Distant Early Warning Line

1018: 31: 794:(MAD) philosophy. However, the scenario of a coordinated airborne invasion coupled with a limited nuclear strike was the real threat that this line protected against. It did so by providing Distant Early Warning of an inbound aerial invasion force, which would have to appear at the far north hours ahead of any warhead launches in order to be coordinated well enough to prevent MAD. A number of intermediate stations were decommissioned, since their effectiveness was judged to be less than desired and required. The staffed stations were retained to monitor potential Soviet air activities and to allow Canada to assert sovereignty in the Arctic. International law requires a country that claims territory to actively occupy and defend such territory. 320: 715: 3381: 2875: 2629: 421: 602: 481: 5982: 2605: 894: 809:, the United States withdrew all of its personnel and relinquished full operation of the Canadian stations to Canada. Costs for the Canadian sector were still subsidized by the United States. However, the American flags were lowered at the Canadian stations and only the Canadian flag remained. The United States retained responsibility and all operational costs for North Warning System stations located in Alaska and Greenland. 2617: 101: 767:, either flying between Europe and western North America, or between Europe and Asia using Alaska as a stopover. These flights would penetrate the DEW Line. To differentiate these commercial flights from Soviet bombers, the flight crews had to transmit their flight plan to an Air Movement Identification System (AMIS) centre at either 779:. These stations then passed the information on to the DEW Line. If an unknown flight was detected, the DEW Line station would contact AMIS to see if a flight plan might have been missed; if not, NORAD was notified. Military flights, including B-52 bombers, frequently operated in the polar regions and used 545:

operators, carpenters, masons, plumbers, welders, electricians, and other tradesmen from the United States and southern Canada worked on the project. Concrete was poured in the middle of Arctic winters, buildings were constructed, electrical service, heating, and fresh water were provided, huge steel

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during the short summers, barges contributed to the distribution of vast cargoes along the length of the Line to build the permanent settlements needed at each site. Much of the job of carrying mountains of supplies to the northern sites fell to military and naval units. More than 3,000 United States

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A controversy also developed between the United States and Canada over the cleanup of deactivated Canadian DEW Line sites. The cleanup is now underway, site by site. In assessing the cleanup, new research suggests that off-road vehicles damaged vegetation and organic matter, resulting in the melting

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Improvements in Soviet technology rendered the Pinetree Line and Mid-Canada Line inadequate to provide enough early warning and on 15 February 1954, the Canadian and United States governments agreed to jointly build a third line of radar stations (Distant Early Warning), this time running across the

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The DEW Line was a significant achievement among Cold War initiatives in the Arctic. A successful combination of scientific design and logistical planning of the late 1950s, the DEW Line consisted of a string of continental defence radar installations, ultimately stretching from Alaska to Greenland.

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Resource protection of historical DEW Line sites is currently under discussion in Canada and Alaska. The discussion stems from the deactivation aspect of the sites and arguments over what to do with leftover equipment and leftover intact sites. Many Canadian historians encourage the preservation of

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historian P. Whitney Lackenbauer argues that the Canadian Government saw little intrinsic value in the Arctic, but due to fear of Americanization and American penetration into the Canadian Arctic, brought significant changes and a more militaristic role to the north. This shift into a more military

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were converted into workshops where prefabricated panels, fully insulated, were assembled to form modular building units 28 ft (8.5 m) long, 16 ft (4.9 m) wide, and 10 ft (3.0 m) high. These modules were put on sleds and drawn to station sites hundreds of miles away by

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and ice. There were two significant electronic modifications that were also crucial to the functioning of these radar stations in an Arctic environment. One reduced the effects of vibration in correlation to temperature change, the other increased the pulse duration from two to six microseconds. It

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USAF personnel were limited to the main stations for each sector and they performed annual inspections of auxiliary and intermediate stations as part of the contract administration. Most operations were performed by Canadian and United States civilian personnel, and the operations were automated as

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After the buildings came the installation of radar and communications equipment, then the thorough and time-consuming testing of each unit individually and of the system as an integrated whole. Finally all was ready, and on 15 April 1957 – just two years and eight months after the decision to build

451:. The TC-264 Sno-Buggy was the longest off-road vehicle ever built at the time, with its six cars (including the locomotive) measuring a total of 274 ft (84 m). Each car was driven by four 7.3 ft (2.2 m) tall wheels and tires. The 24-wheel-drive was powered by two 400 horsepower 431:

From a standing start in December 1954, many thousands of skilled workers were recruited, transported to the polar regions, housed, fed, and supplied with tools, machines, and materials to construct physical facilities – buildings, roads, tanks, towers, antennas, airfields, and hangars – in some of

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Early efforts were aided when, by happenstance, the US Navy terminated its oil exploration activities in Alaska. The associated infrastructure that had been established in the arctic was quickly repurposed to serve early development of the DEW line. Material converted from Navy use included 1,200

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There were three types of stations: small unstaffed "gap filler stations" that were checked by ground crews only every few months during the summer; intermediate stations with only a station chief, a cook, and a mechanic; and larger stations that had a variable number of employees and may have had

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As the stacks of materials at the station sites mounted, construction went ahead rapidly. Subcontractors with a flair for tackling difficult construction projects handled the bulk of this work under the direction of Western Electric engineers. Huge quantities of gravel were produced and moved. The

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more thoroughly into the Canadian polity. The construction and operating of the DEW Line provided some economic development for the Arctic region. This provided momentum for further development through research, new communications, and new studies of the area. Although the construction of the DEW

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A target date for completing the DEW Line and having it in operation was set for 31 July 1957. This provided only two short Arctic summers adding up to about six months in which to work under passable conditions. Much of the work would have to be completed in the long, dark, cold, Arctic winters,

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to get its active aircraft airborne long before Soviet bombers could reach their targets. The need was considered critical and the construction was given the highest national priorities. Advance site preparation began in December 1954, and the construction was carried out in a massive logistical

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The DEW Line was proposed as a solution to both of these problems, using conventional radar systems that could both detect and characterise an attack, while being located far to the north where they would offer hours of advance warning. This would not only provide ample time for the defences to

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In 1985, it was decided that the more capable of the DEW Line stations were to be upgraded with the GE AN/FPS-117 radar systems and merged with newly built stations into the North Warning System. Their automation was increased and a number of additional stations were closed. This upgrading was

