249:
405:, and use the Linux tooling from Adaptec, potentially compromising the stability, reliability and security of their setup, especially when taking the long term view in mind. However, this greatly depends on the controller, and whether appropriate hardware documentation is available in order to write a driver, and some controllers do have open-source versions of their configuration utilities, for example,
467:, the feature set is intentionally kept to a minimum, so that each controller can be supported by the tool in the same way; the initial configuration of the controller is meant to be performed through card BIOS, but after the initial configuration, all day-to-day monitoring and repair should be possible with unified and generic tools, which is what bioctl is set to accomplish.
326:
ATA drives make it possible to build RAID systems at lower cost than with SCSI, but most ATA RAID controllers lack a dedicated buffer or high-performance XOR hardware for parity calculation. As a result, ATA RAID performs relatively poorly compared to most SCSI RAID controllers. Additionally, data
286:
in their more upmarket motherboards, giving control over 4 devices and an additional 2 SATA connectors, and totalling 6 SATA connections (3 Gbit/s each). For backward compatibility one IDE connector able to connect 2 ATA devices (100 Mbit/s) is also present.
428:
Some other operating systems have implemented their own generic frameworks for interfacing with any RAID controller, and provide tools for monitoring RAID volume status, as well as facilitation of drive identification through LED blinking, alarm management,
186:
Those external disk arrays are usually purchased as an integrated subsystem of RAID controllers, disk drives, power supplies, and management software. It is up to controllers to provide advanced functionality (various vendors name these differently):
322:
utilization) the first ATA RAID controllers were introduced as PCI expansion cards. Those RAID systems made their way to the consumer market, where the users wanted the fault-tolerance of RAID without investing in expensive SCSI drives.
386:, without a need for any third-party tools, each manufacturer of each RAID controller usually provides their own proprietary software tooling for each operating system that they deem to support, ensuring a
370:
configuration utilities are available from the manufacturer of each controller, because the exact feature set of each controller may be specific to each manufacturer and product. Unlike the
299:
hard drives and aimed at the server and high-end computing market. SCSI technology advantages include allowing up to 15 devices on one bus, independent data transfers,
347:
aren't strictly required to implement the complete configuration and assembly for each controller. Very often only the basic features are implemented in the
724:
141:
use different protocols for back-end and for front-end communication. Many enterprise controllers use FC on front-end and SATA on back-end.
978:
100:
one of ATA, SATA, SCSI, FC; these are popular protocols used by disks, so by using one of them a controller may transparently
437:
from within the operating system without having to reboot into card BIOS. For example, this was the approach taken by
968:
484:
257:
452:
utility, which provide volume status, and allow LED/alarm/hotspare control, as well as the sensors (including the
963:
753:
71:
378:, which can be usually be configured and serviced entirely through the common operating system paradigms like
983:
944:
371:
230:
225:
692:
Constantine A. Murenin (2010-05-21). "1.1. Motivation; 4. Sensor
Drivers; 7.1. NetBSD envsys / sysmon".
699:
842:
421:
since 2015, each supporting only their respective device drivers, this latter fact contributing to
176:
649:
618:
587:
888:
973:
703:
295:
While hardware RAID controllers were available for a long time, they always required expensive
58:
which can also refer to the circuitry responsible for managing internal disk drive operations.
70:
The back-end interface communicates with the controlled disks. Hence, its protocol is usually
910:
328:
832:
367:
348:
315:
172:
87:
674:
8:
402:
28:
837:
746:
180:
456:) for health monitoring; this approach has subsequently been adopted and extended by
283:
124:
43:
794:
434:
707:
363:
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271:(HBA) functionality itself to save physical space. Hence it is sometimes called a
155:
In a modern enterprise architecture disk array controllers (sometimes also called
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863:
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54:
809:
430:
387:
260:
236:
164:
66:
A disk array controller provides front-end interfaces and back-end interfaces.
993:
988:
957:
873:
799:
739:
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453:
445:
83:
858:
814:
648:"mpsutil, mprutil -- Utility for managing LSI Fusion-MPT 2/3 controllers".
