Dishwasher - Knowledge

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loading as well as removing washable items was from the top, with the user reaching deep into the compartment for some items. Youngstown Kitchens, which manufactured entire kitchen cabinets and sinks, offered a tub-style dishwasher, which was coupled to a conventional kitchen sink as one unit. Most present-day machines allow for placement of dishes, silverware, tall items and cooking utensils in the lower rack, while glassware, cups and saucers are placed in the upper rack. One notable exception were dishwashers produced by the Maytag Corporation from the late sixties until the early nineties. These machines were designed for loading glassware, cups and saucers in the lower rack, while plates, silverware, and tall items were placed into the upper rack. This unique design allowed for a larger capacity and more flexibility in loading of dishes and pots and pans. Today, "dish drawer" models eliminate the inconvenience of the long reach that was necessary with older full-depth models. "Cutlery baskets" are also common. A drawer dishwasher, first introduced by

749:) could use between 20 and 300 litres (5.3 and 79.3 US gal) of water and between 0.1 and 8 kWh of energy, while the numbers for energy-efficient automatic dishwashers were 15–22 litres (4.0–5.8 US gal) and 1 to 2 kWh, respectively. The study concluded that fully loaded dishwashers use less energy, water, and detergent than the average European hand-washer. For the automatic dishwasher results, the dishes were not rinsed before being loaded. The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers, the cost of possible accelerated wear of dishes from the chemical harshness of dishwasher detergent, the comparison for cleaning cookware, or the value of labour saved; hand washers needed between 65 and 106 minutes. Several points of criticism on this study have been raised. For example, 299: 230: 179: 291: 791: 170: 783: 799: 342: 47: 105: 583: 855:

refrigerator shelves and bins, toothbrush holders, pet bowls and pet toys. Cleaning vegetables and plastics is controversial since vegetables can be contaminated by soap and rinse aid from previous cycles and the heat of most standard dishwashers can cause BPA or phthalates to leach out of plastic products. The use of a dishwasher to clean greasy tools and parts is not recommended as the grease can clog the dishwasher.

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mark other items they knock into. Nonstick pan coatings will deteriorate. Glossy, gold-colored, and hand-painted items will be dulled or fade. Fragile items and sharp edges will be dulled or damaged from colliding with other items or thermal stress. Sterling silver and pewter will oxidize and discolour from the heat and from contact with metals lower on the

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items near to them. Many North American dishwashers tend to use exposed elements in the base of the dishwasher. Some North American machines, primarily those designed by General Electric, use a wash tube, often called a wash-tower, to direct water from the bottom of the dishwasher to the top dish rack. Some dishwashers, including many models from

817:, with a pulley system that pulls the rack through a small chamber (known widely as a "rack conveyor" systems). Single-rack washers require an operator to push the rack into the washer, close the doors, start the cycle, and then open the doors to pull out the cleaned rack, possibly through a second opening into an unloading area. 810:

conducted with 65–71 °C (149–160 °F) temperatures and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide the machine 82 °C (180 °F) "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. This distinction labels the machines as either "high-temp" or "low-temp".

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being clean. The sensor operated with another innovation of using variable washing time. If dishes were especially dirty, then the dishwasher would run for a longer time than if the sensor detected them to be clean. In this way, the dishwasher would save energy and water by only being in operation for as long as needed.

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hardness, detergent load and temperature. The type of glass is an important factor in determining if this effect is a problem. Some dishwashers can reduce this etching effect by automatically dispensing the correct amount of detergent throughout the wash cycle based on the level of water hardness programmed.

