696:
720:
displayed is dark (i.e. not comprising high intensity image data) while the image data is numerically corrected and adapted to the reduced backlight intensity. In such a way the dark regions in dark images can be improved and the contrast between subsequent frames can be substantially increased. Also the contrast within one frame can be expanded intentionally depending on the histogram of the image (some sporadic highlights in an image may be cut or suppressed). There is quite some
719:
LCD-screens comprise a backlight unit which is permanently emitting light and an LCD-panel in front of it which modulates transmission of light with respect to intensity and chromaticity. In order to increase the contrast of such LCD-screens the backlight can be (globally) dimmed when the image to be
812:
is already taken for a different effect). Contrast values obtained from two subsequently displayed full-screen patterns may be different from the values evaluated from a checkerboard pattern with the same optical states. That discrepancy may be due to non-ideal properties of the display-screen (e.g.
788:
The contrast that can be experienced or measured in the presence of ambient illumination is shortly called "ambient contrast". A special kind of "ambient contrast" is the contrast under outdoor illumination conditions when the illuminance can be very intense (up to 100.000 lx). The contrast apparent
590:
During measurement of the luminance values used for evaluation of the contrast, the active area of the display screen is often completely set to one of the optical states for which the contrast is to be determined, e.g. completely white (R=G=B=100%) and completely black (R=G=B=0%) and the luminance
850:
is separated from that of the projector. In the latter case, a checkerboard pattern with full-white and full-black rectangles is projected and the illuminance is measured at the center of the rectangles. The standard ANSI IT7.215-1992 defines test-patterns and measurement locations, and a way to
770:
When these display-screens are used outside a completely dark room, e.g. in the living room (illuminance approx. 100 lx) or in an office situation (illuminance 300 lx minimum), ambient light is reflected from the display surface, adding to the luminance of the dark state and thus reducing the
739:) can be increased when the backlight can be locally dimmed. This can be achieved with backlight units that are realized with arrays of LEDs. High-dynamic-range (HDR) LCDs are using that technique in order to realize (static) contrast values in the range of CR > 100.000.
704:
This illustration shows the repetitive impulse response between several states of gray when each state is applied for one frame only. It is obvious that the stationary luminance levels (indicated by dashed horizontal lines) are not reached within a single frame.
683:
When the image content is changing rapidly, e.g. during the display of video or movie content, the optical state of the display may not reach the intended stable steady state because of slow response and thus the apparent contrast is reduced if compared to the
792:
Since always the dark areas of a display are corrupted by reflected light, reasonable "ambient contrast" values can only be maintained when the display is provided with efficient measures to reduce reflections by anti reflection and/or anti-glare coatings.
845:
Depending on the nature of the display under test (direct-view or projection) the contrast is evaluated as a quotient of luminance values (direct-view) or as a quotient of illuminance values (projection displays) if the properties of the
618:
Any two test patterns that are not completely identical can be used to evaluate a contrast between them. When one test pattern comprises the completely bright state (full-white, R=G=B=100%) and the other one the completely
96:
mechanism used, which can be either analog or digital. This mechanism directly influences how well the display renders images under varying conditions. Additionally, the contrast is affected by ambient illumination and the
858:
If the reflective properties of the projection screen (usually depending on direction) are included in the measurement, the luminance reflected from the centers of the rectangles has to be measured for a (set of) specific
801:
When a test pattern is displayed that contains areas with different luminance and/or chromaticity (e.g. a checkerboard pattern), and an observer sees the different areas simultaneously, the apparent contrast is called
747:
In order to measure the highest contrast possible, the dark state of the display under test must not be corrupted by light from the surroundings, since even small increments ΔL in the denominator of the ratio
610:(e.g. 4% window pattern) displayed on these devices can have significantly higher luminance than the corresponding full-screen pattern because the supply current may be limited by special electronic circuits.