364:- enough to permit setup of field camps at all construction sites. (A "wannigan" is a building on sleds, about 12 x 20 feet in size. These were completely equipped for camp operations and were of various types - Cook, Mess, Bunk, Power Plant, Water, Shop, Storage, Utility, Steam Point, etc.) 339:

Before this project was completed, men and women with the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience were drawn from Bell Telephone companies in every state in the United States, and many Canadian provinces. Much of the responsibility was delegated under close supervision to a vast number of

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Paper (27 November 1968) stated no further funding for research on the DEW Line or air space would be allocated due in part to lack of commercial activity The Canadian Government also limited United States air activity, base activity, soldier numbers, and contractor numbers; and the overall

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was a constant menace. Siting engineers and advance parties learned this the hard way when their tents disappeared beneath the snow in a few hours. The permanent H-shaped buildings at the main stations were always pointed into the prevailing winds and their bridges built high off the ground.

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also supported the project. Together, these provided the only means of access to many of the stations during the wintertime. In all, 460,000 short tons (420,000 t; 410,000 long tons) of materials were moved from the United States and southern Canada to the Arctic by air, land, and sea.

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in 1975. While few of the original designs for either buildings or equipment were retained, the trial installations did prove that the DEW Line was feasible, and they furnished a background of information that led to the final improved designs of all facilities and final plans for manpower,

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provided for the design and construction of a small experimental system to determine at the beginning whether the idea was practicable. The designs of communication and radar detection equipment available at the time were known to be unsuited to the weather and atmospheric conditions to be

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Funding problems for the DEW Line also played a role in perception of the project. American investment in building and operating the DEW Line system declined as the ICBM threat refocused priorities, but Canada did not fill the void with commensurate additional funding. In 1968 a

400:, working in blinding snowstorms with temperatures so low that ordinary thermometers could not measure them. They completed their part of the job on schedule and set the stage for the crews and machines that followed. The line consisted of 63 stations stretching from Alaska to 392:. Siting crews covered the area – first from the air and then on the ground – to locate by scientific means the best sites for the main, auxiliary, and intermediate stations. These crews lived and worked under primitive conditions. They covered vast distances by airplanes, 455:

diesel engines connected to a hub motor. It had a payload capacity of 150 short tons (140 t; 130 long tons), and could traverse nearly any terrain. It had a very successful first season hauling freight to the DEW Line. Later, military and civilian airlifts, huge

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aircraft that patrolled the picket lines at an altitude of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) in 12- to 14-hour missions. Their objective was to extend early warning coverage against surprise Soviet bomber and missile attack as an extension of the DEW Line.

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the Distant Early Warning Line was made – Western Electric turned over to the Air Force on schedule a complete, operating radar system across the top of North America, with its own communications network. Later, the system coverage was expanded even further: see

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to the Canadian Armed Forces. This "active defence" had three key elements: minimizing the extent of the American presence in the Canadian Arctic, Canadian government input into the management of the DEW Line, and full Canadian participation in Arctic defence.

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operation that took place mostly during the summer months when the sites could be reached by ships. The 63-base line reached operational status in 1957. The MCL was shut down in the early 1960s, and much of the Pinetree Line was given over to civilian use.

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powerful tractors. Each main station had its own airstrip – as close to the buildings as safety regulations and the terrain permitted. Service buildings, garages, connecting roads, storage tanks, and perhaps an aircraft hangar completed the community.

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could destroy the United States' strategic nuclear forces. The original DEW line was designed to detect bombers and was unable to detect ICBMs. To give warning of this threat, in 1958 a more sophisticated radar system was constructed, the

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to northern Pacific waters. Normally four or five WV-2s were required at any single time to provide coverage over the entire line. This coverage was later augmented, and modified/replaced by Project Stretchout and Project Bluegrass).

8065: 577:, was activated by ADC to provide logistical and contractual support for DEW Line operations. In 1958, the line became a cornerstone of the new North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) organization of joint continental 844:

The cultural impact of the DEW Line System is immense and significant to the heritage of Canada and Alaska. In Canada, the DEW line increased connections between the populous south and the remote High Arctic, helping to bring

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to proceed as rapidly as possible with the construction of the entire DEW Line. That was in December 1954, before the route to be followed in the eastern section had even been determined. The locations were surveyed out by

7677: 6672: 207:, giving commanders ample warning time, but little information on the targets or their exact location. The MCL proved largely useless in practice, as the radar return of flocks of birds overwhelmed signals from aircraft. 617:

search radar is in the dome, flanked by two AN/FRC-45 lateral communications dishes (or AN/FRC-102, depending on the date). To the left are the much larger southbound AN/FRC-101 communications dishes. Not visible is the

8855: 8557: 7732: 8168: 7702: 7924: 7747: 7548: 6694: 994:, which included two "barrier" forces in the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans which were operated by the United States Navy from 1956 to 1965. These barrier forces consisted of surface picket stations, dubbed " 7894: 1057:, Maryland. BarLant began operations on 1 July 1956, and flew continuous coverage until early 1965, when the barrier was shifted to cover the approaches between Greenland, Iceland, and the United Kingdom ( 9262: 8073: 8014: 227:(NWS). Beginning in 1988, most of the original DEW stations were deactivated, while a small number were upgraded with all-new equipment. The official handover from DEW to NWS took place on 15 July 1993. 2620: 1471:

Lackenbauer, Whitney. P. and Peter Kikkert. "The Canadian Forces & Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests and Requirements, 1968–1974". Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010. 68.

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Lackenbauer, Whitney. P. and Peter Kikkert. "The Canadian Forces & Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests and Requirements, 1968–1974". Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010. 56.

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Lackenbauer, Whitney. P. and Peter Kikkert. "The Canadian Forces & Arctic Sovereignty: Debating Roles, Interests and Requirements, 1968–1974". Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010. 7.

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Modifications to each operating radar station occurred during the construction phase of the DEW Line system. This was due to the extreme winds, frigid temperatures, and the ground conditions due to

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Lackenbauer, Whitney P. "The Cold War on Canadian Soil: Militarizing a Northern Environment." American Society for Environmental History, Vol. 12, No. 4. Special Issue on Canada (Oct 2007), 932.