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Items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints, oiled tools, furnace filters, etc. can contaminate a dishwasher, since the surfaces inside small water passages cannot be wiped clean as surfaces are in hand-washing, so contaminants remain to affect future

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Most importantly however, the final rinse adds a small amount of rinse-aid to the hot water, this is a mild detergent that improves drying significantly by reducing the inherent surface tension of the water so that water mostly drips off, greatly improving how well all items, including plastic items,

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Plastic and non-stick items form drops with smaller surface area and may not dry properly compared to china and glass, which also store more heat that better evaporate the little water that remains on them. Some dishwashers incorporate a fan to improve drying. Older dishwashers with a visible heating

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Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or 24 in (61 cm) (US), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm (Europe) or 34 in (86 cm) (US) tall. Portable dishwashers exist in

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Commercial dishwashers often have significantly different plumbing and operations than a home unit, in that there are often separate sprayers for washing and rinsing/sanitizing. The wash water is heated with an in-tank electric heat element and mixed with a cleaning solution, and is used repeatedly

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of electricity were compared against energy used for heating hot water without taking into account possible inefficiencies. Also, inefficient handwashings were compared against optimal usage of a fully loaded dishwasher without manual pre-rinsing that can take up to 100 litres (26 US gal)

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Present-day machines feature a drop-down front panel door, allowing access to the interior, which usually contains two or sometimes three pull-out racks; racks can also be referred to as "baskets". In older U.S. models from the 1950s, the entire tub rolled out when the machine latch was opened, and

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in 1865 that was similar to the first but featured a hand-cranked rack system. Neither device was practical or widely accepted. Some historians cite as an obstacle to adoption the historical attitude that valued women for the effort put into housework rather than the results—making household chores

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Water used for rinsing and sanitizing is generally delivered directly through building water supply and is not reusable. However, commercial dishwashers excel in water efficiency, with some models using less than 0.4 gallons of water per rack. Used rinse water empties into the wash tank reservoir,

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features in dishwashers. One feature was use of "soil sensors", which was a computerized tool in the dishwasher which measured food particles coming from dishes. When the dishwasher had cleaned the dishes to the point of not releasing more food particles, the soil sensor would report the dishes as

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is pumped to one or more rotating sprayers, cleaning the dishes with the cleaning mixture. The mixture is recirculated to save water and energy. Often there is a pre-rinse, which may or may not include detergent, and the water is then drained. This is followed by the main wash with fresh water and

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Other materials besides glass are also harmed by the strong detergents, strong agitation, and high temperatures of dishwashers, especially on a hot wash cycle when temperatures can reach 75 °C (167 °F). Aluminium, brass, and copper items will discolor, and light aluminum containers will

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Most dishwashers feature a drying sensor and as such, a dish-washing cycle is always considered complete when a drying indicator, usually in the form of an illuminated "end" light, or in more modern models on a digital display or audible sound, exhibits to the operator that the washing and drying

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European dishwashers almost universally use two or three sprayers which are fed from the bottom and back wall of the dishwasher, leaving both racks unimpeded. Such models also tend to use inline water heaters, removing the need for exposed elements in the base of the machine that can melt plastic

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The heat inside the dishwasher dries the contents after the final hot rinse. North American dishwashers tend to use heat-assisted drying via an exposed element which tends to be less efficient than other methods. European machines and some high end North American machines use passive methods for

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Most consumer dishwashers use a 75 °C (167 °F) thermostat in the sanitizing process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle

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Some dishwashers include a child-lockout feature to prevent accidental starting or stopping of the wash cycle by children. A child lock can sometimes be included to prevent young children from opening the door during a wash cycle. This prevents accidents with hot water and strong detergents used

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In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where many dishes must be cleaned. Washing is conducted with temperatures of 65–71 °C (149–160 °F) and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a

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marked if dissolution is higher, i.e. if a silicate-free detergent is used; also, in certain cases, the etching will primarily be seen in areas that have microscopic surface cracks as a result of the items' manufacturing. Limitation of this undesirable reaction is possible by controlling water

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invented a small, non-electric dishwasher suitable for domestic use in 1924. It was the first dishwasher that incorporated most of the design elements that are featured in the models of today; it included a door for loading, a wire rack to hold the dirty crockery and a rotating sprayer. Drying

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Unlike a residential dishwasher, a commercial dishwasher does not utilize a drying cycle (commercial drying is achieved by heated ware meeting open air once the wash/rinse/sanitation cycles have been completed) and thus are significantly faster than their residential counterparts. Washing is

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are still required. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water; when it senses there is no

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Dishwashers also have been documented to be used to clean potatoes, other root vegetables, garden tools, sneakers or trainers, silk flowers, some sporting goods, plastic hairbrushes, baseball caps, plastic toys, toothbrushes, flip-flops, contact lens cases, a mesh filter from a range hood,

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Most consumer dishwashers use 75 °C (167 °F) rather than 83 °C (181 °F) for reasons of burn risk, energy and water consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher. With new advances in detergents, lower water temperatures

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is normally seasoned with oil or grease and heat, which causes the oil or grease to be absorbed into the pores of the cookware, thereby giving a smooth relatively non-stick cooking surface which is stripped off by the combination of alkali based detergent and hot water in a dishwasher.