540:
325:
424:
627:. This contrast is the highest (maximum) contrast the display can achieve. If no test pattern is specified in a data sheet together with a contrast statement, it will most probably refer to the
756:+ ΔL) effect a considerable reduction of that quotient. This is the reason why most contrast ratios used for advertising purposes are measured under dark-room conditions (illuminance E
190:
778:
ratio CR = 1.000.000 (one million). In a realistic application situation with 100 lx illuminance the contrast ratio goes down to ~350, with 300 lx it is reduced to ~120.
210:
763:
All emissive electronic displays (e.g. CRTs, PDPs) theoretically do not emit light in the black state (R=G=B=0%) and thus, under darkroom conditions with no
649:
Apply the second test pattern to the electrical interface of the display under test and wait until the optical response has settled to a stable steady state,
1030:
Shiga, T.; Mikoshiba, S. (2003). "49.2: Reduction of LCTV Backlight Power and
Enhancement of Gray Scale Capability by Using an Adaptive Dimming Technique".
643:
Apply the first test pattern to the electrical interface of the display under test and wait until the optical response has settled to a stable steady state,
1509:
1802:
767:
reflected from the display surface into the light measuring device, the luminance of the black state is zero and thus the contrast becomes infinity.
1245:
1155:
Kelley, Edward F.; Lindfors, Max; Penczek, John (2006). "Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability".
1456:
598:, which means that the luminance of the test pattern is varying with the size of the test pattern. Such loading effects can be found in
1100:
Seetzen, Helge; Whitehead, Lorne A.; Ward, Greg (2003). "54.2: A High
Dynamic Range Display Using Low and High Resolution Modulators".
821:
When a contrast is established between two optical states that are perceived or measured one after the other, this contrast is called
1065:
Chen, Hanfeng; Sung, Junho; Ha, Taehyeun; Park, Yungjun (2007). "Locally pixel-compensated backlight dimming on LED-backlit LCD TV".
444:
A modification of Weber by Hwaung/Peli adds a glare offset to the denominator to more accurately model computer displays. Thus the
453:
234:
667:
When luminance and/or chromaticity are measured before the optical response has settled to a stable steady state, some kind of
1429:
1728:
1503:
1189:
ANSI IT7.215-1992: Data
Projection Equipment and Large Screen Data Displays -- Test Methods and Performance Characteristics
1444:
1145:
E. F. Kelley: "Diffuse
Reflectance and Ambient Contrast Measurements Using a Sampling Sphere", SID ADEAC06 Digest, pp. 1-5
544:
This more accurately models the loss of contrast that occurs on darker display luminance due to ambient light conditions.
354:
1577:
1776:
1491:
1450:
1837:
1813:
1496:
1238:
1847:
1515:
1485:
1312:
145:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1659:
89:
1388:
1842:
1832:
1231:
1571:
1301:
1295:
1198:
M. E. Becker: "Viewing-cone
Analysis of LCDs: a Comparison of Measuring Methods", Proc. SID'96, pp. 199
915:
49:
of the stimuli. For example, contrast can be quantified as ΔL/L near the luminance threshold, known as
1707:
1418:
721:
133:
37:, is a quantifiable property used to describe the difference in appearance between elements within a
20:
50:
1609:
1412:
1615:
1219:
1712:
1462:
1377:
874:
652:
Measure the luminance and/or the chromaticity of the second test pattern and record the result,
137:
934:
646:
Measure the luminance and/or the chromaticity of the first test pattern and record the result,
1599:
1593:
1556:
1262:
1212:
808:
195:
998:
813:
crosstalk, halation, etc.) and/or due to straylight problems in the light measuring device.
16:
Difference in appearance of two or more parts of a field seen simultaneously or successively
1604:
1478:
8:
1750:
1654:
1561:
1405:
1332:
855:
from illuminance measurements, it does not define however a quantity named "ANSI lumen".
