150:
1–10 mm/s typically. In cold climates or seasons, sufficiently small droplets are extracted from the top of a displacement-ventilated space if the mean upward air speed exceeds the particle settling speed. However, laboratory experiments have shown that larger droplets may settle faster than the air moves. In this case, the large droplets are not extracted effectively from a space with upward displacement ventilation, and their concentration increases if the ventilation rate is increased. In warmer climates or seasons, large-scale instabilities in the concentration of contaminants may occur within a space with downward displacement ventilation.
57:
in the United States have not been as widespread as in
Scandinavia. Some research has been done to assess the practicality of this application in U.S. markets due to different typical space designs and application in hot and humid climates, as well as research to assess the potential indoor environmental quality and energy-saving benefits of this strategy in the U.S. and elsewhere.
159:
numerical simulation is the main method, since yearly measurements are too expensive and time consuming. Hence, whether displacement ventilation could help with saving energy is still debated. In general, displacement ventilation is attractive to the core region in a building since no heating is needed. However, the perimeter zones require high cooling energy.
133:
There is a tradeoff inherent in these two issues: by increasing the flow rate (and the ability to remove greater thermal loads), the vertical temperature gradient can be reduced, but this could increase the risk of drafts. Pairing displacement ventilation with radiant chilled ceilings is an effort to
121:
Displacement ventilation systems are quieter than conventional overhead systems with better ventilation efficiency. Hence, it could enhance indoor air quality and provide desirable acoustic environment. Displacement ventilation systems are appropriate in space where high ventilation is required, such
56:
in
Scandinavia in 1978, and has frequently been used in similar applications, as well as office spaces, throughout Scandinavia since that time. By 1989, it was estimated that displacement ventilation comprised the 50% in industrial applications and 25% in offices within Nordic countries. Applications
129:
and drafts. According to
Melikov and Pitchurov's research, sensations of cold caused by vertical temperature difference and draft are usually occurred at the lower leg/ ankle/ feet region, while warm sensations at the head are reported. The research also indicates, that the draft rating model could
39:
force, spreads in a thin layer over the floor, reaching a relatively high velocity before rising due to heat exchange with heat sources (e.g., occupants, computers, lights). Absorbing the heat from heat sources, the cold air becomes warmer and less dense. The density difference between cold air and
107:
Displacement ventilation is best suited for taller spaces (higher than 3 meters ). Standard mixing ventilation may be better suited for smaller spaces where air quality is not as great a concern, such as single-occupant offices, and where the room height is not tall (e.g., lower than 2.3 meters ).
149:
The effectiveness of displacement ventilation at removing particulate contaminants has been investigated recently. Small aqueous droplets containing infectious nuclei are frequently released in hospital rooms and other indoor spaces, and tend to settle through the ambient air at a speed of order
158:
Some studies have demonstrated that displacement ventilation may save energy as compared to standard mixing ventilation, depending on the use type of the building, design/massing/orientation, and other factors. However, for the evaluation of energy consumption of displacement ventilation, the
35:(AHU) through a low induction air diffuser. Diffuser types vary by applications. Diffusers can be located against a wall ("wall-mounted"), at the corner of a room ("corner-mounted"), or above the floor but not against a wall ("free-standing"). The cool air accelerates because of the
98:
Due to the unique properties of thermal stratification, displacement ventilation is typically used for cooling rather than for heating. In many cases, a separate heating source, such as a radiator or baseboard, is used during heating periods.
852:
Loveday, D.L.; Parsons, K.C.; Taki, A.H.; Hodder, S.G. (July 2002). "Displacement ventilation environments with chilled ceilings: thermal comfort design within the context of the BS EN ISO7730 versus adaptive debate".
44:. Instead of working as a stand-alone system in interior space, displacement ventilation system can also be coupled with other cooling and heating sources, such as radiant chilled ceilings or baseboard heating.
