276:
11275:
11263:
11262:
11250:
11249:
11237:
11236:
11224:
11223:
11211:
11210:
11198:
11197:
11185:
11184:
11175:
11174:
11162:
11161:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11102:
11101:
11090:
11089:
10966:Jean-Henri Fabre
10741:Cricket fighting
10736:Cockroach racing
10602:Insects in music
10563:
10562:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10511:
10510:
10489:
10488:
10422:Permoplectoptera
10395:
10354:Diaphanopterodea
10327:
10309:
10308:
10298:
10297:
10223:
10214:
10205:Amphiesmenoptera
10192:
10186:
10182:
10174:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10150:
10132:
10124:
10116:
10094:
10085:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10054:
10045:
10044:
10002:
9994:
9987:(barklice, lice)
9986:
9978:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9921:
9913:
9892:
9884:
9883:Grylloblattodea
9873:
9859:
9851:
9843:
9835:
9827:
9819:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9757:
9736:
9723:
9722:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9677:
9669:
9668:
9639:
9621:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9593:
9592:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9520:
9519:
9481:
9468:
9467:
9437:
9436:
9432:Vermileonomorpha
9416:
9410:Pelecorhynchidae
9398:
9377:
9354:
9353:
9333:
9325:
9317:
9304:
9303:
9299:Stratiomyomorpha
9295:
9294:
9267:
9259:
9251:
9243:
9217:
9209:
9191:
9183:
9182:Mystacinobiidae
9177:Mesembrinellidae
9170:
9149:
9141:
9133:
9125:
9112:
9111:
9091:
9067:
9054:
9041:
9033:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8978:
8970:
8919:
8896:
8888:
8887:Aulacigastridae
8870:
8839:
8831:
8810:
8774:
8766:
8718:
8694:Syringogastridae
8677:
8654:
8633:
8625:
8619:Cypselosomatidae
8599:
8591:
8573:
8572:Platystomatidae
8565:
8557:
8536:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8513:
8505:
8504:
8485:
8477:
8456:
8448:
8440:
8432:
8424:
8411:
8410:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8369:
8361:
8330:
8317:
8309:
8284:(stiletto flies)
8283:
8275:
8262:
8254:
8253:Hilarimorphidae
8241:
8233:
8222:Apsilocephalidae
8215:
8202:
8201:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8171:
8170:
8143:
8135:
8127:
8119:
8118:Cylindrotomidae
8110:
8109:
8105:
8090:
8077:
8076:
8068:
8067:
8052:
8044:
8031:
8030:
8011:
7985:
7979:Canthyloscelidae
7967:
7966:
7958:
7957:
7932:
7931:
7912:
7904:
7891:
7883:
7865:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7831:
7810:
7797:
7796:
7788:
7787:
7767:
7759:
7758:Blephariceridae
7746:
7745:
7726:
7718:
7717:Ceratopogonidae
7710:
7702:
7681:
7674:(phantom midges)
7673:
7665:
7657:
7644:
7643:
7635:
7634:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7591:
7590:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7409:
7407:
7396:
7354:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7247:. Archived from
7230:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7016:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6796:
6790:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6708:
6697:
6696:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6560:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6434:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6367:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6203:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6130:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5942:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5911:. Archived from
5905:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5795:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5739:
5729:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5574:Animal Behaviour
5569:
5563:
5562:
5542:
5533:
5532:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5179:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5101:
5084:(5): 1481–1486.
5069:
5063:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5025:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4892:(9): 1765–1771.
4877:
4871:
4870:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4809:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4633:Facets of Vision
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4550:
4537:
4536:
4516:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4272:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3993:. Archived from
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3914:
3890:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3290:
3255:
3022:of crop plants.
3018:(Syrphidae) are
2893:leaf-miner flies
2845:Steven Spielberg
2754:Prometheus Bound
2593:Batesian mimicry
2539:kleptoparasitism
2424:Hylemya strigosa
2328:anthomyiid flies
2274:Charles Townsend
2125:mechanoreceptors
1955:trap pollination
1917:Gauromydas heros
1895:Gauromydas heros
1707:
1668:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1619:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1512:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1389:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1340:
1333:Stratiomyomorpha
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1244:
1230:
1229:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1179:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1036:sap-sucking bugs
927:
906:
892:
891:
878:
865:
864:
841:
820:
806:
805:
800:Amphiesmenoptera
796:
795:
761:
740:
726:
725:
691:
670:
656:
655:
642:
628:
627:
618:
617:
608:
607:
591:
577:
576:
567:
566:
536:, alongside the
279:
207:
206:
147:
131:
130:
67:
60:Temporal range:
54:
53:
27:Order of insects
21:
11501:
11500:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11421:
11416:
11408:
11403:
11395:
11393:
11385:
11380:
11372:
11367:
11359:
11357:
11349:
11344:
11336:
11331:
11323:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11297:
11292:
11284:
11279:
11271:
11266:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11240:
11232:
11227:
11219:
11214:
11206:
11201:
11193:
11188:
11180:
11178:
11170:
11165:
11157:
11152:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11109:
11099:
11094:
11084:
11078:
11056:
11050:
10992:
10940:
10902:
10895:
10787:
10780:
10719:
10691:
10649:
10618:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10538:
10508:
10503:
10483:
10466:
10432:Protelytroptera
10364:Eudiaphanoptera
10349:Coxoplectoptera
10344:Carbotriplurida
10339:Campylopteridae
10316:Aethiocarenodea
10303:
10284:
10230:
10199:
10175:(scorpionflies)
10162:
10151:
10149:
10138:
10101:
10066:
10061:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10008:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9927:
9898:
9872:
9865:
9860:(angel insects)
9803:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9763:
9742:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9683:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9640:
9627:
9598:
9587:
9555:
9547:
9517:
9512:
9487:
9463:Xylophagomorpha
9453:
9422:
9383:
9339:
9326:(soldier flies)
9273:
9228:
9218:(tachina flies)
9155:
9148:Scathophagidae
9126:(cabbage flies)
9097:
9073:
9027:Australimyzidae
9008:
9001:Mormotomyiidae
8950:
8918:Neurochaetidae
8855:
8816:
8809:Sphaeroceridae
8786:Sphaeroceroidea
8780:
8740:Heterocheilidae
8735:Helosciomyzidae
8703:
8639:
8605:
8592:(peacock flies)
8558:(flutter flies)
8542:
8491:
8462:
8431:Lonchopteridae
8375:
8346:
8324:Homalocnemiidae
8308:Dolichopodidae
8289:
8179:
8149:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8096:
8058:
8043:Ptychopteridae
8017:
7996:
7948:
7944:Perissommatidae
7918:
7903:Rangomaramidae
7848:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7816:
7778:
7732:
7719:(biting midges)
7687:
7664:Corethrellidae
7625:
7599:
7585:
7541:
7534:
7443:Wayback Machine
7416:
7405:
7394:
7389:
7365:. W. W. Norton.