1792:
1666:
1588:
1583:
1546:
1172:
1117:
1082:
1047:
1007:
982:
74:
1745:
1541:
1473:
1012:
967:
910:
847:
564:
can be described by a distance in a suitable chromaticity system (e.g. CIE 1976 UCS,
1176:
1121:
1086:
1051:
1797:
1536:
1338:
1284:
1164:
1109:
1074:
1039:
1002:
994:
825:. The contrast between two full-screen patterns (full-screen contrast) always is a
764:
599:
576:
70:
1702:
1692:
1639:
1400:
594:
This way of proceeding is suitable only when the display device does not exhibit
565:
140:, often indicated by adding ":1" to the value of the quotient (e.g. CR = 900:1).
34:
1306:
1254:
603:
129:
93:
85:
695:
1826:
852:
729:
441:
equals one, or more commonly described as a percentage like
Michelson, 100%.
61:
at much higher luminances. Further, contrast can result from differences in
1016:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
860:
607:
557:
553:
98:
62:
38:
774:
A quite novel TV-screen realized with OLED technology is specified with a
92:. The contrast of electronic visual displays is influenced by the type of
45:
of objects and is typically defined by specific formulas that involve the
1671:
1634:
1355:
584:
66:
1649:
1644:
1626:
1566:
620:
42:
1168:
1113:
1078:
1043:
1766:
1740:
1697:
1687:
1393:
1290:
1223:
898:
866:
659:
for the two test patterns using one of the metrics listed above (CR,C
122:
109:
The "luminance contrast" is the ratio between the higher luminance, L
46:
1468:
1439:
1279:
983:"Positive and negative polarity contrast sensitivity measuring app"
117:, that define the feature to be detected. This ratio, often called
128:), is often used for high luminances and for specification of the
1733:
1383:
1348:
1218:
Contrast of Sonys XEL-1 OLED-TV-screen with ambient illumination
81:
30:
1367:
716:
This is a technique for expanding the contrast of LCD-screens.
1134:
639:
The standard procedure for contrast evaluation is as follows:
1343:
125:
535:{\displaystyle C_{m}W={\frac {(L_{H}-L_{L})}{(L_{H}+0.05)}}}
320:{\displaystyle C_{M}={\frac {(L_{H}-L_{L})}{(L_{H}+L_{L})}}}
101:, which can alter perceived brightness and color accuracy.
88:
technologies, where it significantly affects the quality of
1361:
889:
can be measured sequentially by mechanical scanning of the
345:, sometimes found in the electronic displays field, K or C
341:
Another contrast definition is a practical application of
885:). The variation of electro-optical characteristics with
623:(full-black, R=G=B=0%) the resulting contrast is called
1154:
789:
under such conditions is called "daylight contrast".
456:
357:
237:
198:
148:
1099:
419:{\displaystyle C_{W}={\frac {(L_{H}-L_{L})}{L_{H}}}}
80:
Understanding contrast is crucial in fields such as
1510:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
1213:
Reducing eyestrain from video and computer monitors
897:approach) or by simultaneous measurements based on
591:is measured one after the other (time sequential).
575:often used in the electronic displays field is the
534:
418:
319:
204:
184:
136:devices. The luminance contrast (ratio), CR, is a
1803:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
1824:
437:= 0 means no contrast, while maximum contrast, C
214:A "contrast ratio" of CR = 1 means no contrast.
783:
1157:Journal of the Society for Information Display
1067:Journal of the Society for Information Display
1064:
1029:
1239:
981:Hwang, Alex D; Peli, Eli (14 February 2016).
699:Repetitive impulse response of an LCD-monitor
732:(e.g. no flicker effects must be induced).