134:
mitigate this problem. According to some studies, displacement ventilation systems can only provide acceptable comfort if the corresponding cooling load is less than about 13 Btu/h-sf or 40 W/m.
2312:
23:
strategy where conditioned outdoor air is supplied at a low velocity from air supply diffusers located near floor level and extracted above the occupied zone, usually at ceiling height.
181:
Among guidelines listed above, the one developed by Chen and
Glicksman are aimed specifically at fulfilling U.S. Standard. Below is a brief description of each step of their guideline.
171:
Skistad H., Mundt E., Nielsen P.V., Hagstrom K., Railo J. (2002). Displacement ventilation in Non-Industrial
Premises. Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations.
646:
Novoselac, Atila; J., Srebric (June 2002). "A critical review on the performance and design of combined cooled ceiling and displacement ventilation systems".
2262:
731:
2292:
487:
556:
772:
2307:
177:
Chen, Q. and
Glicksman, L. (2003). Performance Evaluation and Development of Design Guidelines for Displacement ventilation. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
146:
achieved with exhausting contaminated air out of the room. Better air quality is achieved when the pollution source is also a heat source.
90:
at floor level, play an important role in DV systems. It is necessary to carefully set the airflow rate from the diffuser to avoid drafts.
1800:
1049:
786:
354:
636:
REHVA. (2002). Displacement
Ventilation in Non-Industrial Premises. Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations.
2302:
2234:
416:
760:
2107:
2267:
2229:
70:
739:
2090:
1007:
167:
Different guidelines have been published to provide guidance on designing displacement ventilation systems, including:
66:
773:"San Francisco Airport aims to achieve zero net energy (USGBC Northern California) | U.S. Green Building Council"
2428:
2132:
1845:
1381:
1110:
1201:
174:
Skistad, H. (1994). Displacement ventilation. Research
Studies Press, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., west Sussex. UK.
2282:
2096:
1476:
31:
A typical displacement ventilation system, such as one in an office space, supplies conditioned cold air from an
1040:
2443:
2433:
2244:
2188:
2183:
1760:
1288:
2438:
1805:
1356:
1277:
1236:
2148:
1950:
1461:
1396:
1314:
1226:
1090:
576:
2297:
2178:
1885:
1650:
1494:
463:
2350:
2209:
2173:
1975:
1605:
1560:
1488:
1340:
1283:
2397:
2219:
1915:
1515:
1185:
1170:
332:
69:
in
Bangkok, Thailand, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Flight Projects Center building, and the
41:
2392:
2317:
2239:
2168:
2112:
2044:
1940:
1855:
1765:
1730:
1206:
2382:
2344:
2224:
1935:
1366:
515:
453:
322:
761:
https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/uploads/buildings/old/files/50_Flight_Project_508.pdf
2402:
2080:
2039:
1755:
1426:
1246:
1018:
272:
20:
1002:. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.
2423:
2204:
2194:
2138:
2075:
1970:
1550:
1499:
1065:
954:
896:
300:
126:
675:"Room air stratification in combined chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation systems"
130:
predict the draft risk with good accuracy in rooms with displacement ventilation systems.
8:
2070:
2060:
2034:
1820:
1482:
1391:
1361:
1261:
1231:
1125:
1085:
543:
403:
384:
53:
958:
900:
615:
Performance
Evaluation and Development of Design Guidelines for Displacement Ventilation
2333:
2277:
2214:
1991:
1870:
1865:
1655:
1466:
1451:
1033:
978:
920:
694:
358:
143:
943:"On the transport of heavy particles through a downward displacement-ventilated space"
942:
884:
866:
659:
1905:
1860:
1615:
1610:
1540:
1436:
1272:
1075:
1003:
970:
924:
912:
885:"On the transport of heavy particles through an upward displacement-ventilated space"
834:
829:
812:
32:
982:
800:
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 (2002). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
698:
205:
Step 4) Find the required flow rate of fresh air for acceptable indoor air quality.