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This film starts as an iridescence or "oil-film" effect on glassware, and progresses into a "milky" or "cloudy" appearance (which is not a deposit) that cannot be polished off or removed like limescale. It is formed because the detergent is strongly alkaline (basic) and

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standard. Dishwashers may come in standard or tall tub designs; standard tub dishwashers have a service kickplate beneath the dishwasher door that allows for simpler maintenance and installation, but tall tub dishwashers have approximately 20% more capacity and better

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which dilutes some of the used wash water and causes a small amount to drain out through an overflow tube. The system may first rinse with pure water only and then sanitize with an additive solution that is left on the dishes as they leave the washer to dry.

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coating bonded to a steel tub, which provided protection of the tub from acidic foods and provided some sound attenuation. European-made dishwashers feature a stainless steel interior as standard, even on low-end models. The same is true for a built-in

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under the name of Lavadora but was changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.

614:) ban phosphates in commercial dishwashing. Detergent companies claimed it is not cost effective to make separate batches of detergent for the states with phosphate bans, and so most have voluntarily removed phosphates from all dishwasher detergents. 422: 544:

drying – a stainless steel interior helps this process and some models use heat exchange technology between the inner and outer skin of the machine to cool the walls of the interior and speed up drying. Some dishwashers employ desiccants such as

132:, which relies on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 °C (110 and 170 °F), at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for delicate items. 670:. It becomes less soluble in the presence of silicates in the water (added as anti-metal-corrosion agents in the dishwasher detergent). Since the cloudy appearance is due to nonuniform glass dissolution, it is (somewhat paradoxically) 333:. Commercial dishwashers are rated as plates per hour. The rating is based on standard-sized plates of the same size. The same can be said for commercial glass washers, as they are based on standard glasses, normally pint glasses. 420: 373:, and preserve heat to dry dishes more quickly. They also come at a premium price. Dishwashers can be bought for as expensive as $ 1,500+, but countertop dishwashers are also available for under $ 300. Older models used baked 443:, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste are removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units. 403:, use a tube attached to the top rack that connects to a water source at the back of the dishwasher and directs water to a second wash spray beneath the upper rack, which allows full use of the bottom rack. Late-model 722:, semi-stainless steels like D2, or specialized, highly hardened cutlery steels like ZDP189 corrode in the extended moisture bath of dishwashers, compared to briefer baths of hand washing. Cookware is made of 255:

elements were added to his design in 1940. It was the first machine suitable for domestic use, and it came at a time when permanent plumbing and running water in the home were becoming increasingly common.

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dishwashers shoot a jet of water from the top of the washer down into the upper wash sprayer, again allowing full use of the bottom rack (but requiring that a small funnel on the top rack be kept clear).

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Additional soap is periodically added to the main wash water tank, from either large soap concentrate tanks or dissolved from a large solid soap block, to maintain wash water cleaning effectiveness.

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and standardized height cabinets, dishwashers began to be marketed with standardized sizes and shapes, integrated underneath the kitchen countertop as a modular unit with other kitchen appliances.

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By the 1970s, dishwashers had become commonplace in domestic residences in North America and Western Europe. By 2012, over 75 percent of homes in the United States and Germany had dishwashers.

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which at the beginning of the wash are heated, dry out and creating steam which warms plates, and then are cooled during the dry cycle which absorbs moisture again, saving significant energy.

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45 and 60 cm (Europe) or 18 and 24 in (46 and 61 cm) (US) widths, with casters and attached countertops. There are also dishwashers available in sizes according to the European

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Hand-washing techniques vary by individual. According to a peer-reviewed study in 2003, hand washing and drying of an amount of dishes equivalent to a fully loaded automatic dishwasher (no

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from one load to the next. The wash tank usually has a large strainer basket to collect food debris, and the strainer may not be emptied until the end of the day's kitchen operations.