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much as was possible at the time. All of the installations flew both the Canadian and United States flags until they were deactivated as DEW sites and sole jurisdiction was given to the

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Naka, Robert F. and William W. Ward. "Distant Early Warning Line Radars: The Quest For Automatic Signal Detection." Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol 12. No. 2. 2000. 181–204.

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Robert F. and William W. Ward. "Distant Early Warning Line Radars: The Quest For Automatic Signal Detection." Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol 12. No. 2. 2000. 185.

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Robert F. and William W. Ward. "Distant Early Warning Line Radars: The Quest For Automatic Signal Detection." Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol 12. No. 2. 2000. 184.

389: 404:, covering nearly 10,000 km (6,200 mi). The United States agreed to pay for and construct the line, and to employ Canadian labour as much as possible. 303:

of communication companies. The DEW Line grew out of a detailed study made by a group of the nation's foremost scientists in 1952, the Summer Study Group at the

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The construction of the DEW Line was made possible by a bilateral agreement between the Canadian and United States governments, and by collaboration between the

9463: 7697: 6418: 6407: 5644: 2133: 9359: 9284: 2128: 9458: 3140: 1255: 2864: 880:, as well as non-seasonal hunting. These aspects are claimed to have had a devastating impact on the local native subsistence economies and environment. 307:. The subject of the study was the vulnerability of the United States and Canada to aerial bombing attacks, and its concluding recommendation was that a 8512: 7558: 6157: 2666: 1933: 179:

The DEW Line was the northernmost and most capable of three radar lines in Canada and Alaska. The first of these was the joint Canadian-United States

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chain) and back, non-stop. Its orbits overlapped the radar picket stations of the ships of Escort Squadron Seven (CORTRON SEVEN), from roughly

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Neufeld, David. "Commemorating the Cold War in Canada: Considering the DEW Line." The Public Historian, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter, 1998), 15.

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Neufeld, David. "Commemorating the Cold War in Canada: Considering the DEW Line." The Public Historian, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter, 1998), 18.

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Lajeunesse, Adam. "The Distant Early Warning Line and The Canadian Battle For Public Perception". Thesis Calgary: University of Calgary.

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antenna towers were erected, airstrips and hangars were built, putting it all together in darkness, blizzards, and subzero temperatures.

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systems of the areas. The DEW Line has also been linked to depleted fish stocks and carelessness in agitating local animals such as the

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From the beginning of the development of the DEW Line idea, Canadian concerns over political perception grew enormously. Noted

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Barrier Force operations were discontinued by September 1965 and their EC-121K (WV-2 before 1962) aircraft placed in storage.

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tractors, heavy duty cranes, diesel generators, and radio equipment. Most fortunately, the surplus included sixty equipped

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systems, similar to those pioneered only a few years earlier on the Mid-Canada Line. The stations were interconnected by

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ships and they raced time during the few weeks the ice was open to land supplies at dozens of spots on the shores of the

296: 7765: 5336: 3947: 3827: 3245: 3200: 3155: 2970: 2950: 2850: 2812: 2806: 1222: 926: 252: 9443: 7802: 7538: 6979: 4302: 3982: 3922: 3562: 3235: 3160: 2652: 1788: 1783: 977: 736: 731:– emitting systems known as the AN/FPS-19. The "gaps" between the stations were watched by the directional AN/FPS-23 277: 797:

Because the advent of ICBMs created another attack scenario that the DEW Line could not defend against, in 1958 the

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the most hostile and isolated environments in North America. The construction project employed about 25,000 people.

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authorized construction of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), at a reported cost of $ 28 billion.

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in 1952. The Streator DEW-Line Training Center became operational in 1956 and closed when operations were moved to

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of search radar stations be built across the Arctic region of the North American continent as rapidly as possible.

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The majority of Canadian DEW Line stations were the joint responsibility of the Royal Canadian Air Force (the

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line itself was placed in American hands, much of the later development was under direct Canadian direction.

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role began with a transition of authority, shifting responsibility of Arctic defence in Canada from the

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libraries, forms of entertainment, and other accommodations. The stations used a number of long-range

9349: 7989: 7899: 7842: 7622: 7612: 7416: 7185: 6679: 6371: 6253: 6248: 5400: 5375: 5365: 4853: 4618: 4433: 4418: 4413: 4244: 4234: 4229: 4178: 4093: 4042: 3997: 3992: 3877: 3862: 3857: 3817: 3792: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3692: 3642: 3612: 3507: 3487: 3482: 3437: 3412: 3361: 3195: 2878: 2434: 2233: 1042: 570: 281: 610: 239:, route for a Soviet air attack on North America was through the Arctic, across the area around the 8462: 7847: 7404: 6897: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5435: 5395: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 4943: 4463: 4438: 4198: 4062: 4007: 3852: 3842: 3762: 3752: 3617: 3607: 3572: 3567: 3542: 3457: 3452: 3422: 3315: 3215: 3125: 3110: 3065: 2980: 2955: 2920: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2675: 1981: 1757: 348: 104:

A rough map of the three warning lines. From north to south: the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line,

57: 1157:, communication system similar to White Alice for the DYE Stations and others stretching to the UK 9289: 8208: 7994: 7493: 7384: 7336: 7235: 6689: 6684: 6552: 6527: 5487: 5196: 5191: 5161: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5101: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4961: 4956: 4761: 4756: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4493: 4113: 3897: 3872: 3847: 3787: 3767: 3682: 3672: 3532: 3502: 3477: 3407: 3080: 3075: 3020: 2900: 2800: 2484: 1706: 1660: 1077: 904: 501: 444: 439:

Transportation Research and Development Command (TRADCOM), contracted to have a pair of off-road

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A History of the DEW Line, Aerospace Defense Command Historical Study No. 31, SECRET, June 1965.

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A DEW station in western Greenland is visible in the distance beyond the snow-drifted equipment

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radar systems between 1985 and 1994, and the line was then renamed the North Warning System.

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soldiers were given special training to prepare them for the job of unloading ships in the

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The Atlantic Barrier (BarLant) consisted of two rotating squadrons, one based at

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operation would be considered and called in all formalities a "joint operation".