2372:
2127:
2122:
1705:
1411:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1216:
962:
904:
862:
824:
686:
655:
477:
379:
349:
290:
86:
The thermal plumes and supply air from diffusers, which determines the velocity of
712:
Svensson, A.G.L. (1989). "ordic Experiences of Displacement Ventilation Systems".
2367:
2339:
1981:
1895:
1890:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1745:
1685:
1600:
1585:
1406:
1401:
1376:
1371:
1241:
1165:
997:
813:"Field study of occupants'thermal comfort in rooms with displacement ventilation"
690:
999:
System performance evaluation and design guidelines for displacement ventilation
125:
Displacement ventilation can be a cause of discomfort due to the large vertical
2117:
2014:
1790:
1770:
1735:
1670:
1590:
1431:
1421:
1330:
1180:
1150:
1105:
1100:
533:
199:
Step 3) Determine the required flow rate of the supply air for summer cooling.
116:
65:
Displacement ventilation has been applied in many famous building such as the
2417:
2199:
2050:
1945:
1910:
1680:
1675:
1630:
1625:
1471:
1446:
1441:
1416:
1386:
1256:
1155:
1135:
1115:
1026:
974:
916:
439:
345:
340:
674:
2377:
2055:
1955:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1850:
1785:
1665:
1635:
1575:
1570:
1545:
1456:
1335:
1251:
1175:
1160:
1145:
838:
2387:
2029:
1986:
1960:
1900:
1880:
1875:
1750:
1710:
1695:
1640:
1565:
1535:
1530:
1346:
1211:
1130:
966:
908:
732:"NASA's Out of this World Green Building - Web Exclusives - EDC Magazine"
505:
318:
811:
Melikov, Arsen; Pitchurov, G.; Naydenov, K.; Langkilde, G. (June 2005).
2143:
2065:
1996:
1965:
1840:
1810:
1740:
1690:
1660:
1645:
1620:
1525:
1325:
1221:
1140:
1080:
528:
2102:
1780:
1775:
1725:
1700:
1555:
1351:
2085:
2019:
1520:
1320:
1120:
1095:
1070:
551:
308:
244:
36:
1595:
1267:
810:
523:
500:
368:
313:
280:
241:
Step 10) Estimate the first costs and annual energy consumption.
142:
One benefit of displacement ventilation is possibly the superior
87:
223:
Step 7) Determine the ratio of the fresh air to the supply air.
2272:
2024:
1830:
1580:
285:
1048:
2287:
1720:
673:
Schiavon, Stefano; Bauman, F.; Tully, B.; Rimmer, J. (2012).
495:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
187:
Step 1) Judge the applicability of displacement ventilation
185:
1795:
1715:
117:
Local discomfort: vertical temperature difference and draft
672:
851:
787:"Zero-energy green building in a data-enlightened era"
229:
Step 8) Select supply air diffuser size and number.
40:warm air creates upward convective flows known as
52:Displacement ventilation was first applied in an
2415:
941:Woods, Andrew W.; Mingotti, Nicola (July 2015).
883:Woods, Andrew W.; Mingotti, Nicola (June 2015).
245:List of buildings using displacement ventilation
193:Step 2) Calculate summer design cooling load.
122:as classrooms, conference rooms, and offices.
1034:
995:
940:
882:
612:
235:Step 9) Check the winter heating situation.
211:Step 5) Determine the supply air flow rate.
996:Chen, Q; Glicksman, L.R (January 1, 2003).
645:
217:Step 6) Calculate the supply airflow rate.
111:
1801:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1050:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1041:
1027:
793:
76:
828:
2235:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
989:
724:
711:
639:
845:
804:
705:
666:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
488:National Center for the Performing Arts
81:
2416:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
2108:Programmable communicating thermostat
1022:
936:
934:
878:
876:
153:
137:
73:Terminal 2 among other applications.