7359:Oldroyd, Harold
7352:
7335:Diptera (flies)
7324:Rasnitsyn, A.P.
7315:
7313:Further reading
7310:
7300:
7298:
7286:
7282:
7272:
7270:
7269:. Food and Wine
7263:
7259:
7251:
7228:
7222:
7218:
7187:
7183:
7148:
7144:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7077:
7067:
7063:
7044:
7040:
6993:
6989:
6966:
6962:
6952:
6950:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6893:
6889:
6879:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6819:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6782:
6778:
6763:
6759:
6752:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6709:
6700:
6693:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:. p. 315.
6618:Clarendon Press
6608:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6561:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6490:
6474:
6470:
6449:
6447:
6446:on 5 March 2016
6443:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6401:(11): 977–983.
6391:
6387:
6380:
6358:
6354:
6327:
6323:
6302:(Coquillett)".
6296:
6292:
6261:
6257:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6166:
6162:
6099:
6095:
6084:
6080:
6019:
6015:
5984:
5980:
5965:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5850:
5846:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5694:
5687:
5664:
5660:
5605:
5601:
5570:
5566:
5543:
5536:
5505:
5501:
5470:Eristalis tenax
5466:
5462:
5427:
5423:
5388:
5384:
5355:
5351:
5324:
5320:
5281:
5277:
5250:
5246:
5205:
5201:
5156:
5152:
5129:
5125:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4956:"Strepsiptera:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4917:
4913:
4898:10.1002/ps.4207
4878:
4874:
4831:
4827:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4792:
4785:
4750:
4746:
4715:(16): 6256–66.
4701:
4697:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4625:
4621:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4551:
4540:
4533:
4517:
4494:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4395:
4388:
4349:
4345:
4306:
4302:
4270:10.2307/2656640
4249:
4245:
4210:
4206:
4177:
4173:
4144:(5360): 57–59.
4134:
4130:
4099:
4095:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3983:
3979:
3942:
3938:
3891:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3858:
3854:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3796:
3792:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3615:
3608:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3552:
3548:
3501:Kjer, Karl M.;
3499:
3495:
3456:
3452:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3415:The Taxonomicon
3409:
3408:
3404:
3357:
3353:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3232:
3214:cheese skippers
3067:gene expression
3028:
2973:river blindness
2895:(Agromyzidae),
2871:
2822:fly-on-the-wall
2651:Petrus Christus
2644:
2639:
2633:
2602:Bombylius major
2575:Bombylius major
2566:
2560:
2499:
2485:
2468:
2452:parthenogenesis
2339:
2320:
2314:
2226:
2220:
2019:
2013:
1911:Musca domestica
1887:
1882:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1687:
1678:
1408:
1399:
1361:Xylophagomorpha
1189:
1012:Middle Triassic
988:
983:
974:
965:
955:
946:
937:
851:
780:
771:
710:
701:
526:
521:
513:to clean wounds
465:West Nile fever
445:model organisms
310:
278:
201:
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
138:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
62:
61:
58:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11499:
11489:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11427:
11414:
11401:
11391:
11378:
11365:
11355:
11342:
11329:
11316:
11303:
11290:
11277:
11264:
11255:Fauna Europaea
11251:
11238:
11225:
11212:
11199:
11186:
11176:
11163:
11150:
11135:
11119:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11096:
11095:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11060:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11000:
10998:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10983:Lafcadio Hearn
10980:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10956:Jan Swammerdam
10952:
10950:
10946:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10907:
10905:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10882:Model organism
10879:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10803:
10798:
10792:
10790:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10756:Insect farming
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10727:
10725:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10701:
10699:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10687:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10659:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10647:
10642:
10640:Artificial fly
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10580:
10573:Insects in art
10569:
10567:
10560:
10549:
10548:
10537:
10536:
10529:
10522:
10514:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10494:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10447:Protozygoptera
10444:
10442:Protorthoptera
10439:
10437:Protephemerida
10434:
10429:
10427:Protanisoptera
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10396:(griffinflies)
10394:Meganisoptera
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10374:Glosselytrodea
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10323:
10318:
10312:
10305:
10304:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10282:
10272:
10266:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10228:
10218:
10209:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10197:
10187:
10167:
10165:
10156:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10128:
10120:
10115:Raphidioptera
10111:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10089:
10080:
10078:
10069:
10067:Neuropteroidea
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10048:
10042:
10014:
10013:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10006:
9998:
9990:
9981:
9979:
9961:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9925:
9917:
9908:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9888:
9885:(ice-crawlers)
9879:
9877:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9855:
9847:
9839:
9831:
9823:
9814:
9808:
9793:
9773:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9752:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9740:
9735:Ephemeroptera
9731:
9729:
9720:
9707:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9672:
9666:
9642:
9641:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9620:Archaeognatha
9616:
9614:
9600:
9599:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9546:
9545:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9476:
9474:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9445:
9443:
9441:Vermileonoidea
9434:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9393:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9373:
9368:
9366:Austroleptidae
9362:
9360:
9351:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9329:
9324:Stratiomyidae
9321:
9318:(timber flies)
9312:
9310:
9308:Stratiomyoidea
9301:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9271:
9263:
9258:Nycteribiidae
9255:
9250:Hippoboscidae
9247:
9244:(tsetse flies)
9238:
9236:
9234:Hippoboscoidea
9230:
9229:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9213:
9208:Sarcophagidae
9205:
9200:
9195:
9187:
9179:
9174:
9169:Calliphoridae
9165:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9145:
9137:
9129:
9120:
9118:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9087:
9085:Cryptochetidae
9081:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9063:
9058:
9050:
9045:
9037:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
8998:
8990:
8985:Drosophilidae
8982:
8974:
8966:
8960:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8936:Periscelididae
8933:
8928:
8923:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8903:Fergusoninidae
8900:
8892:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8865:
8863:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:Chamaemyiidae
8835:
8826:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8806:
8804:Nannodastiidae
8801:
8796:
8790:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8770:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8713:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8629:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8595:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8574:(signal flies)
8569:
8566:(cheese flies)
8561:
8556:Pallopteridae
8552:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8531:
8529:
8520:
8511:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8481:
8472:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8452:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8425:(ironic flies)
8419:
8417:
8408:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8368:Nemestrinidae
8365:
8356:
8354:
8352:Nemestrinoidea
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8326:
8321:
8313:
8305:
8299:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8279:
8276:(window flies)
8271:
8269:Mythicomyiidae
8266:
8258:
8250:
8245:
8237:
8234:(robber flies)
8229:
8224:
8219:
8210:
8208:
8199:
8181:
8180:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8139:
8131:
8123:
8114:
8112:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:Trichoceridae
8085:
8083:
8081:Trichoceroidea
8074:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8048:
8039:
8037:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8006:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7981:
7975:
7973:
7964:
7962:Psychodomorpha
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7898:Mycetophilidae
7895:
7887:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:Cecidomyiidae
7861:
7859:Bolitophilidae
7855:
7853:
7849:(fungus gnats)
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7826:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7763:
7754:
7752:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7697:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7661:
7652:
7650:
7641:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7601:
7600:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7432:
7427:
7415:
7414:External links
7412:
7411:
7410:
7387:
7380:
7366:
7356:
7342:
7331:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7280:
7257:
7239:(3): 132–133.
