District heating - Knowledge

363:, distributes heat at near ambient ground temperature: this in principle minimizes heat losses to the ground and reduces the need for extensive insulation. Each building on the network uses a heat pump in its own plant room to extract heat from the ambient circuit when it needs heat, and uses the same heat pump in reverse to reject heat when it needs cooling. In periods of simultaneous cooling and heating demands this allows waste heat from cooling to be used in heat pumps at those buildings which need heating. The overall temperature within the ambient circuit is preferably controlled by heat exchange with an aquifer or another low temperature water source to remain within a temperature range from 10 °C to 25 °C. 1421: 1586:

equipment. District heating networks, heat-only boiler stations, and cogeneration plants require high initial capital expenditure and financing. Only if considered as long-term investments will these translate into profitable operations for the owners of district heating systems, or combined heat and power plant operators. District heating is less attractive for areas with low population densities, as the investment per household is considerably higher. Also it is less attractive in areas of many small buildings; e.g. detached houses than in areas with a fewer larger buildings; e.g. blocks of flats, because each connection to a single-family house is quite expensive.

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to significantly larger pipe diameters than in prior generations. Due to the requirement of each connected building in the fifth generation district heating and cooling systems to have their own heat pump the system can be used both as a heat source or a heat sink for the heat pump, depending on if it is operated in a heating and cooling mode. As with prior generations the pipe network is an infrastructure that in principle provides an open access for various low temperature heat sources, such as ambient heat, ambient water from rivers, lakes, sea, or lagoons, and waste heat from industrial or commercial sources.

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25% by 2020 and has passed supporting legislation accordingly in "Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology", (BMWi), Germany, August 2007. The UK is also actively supporting district heating. In the light of UK's goal to achieve an 80% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, the government had set a target to source at least 15% of government electricity from CHP by 2010. Other UK measures to encourage CHP growth are financial incentives, grant support, a greater regulatory framework, and government leadership and partnership.

3207: 1405: 52: 1364: 3008: 1681: 2391: 1445: 1310:, power station outfall, sewage treatment works outfall (all typically between 0 ˚C and 25 ˚C), is boosted up to the network temperature of typically 60 ˚C to 90 ˚C using heat pumps. These devices, although consuming electricity, will transfer a heat output three to six times larger than the amount of electricity consumed. An example of a district system using a heat pump to source heat from raw sewage is in Oslo, Norway that has a heat output of 18 MW(thermal). 2571: 2355: 537: 2065: 2291:

market. The state owns and operates large co-generation plants that produce district heat and electricity in six cities (Bratislava, Košice, Žilina, Trnava, Zvolen and Martin). Multiple companies can operate in one city, which is the case in larger cities. A large share of DH is produced by small natural gas heat boilers connected to blocks of buildings. In 2014, nearly 40% of the total DH generation was from natural gas boilers, other than co-generation.

1254: 2274:. Since then, numerous plants have been built to heat the ever-growing city. They use natural gas as fuel, because it has less of an effect on the environment. The district heating system of Belgrade possesses 112 heat sources of 2,454 MW capacity, over 500 km of pipeline, and 4,365 connection stations, providing district heating to 240,000 apartments and 7,500 office/commercial buildings of total floor area exceeding 17,000,000 square meters. 3393: 32: 64: 1649:

efficiency and cogeneration are recognized in the opening paragraphs of the European Union's Cogeneration Directive 2004/08/EC. This directive intends to support cogeneration and establish a method for calculating cogeneration abilities per country. The development of cogeneration has been very uneven over the years and has been dominated throughout the last decades by national circumstances.

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other consumers (mostly commercial). The three BEG production plants use natural gas as a fuel source. There is also one cogeneration plant TE-TO AD Skopje producing heat delivered to the Skopje district heating system. The share of cogeneration in DH production was 47% in 2017. The distribution and supply of district heating is carried out by companies owned by BEG.

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assembled on site, and heavy equipment. A main reason for these systems was the primary energy savings, which arose from using combined heat and power plants. While also used in other countries, typical systems of this generation were the Soviet-style district heating systems that were built after WW2 in several countries in Eastern Europe.