2230:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
621:
162:
102:
93:
589:
71:San Francisco International Airport
13:
2091:Minimum efficiency reporting value
931:
873:
67:Suvarnabhumi International Airport
14:
2455:
2133:Standard temperature and pressure
1846:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1382:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1111:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1202:Absorption-compression heat pump
830:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00337.x
613:Chen, Q.; Glicksman, L. (1999).
26:
2097:Normal temperature and pressure
1477:Vapor-compression refrigeration
60:
779:
765:
754:
1:
2245:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2189:Building information modeling
2184:Building services engineering
1761:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1289:Demand controlled ventilation
1237:Building insulation materials
867:10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00007-5
660:10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00134-7
583:
301:Bangkok International Airport
17:Displacement ventilation (DV)
1806:High-pressure cut-off switch
1357:Ice storage air conditioning
1278:Dedicated outdoor air system
691:10.1080/10789669.2011.592105
7:
2149:Thermostatic radiator valve
1951:Thermostatic radiator valve
1462:Underfloor air distribution
1397:Radiant heating and cooling
1315:Energy recovery ventilation
1227:Automobile air conditioning
1091:Domestic energy consumption
654:(5): Energy and Buildings.
577:Underfloor air distribution
570:
10:
2460:
2298:Institute of Refrigeration
2179:Architectural technologist
1651:Electrostatic precipitator
947:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
889:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
464:Samuel J. Friedman Theater
47:
2360:
2351:Volatile organic compound
2326:
2253:
2210:Environmental engineering
2174:Architectural engineering
2157:
2005:
1976:Ultra-low particulate air
1561:Automatic balancing valve
1508:
1489:Variable refrigerant flow
1341:Heat recovery ventilation
1284:Deep water source cooling
1194:
1056:
2429:Sustainable architecture
2398:Template:Home automation
2220:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1916:Solar-assisted heat pump
1516:Air conditioner inverter
1295:Displacement ventilation
1186:Vapour pressure of water
1171:Thermal destratification
323:Murphy / Jahn Architects
112:Benefits and limitations
2393:World Refrigeration Day
2240:Refrigerant reclamation
2169:Architectural acoustics
2113:Programmable thermostat
2045:Clean air delivery rate
1941:Thermal expansion valve
1856:Pressurisation ductwork
1766:Ground source heat pump
1207:Absorption refrigerator
394:Modesto Medical Center
77:General characteristics
2383:Glossary of HVAC terms
2345:Sick building syndrome
2225:Mechanical engineering
1936:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1367:Mixed-mode ventilation
454:William Burnet Tuthill
2403:Template:Solar energy
2081:Intelligent buildings
2040:Carbon dioxide sensor
1427:Room air distribution
1247:Central solar heating
434:Teaching environment
417:St. John's University
21:room air distribution
2444:Sustainable building
2434:Environmental design
2205:Duct leakage testing
2195:Deep energy retrofit
2139:Thermographic camera
2076:Infrared thermometer
1551:Air source heat pump
1500:Water heat recycling
1066:Air changes per hour
967:10.1017/jfm.2015.244
909:10.1017/jfm.2015.204
855:Energy and Buildings
789:. 12 September 2018.