7216:
7181:
7142:
7119:
7087:
7061:
7038:
6987:
6960:
6949:. 19 June 2015
6934:
6907:(2): 292–301.
6887:
6864:
6813:
6791:
6776:
6757:
6750:
6730:
6723:
6698:
6691:
6671:
6664:
6633:
6626:
6602:
6590:Haynes, Dawn.
6582:
6575:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6503:
6488:
6468:
6420:
6385:
6378:
6352:
6341:(1): 175–178.
6321:
6310:(3): 532–536.
6290:
6255:
6242:(2): 396–402.
6222:
6187:
6180:
6160:
6093:
6078:
6013:
5994:(2): 153–161.
5978:
5963:
5937:
5926:
5915:on 23 May 2018
5900:
5885:
5864:(5): 505–515.
5844:
5825:(3): 199–258.
5809:
5802:
5780:
5773:
5753:
5746:
5724:
5713:
5706:
5685:
5658:
5599:
5564:
5553:(2): 245–262.
5534:
5515:(5): 619–636.
5499:
5480:(8): 695–704.
5460:
5441:(3): 329–335.
5421:
5402:(2): 373–383.
5392:Oscinella frit
5382:
5349:
5318:
5275:
5264:(3): 245–252.
5244:
5223:(2): 367–369.
5199:
5170:(2): 274–281.
5150:
5139:(3): 223–238.
5123:
5064:
5057:
5037:
4980:
4947:
4928:(4): 229–243.
4911:
4872:
4825:
4804:
4783:
4744:
4695:
4676:(3): 195–209.
4656:
4649:
4619:
4590:(8): 3227–33.
4570:
4563:
4538:
4531:
4492:
4443:
4436:
4416:
4386:
4359:(5): 689–706.
4343:
4300:
4263:(3): 440–445.
4243:
4204:
4191:(5): 413–421.
4171:
4128:
4109:(1–2): 86–89.
4093:
4058:(2): 285–286.
4034:
4008:
3977:
3956:(4): 254–259.
3936:
3878:
3852:
3817:
3810:
3790:
3763:
3732:
3706:
3697:
3690:
3670:
3606:
3595:(4): 847–854.
3579:
3572:
3546:
3493:
3466:(3): 425–454.
3450:
3427:
3402:
3351:
3327:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:blister beetle
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3231:
3228:
3219:Piophila casei
3175:European Union
3135:Piophila casei
3055:model organism
3027:
3024:
2870:
2867:
2718:Old Babylonian
2643:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2597:myrmecophilous
2580:Batesian mimic
2559:
2556:
2511:trophic levels
2498:
2495:
2484:
2481:
2467:
2464:
2338:
2335:
2313:
2310:
2219:
2216:
2166:and a pair of
2134:carbon dioxide
2121:chemoreceptors
2067:showing large
2012:
2009:
1964:The larvae of
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1612:Hippoboscoidea
1608:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1431:Nemestrinoidea
1427:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:(crane flies)
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1265:Psychodomorpha
1261:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1075:holometabolous
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:(Mecopterida)
957:
956:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
868:
863:
861:
857:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
815:(caddisflies)
809:
804:
802:
794:
792:
786:
785:
782:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
768:
767:
764:
763:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
729:
724:
722:
716:
715:
712:
711:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
659:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
631:
626:
624:
616:
614:
612:Neuropteroidea
606:
604:
598:
597:
594:
593:
580:
575:
573:
565:
530:holometabolans
528:Dipterans are
525:
522:
520:
517:
503:, are used as
316:
315:
294:
293:
289:
288:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
195:
194:
149:
148:
140:
139:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11498:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11424:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11388:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11173:
11168:
11164:
11160:
11155:
11151:
11146:
11140:
11136:
11131:
11125:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11103:
11093:
11088:
11081:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11053:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11039:Neonicotinoid
11037:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10947:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10898:
10890:
10889:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10783:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10724:Other aspects
10722:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10700:
10698:
10694:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10678:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10586:
10585:
10584:Musca depicta
10581:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10535:
10530:
10528:
10523:
10521:
10516:
10515:
10512:
10500:
10499:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10402:Megasecoptera
10400:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10299:
10295:
10281:
10279:
10273:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10260:
10257:
10227:
10226:
10219:
10217:
10215:(caddisflies)
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10188:
10185:
10181:Siphonaptera
10178:
10177:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:(Mecopterida)
10145:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10090:
10088:
10084:Strepsiptera
10082:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10057:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10015:
10005:
9999:
9997:
9993:Thysanoptera
9991:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9938:
9924:
9918:
9916:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9901:
9895:
9889:
9887:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9854:
9848:
9846:
9840:
9838:
9836:(webspinners)
9832:
9830:
9824:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9801:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9774:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9643:
9638:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9544:
9539:
9537:
9532:
9530:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9511:
9506:
9484:
9480:Xylophagidae
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9472:Xylophagoidea
9469:
9466:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9449:Vermileonidae
9447:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9386:
9380:
9378:(snipe flies)
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9346:
9336:
9330:
9328:
9322:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9252:(louse flies)
9248:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9210:(flesh flies)
9206:
9204:
9203:Rhinophoridae
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9188:
9186:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9144:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9124:Anthomyiidae
9122:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9094:
9092:(lance flies)
9088:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9042:(beach flies)
9038:
9036:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8997:
8995:(shore flies)
8991:
8989:
8983:
8981:
8975:
8973:
8969:Curtonotidae
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8941:Teratomyzidae
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8893:
8891:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8846:Cremifaniidae
8844:
8842:
8840:(aphid flies)
8836:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8771:
8769:
8767:(marsh flies)
8763:
8761:
8760:Ropalomeridae
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8750:Natalimyzidae
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8666:Megamerinidae
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8624:Micropezidae
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8488:
8482:
8480:
8476:Pipunculidae
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8455:Platypezidae
8453:
8451:
8445:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8427:
8423:Ironomyiidae
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8415:Platypezoidea
8412:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8390:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8337:Oreogetonidae
8335:
8333:
8331:(dance flies)
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8274:Scenopinidae
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8263:(mydas flies)
8259:
8257:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8227:Apystomyiidae
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8108:(crane flies)
8103:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8014:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7992:Valeseguyidae
7990:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7882:Keroplatidae
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7872:Diadocidiidae
7870:
7868:
7866:(gall midges)
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7830:Anisopodidae
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7822:Anisopodoidea
7819:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7792:Bibionomorpha
7789:
7785:
7775:
7774:Nymphomyiidae
7772:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7729:
7725:Chironomidae
7723:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7711:(black flies)
7707:
7705:
7701:Thaumaleidae
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7693:Chironomoidea
7690:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7613:Axymyiomorpha
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7539:
7531:
7526:
7524:
7519:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:(1924–1953).