477:, they can be an advantageous alternative to the combustion of fossil hydrocarbons. However, only a small minority of the nuclear reactors currently in operation around the world are connected to a district heating network. These reactors are in Bulgaria, China, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine. 1347:, Norway, which is supplied by seawater-source heatpumps that use R717 refrigerant, and has been operating since 2011. 90 °C water is delivered to the district loop (and returns at 65 °C). Heat is extracted from seawater (from 60-foot (18 m) depth) that is 8 to 9 °C all year round, giving an average 371:

different generations, as the individualization of the heat generation moves the comparison from being a simple distribution system efficiency comparison to a supply system efficiency comparison, where both the heat generation efficiency as well as the distribution system efficiency needs to be included.

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pump evaporator). The output from the heat pump is then a dedicated loop for the user at 40 ˚C to 70 ˚C. Therefore, the overall network capacity has changed as the total temperature difference of the loop has varied from 80 to 40 ˚C to 80 ˚C–x (x being a value lower than 40 ˚C).

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A large scale district heating system known as the Neighbourhood Energy Utility in the South East False Creek area is in initial operations with natural gas boilers and serves the 2010 Olympic Village. The untreated sewage heat recovery system began operations in January 2010, supplying 70% of annual

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District heating has rather little legal framework in Germany. There is no law on it as most elements of district heating are regulated in governmental or regional orders. There is no governmental support for district heating networks but a law to support cogeneration plants. As in the European Union

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The EU has actively incorporated cogeneration into its energy policy via the CHP Directive. In September 2008 at a hearing of the European Parliament's Urban Lodgment Intergroup, Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs is quoted as saying, "security of supply really starts with energy efficiency." Energy

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District heating requires a long-term financial commitment that fits poorly with a focus on short-term returns on investment. Benefits to the community include avoided costs of energy through the use of surplus and wasted heat energy, and reduced investment in individual household or building heating

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While network piping for ambient ground temperature networks is less expensive to install per pipe diameter than in earlier generations, as it does not need the same degree of insulation for the piping circuits, it has to be kept in mind that the lower temperature difference of the pipe network leads

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Generally, all modern district heating systems are demand driven, meaning that the heat supplier reacts to the demand from the consumers and ensures that there is sufficient temperature and water pressure to deliver the demanded heat to the users. The five generations have defining features that sets

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commenced operations in 1968. The air quality in the immediate vicinity of the plant, has been measured with significantly reduced ozone levels. The 2012 conversion of the plant, which changed the fuel input from coal to natural gas, is expected to further improve air quality at both the local César

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As a whole, the European Union currently generates 11% of its electricity using cogeneration, saving Europe an estimated 35 Mtoe per annum. However, there are large differences between the member states, with energy savings ranging from 2% to 60%. Europe has the three countries with the world's most

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In the United Kingdom there have been complaints that district heating companies have too much of a monopoly and are insufficiently regulated, an issue the industry is aware of, and has taken steps to improve consumer experience through the use of customer charters as set out by the Heat Trust. Some

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are being used with district heating networks to maximise efficiency and financial returns. This allows cogeneration units to be run at times of maximum electrical tariff, the electrical production having much higher rates of return than heat production, whilst storing the excess heat production. It

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In Finland district heating accounts for about 50% of the total heating market, 80% of which is produced by combined heat and power plants. Over 90% of apartment blocks, more than half of all terraced houses, and the bulk of public buildings and business premises are connected to a district heating

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provide 22% of the total in producing 116 GWh electric power and 1,220 GWh heat. Waste heat from municipal power plants and large industrial plants account for 72% of the total. The remaining 6% is produced by peak heating boilers from fossil fuel. A biomass-fired power plant has produced

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who serve as an information hub for the most recent updates within Europe's energy policy. COGEN is Europe's umbrella organization representing the interests of the cogeneration industry, users of the technology and promoting its benefits in the EU and the wider Europe. The association is backed by

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According to the IEA 2008 modelling of cogeneration expansion for the G8 countries, expansion of cogeneration in France, Germany, Italy and the UK alone would effectively double the existing primary fuel savings by 2030. This would increase Europe's savings from today's 155 TWh to 465 TWh