1638: 707:(many newer dishwashers have a concealed heating element away from the bottom rack entirely). Squeezing plastic items into small spaces may cause the plastic to distort in shape. 1765: 1164: 3540: 1973: 703:, will melt or soften in a dishwasher; high temperatures and moisture damage wood. High temperatures damage many plastics, especially in the bottom rack close to an exposed 418: 194: 144:, and the rinse cycle(s) begin. After the rinse process finishes, the water is drained again and the dishes are dried using one of several drying methods. Typically a 1668: 458:) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically or optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the 197:. This device was made of wood and was cranked by hand while water sprayed onto the dishes. The device was both slow and unreliable. Another patent was granted to 742:

Dishwashers use less water, and therefore less fuel to heat the water, than hand washing, except for small quantities washed in wash bowls without running water.

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can be converted into a soluble form by the high temperatures and strong alkali detergents of dishwashers, which could endanger the health of subsequent users.

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of the 1950s, albeit only to the wealthy. Initially, dishwashers were sold as standalone or portable devices, but with the development of the wall-to-wall

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and phosphorus-based compounds. They were previously used because they have properties that aid in effective cleaning. The concern was the increase in

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element (at the bottom of the wash cabinet, below the bottom basket) may use the heating element to improve drying; however, this uses more energy.

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device to remove calcium and magnesium ions and replace them with sodium. The resultant sodium salts are water-soluble and don't tend to build up.

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Taché, J.; Carpentier, B. (2014). "Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures".

522:(50–55 °C; 122–131 °F) are needed to prevent premature decay of the enzymes used to eat the grease and other build-ups on the dishes. 57: 806:

Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where many dishes must be cleaned.

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such as stainless steel. Pewter has a low melting point and may warp in some dishwashers. Glued items, such as hollow-handle knives or wooden

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Despite this, Liven's design did not become a commercial success, and dishwashers were only successfully sold as domestic utilities in the

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Kogawa, Ana Carolina; Cernic, Beatriz Gamberini; do Couto, Leandro Giovanni Domingos; Salgado, Hérida Regina Nunes (February 2017).

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booster heater that will provide an 82 °C (180 °F) "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer.

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US governmental agencies often recommend air-drying dishes by either disabling or stopping the drying cycle to save energy.

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detergent. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained; more hot water enters the tub by means of an electromechanical

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on the surface over time. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, of which only the first is reversible:

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Mid range to higher end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature

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in 1997, is a variant of the dishwasher in which the baskets slide out with the door in the same manner as a drawer

3688: 3550: 1948: 1249: 1199: 606:). Seventeen US states have partial or full bans on the use of phosphates in dish detergent, and two US states ( 1108: 1004: 454:-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the number of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water 2139: 2013: 1294: 821: 1330: 3658: 3111: 1790: 1698: 1273: 3683: 3274: 3076: 2283: 1563: 500: 28: 514:

certification, are ≤ 270 kWh/year for standard dishwashers, and ≤ 203 kWh/year for compact dishwashers.

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and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC.

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The first mechanical dishwashing device was registered for a patent in 1850 in the United States by

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In some regions, depending on water hardness, a dishwasher might function better with the use of a

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A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the dishwasher were both more effective ways to clean

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In the European Union, the energy consumption of a dishwasher for a standard usage is shown on a

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Cucinare in lavastoviglie : gusto, sostenibilità e risparmio con un metodo rivoluzionario

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often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor, but most sensors and

358:, with each drawer in a double-drawer model being able to operate independently of the other. 3602: 3555: 3311: 3254: 3239: 2711: 2419: 2248: 2171: 746: 711: 432: 396: 251: 210: 1089:"Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British genius on the map" 667: 369:. Most of them are stainless steel body and plastic made racks. Stainless steel tubs resist 148:, a chemical to reduce the surface tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from 3653: 3301: 2870: 2778: 2680: 591: 577: 243:

Europe's first domestic dishwasher with an electric motor was invented and manufactured by

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from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is

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timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments.