818: 538: 497: 269: 248: 220: 196: 105: 1116:, and covered picket stations 400–500 mi (640–800 km) off each coast. 420: 8642: 8098: 8058: 7210: 7178: 7165: 7012: 6811: 6210: 6185: 6152: 6147: 5940: 5821: 5622: 4641: 4088: 3045: 2745: 2720: 2570: 2565: 2544: 2514: 2479: 2424: 2349: 2344: 2324: 2293: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2213: 2198: 1989: 1943: 1928: 1068:

The Pacific Barrier (BarPac) began operations with one squadron operating from

517: 440: 357: 256: 251:, to allow time for United States bombers to get off the ground and land-based 200: 6457: 1655: 1176:"The Distant Early Warning Line and the Canadian Battle for Public Perception" 9437: 8540: 7720: 7411: 7039: 6939: 6884: 6699: 6619: 6411: 6330: 5966: 5760: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5456: 4078: 3962: 3346: 3120: 2975: 2775: 2755: 2750: 2730: 2725: 2633: 2519: 2474: 2384: 2374: 2334: 2228: 2034: 2029: 2019: 2014: 1999: 1961: 1880: 1767: 1747: 1665: 1645: 1619: 1256:"Distant Early Warning Line Radars: The Quest for Automatic Signal Detection" 1113: 1089: 768: 756: 732: 664: 401: 383:

With the experimental phase completed successfully, the Air Forces asked the

371:

in 1953. A prototype built for training purposes was chosen to be located in

333: 273: 180: 153: 109: 1226: 601: 9405: 8410: 7772: 7672: 7590: 7095: 6999: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6569: 6477: 6350: 6298: 6276: 5567: 5451: 4128: 3055: 3025: 2765: 2715: 2644: 2489: 2439: 2414: 2364: 2308: 2288: 2156: 2049: 2024: 1923: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1691: 1378:"The Incredible Story of the US Army's Earth-Shaking, Off-Road Land Trains" 1128: 1109: 1097: 1093: 999: 995: 751: 706:

for more stable readings and accurate accounts of movement within the air.

474: 276:, the DEW Line marked the edge of an electronic grid controlled by the new 236: 169: 746:

For stations at the western end of the line, buildings at the deactivated

9110: 9105: 9100: 9045: 8990: 8695: 8467: 7394: 7173: 7140: 6989: 6861: 6821: 6592: 6587: 6564: 6067: 5844: 5755: 5461: 2735: 2580: 2575: 2549: 2464: 2379: 2359: 2303: 2298: 2243: 2218: 2208: 2193: 2183: 2123: 2053: 2039: 1966: 1711: 1574: 1081: 1046: 764: 693:

Total volume of radar electronics about 1,000 cu ft (28 m)

409: 300: 480: 8802: 8615: 8031: 8009: 7755: 6856: 6851: 6309: 5831: 5795: 5785: 5770: 5750: 5735: 4239: 4173: 4158: 3402: 2990: 2760: 2740: 2529: 2509: 2504: 2469: 2449: 2394: 2329: 2268: 2258: 2248: 2238: 2097: 2009: 1994: 1888: 918: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 698: 626: 489: 488:

Scores of military and commercial pilots, flying everything from small

393: 240: 16:

Former system of radar stations in the northern Arctic region of Canada

6021: 8705: 8657: 8425: 7029: 6467: 6394: 6384: 5981: 5930: 5922: 5803: 5725: 5679: 4898: 4793: 2770: 2118: 2004: 1918: 1203: 873: 787: 763:

The Arctic region was frequently transited by commercial aircraft on

619: 614: 542: 508:, provided a significant amount of airlift to sites that were out on 493: 157: 136:

region of Canada, with additional stations along the north coast and

6052: 893: 541:, and antenna towers was done by subcontractors. In all, over 7,000 223:", the United States and Canada agreed to transition DEW to the new 6462: 6423: 6402: 6317: 6235: 5961: 5906: 5893: 5852: 5839: 5745: 5720: 5687: 4823: 4560: 2389: 1793: 1681: 1058: 877: 772: 397: 361: 285: 244: 173: 9203: 9198: 8750: 8223: 6062: 5935: 5914: 5878: 5813: 5775: 5730: 1800: 509: 457: 452: 161: 100: 8376: 6846: 6736: 5873: 5857: 5780: 1050: 728: 719: 636:

Operating characteristics of the AN/TPS-1D (Mod c) search radar

534: 533:

construction work needed to build housing, airstrips, aircraft

466: 435:

Western Electric and Alaska Freightlines, with the help of the

368: 165: 141: 133: 2791:

Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering

1532: 1530: 565:) and the United States Air Force. The USAF component was the 9085: 7822: 6177: 6139: 5697: 2064: 846: 513: 340:

subcontractors, suppliers, and United States military units.

203:. This provided a "trip wire" warning located roughly at the 129: 790:-launched attacks. These were countered and tempered by the 9090: 5740: 5705: 1527: 1362:

McGrath, T. "The Commissioner's Award for Public Service",

504:, owned by the United States Air Force and operated by the 6526: 613:

DEW line station has a typical suite of systems. The main

367:

Prototypes of several stations were designed and built in

176:, and provide early warning of any sea-and-land invasion. 786:

The early warning provided was useless against ICBMs and

642: 280:(SAGE) computer system and was ultimately centred at the 2872: 805:

completed in 1990, and with the end of the Cold War and

684:

IF bandwidth and frequency 5.0 MHz and 60 MHz

1864: 1515:(Press release). Government of Canada. 26 January 2011 739:, a series of radio communications systems that used 255:(ICBMs) to be launched, to reduce the chances that a 1204:

The DEW LINE Sites in Canada, Alaska & Greenland

1076:, on 1 July 1958. Planes flew from Midway Island to 199:(MCL) was proposed as an inexpensive solution using 690:

Weight of radar about 4,800 lb (2,200 kg)