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Other European countries are also making great efforts to increase their efficiency. Germany reports that over 50% of the country's total electricity demand could be provided through cogeneration. Germany set a target to double its electricity cogeneration from 12.5% of the country's electricity to

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A modern building with a low-temperature internal heat distribution system can install an efficient heat pump delivering heat output at 45 °C. An older building with a higher-temperature internal distribution system e.g. using radiators will require a high-temperature heat pump to deliver heat

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and was first introduced in the US in the 1880s and became popular in some European countries, too. It was state of the art until the 1930s. These systems piped very high-temperature steam through concrete ducts, and were therefore not very efficient, reliable, or safe. Nowadays, this generation is

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electricity generation. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon

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Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/1149 of 3 August 2020 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards diisocyanates: (EU) 2020/1149. In: Official

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District Energy St. Paul operates the largest hot water district heating system in North America and generates the majority of its energy from an adjacent biomass-fueled combined heat and power plant. In March 2011, a 1 MWh thermal solar array was integrated into the system, consisting of 144

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The heat production comes mostly from natural gas and biomass sources, and 54% of the heat in district heating is generated through cogeneration. The distribution system consists of 2800 km of pipes. Warm and hot water are the most common heat carriers, but older high-pressure steam transport

1989:. Heat is supplied from the Hellisheiði (200MWth) and Nesjavellir (300MWth) CHP plants, as well as a few lower temperature fields inside Reykjavik. Heating demand has increased steadily as the population has grown, necessitating enlargement of thermal water production in the Hellisheiði CHP plant. 370:

Based on the above description it is clear that there is a fundamental difference between the 5GDHC and the prior generations of district heating, particularly in the individualization of the heat generation. This critical system has a significant impact when comparing the efficiencies between the

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District heating is only available in Skopje. Balkan Energy Group (BEG) operates three DH production plants, which cover majority of the network, and supply heat to around 60,000 households in Skopje, more than 80 buildings in the educational sector (schools and kindergartens) and more than 1,000

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Sweden provides an alternative example where the heating market is deregulated. In Sweden it is most common that the ownership of the district heating network is not separated from the ownership of the cogeneration plants, the district cooling network or the centralized heat pumps. There are also

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Where the network has reached capacity, large individual load users can be decoupled from the hot feed pipe, say 80 ˚C and coupled to the return pipe, at e.g. 40 ˚C. By adding a heat pump locally to this user, the 40 ˚C pipe is cooled further (the heat being delivered into the heat

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at 27 MW and Marstal at 13 MW in Denmark. These systems have been incrementally expanded to supply 10% to 40% of their villages' annual space heating needs. The solar-thermal panels are ground-mounted in fields. The heat storage is pit storage, borehole cluster and the traditional water

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In the case of a cogeneration plant, the heat output is typically sized to meet half of the peak winter heat load, but over the year will provide 90% of the heat supplied. Much of the heat produced in summer will generally be wasted. The boiler capacity will be able to meet the entire heat demand

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In Iceland the prevailing positive influence on DH is availability of easily captured geothermal heat. In most Eastern European countries, energy planning included development of cogeneration and district heating. Negative influence in the Netherlands and UK can be attributed partially to milder

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In Germany district heating has a market share of around 14% in the residential buildings sector. The connected heat load is around 52,729 MW. The heat comes mainly from cogeneration plants (83%). Heat-only boilers supply 16% and 1% is surplus heat from industry. The cogeneration plants use

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After generation, the heat is distributed to the customer via a network of insulated pipes. District heating systems consist of feed and return lines. Usually the pipes are installed underground but there are also systems with overground pipes. The DH system's start-up and shut downs, as well as

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In the future, industrial heat pumps will be further de-carbonised by using, on one side, excess renewable electrical energy (otherwise spilled due to meeting of grid demand) from wind, solar, etc. and, on the other side, by making more of renewable heat sources (lake and ocean heat, geothermal,

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as the working fluid (refrigerant) for large heat pumps. Whilst leakage is not usually measured, it is generally reported to be relatively low, such as 1% (compared to 25% for supermarket cooling systems). A 30-megawatt heatpump could therefore leak (annually) around 75 kg of R134a or other