7370:
7369:Séguy, Eugène
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7345:Hennig, Willi
7343:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7320:Order Diptera
7317:
7316:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7284:
7268:
7261:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7104:
7097:
7091:
7076:
7072:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6771:
6770:
6769:To Know a Fly
6761:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6629:
6627:0-19-814730-9
6623:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6606:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6513:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6489:9780826301109
6485:
6481:
6480:
6472:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6207:
6200:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5935:
5930:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5794:
5793:
5784:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5740:. Clarendon.
5738:
5737:
5728:
5722:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5539:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:Condylostylus
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4922:Zoomorphology
4915:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4837:: a review".
4836:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4224:(3): 756–75.
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3447:. p. 84.
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:New Scientist
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3199:antibacterial
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:leishmaniasis
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:Aedes aegypti
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:(Culicidae),
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:Jurassic Park
2847:'s 1993 film
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:Musca depicta
2810:
2808:
2807:To Know a Fly
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:musca depicta
2656:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:In contrast,
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:Ephydra hians
2547:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:ovoviviparous
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:Vermileonidae
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2392:endoparasites
2389:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:Condylostylus
2261:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:Insect flight
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Nycteribiidae
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:bush crickets
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:compound eyes
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:compound eyes
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:(hoverflies)
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:Bibionomorpha
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1109:Early Miocene
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Nymphomyiidae
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Late Triassic
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
978:
977:
969:
968:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
928:
926:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
905:
900:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
877:
873:
867:
866:
859:
858:
855:
854:
846:
845:
842:
840:
835:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
819:
814:
808:
807:
801:
798:
797:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
762:
760:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
739:
734:
728:
727:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
705:
704:
696:
695:
692:
690:
685:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
669:
664:
658:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
641:
637:(snakeflies)
636:
635:Raphidioptera
630:
629:
623:
620:
619:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:Aparaglossata
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
590:
585:
579:
578:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
557:
555:
554:Hippoboscidae
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:ovoviviparous
415:
414:metamorphosis
411:
410:compound eyes
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
196:
193:
191:
190:
184:
183:
177:
176:
170:
169:
163:
162:
156:
150:
146:
141:
135:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11114:
11069:Insecticides
10986:
10974:
10971:Hans Zinsser
10936:Clothes moth
10886:
10697:In mythology
10630:Fishing bait
10582:
10496:
10482:
10452:Syntonoptera
10334:Caloneurodea
10326:Blattoptera
10277:
10268:
10263:
10222:Lepidoptera
10220:
10213:Trichoptera
10190:
10189:
10171:
10123:Megaloptera
10117:(snakeflies)
10107:Neuropterida
10091:
10076:Coleopterida
10053:Hymenoptera
10051:
9973:Paraneoptera
9971:
9893:(gladiators)
9842:Phasmatodea
9820:(stoneflies)
9805:Polyneoptera
9748:Odonatoptera
9612:Monocondylia
9577:Pancrustacea
9575:(unranked):
9405:Oreoleptidae
9397:Athericidae
9376:Rhagionidae
9371:Bolbomyiidae
9358:Rhagionoidea
9349:Tabanomorpha
9242:Glossinidae
9224:Ulurumyiidae
9150:(dung flies)
9090:Lonchaeidae
9078:Lonchaeoidea
9066:Milichiidae
9061:Inbiomyiidae
9055:(frit flies)
9053:Chloropidae
8977:Diastatidae
8946:Xenasteiidae
8877:Anthomyzidae
8869:Agromyzidae
8822:Lauxanioidea
8799:Heleomyzidae
8765:Sciomyzidae
8755:Phaeomyiidae
8745:Huttoninidae
8730:Helcomyzidae
8719:(kelp flies)
8709:Sciomyzoidea
8678:(rust flies)
8590:Tephritidae
8585:Richardiidae
8564:Piophilidae
8548:Tephritoidea
8518:Acalyptratae
8486:(hoverflies)
8360:Acroceridae
8240:Bombyliidae
8214:Apioceridae
8072:Tipulomorpha
8051:Tanyderidae
8012:(moth flies)
8010:Psychodidae
8002:Psychodoidea
7984:Scatopsidae
7971:Scatopsoidea
7832:(wood gnats)
7682:(mosquitoes)
7672:Chaoboridae
7639:Culicomorpha
7581:Holometabola
7579:Superorder:
7573:Infraclass:
7537:
7488:
7487:
7470:
7469:
7418:
7417:
7403:the original
7383:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7348:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7299:. Retrieved
7295:The Guardian
7293:
7283:
7271:. Retrieved
7260:
7249:the original
7236:
7232:
7219:
7197:(2): 78–85.
7194:
7190:
7184:
7159:
7156:Acta Tropica
7155:
7151:
7145:
7136:
7132:
7122:
7110:. Retrieved
7103:the original
7090:
7078:. Retrieved
7064:
7055:
7051:
7041:
7007:(2): 89–91.
7004:
7000:
6990:
6976:(1): 81–99.
6973:
6969:
6963:
6951:. Retrieved
6946:
6937:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6878:. Retrieved
6867:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6804:. Retrieved
6794:
6783:
6779:
6768:
6760:
6740:
6733:
6713:
6681:
6674:
6646:
6636:
6612:
6605:
6592:
6585:
6565:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6506:
6478:
6471:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6448:. Retrieved
6441:the original
6436:
6423:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6363:
6355:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6213:. Retrieved
6206:the original
6197:
6190:
6170:
6163:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6087:
6081:
6030:
6026:
6016:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5949:. Springer.
5946:
5940:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5913:the original
5903:
5894:
5888:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5791:
5783:
5763:
5756:
5735:
5727:
5716:
5697:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5615:(1): 65–69.
5612:
5608:
5602:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5550:
5546:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5408:10.2307/2148
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5338:(1): 43–46.
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5202:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5047:
5040:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4971:. Retrieved
4963:
4957:
4950:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4795:
4764:(1): 29–39.
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4632:
4622:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4554:
4521:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4426:
4419:
4402:
4398:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4106:
4103:Biodiversity
4102:
4096:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3990:
3980:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3905:(3): e4187.
3902:
3898:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:
3855:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3800:
3793:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:the original
3745:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3720:Tree of Life
3719:
3709:
3700:
3680:
3673:
3628:
3622:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3559:
3549:
3517:(121): 121.