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testing protocol which confirms the cleaning and sanitation performance of the unit.

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The international standard for the capacity of a dishwasher is expressed as standard

178: 503:. In the United States, the energy consumption of a dishwasher is defined using the 65: 3678: 3627: 3392: 3201: 3151: 2976: 2896: 2855: 2815: 2575: 2540: 2362: 2196: 2176: 2151: 2043: 1743: 1739: 1484: 1372: 1364: 611: 475: 374: 214: 1274:"NSF Consumer Information: Residential Appliances and Other Products for the Home" 790: 290: 3455: 3331: 3321: 3021: 2971: 2961: 2941: 2921: 2845: 2737: 2660: 2635: 2441: 2436: 2345: 2273: 2181: 2161: 1717: 1471:

Sharma, Anju; Jain, Himanshu; Carnali, Joseph O.; Lugo, Guillermo Manuel (2003).

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A hand-powered dishwasher and an early electric dishwasher both from about 1917.

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Dishwashing and Water Conservation: An Opportunity for Environmental Education

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The most successful of the hand-powered dishwashers was invented in 1886 by

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International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)

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This article is about the appliance. For the process in general, see

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dishwashers can kill 99% of bacteria on a plate in just 25 seconds.

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The inside of a dishwasher in the North American market is either

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together with mechanic George Butters in Cochrane's tool shed in

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Dishwashers can be used to cook foods at low temperatures (e.g.

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while it was being washed. Their invention was unveiled at the

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The current energy usage criteria for dishwashers, to achieve

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Glassware washed by dishwashing machines can develop a white

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Dishwashers are designed to work using specially formulated

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In the late 1990s, manufacturers began offering various new

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Some commercial dishwashers work similarly to a commercial

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Silicate filming, etching, and accelerated crack corrosion

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when Cochrane (a wealthy socialite) wanted to protect her

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In the US, residential dishwashers can be certified to a

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in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see

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easier was perceived by some to reduce their value.

1720:. Journal of Extension, Volume 41, Number 1 (2003). 969:"What Does It Take To Get Us To Try Something New?" 887: 668:

glass dissolves slowly in alkaline aqueous solution

1639:"A European Comparison of Cleaning Dishes by Hand" 786:A commercial door-type dishwasher from Jackson WWS 888:Özçevik, Ö; Brebbia, C. A.; Şener, S. M. (2015). 594:. Over time, many regions have banned the use of 3645: 1021:"Josephine Cochrane | Lemelson-MIT Program" 718:Knives and other cooking tools that are made of 567:Differences between dishwashers and hand washing 482:opens the detergent door during the wash cycle. 1876:"Things you should never put in the dishwasher" 1729: 474:it knows it has the optimal amount of water. A 1900:"Did you know your dishwasher could do this?!" 1200:"5 Things to Know When Replacing a Dishwasher" 2489: 2014: 54:The examples and perspective in this article 1701:Yoram Gat, Pro Bono Statistics Weblog (2008) 1669:"Is a machine more efficient than the hand?" 1590:"Why you shouldn't wash your dishes by hand" 1353:"Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history" 1064:International Directory of Company Histories 918:Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications 1344: 1033: 737: 2496: 2482: 2021: 2007: 1666: 1636: 824:set standards for dishwashers. In the US, 1873: 1401:"Md. Dish Soap Bill Might Help Clean Bay" 1376: 1060: 1027: 726:stainless steels, which are more stable. 92:Learn how and when to remove this message 1537: 1054: 1040:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 111–. 1002: 891:Sustainable Development and Planning VII 797: 789: 781: 773: 581: 415: 340: 297: 289: 228: 103: 16:Machine that washes dishes automatically 3551:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI) 1477:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1197: 1006:Three Every-day Items Invented by Women 571: 3646: 1924:"The best way to load your dishwasher" 1587: 1556: 1531: 1331:"Top 10 Tips for Renters: ENERGY STAR" 914: 2477: 2002: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1835: 1516:Lead Contamination In Our Environment 1198:Janeway, Kimberly (9 December 2016). 326:from having a continuous front door. 294:North American counter-top dishwasher 3501:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 1667:Stamminger, Rainer (May–June 2004). 1614:"Dishwasher vs. Hand Washing Dishes" 1606: 1138:William Howard Livens (1924-10-23). 285: 239:for The Faultless Quaker Dishwasher. 108:A dishwasher containing clean dishes 40: 2028: 1167:. Yellow Advertiser. Archived from 842: 427:Clear model of a running dishwasher 389: 308:view as a 360° interactive panorama 116:is a machine that is used to clean 13: 1971: 1862: 1489:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03538.x 1250:"Dishwashers Key Product Criteria" 689: 233:Advertisement in an 1896 issue of 14: 3700: 2821:Push-to-pull compression fittings 1994: 1449:. Scienceblog.com. Archived from 1146:. UK Intellectual Property Office 1009:, National Women's History Museum 794:Inside of a commercial dishwasher 769: 495:Energy use and water temperatures 1034:Nick Kochan (25 November 1996). 302:Inside a dishwasher – 360° Photo 177: 168: 45: 1965: 1941: 1928:The Good Housekeeping Institute 1916: 1892: 1874:Kimbleton, Nikki (2018-08-13). 1829: 1804: 1779: 1768:from the original on 2020-09-24 1750: 1723: 1704: 1692: 1660: 1643:Proceedings of EEDAL Conference 1630: 1581: 1506: 1464: 1439: 1418: 1393: 1323: 1309: 1287: 1266: 1242: 1217: 1165:"The History of the Dishwasher" 1157: 1131: 1101: 1081: 1061:Tina Gant (30 September 2003). 973:The Indicator from Planet Money 730:loads. Objects contaminated by 435:that eliminate large pieces of 1744:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 1013: 996: 983: 961: 948: 935: 908: 881: 433:garbage (waste) disposal units 1: 1699:Dishwashing: man vs. machine. 1674:. Home Energy. Archived from 1538:Strutner, Suzy (2015-05-07). 1295:American Institute of Physics 921:. CRC Press. pp. 60–62. 875: 822:British Standards Institution 734:may explode in a dishwasher. 446:Many new dishwashers feature 3561:World Plumbing Council (WPC) 3112:Reduced pressure zone device 2503: 1787:"NSF article on dishwashers" 1588:Mooney, Chris (2015-05-05). 1357:Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 635: 7: 3556:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) 3275:Instant hot water dispenser 3077:Piping and plumbing fitting 2284:Instant hot water dispenser 1637:Stamminger, Rainer (2003). 1037:The World's Greatest Brands 858: 764: 501:European Union energy label 411: 68:, discuss the issue on the 29:Dishwasher (disambiguation) 10: 3705: 2902:Backflow prevention device 2887:Atmospheric vacuum breaker 1369:10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.006 894:. WIT Press. p. 794. 575: 489: 159: 33: 23:. For the occupation, see 18: 3595: 3569: 3529: 3474: 3436: 3355: 3200: 3162:Thermostatic mixing valve 2879: 2699: 2511: 2450: 2036: 1789:. Nsf.org. Archived from 1003:Blattman, Elissa (2013), 538: 336: 280: 2892:Automatic bleeding valve 2531:Compatibility (chemical) 738:Environmental comparison 377:tubs, while some used a 34:Not to be confused with 3689:19th-century inventions 3097:Pressure-balanced valve 3092:Pressure vacuum breaker 2801:Pipe (fluid conveyance) 2743:Drain-waste-vent system 2723:Chemical drain cleaners 2304:Laundry-folding machine 778:A commercial dishwasher 596:phosphates in detergent 486:during the wash cycle. 