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As a means of recovering heat from the cooling loop of a power plant to increase either the level of flue gas heat recovery (as the district heating plant return pipe is now cooled by the heat pump) or by cooling the closed steam loop and artificially lowering the condensing pressure and thereby

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In the 1970s the third generation was developed and was subsequently used in most of the following systems all over the world. This generation is also called the "Scandinavian district heating technology", because many of the district heating component manufacturers are based in Scandinavia. The

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With European countries such as Germany and Denmark moving to very high levels (80% and 100% respectively by 2050) of renewable energy for all energy uses there will be increasing periods of excess production of renewable electrical energy. Heat pumps can take advantage of this surplus of cheap

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generation, for example by using heat pumps to integrate surplus electric power as heat when there is much wind energy or providing electricity from biomass plants when back-up power is needed. Therefore, large scale heat pumps are regarded as a key technology for smart energy systems with high

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The second generation was developed in the 1930s and was built until the 1970s. It burned coal and oil, and the energy was transmitted through pressurized hot water as the heat carrier. The systems usually had supply temperatures above 100 °C, and used water pipes in concrete ducts, mostly

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In terms of the market structure, there were 338 heat suppliers licensed to produce and/or distribute heat in 2016, of which 87% were both producers and distributors. Most are small companies that operate in a single municipality, but some large companies such as Veolia are also present in the

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Slovakia's centralised heating system covers more than 54% of the overall demand for heat. In 2015 approximately 1.8 million citizens, 35% of the total population of Slovakia, were served by district heating. The infrastructure was built mainly during the 1960s and 1980s. In recent years large

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In Norway district heating only constitutes approximately 2% of energy needs for heating. This is a very low number compared to similar countries. One of the main reasons district heating has a low penetration in Norway is access to cheap hydro-based electricity, and 80% of private electricity

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with more expected as the government has mandated a transition away from natural gas for all homes in the country by 2050. The town of Heerlen has developed a grid using water in disused coalmines as a source and storage for heat and cold. This is a good example of a 5th generation heating and

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In Stockholm, the first heat pump was installed in 1977 to deliver district heating sourced from IBM servers. Today the installed capacity is about 660 MW heat, using treated sewage water, sea water, district cooling, data centers and grocery stores as heat sources. Another example is the

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In 2009, 40% of Polish households used district heating, most of them in urban areas. Heat is provided primarily by combined heat and power plants, most of which burn hard coal. The largest district heating system is in Warsaw, owned and operated by Veolia Warszawa, distributing approx. 34 PJ

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Examples are Warsaw which has such split ownership with PGNiG Termika owning the cogeneration unit, the Veolia owning 85% of the heat distribution, the rest of the heat distribution is owned by municipality and workers. Similarly all the large CHP/CH schemes in Denmark are of split ownership.

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plants. Heat recovered from waste incineration accounted for 20.4% of the total Danish district heat production. In 2013, Denmark imported 158,000 ton waste for incineration. Most major cities in Denmark have big district heating networks, including transmission networks operating with up to

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to encourage conservation and maximize the number of customers which can be served, but such meters are expensive. Due to the expense of heat metering, an alternative approach is simply to meter the water – water meters are much cheaper than heat meters, and have the advantage of encouraging

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As a means of cooling flue gas scrubbing working fluid (typically water) from 60 ˚C post-injection to 20 ˚C pre-injection temperatures. Heat is recovered using a heat pump and can be sold and injected into the network side of the facility at a much higher temperature (e.g. about

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area operated by CTR I/S and VEKS I/S. In central Copenhagen, the CTR network serves 275,000 households (90–95% of the area's population) through a network of 54 km double district heating distribution pipes providing a peak capacity of 663 MW, some of which is combined with

1977:, Iceland is the country with the highest penetration of district heating. There are 117 local district heating systems supplying towns as well as rural areas with hot water – reaching almost all of the population. The average price is around US$ 0.027 per kWh of hot water. 378:

A larger example of a fifth generation heating and cooling grid is Mijnwater in Heerlen, the Netherlands. In this case the distinguishing feature is a unique access to an abandoned water-filled coal mine within the city boundary that provides a stable heat source for the system.