3514:
3510:
3503:Simon, Chris
3496:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3436:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3414:
3405:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3340:
3330:
3318:. Retrieved
3313:
3304:
3285:, a type of
3253:
3235:
3233:
3217:
3203:
3179:
3140:
3134:
3095:
3087:Willi Hennig
3048:
3047:
3035:
3002:(Asilidae),
3000:Robber flies
2996:fungus gnats
2993:
2965:dengue fever
2958:
2940:
2905:tsetse flies
2890:
2878:
2848:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2790:
2787:Tom o'Bedlam
2752:
2734:
2730:
2726:lapis lazuli
2703:
2689:
2670:
2664:trompe-l'œil
2662:
2658:
2654:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2573:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2486:
2469:
2460:paedogenesis
2442:
2430:Termitoxenia
2428:
2422:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2340:
2332:
2300:A. freeborni
2298:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2260:Dolichopodid
2257:
2249:
2241:
2204:
2188:Strepsiptera
2157:
2118:
2105:
2101:diverticulae
2085:
2047:
2020:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1932:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1860:Cyclorrhapha
1847:
1700:Acalyptratae
1698:
1659:
1638:
1610:
1569:
1541:
1518:
1487:
1456:
1429:
1382:Tabanomorpha
1380:
1359:
1331:
1310:
1291:
1263:
1235:
1207:
1172:Culicomorpha
1170:
1149:
1130:
1114:
1098:
1084:Strepsiptera
1072:
1040:basal clades
1034:produced by
1009:
1004:Lower Eocene
1000:Baltic amber
920:Siphonaptera
918:
897:
871:
870:
860:Antliophora
832:
811:
754:Strepsiptera
752:
731:
720:Coleopterida
682:
661:
633:
622:Neuropterida
582:
571:Holometabola
558:
542:Siphonaptera
527:
505:fishing bait
489:tsetse flies
475:, and other
473:encephalitis
469:yellow fever
443:are used as
433:Hymenopteran
426:
407:
374:
370:
362:
351:
350:
326:Anthomyiidae
303:paraphyletic
297:
275:
262:(unranked):
252:Superorder:
187:
180:
173:
166:
159:
153:
51:
11294:iNaturalist
11139:Wikispecies
11055:Categories,
11034:Insecticide
10865:Sericulture
10836:Royal jelly
10761:Flea circus
10751:Entomophagy
10685:Cantharidin
10680:Spanish fly
10655:In medicine
10635:Fly fishing
10566:In the arts
10498:Wikispecies
10457:Titanoptera
10389:Lapeyriidae
10384:Hypoperlida
10359:Eoblattodea
10328:(roachoids)
10321:Archodonata
10163:Antliophora
10131:Neuroptera
10093:Coleoptera
9904:Dictyoptera
9874:(Xenonomia)
9850:Orthoptera
9834:Embioptera
9826:Dermaptera
9818:Plecoptera
9718:Palaeoptera
9581:Subphylum:
9482:(awl flies)
9332:Xylomyidae
9268:(bat flies)
9266:Streblidae
9260:(bat flies)
9216:Tachinidae
9107:Calyptratae
8993:Ephydridae
8979:(bog flies)
8956:Ephydroidea
8889:(sap flies)
8861:Opomyzoidea
8851:Lauxaniidae
8830:Celyphidae
8794:Chyromyidae
8725:Dryomyzidae
8717:Coelopidae
8699:Tanypezidae
8509:Schizophora
8393:Muscomorpha
8303:Atelestidae
8282:Therevidae
8242:(bee flies)
8197:Asilomorpha
8134:Pediciidae
8126:Limoniidae
7877:Ditomyiidae
7809:Bibionidae
7801:Bibionoidea
7709:Simuliidae
7353:(in German)
6033:(1): 5464.
5674:: 271–298.
5433:migrate?".
5328:Cephenemyia
5254:Cephenemyia
4845:(1): 3–26.
4405:: 417–442.
4279:10088/12159
4022:Livescience
3833:: 397–428.
3779:: 565–590.
3283:Spanish fly
3224:Piophilidae
3195:biochemical
3020:pollinators
2989:Chloropidae
2955:arboviruses
2933:drain flies
2901:gall midges
2897:fruit flies
2827:-making in
2825:documentary
2714:Utnapishtim
2685:Philistines
2535:regurgitate
2456:gall midges
2454:, and some
2449:thelytokous
2374:, and adult
2269:Cephenemyia
2097:horse-flies
2065:a horse-fly
1978:shore flies
1945:, insects,
1878:Schizophora
1872:Muscomorpha
1854:Calyptratae
1105:Psychodidae
1095:nematoceran
1080:Mecopterida
1064:Schizophora
996:brachyceran
834:Lepidoptera
813:Trichoptera
663:Megaloptera
584:Hymenoptera
550:Trichoptera
546:Lepidoptera
534:Mecopterida
509:debridement
441:Fruit flies
437:pollination
391:crane flies
387:horse-flies
266:Antliophora
63:245–0
18:Dipterology
11440:Categories
11074:Pesticides
10811:Bee pollen
10806:Beekeeping
10788:entomology
10731:Biomimicry
10663:Apitherapy
10623:In fishing
10578:Beetlewing
10559:in culture
10407:Miomoptera
10173:Mecoptera
10001:Hemiptera
9922:(mantises)
9912:Blattodea
9858:Zoraptera
9737:(mayflies)
9676:Zygentoma
9571:Arthropoda
9415:Tabanidae
9389:Tabanoidea
9192:(botflies)
9190:Oestridae
9161:Oestroidea
9132:Fanniidae
9040:Canacidae
9034:(bee lice)
9032:Braulidae
8964:Camillidae
8931:Opomyzidae
8908:Marginidae
8895:Clusiidae
8684:Somatiidae
8671:Nothybidae
8653:Diopsidae
8645:Diopsoidea
8598:Ulidiidae
8580:Pyrgotidae
8535:Conopidae
8527:Conopoidea
8484:Syrphidae
8468:Syrphoidea
8439:Opetiidae
8329:Hybotidae
8316:Empididae
8295:Empidoidea
8177:Brachycera
8142:Tipulidae
8102:Tipuloidea
7911:Sciaridae
7843:Sciaroidea
7680:Culicidae
7648:Culicoidea
7621:Axymyiidae
7597:Nematocera
7567:Subclass:
7557:Arthropoda
7489:Describers
7058:: 140–143.
6947:YourGenome
6654:. p.
6616:. Oxford:
5895:Entomology
5580:(2): 518.