300:
268:
94:
32:
895:
824:
352:
264:
24:
501:
933:
900:
883:
786:
774:
535:
422:
168:
150:
128:
75:
711:
256:
A simple disk array controller may fit inside a computer, either as a
120:
636:
605:
570:
878:
695:
OpenBSD Hardware
Sensors — Environmental Monitoring and Fan Control
379:
375:
199:
192:
101:
248:
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to another controller (transparent to computers transmitting data)
107:
somewhat less popular dedicated protocols for specific solutions:
578:
543:
531:
509:
438:
398:
394:
586:"mfiutil -- Utility for managing LSI MegaRAID SAS controllers".
358:
Normally, RAID controllers can be fully configured through card
918:
637:"mpsutil — Utility for managing LSI Fusion-MPT 2/3 controllers"
464:
457:
449:
442:
617:"mptutil -- Utility for managing LSI Fusion-MPT controllers".
413:
is available for FreeBSD since FreeBSD 8.0 (2009), as well as
928:
571:"mfiutil — Utility for managing LSI MegaRAID SAS controllers"
311:
279:
116:
112:
108:
485:"Storage Basics - Part V: Controllers, Cache and Coalescing"
923:
762:
606:"mptutil — Utility for managing LSI Fusion-MPT controllers"
383:
359:
340:
304:
296:
79:
35:
693:
552:
319:
339:
Because the hardware RAID controllers present assembled
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331:
backup to finish writes interrupted by a power outage.
93:
The front-end interface communicates with a computer's
691:
529:
351:
driver, with extended features being provided through
366:
is booted, and after the operating system is booted,
217:
Removing a disk from a RAID set (rare functionality)
551:"aac -- Adaptec AdvancedRAID Controller driver".
536:"aac(4) — Adaptec AdvancedRAID Controller driver"
955:
714:. Document ID: ab71498b6b1a60ff817b29d56997a418.
220:Partitioning a RAID set to separate volumes/LUNs
675:"RAID management support coming in OpenBSD 3.8"
401:RAID controllers, users are required to enable
665:
663:
318:, which enabled fast data-transfers with less
61:
747:
669:
685:
660:
496:
494:
754:
740:
725:Storage Basics: Choosing a RAID Controller
397:, in order to access the configuration of
390:, and contributing to reliability issues.
198:Long-running operations performed without
144:
42:. It also often provides additional disk
491:
247:
355:directly by the hardware manufacturer.
956:
629:
598:
563:
310:Around 1997, with the introduction of
252:Promise Technology ATA RAID controller
163:) are parts of physically independent
38:, thus it is sometimes referred to as
23:is a device that manages the physical
735:
267:. Such a controller usually provides
243:
27:and presents them to the computer as
523:
13:
97:(HBA, Host Bus Adapter) and uses:
52:is often ambiguously shortened to
14:
1005:
502:"3.8: "Hackers of the Lost RAID""
214:Adding a disk to online RAID set
979:Fault-tolerant computer systems
211:RAID set (after a disk failure)
16:Device that manages disk drives
477:
327:safety suffers if there is no
282:started integrating their own
31:. It almost always implements
1:
727:, May 7, 2004, By Ben Freeman
470:
372:network interface controllers
334:
945:Non-RAID drive architectures
239:with a remote controller....
231:Business continuance volumes
7:
62:Front-end and back-end side
10:
1010:
435:data scrubbing § RAID
290:
278:As of February 2007
148:
942:
909:
851:
823:
785:
769:
403:Linux compatibility layer
969:Computer storage devices
761:
681:(Mailing list). OpenBSD.
177:network-attached storage
704:University of Waterloo
284:Matrix RAID controller
253:
204:Forming a new RAID set
145:Enterprise controllers
104:a disk for a computer.
964:Computer data storage
805:Disk array controller
506:OpenBSD Release Songs
263:or just built onto a
251:
50:Disk array controller
21:disk array controller
651:FreeBSD Manual Pages
620:FreeBSD Manual Pages
589:FreeBSD Manual Pages
554:FreeBSD Manual Pages
349:open-source software
173:storage area network
137:A single controller
984:Integrated circuits
641:BSD Cross Reference
610:BSD Cross Reference
575:BSD Cross Reference
540:BSD Cross Reference
254:
244:Simple controllers
157:storage processors
951:
950:
460:in 2007 as well.
441:in 2005 with its
433:designations and
345:operating systems
125:ATA over Ethernet
1001:
756:
749:
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732:
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521:
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517:
498:
489:
488:
487:. 23 March 2010.