556:can be of equal luminance, but their color (
1457:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
1368:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
1246:
1232:
217:The contrast can also be specified by the
41:. It is closely linked with the perceived
1006:
980:
832:
185:{\displaystyle CR={\frac {L_{H}}{L_{L}}}}
1102:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
1032:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
694:
999:10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.16.HVEI-122
735:The contrast within individual frames (
728:in a way that is pleasing to the human
582:
1825:
1253:
816:
796:
613:
1227:
742:
678:
104:
1504:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
685:
1578:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
724:required for implementation of the
711:
13:
1777:Large-screen television technology
726:dynamic contrast control technique
634:
199:
14:
1859:
1451:Organic light-emitting transistor
1204:
671:has been measured instead of the
547:
99:viewer's direction of observation
1814:Comparison of display technology
838:contrast of direct-view displays
1445:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
1192:
1183:
1148:
841:contrast of projection displays
1516:Laser-powered phosphor display
1139:
1128:
1093:
1058:
1023:
974:
960:
951:
927:
526:
507:
502:
476:
400:
374:
311:
285:
280:
254:
1:
1782:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1772:History of display technology
1660:Computer-generated holography
921:
1362:Organic light-emitting diode
1356:Light-emitting diode display
877:is usually varying with the
113:, and the lower luminance, L
69:characteristics such as the
7:
935:"Weber and contrast ratios"
904:
10:
1864:
1572:Vacuum fluorescent display
1296:Electroluminescent display
916:Interferometric visibility
18:
1811:
1759:
1721:
1680:
1625:
1529:
1428:
1419:Liquid crystal on silicon
1323:
1270:
1261:
861:directions of observation
722:digital signal processing
134:electronic visual display
77:(Uniform Colour Space).
65:, which are specified by
1610:Fourteen-segment display
1413:Digital Light Processing
879:direction of observation
655:Calculate the resulting
121:, CR, (actually being a
90:visual content rendering
1838:Liquid crystal displays
1616:Sixteen-segment display
1302:Rear-projection display
771:contrast considerably.
560:) is different. Such a
338:= 0 means no contrast.
205:{\displaystyle \infty }
1463:Field-emission display
1378:Liquid-crystal display
833:Methods of measurement
700:
536:
420:
321:
206:
186:
1848:Television technology
1600:Eight-segment display
1594:Seven-segment display
809:simultaneous contrast
737:simultaneous contrast
698:
537:
421:
322:
207:
187:
1722:Display capabilities
1605:Nine-segment display
1307:Plasma display panel
968:"Luminance Contrast"
454:
355:
235:
196:
146:
138:dimensionless number
19:For other uses, see
1751:See-through display
1655:Holographic display
1333:Quantum dot display
827:successive contrast
823:successive contrast
817:Successive contrast
804:concurrent contrast
797:Concurrent contrast
629:full-swing contrast
625:full-swing contrast
614:Full-swing contrast
219:contrast modulation
1843:Engineering ratios
1833:Display technology
1793:Color Light Output
1787:High Dynamic Range
1589:Dot-matrix display
1584:Lightguide display
1255:Display technology
987:Electronic Imaging
784:"Ambient contrast"
776:dark-room contrast
743:Dark-room contrast
701:
679:Transient contrast
669:transient contrast
532:
416:
317:
223:Michelson contrast
202:
182:
105:Luminance contrast
1820:
1819:
1746:Always-on display
1537:Electromechanical
1525:
1524:
1169:10.1889/1.2393026
1135:STOP Specsmanship
1114:10.1889/1.1832558
1079:10.1889/1.2825108
1044:10.1889/1.1832539
911:Contrast (vision)
887:viewing direction
883:viewing direction
848:projection screen
709:
708:
602:-displays and in
530:
414:
315:
180:
1855:
1798:Flexible display
1760:Related articles
1640:Autostereoscopic
1339:Electronic paper
1285:Cathode-ray tube
1268:
1267:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1210:Charles Poynton:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
978:
972:
971:
964:
958:
957:IEC(50)845-02-47
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
931:
712:Dynamic contrast
691:
690:
579:ΔE*uv or ΔE*ab.