4158:10088/5966
3297:References
3263:robber fly
3210:casu marzu
3182:biomedical
3131:cheese fly
3123:Casu marzu
3109:Histeridae
3091:cladistics
3079:physiology
3063:eukaryotes
3044:laboratory
3016:hoverflies
2969:Zika virus
2951:filariasis
2929:blackflies
2925:mosquitoes
2859:fossilised
2837:metaphoric
2737:Greek myth
2710:flood myth
2624:Drosophila
2618:Drosophila
2435:tsetse fly
2399:Simuliidae
2384:Brachycera
2380:Nematocera
2344:Brachycera
2316:See also:
2244:gyroscopic
2212:ovipositor
2196:tarsomeres
2184:Streblidae
2172:metathorax
2164:mesothorax
2108:optic flow
2073:mouthparts
2031:mouthparts
2029:, and the
2015:See also:
2005:scavengers
1994:hoverflies
1951:amphibians
1943:millipedes
1866:Eremoneura
1832:Nematocera
1661:Oestroidea
1571:Syrphoidea
1522:(in part)
1489:Empidoidea
1312:Brachycera
1293:Tipuloidea
1121:Brachycera
1117:Nematocera
1024:Cretaceous
735:(beetles)
733:Coleoptera
684:Neuroptera
493:screwworms
481:houseflies
449:mosquitoes
429:ecological
399:mosquitoes
395:hoverflies
385:including
312:Brachycera
299:Nematocera
292:Suborders
236:Arthropoda
11057:templates
11029:Pesticide
10645:Fly tying
10379:Heraridea
10369:Geroptera
10274:Based on
10148:Panorpida
10095:(beetles)
9985:Psocodea
9920:Mantodea
9871:Notoptera
9828:(earwigs)
9563:Kingdom:
9198:Rhiniidae
9140:Muscidae
9116:Muscoidea
9014:Carnoidea
8926:Odiniidae
8913:Neminidae
8882:Asteiidae
8773:Sepsidae
8676:Psilidae
8661:Gobryidae
8632:Neriidae
8611:Nerioidea
8447:Phoridae
8342:Ragadidae
8248:Evocoidae
8232:Asilidae
8206:Asiloidea
8175:Suborder
7595:Suborder
7569:Pterygota
7549:Kingdom:
7162:: 37–43.
6271:: 19–22.
6137:0027-8424
6055:2045-2322
5637:1432-1939
5609:Oecologia
5547:Behaviour
4814:cite book
4754:Phaenicia
4690:227306897
4373:1572-8889
4324:: 39–60.
4052:Oecologia
4044:Bufo bufo
3420:21 August
3371:(1): 52.
3275:house-fly
3259:crane fly
3206:Sardinian
3127:Sardinian
3012:bee flies
3004:tachinids
2942:Anopheles
2909:screwworm
2792:King Lear
2759:Aeschylus
2681:Beelzebub
2642:Symbolism
2524:Anthomyia
2415:oviparous
2403:Tabanidae
2348:spiracles
2294:Cuterebra
2282:Oscinella
2149:crane fly
2113:H1 neuron
2002:inquiline
1992:). Adult
1922:Asiloidea
1885:Diversity
1640:Muscoidea
1543:Phoroidea
1458:Asiloidea
1068:Paleogene
899:Mecoptera
790:Panorpida
561:cladogram
538:Mecoptera
403:described
307:Eudiptera
256:Panorpida
222:Kingdom:
216:Eukaryota
11203:BugGuide
11179:BioLib:
11124:Wikidata
10997:Concerns
10949:Pioneers
10926:Woodworm
10831:Propolis
10786:Economic
10673:Melittin
10668:Apitoxin
10417:Paoliida
10191:Diptera
9995:(thrips)
9756:Odonata
9583:Hexapoda
9569:Phylum:
9565:Animalia
9048:Carnidae
8261:Mydidae
7656:Dixidae
7575:Neoptera
7555:Phylum:
7551:Animalia
7540:families
7479:at CSIRO
7455:BugGuide
7439:Archived
7361:(1965).
7211:22584527
7176:24754920
7139:: 61–66.
7033:22408328
6929:28636403
6921:18260520
6859:21912409
6851:23641114
6498:64024356
6415:16620975
6347:25085158
6331:Microdon
6285:84201196
6155:29158381
6073:29674725
6008:86705683
5973:43307061
5880:86908583
5839:86129322
5653:22921039
5645:28313313
5594:53180240
5529:25061334
5494:86181761
5455:83629356
5344:25004791
5313:17770404
5270:25004207
5239:86502767
5186:21676771
5118:25605915
5032:15539345
4942:46359462
4906:26662853
4867:23210046
4778:26541123
4739:10934276
4614:11943823
4487:10382224
4381:36686371
4338:17622197
4295:10719005
4238:17291785
4166:19305979
4123:39619017
4088:32817424
4080:28309542
3972:12407211
3931:25733962
3847:15012378
3665:21402926
3541:27558853
3480:17624962
3397:24646345
3338:(1949).
3314:BugGuide
3279:hoverfly
3271:moth fly
3216:such as
3190:blow fly
3167:reptiles
3113:woodland
3075:mutation
3042:genetics
2967:and the
2913:botflies
2841:candidly
2769:'s wife
2765:sent by
2749:Endymion
2582:of bees.
2545:Bengalia
2477:puparium
2382:and the
2252:saccades
2208:sclerite
2200:pulvilli
2168:halteres
2153:halteres
2130:infrared
2063:Head of
2039:halteres
2027:antennae
1939:woodlice
1935:molluscs
1239:(gnats)
1060:Jurassic
1056:Triassic
1032:honeydew
922:(fleas)
379:halteres
346:halteres
334:antennae
332:, small
281:Linnaeus
232:Phylum:
226:Animalia
212:Domain:
155:Housefly
136:– Recent
134:Triassic
11397:diptera
11172:Diptera
11159:Diptera
11145:Diptera
11115:Diptera
10921:Bed bug
10903:insects
10901:Harmful
10877:Shellac
10821:Beeswax
10776:Jingzhe
10556:insects
10552:Aspects
10545:insects
10302:Extinct
10276:Sasaki
10183:(fleas)
9977: *
8406:Aschiza
7563:Insecta
7561:Class:
7538:Diptera
7536:Extant
7471:Anatomy
7419:General
7322:". In:
7024:3296382
6880:21 July
6831:Bibcode
6823:Science
6806:21 July
6450:30 July
6215:27 July
6146:5754803
6115:Bibcode
6064:5908842
6035:Bibcode
5617:Bibcode
5369:: 4–5.
5293:Bibcode
5285:Science
5194:7306151
5109:4321282
5086:Bibcode
5023:1691860
5014:4142949
4958:Stylops
4859:8118845
4730:6772600
4605:6757520
4478:1692594
4287:2656640
4138:Science
4060:Bibcode
4027:21 July
4001:21 July
3922:4339814
3773:Zootaxa
3746:Flytree
3656:3078341
3633:Bibcode
3532:5014063
3488:9356614
3388:4000048
3267:bee fly
3230:Hazards
3208:cheese
3159:mammals
3155:angling
3147:casters
3097:Maggots
2947:malaria
2937:vectors
2921:myiasis
2885:malaria
2700:Dumuzid
2578:, is a
2497:Ecology
2411:prolegs
2409:, have
2368:instars
2326:Mating
2303:, form
2235:fly in
2233:Tabanid
2176:ganglia
2162:on the
2043:abdomen
1998:mimicry
1983:Diamesa
1947:mammals
1520:Aschiza
1131:Diptera
1093:Fossil
994:Fossil
872:Diptera
501:maggots
497:gentles
457:malaria
453:vectors
422:carrion
383:species
363:Diptera
358:of the
356:insects
305:) (inc
276:Diptera
272:Order:
246:Insecta
242:Class:
132:Middle
11423:118088
11374:661378
11358:NZOR:
11325:118831
11247:1DIPTO
11130:Q25312
10860:Kermes
10855:Chitin
10848:Polish
10280:(2013)
10278:et al.