1336:Bagnall, V. B. (June 1955). "Operation DEW Line". 328:high Arctic. The line would run roughly along the 9435: 5652: 883: 854:DEW Line sites through heritage designations. 605:DEW line station formerly at Point Lay, Alaska. 332:, about 320 km (200 mi) north of the 314: 1096:and Escort Squadron Five (CORTRON FIVE), from 1061:). Aircraft from Argentia were staged through 9464:Radar stations of the United States Air Force 6512: 5638: 2858: 2660: 1850: 1590: 2674: 1402:North American Radar – DEW Line Radar Update 866: 857:The DEW Line is a setting for the 1957 film 477:during the summers of 1955, 1956, and 1957. 5301:Aerospace Defense Command Fighter Squadrons 1072:, Hawaii, and a forward refuelling base at 625:The DEW Line was upgraded with fifteen new 323:Map of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line 6519: 6505: 5645: 5631: 2865: 2851: 2667: 2653: 1857: 1843: 1604: 1597: 1583: 1223:"The DEW Line and Other Military Projects" 1173: 872:of the permafrost, a key component to the 783:(IFF) systems to authenticate the flight. 676:Vertical 30 deg cosecant (elevation angle) 496:, were the backbone of the operation. The 2687:Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force 1375: 1140:List of Royal Canadian Air Force stations 978:Learn how and when to remove this message 2152:Major-General George R. Pearkes Building 1438: 1436: 1108:-class radar picket ships were based in 1016: 713: 600: 573:. The 4601st Support Squadron, based in 479: 419: 318: 290:North American Aerospace Defense Command 99: 90:North American Aerospace Defense Command 9459:Canada–United States military relations 1335: 833:Canadian Department of National Defence 415: 9436: 5306:Aircraft Control and Warning Squadrons 2692:Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force 1763:Canada and weapons of mass destruction 1539: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1186:from the original on 10 February 2024. 1150:Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning 1025:and the radar picket destroyer escort 812: 663:Range 1,000 yards (910 m) to 160 262:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System 6500: 5626: 2846: 2648: 1838: 1578: 1433: 1065:, Iceland, to extend coverage times. 990:The DEW line was supplemented by the 722:in the foreground of this photograph. 305:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 916:adding citations to reliable sources 887: 630:passive electronically scanned array 243:. The DEW Line was built during the 9454:Cold War military history of Canada 5612:General Surveillance Radar Stations 2616: 1280: 1241: 1208: 1190: 1131:, the DEW line extension to Iceland 593:in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 484:The LeTourneau snow train in Alaska 297:United States Department of Defense 164:. It was set up to detect incoming 13: 5606:Air Defense Command Emblem Gallery 1866:Canadian Forces bases and stations 839: 681:Receiver noise figure 11.7 dB 253:intercontinental ballistic missile 247:to give early warning of a Soviet 14: 9485: 1789:Emergency Government Headquarters 1558: 1547:"Guarding the Cold War Ramparts." 1545:Bouchard, Capt. Joseph F. (USN). 1338:Journal of the Franklin Institute 1174:Lajeunesse, Adam (20 June 2007). 1007:Guardian-class radar picket ships 655:Pulse rate 400 pulses per second 278:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment 5980: 3379: 2873: 2627: 2615: 2604: 2603: 1824:Young Communist League of Canada 1376:Holderith, Peter (25 May 2020). 1074:Naval Air Facility Midway Island 1055:Naval Air Station Patuxent River 992:Contiguous Radar Coverage System 892: 799:United States Federal Government 687:Required prime power 8.5 kW 500:, a ski-equipped version of the 469:. They went with the convoys of 29: 5223:Aircraft Control & Warning 1505: 1496: 1487: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1070:Naval Air Station Barbers Point 998:", a surface naval force of 12 903:needs additional citations for 807:dissolution of the Soviet Union 651:Average power output 400 watts 647:Peak power output 160 kilowatts 596: 230: 1395: 1369: 1356: 1329: 1167: 622:"gap filler" doppler antenna. 343:The initial contract with the 1: 1784:Canada–Soviet Union relations 1161: 1145:List of Canadian Forces bases 824:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 709: 641:Frequency range 1.22 to 1.35 426:Oliktok Long Range Radar Site 268:In addition to the secondary 5653:Abandoned sites in Greenland 1350:10.1016/0016-0032(55)90093-4 927:"Distant Early Warning Line" 884:Atlantic and Pacific Barrier 781:identification friend or foe 380:transportation, and supply. 356:tons of supplies, with many 315:Development and construction 211:prepare, but also allow the 7: 2825:Canadian Forces Air Command 1570:Big Picture: DEW Line video 1552:. Retrieved: 13 March 2009. 1155:North Atlantic Radio System 1122: 1053:and back; and the other at 750:United States Navy camp at 658:Pulse width 6.0 microsecond 352:encountered in the Arctic. 193:Canada–United States border 10: 9490: 9449:Air defence radar networks 1063:Naval Air Station Keflavik 1011:Lockheed WV-2 Warning Star 792:mutual assured destruction 670:Antenna radiation pattern 667:(300 km; 180 mi) 408:including over a month of 377:Colorado Springs, Colorado 309:distant early warning line 118:Distant Early Warning Line 49:Canada & United States 24:Distant Early Warning Line 9424: 9373: 9237: 9156: 8395: 8254: 7377: 7078: 6877: 6535: 6476: 6450: 6393: 6341: 6326: 6294: 6267: 6234: 6176: 6138: 6123: 6096: 6076: 6033: 6007: 5990: 5977: 5949: 5905: 5830: 5812: 5794: 5678: 5658: 5598: 5566: 5475: 5444: 5355: 5329: 5318: 5293: 4770: 4542: 4401: 4273: 4222: 4211: 4071: 3395: 3388: 3377: 3329: 2893: 2886: 2879:Aerospace Defense Command 2682: 2598: 2558: 2460:RCAF Station Lincoln Park 2317: 2176: 2169: 2142: 2111: 2063: 1980: 1952: 1879: 1872: 1809: 1776: 1720: 1674: 1638: 1612: 1482:Canadian Military Journal 1180:Canadian Military Journal 867:Deactivation and clean-up 282:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 219:In 1985, as part of the " 132:stations in the northern 85: 77: 67: 53: 45: 37: 28: 23: 9444:Royal Canadian Air Force 2831:Royal Canadian Air Force 2819:Royal Canadian Air Force 2676:Royal Canadian Air Force 1944:3 Cdn Div DET Wainwright 1758:Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow 1033:off Newfoundland in 1957 385:Western Electric Company 349:Royal Canadian Air Force 