648:Energy and Buildings
516:The Copenhagen Opera
273:Jewish Museum Berlin
127:temperature gradient
82:Airflow distribution
2439:Low-energy building
2071:HVAC control system
2061:Home energy monitor
2035:Building automation
1821:Inverter compressor
1483:Variable air volume
1392:Passive ventilation
1362:Kitchen ventilation
1262:Constant air volume
1232:Autonomous building
959:2015JFM...774..192M
901:2015JFM...772..478M
714:ASHRAE Transactions
679:HVAC&R Research
544:Prince Mahidol Hall
404:Modesto, California
389:Large public space
385:Polshek Partnership
363:Large public space
54:industrial building
2334:Indoor air quality
2278:ASTM International
2215:Hydronic balancing
1992:Wood-burning stove
1871:Radiator reflector
1656:Evaporative cooler
1467:Underfloor heating
1452:Thermal insulation
742:on 22 January 2013
474:New York City, NY
450:New York City, NY
428:New York City, NY
419:, St. John's Hall
154:Energy consumption
144:indoor air quality
138:Indoor air quality
2411:
2410:
2327:Health and safety
1906:Scroll compressor
1861:Process duct work
1616:Convection heater
1611:Condensing boiler
1541:Air-mixing plenum
1437:Solar combisystem
1273:Cross ventilation
1076:Building envelope
568:
567:
359:Foster + Partners
327:Airport terminal
163:Design guidelines
103:Space requirement
94:Conditioning type
33:air handling unit
2451:
2373:Building science
2128:Smart thermostat
2123:Room temperature
1706:Fireplace insert
1412:Radon mitigation
1310:Electric heating
1305:District heating
1300:District cooling
1217:Air conditioning
1043:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
993:
987:
986:
938:
929:
928:
880:
871:
870:
849:
843:
842:
832:
808:
802:
797:
791:
790:
783:
777:
776:
769:
763:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
738:. Archived from
728:
722:
721:
709:
703:
702:
670:
664:
663:
643:
637:
634:
619:
618:
610:
478:Herbert J. Krapp
380:Washington, D.C.
291:Daniel Libeskind
249:
248:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2368:ASHRAE Handbook
2356:
2340:Passive smoking
2322:
2255:
2249:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2007:
2001:
1982:Whole-house fan
1896:Run-around coil
1891:Reversing valve
1836:Mechanical room
1826:Kerosene heater
1816:Infrared heater
1746:Gasoline heater
1686:Fan filter unit
1601:Condensate pump
1586:Centrifugal fan
1504:
1407:Radiant heating
1402:Radiant cooling
1377:Passive cooling
1372:Microgeneration
1242:Central heating
1190:
1166:Thermal comfort
1058:
1052:
1047:
1017:
1010:
994:
990:
939:
932:
881:
874:
850:
846:
809:
805:
798:
794:
785:
784:
780:
771:
770:
766:
759:
755:
745:
743:
730:
729:
725:
710:
706:
671:
667:
644:
640:
635:
622:
611:
590:
586:
573:
247:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
184:
165:
156:
140:
119:
114:
105:
96:
84:
79:
63:
50:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Psychrometrics
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Air flow meter
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Heating system
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Heat exchanger
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Gas compressor
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Expansion tank
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:Ceramic heater
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Solar air heat
1429:
1424:
1422:Renewable heat
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1331:Forced-air gas
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:Thermodynamics
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Psychrometrics
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
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617:. MA.: ASHRAE.
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441:
440:Carnegie Hall
438:
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355:Norman Foster
353:
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346:New York City
344:
342:
341:United States
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72:
68:
58:
55:
45:
43:
38:
34:
27:System design
24:
22:
18:
2378:Fireproofing
2162:and services
2158:Professions,
2056:Gas detector
1956:Trickle vent
1931:Smoke damper
1926:Smoke canopy
1921:Space heater
1851:Plenum space
1786:Heating film
1666:Exhaust hood
1636:Dehumidifier
1576:Blast damper
1571:Barrier pipe
1546:Air purifier
1457:Thermosiphon
1336:Free cooling
1294:
1252:Chilled beam
1176:Thermal mass
1161:Stack effect
1146:Particulates
1126:Infiltration
1057:Fundamental
998:
991:
950:
946:
892:
888:
858:
854:
847:
820:
816:
806:
799:
795:
781:
767:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
735:
726:
717:
713:
707:
682:
678:
668:
651:
647:
641:
614:
557:Nakornpathom
411:Health-care
333:Hearst Tower
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
201:
195:
189:
183:
180:
166:
157:
148:
141:
132:
124:
120:
106:
97:
85:
64:
61:Applications
51:
30:
16:
15:
2424:Ventilation
2388:Warm Spaces
2030:Blower door
2008:and control
2006:Measurement
1987:Windcatcher
1961:Trombe wall
1901:Sail switch
1881:Refrigerant
1876:Recuperator
1751:Grease duct
1711:Freeze stat
1696:Fire damper
1566:Back boiler
1536:Air ionizer
1531:Air handler
1495:Ventilation
1347:Hybrid heat
1212:Air barrier
1131:Latent heat
953:: 192–223.