10269:Italic
9597:Extant
9553:orders
9550:Insect
7301:26 May
7273:24 May
7209:
7174:
7112:24 May
7080:24 May
7031:
7021:
6953:27 May
6927:
6919:
6857:
6849:
6788:p. 242
6748:
6721:
6689:
6662:
6642:Lucian
6624:
6573:
6496:
6486:
6458:Dǫ'soh
6413:
6376:
6345:
6283:
6178:
6153:
6143:
6135:
6071:
6061:
6053:
6006:
5971:
5961:
5919:22 May
5878:
5837:
5800:
5771:
5744:
5704:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5592:
5527:
5492:
5453:
5414:
5342:
5311:
5268:
5237:
5192:
5184:
5116:
5106:
5055:
5030:
5020:
5012:
4973:25 May
4940:
4904:
4865:
4857:
4802:
4776:
4737:
4727:
4688:
4647:
4612:
4602:
4561:
4529:
4485:
4475:
4434:
4379:
4371:
4336:
4293:
4285:
4236:
4164:
4121:
4086:
4078:
3970:
3929:
3919:
3871:27 May
3845:
3808:
3756:24 May
3725:25 May
3688:
3663:
3653:
3570:
3539:
3529:
3486:
3478:
3395:
3385:
3320:26 May
3169:, and
3163:fishes
3059:genome
2953:, and
2835:. The
2763:gadfly
2745:Selene
2722:Nergal
2696:Inanna
2673:Navajo
2667:frame.
2657:has a
2365:larval
2237:flight
2218:Flight
2092:ocelli
2056:wasp.
2054:vespid
2035:thorax
1949:, and
1028:nectar
479:; and
461:dengue
375:pteron
36:Flying
32:Flight
11446:Flies
11418:WoRMS
11405:Plazi
11394:PPE:
11387:70527
11312:10063
11307:IRMNG
11299:47822
11260:10877
11182:16869
10826:Honey
10543:with
7497:(PDF)
7406:(PDF)
7395:(PDF)
7252:(PDF)
7229:(PDF)
7106:(PDF)
7099:(PDF)
6925:S2CID
6855:S2CID
6597:(PDF)
6444:(PDF)
6433:(PDF)
6343:JSTOR
6281:S2CID
6209:(PDF)
6202:(PDF)
6004:S2CID
5969:S2CID
5876:S2CID
5835:S2CID
5649:S2CID
5590:S2CID
5525:S2CID
5490:S2CID
5451:S2CID
5412:JSTOR
5340:JSTOR
5266:JSTOR
5235:S2CID
5190:S2CID
5010:JSTOR
4968:CSIRO
4938:S2CID
4863:S2CID
4774:S2CID
4686:S2CID
4377:S2CID
4283:JSTOR
4162:S2CID
4119:S2CID
4084:S2CID
3484:S2CID
3245:Notes
3193:have
3171:birds
2863:amber
2779:Argus
2705:galla
2692:Sumer
2527:sp.,
2483:Adult
2472:pupae
2388:cerci
2337:Larva
2160:wings
2023:tagma
367:Greek
360:order
352:Flies
11351:7147
11346:NCBI
11320:ITIS
11281:GBIF
11242:EPPO
11190:BOLD
10870:Silk
10264:bold
7303:2016
7275:2016
7207:PMID
7172:PMID
7114:2016
7082:2016
7029:PMID
6955:2016
6917:PMID
6882:2016
6847:PMID
6808:2016
6746:ISBN
6719:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6660:ISBN
6622:ISBN
6571:ISBN
6494:LCCN
6484:ISBN
6452:2015
6411:PMID
6374:ISBN
6217:2016
6176:ISBN
6151:PMID
6133:ISSN
6069:PMID
6051:ISSN
5959:ISBN
5921:2018
5798:ISBN
5769:ISBN
5742:ISBN
5702:ISBN
5641:PMID
5633:ISSN
5416:2148
5309:PMID
5182:PMID
5114:PMID
5053:ISBN
5028:PMID
4975:2016
4902:PMID
4855:PMID
4820:link
4800:ISBN
4735:PMID
4645:ISBN
4610:PMID
4559:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4483:PMID
4432:ISBN
4369:ISSN
4334:PMID
4291:PMID
4234:PMID
4076:PMID
4029:2016
4003:2016
3968:PMID
3927:PMID
3873:2016
3843:PMID
3806:ISBN
3777:1668
3758:2016
3727:2016
3686:ISBN
3661:PMID
3624:PNAS
3568:ISBN
3537:PMID
3476:PMID
3422:2007
3393:PMID
3322:2016
3204:The
3151:bait
3073:and
3026:Uses
2911:and
2831:and
2829:film
2771:Hera
2767:Zeus
2761:, a
2741:Myia
2490:anus
2470:The
2466:Pupa
2405:and
2372:pupa
2305:leks
2192:legs
2182:and
1876:Sch=
1870:Mus=
1864:Ere=
1858:Cyc=
1852:Cal=
1119:and
559:The
548:and
491:and
455:for
451:are
369:δι-
354:are
330:eyes
285:1758
71:PreꞒ
34:and
11333:NBN
11286:811
11234:421
11229:EoL
11221:D2P
11216:CoL
11195:127
11167:AFD
11154:ADW
10554:of
7241:doi
7199:doi
7164:doi
7160:136
7019:PMC
7009:doi
6978:doi
6909:doi
6839:doi
6827:340
6403:doi
6370:299
6312:doi
6273:doi
6244:doi
6141:PMC
6123:doi
6111:114
6059:PMC
6043:doi
5996:doi
5951:doi
5866:doi
5827:doi
5676:doi
5625:doi
5582:doi
5555:doi
5551:146
5517:doi
5482:doi
5478:113
5443:doi
5404:doi
5371:doi
5330:".
5301:doi
5225:doi
5172:doi
5141:doi
5137:116
5104:PMC
5094:doi
5082:112
5018:PMC
5002:doi
4998:271
4930:doi
4926:126
4894:doi
4847:doi
4843:275
4766:doi
4762:135
4756:".
4725:PMC
4717:doi
4678:doi
4637:doi
4600:PMC
4592:doi
4473:PMC
4465:doi
4461:354
4407:doi
4361:doi
4326:doi
4275:hdl
4265:doi
4226:doi
4193:doi
4154:hdl
4146:doi
4142:280
4111:doi
4068:doi
4050:".
3958:doi
3917:PMC
3907:doi
3835:doi
3781:doi
3651:PMC
3641:doi
3629:108
3597:doi
3527:PMC
3519:doi
3468:doi
3383:PMC
3373:doi
3346:773
3177:.
3153:in
3105:DNA
2877:An
2861:in
2855:DNA
2789:in
2462:).