58:Royal Canadian Air Force 9426:Unknown or not assigned 6528:United States Air Force 2801:Canadian Aviation Corps 1661:Igor Vasilyevich Ivanov 1078:Naval Air Facility Adak 1045:, to fly orbits to the 445:LeTourneau Technologies 345:United States Air Force 81:Continental air defence 62:United States Air Force 9474:Military in the Arctic 9469:Military globalization 5950:outside municipalities 5608:(on Wikimedia Commons) 4617:Detection and Control 2264:CFB Portage la Prairie 1934:5 Cdn Div TC Aldershot 1753:Canadian Forces Europe 1606:Canada in the Cold War 1135:List of DEW Line Sites 1039:Naval Station Argentia 1034: 723: 606: 537:, outdoor and covered 506:139th Airlift Squadron 485: 428: 390:John Anderson-Thompson 324: 152:), in addition to the 113: 6085:Farm ruins discovered 2535:RCAF Aerodrome Torbay 2400:RCAF Station Dunsfold 1728:Canadian peacekeeping 1675:Alleged Soviet agents 1364:The Canadian Surveyor 1020: 1009:, and an air wing of 717: 673:Horizontal 2.8-degree 604: 563:Canadian Armed Forces 483: 423: 322: 288:, command hub of the 213:Strategic Air Command 103: 3141:Minneapolis-St. Paul 2495:RCAF North Luffenham 2189:CFB Baden-Soellingen 1939:4 Cdn Div TC Meaford 1565:DEW Line Story video 1021:An Atlantic barrier 912:improve this article 741:tropospheric scatter 591:North Warning System 587:Government of Canada 463:Transportation Corps 416:Construction process 225:North Warning System 120:, also known as the 6114:(Kangerluarsoruseq) 4245:Western Air Defense 4235:Eastern Air Defense 4230:Central Air Defense 3938:San Clemente Island 3918:Rockville (Indiana) 2134:CFNA HQ Yellowknife 1651:Mikhail Baryshnikov 1484:, Summer. 2007. 51. 813:Canadian perception 702:also began using a 575:Paramus, New Jersey 571:Air Defense Command 526:C-119 Flying Boxcar 330:69th parallel north 72:Early-warning radar 5866:Kangerluarsoruseq 4499:Sault Sainte Marie 4184:Saskatoon Mountain 3548:Continental Divide 2813:Canadian Air Force 2807:Canadian Air Force 2746:12 Wing Shearwater 2500:CFS Newport Corner 2129:CFNA HQ Whitehorse 1625:1974 Summit Series 1620:1972 Summit Series 1035: 724: 704:crystal oscillator 607: 552:Project Stretchout 486: 471:United States Navy 437:United States Army 429: 373:Streator, Illinois 325: 191:just north of the 146:Project Stretchout 128:, was a system of 126:Early Warning Line 114: 9431: 9430: 6494: 6493: 6451:Polar exploration 6446: 6445: 6290: 6289: 6092: 6091: 6078:Middle Settlement 5995:Greenlandic Norse 5975: 5974: 5620: 5619: 5594: 5593: 5314: 5313: 4207: 4206: 4104:Cut Throat Island 3943:Santa Rosa Island 3523:Cheyenne Mountain 3428:Arlington Heights 3375: 3374: 2840: 2839: 2781:List of Squadrons 2776:22 Wing North Bay 2756:15 Wing Moose Jaw 2751:14 Wing Greenwood 2721:3 Wing Bagotville 2642: 2641: 2634:Canada portal 2594: 2593: 2586:Camp Nathan Smith 2525:CFS Sioux Lookout 2455:CFS Lac St. Denis 2420:CFS Frobisher Bay 2165: 2164: 2093:Resolution Island 2044:CFD Mountain View 1914:Garrison Petawawa 1832: 1831: 1697:E. Herbert Norman 1366:, September 1975. 1317:on 25 August 2011 1229:on 5 January 2011 1003:destroyer escorts 988: 987: 980: 962: 860:The Deadly Mantis 611:Point Lay, Alaska 567:64th Air Division 556:Project Bluegrass 522:C-124 Globemaster 272:and the tertiary 257:preemptive strike 235:The shortest, or 183:, which ran from 150:Project Bluegrass 95: 94: 9481: 9412: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9382: 9366: 9356: 9346: 9336: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9296: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9251: 9246: 9230: 9220: 9210: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9165: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9074: 9064: 9034: 9029: 8999: 8974: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8919: 8899: 8889: 8839: 8834: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8779: 8774: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8639: 8634: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8574: 8529: 8519: 8509: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8474: 8388: 8368: 8348: 8338: 8318: 8298: 8288: 8278: 8268: 8142: 8023: 7986: 7869: 7854: 7819: 7814: 7784: 7604: 7587: 7468: 7463: 7453: 7423: 7350: 7330: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7217: 7207: 7197: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7112: 7107: 7092: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7026: 6996: 6976: 6956: 6946: 6936: 6916: 6838: 6828: 6808: 6803: 6793: 6748: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6606: 6601: 6581: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6486:Deltaterrasserne 6439: 6427: 6415: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6339: 6338: 6313: 6221:Bluie West Eight 6216:Bluie West Seven 6196:Bluie West Three 6158:Bluie East Three 6136: 6135: 6115: 6112:Føroyingahavnin 6040: 6039: 6025: 6014: 6013: 6005: 6004: 5998:Norsemen/Vikings 5985: 5984: 5957:Clavering Island 5926: 5918: 5897: 5869: 5861: 5848: 5701: 5676: 5675: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5327: 5326: 4220: 4219: 3948:Saratoga Springs 3828:North Charleston 3393: 3392: 3383: 3311:Wright-Patterson 2986:Fort Gregg-Adams 2891: 2890: 2877: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2766:17 Wing Winnipeg 2731:5 Wing Goose Bay 2726:4 Wing Cold Lake 2704:List of aircraft 2669: 2662: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2405:CFS Falconbridge 2340:CFS Baldy Hughes 2225: 2205: 2174: 2173: 2056: 2046: 1877: 1876: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1373: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1310:. Archived from 1309: 1301: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1261:. Archived from 1260: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1225:. Archived from 1219: 1206: 1201: 1188: 1187: 1171: 983: 976: 972: 969: 963: 961: 920: 896: 888: 518:Transport planes 492:to four-engined 449:R. G. LeTourneau 189:Vancouver Island 138:Aleutian Islands 33: 21: 20: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9380: 9369: 9364: 9354: 9344: 9334: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9294: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9249: 9244: 9233: 9228: 9218: 9208: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9163: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9072: 9062: 9032: 9027: 8997: 8972: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8917: 8897: 8887: 