577:color difference
541:
539:
538:
533:
531:
529:
519:
518:
505:
501:
500:
488:
487:
474:
466:
465:
425:
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403:
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372:
367:
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326:
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318:
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283:
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211:
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169:
168:
159:
71:color difference
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1755:
1717:
1703:Slide projector
1693:Movie projector
1676:
1621:
1521:
1431:
1424:
1325:
1319:
1272:
1257:
1252:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1098:
1094:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1024:
979:
975:
966:
965:
961:
956:
952:
943:
941:
933:
932:
928:
924:
907:
869:, contrast and
835:
819:
799:
786:
759:
755:
751:
745:
714:
686:static contrast
681:
673:static contrast
662:
657:static contrast
637:
635:Static contrast
616:
596:loading effects
588:
552:Two parts of a
550:
514:
510:
506:
496:
492:
483:
479:
475:
473:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
440:
436:
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408:
404:
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337:
330:
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228:
197:
194:
193:
174:
170:
164:
160:
158:
147:
144:
143:
116:
112:
107:
60:
56:
35:digital imaging
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
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1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
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1581:
1575:
1569:
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1559:
1554:
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1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:Liquid crystal
1476:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1410:
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1316:
1315:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1263:Video displays
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1205:External links
1203:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1147:
1138:
1127:
1092:
1057:
1022:
973:
959:
950:
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923:
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903:
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842:
839:
834:
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749:
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741:
713:
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680:
677:
665:
664:
660:
653:
650:
647:
644:
636:
633:
615:
612:
587:
581:
573:color contrast
562:color contrast
549:
548:Color contrast
546:
528:
525:
522:
517:
513:
509:
504:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
472:
469:
464:
460:
446:modified Weber
438:
434:
427:
411:
407:
402:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:
370:
365:
361:
346:
343:Weber contrast
335:
328:
313:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
282:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
250:
245:
241:
229:, defined as:
226:
201:
192:with 1 ≤ CR ≤
177:
173:
167:
163:
157:
154:
151:
119:contrast ratio
114:
110:
106:
103:
94:signal driving
58:
54:
51:Weber contrast
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
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1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
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1730:
1727:
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1714:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
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1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:(ELQD/QD-LED)
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
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1341:
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1337:
1334:
1331:
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1322:
1314:
1311:
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1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
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1278:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
963:
954:
940:
936:
930:
926:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
856:
854:
853:luminous flux
849:
840:
837:
836:
830:
828:
824:
814:
811:
810:
805:
794:
790:
781:
779:
777:
772:
768:
766:
765:ambient light
761:
740:
738:
733:
731:
730:visual system
727:
723:
717:
703:
697:
693:
692:
689:
687:
676:
674:
670:
658:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
640:
632:
630:
626:
622:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
586:
580:
578:
574:
571:A metric for
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
545:
542:
523:
520:
515:
511:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
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467:
462:
458:
449:
447:
442:
431:
409:
405:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
368:
363:
359:
350:
344:
339:
332:
306:
302:
298:
293:
289:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
248:
243:
239:
230:
224:
220:
215:
212:
175:
171:
165:
161:
155:
152:
149:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
102:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1708:Transparency
1681:Static media
1635:Stereoscopic
1211:
1194:
1185:
1163:(11): 1019.
1160:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1035:
1031:
1025:
990:
986:
976:
962:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
894:
891:viewing cone
871:chromaticity
865:
857:
844:
826:
822:
820:
807:
803:
800:
791:
787:
780:
775:
773:
769:
762:
746:
736:
734:
725:
718:
715:
682:
672:
668:
666:
656:
638:
628:
624:
617:
608:test pattern
595:
593:
589:
583:Full-screen
572:
570:
568:, CIELUV).
561:
558:chromaticity
554:visual field
551:
543:
450:
445:
443:
432:
351:
342:
340:
333:
231:
222:
218:
216:
213:
142:
118:
108:
79:
75:CIE 1976 UCS
67:colorimetric
63:chromaticity
39:visual field
26:
25:
1672:Fog display
1645:Multiscopic
1562:Fiber-optic
1474:Quantum dot
1108:(1): 1450.