481:
420:
416:
412:
408:
393:For example, in
364:operating system
316:Ultra-DMA-Mode 0
269:host bus adapter
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
954:
953:
952:
947:
938:
905:
869:Data redundancy
864:Fault tolerance
847:
819:
781:
777:of independent
765:
760:
730:
720:
719:
690:
686:
668:
661:
647:
635:
634:
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616:
604:
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569:
568:
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448:driver and the
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293:
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207:Reconstructing
153:
147:
74:(a.k.a. PATA),
64:
55:disk controller
40:RAID controller
17:
12:
11:
5:
1007:
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991:
986:
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835:
829:
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821:
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810:Disk mirroring
807:
802:
797:
795:Data scrubbing
791:
789:
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770:
767:
766:
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729:
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684:
673:(2005-09-09).
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490:
475:
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431:hot spare disk
388:vendor lock-in
336:
333:
314:(and thus the
303:, much higher
292:
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261:expansion card
245:
242:
241:
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205:
196:
149:Main article:
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135:
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105:
91:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1006:
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987:
985:
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974:AT Attachment
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935:
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902:
899:
897:
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890:
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874:Degraded mode
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867:
865:
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854:
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844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
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822:
816:
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811:
808:
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801:
800:Data striping
798:
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734:
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723:
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672:
671:Theo de Raadt
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541:
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511:
507:
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446:pseudo-device
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69:
68:
67:
59:
57:
56:
51:
47:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
29:logical units
26:
22:
859:Availability
843:Non-standard
815:Parity drive
804:
694:
687:
678:
650:
640:
631:
619:
609:
600:
588:
574:
565:
553:
539:
532:Adaptec, Inc
530:Scott Long;
525:
514:. Retrieved
512:. 2005-11-01
505:
479:
462:
454:drive sensor
427:
392:
357:
353:binary blobs
338:
325:
309:
301:hot-swapping
294:
277:
273:RAID adapter
272:
255:
208:
185:
171:placed in a
160:
156:
154:
138:
136:
95:host adapter
65:
53:
49:
48:
39:
20:
18:
896:Scalability
889:Replication
825:RAID levels
787:Disk arrays
706:: UWSpace.
368:proprietary
265:motherboard
237:Replication
169:disk arrays
25:disk drives
958:Categories
934:Oracle ZFS
911:Interfaces
901:Throughput
884:Parity bit
852:Principles
712:10012/5234
643:. FreeBSD.
612:. FreeBSD.
516:2019-03-23
471:References
423:code bloat
362:before an
335:OS support
191:Automatic
167:, such as
165:enclosures
151:Disk array
129:InfiniBand
772:Redundant
702:thesis).
343:volumes,
226:Snapshots
175:(SAN) or
121:HyperSCSI
879:Failover
833:Standard
534:(2000).
380:ifconfig
376:Ethernet
209:degraded
200:downtime
193:failover
33:hardware
579:FreeBSD
544:FreeBSD
510:OpenBSD
439:OpenBSD
419:mprutil
415:mpsutil
411:mptutil
407:mfiutil
399:Adaptec
395:FreeBSD
329:battery
312:ATAPI-4
291:History
181:servers
102:emulate
919:bioctl
838:Nested
465:bioctl
458:NetBSD
450:bioctl
443:bio(4)
179:(NAS)
929:mdadm
779:disks
775:array
700:MMath
679:misc@
463:With
280:Intel
233:(BCV)
159:, or
117:iSCSI
113:ESCON
109:FICON
44:cache
994:SCSI
989:RAID
924:geom
763:RAID
409:and
384:Unix
374:for
360:BIOS
341:RAID
305:MTBF
297:SCSI
80:SCSI
76:SATA
36:RAID
708:hdl
382:in
320:CPU
258:PCI
161:SPs
139:may
127:or
88:SAS
86:or
72:ATA
960::
677:.
662:^
639:.
608:.
577:.
573:.
542:.
538:.
508:.
504:.
493:^
425:.
307:.
275:.
183:.
123:,
119:,
115:,
84:FC
82:,
78:,
46:.
19:A
755:e
748:t
741:v
710::
698:(
654:.
623:.
592:.
581:.
557:.
546:.
519:.
417:/
131:.
111:/
90:.
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