8837: 8832: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8777: 8772: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8637: 8632: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8572: 8527: 8517: 8507: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8472: 8391: 8386: 8366: 8346: 8336: 8316: 8296: 8286: 8276: 8266: 8250: 8140: 8021: 7984: 7867: 7852: 7817: 7812: 7782: 7602: 7585: 7466: 7461: 7451: 7421: 7373: 7348: 7328: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7215: 7205: 7195: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7110: 7105: 7090: 7074: 7064: 7054: 7044: 7034: 7024: 6994: 6974: 6954: 6944: 6934: 6914: 6873: 6836: 6826: 6806: 6801: 6791: 6746: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6579: 6531: 6525: 6495: 6490: 6472: 6442: 6433: 6421: 6405: 6389: 6373: 6372:Friedrichsthal 6365: 6357: 6335: 6322: 6311: 6303: 6286: 6282:Camp Fistclench 6269:Project Iceworm 6263: 6230: 6226:Bluie West Nine 6206:Bluie West Five 6201:Bluie West Four 6172: 6168:Bluie East Five 6163:Bluie East Four 6132: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6088: 6072: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6011: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5945: 5924: 5916: 5901: 5895: 5867: 5859: 5846: 5826: 5808: 5790: 5766:Qernertuarssuit 5699: 5693:Appaalissiorfik 5672: 5665: 5654: 5651: 5621: 5616: 5590: 5562: 5471: 5440: 5417:Supersonic Jet: 5351: 5322: 5320: 5310: 5289: 4766: 4538: 4397: 4275: 4269: 4215: 4213: 4203: 4154:Puntzi Mountain 4067: 3983:Tierra Amarilla 3953:Sault Ste Marie 3563:Crystal Springs 3384: 3371: 3325: 3241:Seymour Johnson 3221:Richards-Gebaur 2882: 2871: 2841: 2836: 2716:1 Wing Kingston 2678: 2673: 2643: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2590: 2559:Temporary bases 2554: 2445:RCAF Langar, UK 2430:CFS Gypsumville 2370:CFS Chibougamau 2355:CFS Beaverlodge 2313: 2223:Denison Armoury 2221: 2201: 2161: 2138: 2107: 2059: 2052: 2042: 1976: 1948: 1868: 1863: 1833: 1828: 1805: 1772: 1743:Mid-Canada Line 1716: 1687:Lauchlin Currie 1670: 1634: 1630:Gouzenko Affair 1608: 1603: 1561: 1556: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1357: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1268:on 3 March 2016 1265: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1221: 1220: 1209: 1202: 1191: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1125: 1086:Aleutian Island 984: 973: 967: 964: 921: 919: 909: 897: 886: 869: 842: 840:Cultural impact 819:Canadian Arctic 815: 712: 599: 589:as part of the 498:Lockheed LC-130 441:overland trains 418: 317: 270:Mid-Canada Line 233: 221:Shamrock Summit 197:Mid-Canada Line 106:Mid-Canada Line 98: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9487: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8975: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8710: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530:system numbers 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6436:Lille Koldewey 6428: 6416: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Bluie West Six 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Bluie West Two 6188: 6186:Bluie West One 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6153:Bluie East Two 6150: 6148:Bluie East One 6144: 6142: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6024:(Kilaarsarfik) 6018: 6016: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5920: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5822:Nipisat Island 5818: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711:Comer's Midden 5708: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4194:Spotted Island 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Elliston Ridge 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3588:Dauphin Island 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3261:Suffolk County 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2833:(2011–present) 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2761:16 Wing Borden 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2736:8 Wing Trenton 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2571:Canada Dry Two 2568: 2566:Canada Dry One 2562: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2545:CFS Whitehorse 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2515:CFS Senneterre 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2485:CFS Mont Apica 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425:CFS Gloucester 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2350:CFS Beausejour 2347: 2345:CFS Barrington 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325:CFS Aldergrove 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294:CFB Summerside 2291: 2286: 2284:CFB St. Hubert 2281: 2279:CFB Shearwater 2276: 2274:CFB Rockcliffe 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2216: 2214:CFB Cornwallis 2211: 2206: 2203:ASU Chilliwack 2199:CFB Chilliwack 2196: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2083:Cape Kiglapait 2080: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990:CFB Bagotville 1986: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1972:CFS St. John's 1969: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929:CFB Valcartier 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1559:External links 1557: 1555: 1554: 1538: 1526: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1394: 1368: 1355: 1344:(6): 481–490. 1328: 1279: 1240: 1207: 1189: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1121: 986: 985: 900: 898: 891: 885: 882: 868: 865: 841: 838: 814: 811: 711: 708: 695: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 678: 677: 674: 668: 665:nautical miles 661: 660: 659: 649: 648: 645: 638: 637: 598: 595: 516:in Greenland. 