1073:(12): 981.
1038:(1): 1364.
993:(16): 1–6.
895:gonioscopic
875:LCD-screens
851:obtain the
1827:Categories
1713:Laser beam
1667:Volumetric
1627:3D display
1567:Nixie tube
1547:Split-flap
1432:generation
1406:Blue Phase
1326:generation
1273:generation
944:2024-04-18
939:poynton.ca
922:References
806:(the term
752:+ ΔL) / (L
621:dark state
606:. A small
426:with 0 ≤ C
327:with 0 ≤ C
73:ΔE in the
47:luminances
43:brightness
1767:Scan line
1741:DisplayID
1698:Neon sign
1688:Monoscope
1530:Non-video
1291:Jumbotron
899:conoscopy
867:Luminance
760:≤ 1 lx).
490:−
388:−
268:−
200:∞
123:luminance
53:, or as L
1650:Hologram
1557:Eggcrate
1542:Flip-dot
1488:display
1469:Laser TV
1440:microLED
1370:(AMOLED)
1324:Current
1280:Eidophor
1177:61094696
1122:15359222
1087:62621574
1052:62588415
1017:28649669
905:See also
585:contrast
130:contrast
27:Contrast
21:Contrast
1734:CEA-861
1364:(OLED)
1349:Gyricon
1008:5481843
86:display
82:imaging
31:physics
1618:(SISD)
1512:(TDEL)
1506:(FLCD)
1453:(OLET)
1421:(LCoS)
1380:(LCD)
1358:(LED)
1335:(QLED)
1309:(PDP)
1175:
1120:
1085:
1050:
1015:
1005:
881:(i.e.
663:or K).
566:CIELAB
349:, is:
1789:(HDR)
1612:(FSD)
1596:(SSD)
1580:(LEC)
1574:(VFD)
1518:(LPD)
1465:(FED)
1459:(SED)
1430:Next
1415:(DLP)
1344:E Ink
1298:(ELD)
1287:(CRT)
1173:S2CID
1118:S2CID
1083:S2CID
1048:S2CID
430:≤ 1.
331:≤ 1.
126:ratio
29:, in
1729:EDID
1551:Vane
1497:TMOS
1492:IMoD
1486:MEMS
1313:ALiS
1271:Past
1013:PMID
991:2016
604:PDPs
524:0.05
448:is:
439:Wmax
225:), C
221:(or
84:and
33:and
1401:LED
1394:IPS
1384:TFT
1165:doi
1110:doi
1075:doi
1040:doi
1003:PMC
995:doi
873:of
600:CRT
132:of
1829::
1389:TN
1171:.
1161:14
1159:.
1116:.
1106:34
1104:.
1081:.
1071:15
1069:.
1046:.
1036:34
1034:.
1011:.
1001:.
989:.
985:.
937:.
901:.
863:.
829:.
758:DR
748:(L
688:.
675:.
631:.
57:/L
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1179:.
1167::
1124:.
1112::
1089:.
1077::
1054:.
1042::
1019:.
997::
970:.
947:.
893:(
754:L
750:H
661:M
527:)
521:+
516:H
512:L
508:(
503:)
498:L
494:L
485:H
481:L
477:(
471:=
468:W
463:m
459:C
435:W
433:C
428:W
410:H
406:L
401:)
396:L
392:L
383:H
379:L
375:(
369:=
364:W
360:C
347:W
336:M
334:C
329:M
312:)
307:L
303:L
299:+
294:H
290:L
286:(
281:)
276:L
272:L
263:H
259:L
255:(
249:=
244:M
240:C
227:M
176:L
172:L
166:H
162:L
156:=
153:R
150:C
115:L
111:H
59:L
55:H
23:.
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