895:: 478–507.
506:Paul Andreu
319:Helmut Jahn
267:Space Type
264:Architects
2418:Categories
2144:Thermostat
2066:Humidistat
1997:Zone valve
1966:TurboSwing
1841:Oil heater
1811:Humidifier
1741:Gas heater
1691:Fan heater
1661:Evaporator
1646:Economizer
1621:Compressor
1526:Air filter
1509:Components
1326:Forced-air
1222:Antifreeze
1195:Technology
1141:Outgassing
1081:Convection
817:Indoor Air
746:9 December
736:edcmag.com
584:References
529:Copenhagen
2254:Industry
2103:OpenTherm
1781:Heat pump
1776:Heat pipe
1726:Fume hood
1701:Fireplace
1606:Condenser
1556:Attic fan
1352:Hydronics
975:0022-1120
925:233733115
917:0022-1120
252:Building
2361:See also
2086:LonWorks
2020:Aquastat
1886:Register
1866:Radiator
1521:Air door
1321:Firestop
1121:Humidity
1096:Enthalpy
1086:Dilution
1071:Bake-out
1059:concepts
983:53446651
839:15865620
699:55305722
571:See also
564:Theater
552:Thailand
538:Theater
510:Theater
482:Theater
458:Theater
431:unknown
309:Thailand
258:Country
37:buoyancy
2160:trades,
1731:Furnace
1596:Chiller
1268:Coolant
955:Bibcode
897:Bibcode
524:Denmark
501:Beijing
369:Newseum
314:Bangkok
281:Germany
88:airflow
48:History
2313:SMACNA
2273:ASHRAE
2093:(MERV)
2047:(CADR)
2025:BACnet
1978:(ULPA)
1831:Louver
1756:Grille
1631:Damper
1581:Boiler
1479:(VCRS)
1280:(DOAS)
1006:
981:
973:
923:
915:
837:
697:
579:(UFAD)
468:1920s
422:1950s
286:Berlin
2353:(VOC)
2347:(SBS)
2336:(IAQ)
2293:CIBSE
2288:BSRIA
2191:(BIM)
2135:(STP)
2099:(NTP)
1721:Freon
1491:(VRF)
1485:(VAV)
1343:(HRV)
1317:(ERV)
1291:(DCV)
1264:(CAV)
979:S2CID
921:S2CID
695:S2CID
548:2014
520:2004
496:China
492:2007
444:1891
397:2008
373:2011
337:2006
305:2006
277:1999
261:City
255:Year
19:is a
2308:LEED
2268:AMCA
2263:AHRI
1796:HEPA
1716:Flue
1641:Duct
1004:ISBN
971:ISSN
913:ISSN
835:PMID
748:2010
720:(2).
561:A49
2318:UMC
2303:IIR
2283:BRE
1676:Fan
963:doi
951:774
905:doi
893:772
863:doi
825:doi
687:doi
656:doi
357:of
321:of
2420::
977:.
969:.
961:.
949:.
945:.
933:^
919:.
911:.
903:.
891:.
887:.
875:^
859:34
857:.
833:.
821:15
819:.
815:.
734:.
718:95
716:.
693:.
683:18
681:.
677:.
652:34
650:.
623:^
591:^
350:NY
348:,
1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
1012:.
985:.
965::
957::
927:.
907::
899::
869:.
865::
841:.
827::
775:.
750:.
701:.
689::
662:.
658::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.