502:C-130 Hercules 417: 414: 358:Caterpillar D8 316: 313: 249:nuclear strike 232: 229: 201:bistatic radar 96: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9486: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6412:Sabine Island 6409: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6374:(Narsarmijit) 6370: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6038:(Eystribyggð) 6032: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6012:(Vestribyggð) 6006: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5968: 5967:Sabine Island 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5917:(Lichtenfels) 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5868:(Færingehavn) 5864: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Qaqortuatsiaq 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599:Miscellaneous 5597: 5587: 5586:Texas Tower 4 5584: 5582: 5581:Texas Tower 3 5579: 5577: 5576:Texas Tower 2 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387:Subsonic Jet: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5317: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:San Francisco 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Oklahoma City 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4210: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:Sioux Lookout 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094:Cape Makkovik 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4048:Winston-Salem 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968:Snow Mountain 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Oklahoma City 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583:Dallas Center 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:Bellefontaine 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342:Frobisher Bay 3340: 3338: 3337:Ernest Harmon 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3161:Niagara Falls 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2916:Davis-Monthan 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771:19 Wing Comox 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741:9 Wing Gander 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697:Installations 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2520:CFS Shelburne 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2475:CFS Mill Cove 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410:CFS Flin Flon 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2385:CFS Coverdale 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375:CFS Churchill 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2335:CFS Armstrong 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2229:CFB Griesbach 2227: 2224: 2220: 2219:CFB Downsview 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2078:Cape Kakiviak 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2035:CFB North Bay 2033: 2031: 2030:CFB Moose Jaw 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:CFB Greenwood 2018: 2016: 2015:CFB Goose Bay 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 2000:CFB Cold Lake 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962:CFB Esquimalt 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1818:Radar Station 1815: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1768:CIM-10 Bomarc 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748:Pinetree Line 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1666:Yuri Bezmenov 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 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Kingston 1899:CFB Gagetown 1894:CFB Edmonton 1816: 1737: 1707:John Watkins 1692:Gordon Lunan 1549: 1541: 1517:. 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Sawyer 3011:Grand Forks 2971:Ethan Allen 2827:(1975–2011) 2821:(1924–1968) 2815:(1920–1924) 2809:(1918–1920) 2803:(1914–1915) 2621:WikiProject 2581:Camp Mirage 2576:Camp Julien 2550:CFS Yorkton 2465:CFS Lowther 2435:CFS Holberg 2380:CFS Cobourg 2360:CFS Bermuda 2304:CFB Uplands 2299:CFB Toronto 2254:CFB Penhold 2244:CFB Moncton 2209:CFB Clinton 2194:CFB Chatham 2184:CFB Calgary 2124:CFS Leitrim 2054:CFD Dundurn 2040:CFB Trenton 1967:CFB Halifax 1712:Emma Woikin 1656:Tamás Buday 1519:16 February 1082:Adak Island 1047:Lajes Field 737:White Alice 579:air defence 490:bush planes 447:, owned by 424:POW-2, now 410:polar night 394:snowmobiles 301:Bell System 172:during the 9438:Categories 6364:Lichtenau 6178:Bluie West 6140:Bluie East 6048:Brattahlíð 5923:Alluitsoq 5860:(Håbets Ø) 5847:(Kap Hope) 5832:Sermersooq 5796:Qeqertalik 5786:Sermermiut 5771:Qilakitsoq 5751:Narsaarsuk 5736:Itissaalik 5543:Skywatcher 5362:Propeller: 5330:Electronic 4534:Washington 4514:Sioux City 4469:Montgomery 4265:Fourteenth 4099:Cartwright 4089:Beausejour 4038:Winnemucca 4033:Willow Run 4003:Two Creeks 3973:Sweetwater 3823:North Bend 3803:Mount Hebo 3778:Miles City 3733:Las Cruces 3713:Kirksville 3688:Hutchinson 3668:Hanna City 3648:Gettysburg 3623:Flintstone 3558:Cross City 3553:Cottonwood 3518:Charleston 3463:Brookfield 3448:Belleville 3362:Pepperrell 3321:Youngstown 3286:Vandenberg 3246:Sioux City 3201:Pittsburgh 3156:New Castle 2991:Fort Heath 2911:Charleston 2530:CFS Sydney 2510:CFS Saglek 2505:CFS Ramore 2480:CFS Moisie 2470:CFS Masset 2450:CFS Ladner 2395:CFS Debert 2330:CFS Alsask 2269:CFB Rivers 2259:CFB Picton 2249:CFB Ottawa 2239:CFB London 2088:Cartwright 2010:CFB Gander 1995:CFB Borden 1889:CFB Borden 1777:Government 1162:References 938:newspapers 710:Operations 699:permafrost 627:AN/FPS-117 494:turboprops 241:North Pole 7337:A/B/E/F/N 6468:North Ice 6419:Edelweiss 6408:Hansa Bay 6395:Wehrmacht 6385:Idlorpait 6358:(Akunnat) 5941:Østprøven 5931:Idlorpait 5894:Uunarteq 5804:Qullissat 5726:Illorsuit 5680:Avannaata 5528:Protector 5294:Squadrons 4276:Divisions 4169:Rockville 4164:Red Cliff 4079:Armstrong 4028:West Mesa 4018:Watertown 3978:Texarkana 3908:Rochester 3903:Red Bluff 3773:Mica Peak 3743:Lewistown 3738:Las Vegas 3728:Lake City 3678:Highlands 3593:Dickinson 3528:Claysburg 3468:Brunswick 3316:Wurtsmith 3236:Selfridge 3216:R.I. Bong 3126:McClellan 3111:Malmstrom 3066:Kincheloe 3041:Homestead 2956:Ellsworth 2951:Ellington 2119:CFS Alert 2005:CFB Comox 1982:Air Force 1919:CFB Shilo 1702:Fred Rose 1639:Defectors 1031:(DER-255) 1029:Sellstrom 788:submarine 777:Anchorage 769:Goose Bay 620:AN/FPS-23 615:AN/FPS-19 543:bulldozer 398:dog sleds 362:wannigans 292:(NORAD). 264:(BMEWS). 158:Greenland 41:1957–1993 6463:Eismitte 6424:Dove Bay 6403:Holzauge 6343:Moravian 6318:Rodebaai 6236:DEW line 6128:American 6035:Eastern 6022:Sandnæs 6009:Western 5962:Pituffik 5915:Akunnat 5907:Kujalleq 5853:Ivittuut 5840:Ikkatteq 5746:Moriusaq 5721:Ikermiut 5688:Annoatok 5553:Watchman 5538:Searcher 5483:Guardian 5445:Missiles 5356:Fighters 4777:Fighter 4549:Fighter 4529:Syracuse 4489:Portland 4474:New York 4149:Melville 4139:Langanes 4129:Kamloops 4124:Hopedale 4072:Overseas 3963:Snelling 3913:Rockport 3798:Moriarty 3748:Lockport 3638:Fort Lee 3628:Fordland 3603:Eldorado 3578:Cut Bank 3538:Colville 3513:Chandler 3498:Cape Cod 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