1599:Cal
1589:Sch
1507:Cyc
1476:Ere
1418:Mus
1107:),
998:in
371:di-
324:An
57:Fly
11442::
11420::
11407::
11384::
11371::
11348::
11335::
11322::
11309::
11296::
11283::
11270::
11257::
11244::
11231::
11218::
11208:55
11205::
11192::
11169::
11156::
11141::
11126::
10179:+
7437:.
7397:.
7292:.
7237:53
7235:.
7231:.
7205:.
7195:21
7193:.
7170:.
7158:.
7137:22
7135:.
7131:.
7073:.
7054:.
7050:.
7027:.
7017:.
7003:.
6999:.
6972:.
6945:.
6923:.
6915:.
6905:32
6903:.
6853:.
6845:.
6837:.
6825:.
6786:,
6701:^
6658:.
6547:^
6492:.
6454:.
6435:.
6409:.
6399:30
6397:.
6372:.
6339:63
6337:.
6308:81
6306:.
6279:.
6269:37
6267:.
6240:20
6238:.
6234:.
6149:.
6139:.
6131:.
6121:.
6109:.
6105:.
6067:.
6057:.
6049:.
6041:.
6029:.
6025:.
6002:.
5992:17
5990:.
5967:.
5957:.
5874:.
5862:41
5860:.
5856:.
5833:.
5823:74
5821:.
5688:^
5672:14
5670:.
5647:.
5639:.
5631:.
5623:.
5613:95
5611:.
5588:.
5578:31
5576:.
5549:.
5537:^
5523:.
5511:.
5488:.
5476:.
5449:.
5437:.
5410:.
5400:31
5398:.
5367:45
5365:.
5361:.
5336:47
5334:.
5307:.
5299:.
5289:87
5287:.
5262:35
5260:.
5233:.
5221:94
5219:.
5215:.
5188:.
5180:.
5168:45
5166:.
5162:.
5135:.
5112:.
5102:.
5092:.
5080:.
5076:.
5026:.
5016:.
5008:.
4996:.
4992:.
4966:.
4962:.
4936:.
4924:.
4900:.
4890:72
4888:.
4884:.
4861:.
4853:.
4841:.
4816:}}
4812:{{
4786:^
4772:.
4760:.
4733:.
4723:.
4713:20
4711:.
4707:.
4684:.
4674:52
4672:.
4668:.
4643:.
4608:.
4598:.
4588:22
4586:.
4582:.
4541:^
4495:^
4481:.
4471:.
4459:.
4455:.
4403:40
4401:.
4389:^
4375:.
4367:.
4357:15
4355:.
4332:.
4322:53
4320:.
4316:.
4289:.
4281:.
4273:.
4261:87
4259:.
4255:.
4232:.
4222:42
4220:.
4216:.
4187:.
4183:.
4160:.
4152:.
4140:.
4117:.
4105:.
4082:.
4074:.
4066:.
4056:45
4054:.
4020:.
3989:.
3966:.
3954:93
3952:.
3948:.
3925:.
3915:.
3901:.
3897:.
3881:^
3864:.
3841:.
3831:44
3829:.
3775:.
3744:.
3718:.
3659:.
3649:.
3639:.
3627:.
3621:.
3609:^
3593:16
3591:.
3566:.
3562:.
3535:.
3525:.
3515:13
3513:.
3509:.
3482:.
3474:.
3464:82
3462:.
3439:.
3413:.
3391:.
3381:.
3369:14
3367:.
3363:.
3312:.
3269:,
3265:,
3261:,
3165:,
3161:,
3133:,
3115:.
3081:,
3069:,
2957:;
2949:,
2907:,
2775:Io
2687:.
2679:,
2401:,
2370:,
2214:.
2147:A
1941:,
1937:,
1018:.
1002:.
544:,
540:,
515:.
511:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
459:,
439:.
405:.
397:,
393:,
389:,
340:,
336:,
283:,
121:Pg
65:Ma
10989:)
10985:(
10979:)
10973:(
10533:e
10526:t
10519:v
10040:a
10038:l
10036:o
10034:b
10032:a
10030:t
10028:e
10026:m
10024:o
10022:l
10020:o
10018:H
9959:a
9957:l
9955:o
9953:b
9951:a
9949:t
9947:e
9945:m
9943:u
9941:E
9791:a
9789:r
9787:e
9785:t
9783:p
9781:o
9779:e
9777:N
9705:a
9703:t
9701:o
9699:g
9697:y
9695:r
9693:e
9691:t
9689:P
9664:a
9662:i
9660:l
9658:y
9656:d
9654:n
9652:o
9650:c
9648:i
9646:D
9542:e
9535:t
9528:v
7529:e
7522:t
7515:v
7445:.
7386:.
7355:.
7305:.
7277:.
7243::
7213:.
7201::
7178:.
7166::
7116:.
7084:.
7056:7
7035:.
7011::
7005:3
6984:.
6980::
6974:5
6957:.
6931:.
6911::
6884:.
6861:.
6841::
6833::
6810:.
6754:.
6727:.
6695:.
6668:.
6656:5
6630:.
6599:.
6579:.
6500:.
6417:.
6405::
6382:.
6349:.
6318:.
6314::
6287:.
6275::
6252:.
6246::
6219:.
6184:.
6157:.
6125::
6117::
6075:.
6045::
6037::
6031:8
6010:.
5998::
5975:.
5953::
5923:.
5882:.
5868::
5841:.
5829::
5806:.
5777:.
5750:.
5710:.
5682:.
5678::
5655:.
5627::
5619::
5596:.
5584::
5561:.
5557::
5531:.
5519::
5513:3
5496:.
5484::
5457:.
5445::
5439:9
5418:.
5406::
5379:.
5373::
5346:.
5315:.
5303::
5295::
5272:.
5241:.
5227::
5196:.
5174::
5147:.
5143::
5120:.
5096::
5088::
5061:.
5034:.
5004::
4977:.
4960:"
4944:.
4932::
4908:.
4896::
4869:.
4849::
4822:)
4808:.
4780:.
4768::
4741:.
4719::
4692:.
4680::
4653:.
4639::
4616:.
4594::
4567:.
4535:.
4489:.
4467::
4440:.
4413:.
4409::
4383:.
4363::
4340:.
4328::
4314:"
4297:.
4277::
4267::
4240:.
4228::
4201:.
4195::
4189:6
4168:.
4156::
4148::
4125:.
4113::
4107:9
4090:.
4070::
4062::
4031:.
4005:.
3974:.
3960::
3933:.
3909::
3903:3
3875:.
3849:.
3837::
3814:.
3787:.
3783::
3760:.
3729:.
3694:.
3667:.
3643::
3635::
3603:.
3599::
3576:.
3543:.
3521::
3490:.
3470::
3424:.
3399:.
3375::
3348:.
3324:.
3289:.
3137:.
2887:.
2613:,
1920:(
1834:"
1830:"
1103:(
309:)
301:(
126:N
116:K
111:J
106:T
101:P
96:C
91:D
86:S
81:O
76:Ꞓ
49:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.