250:In the United Kingdom, 25:Dishwasher (occupation) 3618:Template:Public health 3290:water recycling shower 3260:Hot water storage tank 2591:Onsite sewage facility 1836:Lisa., Casali (2011). 803: 795: 787: 779: 648:Deposition of minerals 587: 428: 346: 313: 295: 240: 128:automatically. Unlike 109: 27:. For other uses, see 3603:Fire sprinkler system 3312:Tankless water heater 3255:Garbage disposal unit 3240:Electric water boiler 2712:British Standard Pipe 2172:Electric water boiler 1816:National Public Radio 1762:www.acitydiscount.com 1564:"Dishwashing Secrets" 1297:(September 1, 2022). 802:Industrial dishwasher 801: 793: 785: 777: 585: 426: 344: 301: 293: 252:William Howard Livens 232: 211:Shelbyville, Illinois 107: 3302:Storage water heater 2871:Water heat recycling 2779:National Pipe Thread 2681:Water supply network 1840:. Milano: Gribaudo. 915:Zoller, Uri (2008). 747:cookware or bakeware 592:dishwasher detergent 578:Dishwasher detergent 572:Dishwasher detergent 137:dishwasher detergent 74:create a new article 66:improve this article 56:may not represent a 3659:American inventions 3633:Template:Wastewater 3491:Hydrostatic testing 3132:Rooftop water tower 2728:Compression fitting 2463:Appliance recycling 2187:Electric toothbrush 1231:. 14 September 2022 1067:. St. James Press. 991:U.S. patent 355,139 678:Dissolution of lead 651:Calcium carbonate ( 560:cycle is now over. 352:Fisher & Paykel 274:energy conservation 135:A mix of water and 3684:1850 introductions 3587:Waterborne disease 3486:Hydronic balancing 3245:Evaporative cooler 3210:Accessible bathtub 3107:Radiator (heating) 3087:Pressure regulator 2982:Double check valve 2957:Concentric reducer 2758:Garden Hose Thread 2651:Thermal insulation 2521:Air gap (plumbing) 2319:Robotic lawn mower 2202:Evaporative cooler 1716:2013-08-01 at the 1618:www.energystar.gov 1405:Washingtonpost.com 1254:www.energystar.gov 1119:on 28 October 2012 956:U.S. patent 51000A 804: 796: 788: 780: 761:than handwashing. 588: 586:A detergent tablet 429: 347: 345:An open dishwasher 314: 296: 241: 207:Josephine Cochrane 152:or other reasons. 130:manual dishwashing 110: 3641: 3640: 3623:Template:Sewerage 3570:Health and safety 3546:NSF International 3356:Specialized tools 3235:Drinking fountain 3202:Plumbing fixtures 3082:Plug (sanitation) 3067:Nipple (plumbing) 2987:Eccentric reducer 2967:Coupling (piping) 2932:Chemigation valve 2785:Nominal Pipe Size 2748:Ductile iron pipe 2646:Thermal expansion 2471: 2470: 2091:Coffee percolator 2074:Immersion blender 1483:(10): 1669–1676. 1229:finance.yahoo.com 1097:. September 2012. 1074:978-1-55862-486-3 1047:978-1-349-14114-2 943:U.S. patent 7,365 849:dishwasher salmon 826:NSF International 533:Superheated steam 527:NSF International 460:electromechanical 424: 312: 286:Size and capacity 219:1893 World's Fair 102: 101: 94: 76:, as appropriate. 3696: 3628:Template:Toilets 3393:Flare-nut wrench 3152:Submersible pump 2977:Dielectric union 2897:Automatic faucet 2856:Thread seal tape 2816:Plastic pipework 2576:Hydrostatic loop 2541:Drain (plumbing) 2498: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2279:Induction cooker 2249:Garbage disposer 2197:Espresso machine 2152:Electric blanket 2023: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1976:. Archived from 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1880:Consumer Reports 1871: 1860: 1859: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1727: 1721: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1645:. Archived from 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1491:. Archived from 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1333:. Energystar.gov 1327: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1204:Consumer Reports 1195: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1115:. Archived from 1105: 1099: 1098: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1000: 994: 993: 987: 981: 980: 965: 959: 958: 952: 946: 945: 939: 933: 932: 912: 906: 905: 885: 843:Alternative uses 759:domestic sponges 425: 390:Washing elements 310: 304: 181: 172: 97: 90: 86: 83: 77: 49: 48: 41: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3674:Home automation 3669:Home appliances 3644: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3591: 3565: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3456:Pressure sensor 3438: 3432: 3408:Plumber's snake 3351: 3332:Water dispenser 3322:Washing machine 3196: 3022:Flushing trough 2972:Diaphragm valve 2962:Condensate pump 2942:Circulator pump 2922:Butterfly valve 2875: 2846:Solvent welding 2738:Crimp (joining) 2695: 2661:Trap (plumbing) 2636:Surface tension 2513: 2507: 2502: 2472: 2467: 2446: 2442:Washing machine 2437:Water dispenser 2363:Pressure cooker 2346:Convection oven 2274:Ice cream maker 2182:Electric shaver 2177:Electric heater 2162:Electric kettle 2044:Air conditioner 2032: 2030:Home appliances 2027: 1997: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1972:Herman, Valli. 1970: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1872: 1863: 1848: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1728: 1724: 1718:Wayback Machine 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1594:Washington Post 1586: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1544:Huffington Post 1536: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1428:. GE Appliances 1424: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1319:. January 2012. 1315: 1314: 1310: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1196: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1113:Popular Science 1107: 1106: 1102: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1001: 997: 989: 988: 984: 967: 966: 962: 954: 953: 949: 941: 940: 936: 929: 913: 909: 902: 886: 882: 878: 870:Washing machine 861: 845: 820:In the UK, the 772: 767: 740: 705:heating element 697:galvanic series 692: 690:Other materials 638: 630:dishwasher salt 621:have contained 580: 574: 569: 541: 497: 492: 416: 414: 392: 363:stainless steel 339: 324:sound dampening 306: 303: 288: 283: 191: 190: 189: 188: 184: 183: 182: 174: 173: 162: 98: 87: 81: 78: 63: 50: 46: 39: 36:Washing machine 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3702: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3664:Cleaning tools 3661: 3656: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3532:organizations 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3496:Leak detection 3493: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3466:Water metering 3463: 3461:Water detector 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3413:Plumber wrench 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3347:Water softener 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3177:Vacuum ejector 3174: 3172:Vacuum breaker 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2997:Faucet aerator 2994: 2992:Expansion tank 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2836:Sewage pumping 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2774:Leak detection 2771: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2718:Cast iron pipe 2715: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2666:Venturi effect 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2601:Sanitary sewer 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2546:Drinking water 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2458:Appliance plug 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2410:Vacuum cleaner 2407: 2402: 2400:Television set 2397: 2392: 2390:Sewing machine 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2373:Crisper drawer 2365: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2351:Microwave oven 2348: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2207:Food processor 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167:Electric knife 2164: 2159: 2157:Electric drill 2154: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2135:Domestic robot 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128:drying cabinet 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2066: 2064:Barbecue grill 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1995:External links 1993: 1991: 1990: 1964: 1940: 1915: 1891: 1861: 1846: 1828: 1803: 1778: 1749: 1722: 1703: 1691: 1659: 1629: 1605: 1580: 1568:Martha Stewart 1555: 1530: 1505: 1463: 1438: 1417: 1392: 1363:(6): 934–938. 1343: 1322: 1308: 1286: 1265: 1241: 1216: 1181: 1156: 1130: 1100: 1080: 1073: 1053: 1046: 1026: 1012: 995: 982: 979:. 26 May 2021. 960: 947: 934: 928:978-1574447576 927: 907: 901:978-1845649241 900: 879: 877: 874: 873: 872: 867: 865:Home appliance 860: 857: 844: 841: 771: 770:Commercial use 768: 766: 763: 751:kilowatt hours 739: 736: 701:cutting boards 691: 688: 687: 686: 679: 676: 663: 660: 649: 637: 634: 604:eutrophication 576:Main article: 573: 570: 568: 565: 540: 537: 496: 493: 491: 488: 476:bimetal switch 448:microprocessor 413: 410: 391: 388: 384:water softener 356:filing cabinet 338: 335: 331:place settings 287: 284: 282: 279: 199:L.A. Alexander 186: 185: 176: 175: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 161: 158: 142:solenoid valve 100: 99: 60:of the subject 58:worldwide view 53: 51: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3701: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613:Template:HVAC 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577:Plumbing code 3575: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534:and standards 3528: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446:Control valve 3444: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383:Drain cleaner 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3343: 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