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District heating has various advantages compared to individual heating systems. Usually district heating is more energy efficient, due to simultaneous production of heat and electricity in combined heat and power generation plants. This has the added benefit of reducing

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from an adjacent landfill, providing the university with 100% of its heat and power needs without burning oil or natural gas. North Dakota State University (NDSU) in Fargo, North Dakota has used district heating for over a century from their coal-fired heating plant.

2996:, however the former would end service in 2010 and the latter in 2017, attributing aging infrastructure and capital expenses to their closures. In 2019, Concord replaced a number of remaining pipes with more efficient ones for a smaller steam system heating only the 1594:

In many cases large combined heat and power district heating schemes are owned by a single entity. This was typically the case in the old Eastern bloc countries. However, for many schemes, the ownership of the cogeneration plant is separate from the heat using part.

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fluctuations on heat demand and ambient temperature, induce thermal and mechanical cycling on the pipes due to the thermal expansion. The axial expansion of the pipes is partially counteracted by frictional forces acting between the ground and the casing, with the

2228:. Owned and operated by RADET, it distributes approximately 24 PJ annually, serving 570 000 households. This corresponds to 68% of Bucharest's total domestic heat requirements (RADET fulfills another 4% through single-building boiler systems, for a total of 72%). 303:

Compared to the previous generations the temperature levels have been reduced to increase the energy efficiency of the system, with supply side temperatures of 70 °C and lower. Potential heat sources are waste heat from industry, CHP plants burning waste,

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each year when compared to conventional sources of energy – electricity from the national grid and heat generated by individual boilers. There are currently over 140 buildings connected to the district heating network. These include city landmarks such as the

1907:, where there are five power plants (thermal power stations or TPS in particular) providing heat to the majority of the largest towns and cities of the area and some villages. The first small installation took place in Ptolemaida in 1960, offering heating to 2627:

which provides heating to up to 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m) of new and existing residential and commercial buildings. The District Energy Centre began operations in March 2010 providing heat to its first customer, the City of Calgary Municipal

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District heating in Vienna is run by Wien Energie. In the business year of 2004/2005 a total of 5,163 GWh was sold, 1,602 GWh to 251,224 private apartments and houses and 3,561 GWh to 5211 major customers. The three large municipal waste

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third generation uses prefabricated, pre-insulated pipes, which are directly buried into the ground and operates with lower temperatures, usually below 100 °C. A primary motivation for building these systems was security of supply by improving the

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began to use combined heat and power district heating, taking advantage of geothermal heat "trapped" in the area. The geothermal heat provided by the well works in conjunction with the Combined Heat and Power scheme. Geothermal energy provides 15–20%,

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from the Battery through 96th Street. In addition to providing space- and water-heating, steam from the system is used in numerous restaurants for food preparation, for process heat in laundries and dry cleaners, for steam sterilization, and to power

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10%, and natural gas 70% of the total heat input for this scheme and the combined heat and power generators use conventional fuels to make electricity. "Waste heat" from this process is recovered for distribution through the 11 km mains network.

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district heating system serves around 230,000 residents had an maximum thermal power output of 830 MW. In 2018, the average annual heating demand in the Reykjavik area was 473MW. It is the largest district heating system in Iceland and is operated by

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Ottawa, contains a significant district heating and cooling system serving the large number of federal government buildings in the city. The system loop contains nearly 4,000 m (1 million US gal) of chilled or heated water at any

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Sweden has a long tradition for using district heating (fjärrvärme) in urban areas. In 2015, about 60% of Sweden's houses (private and commercial) were heated by district heating, according to the Swedish association of district heating. The city of

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refrigerant (R744, GWP=1) or ammonia (R717, GWP=0) also have the benefit, depending on operating conditions, of resulting in higher heat pump efficiency than conventional refrigerants. An example is a 14 MW(thermal) district heating network in

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Since conditions from city to city differ, every district heating system is unique. In addition, nations have different access to primary energy carriers and so they have a different approach on how to address heating markets within their borders.

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has simplified the laying methods, employing cold laying instead of expansion facilities like compensators or U-bends, being so more cost effective. Pre-insulated pipes sandwich assembly composed of a steel heat service pipe, an insulating layer

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In 1890, the first wells were drilled to access a hot water resource outside of Boise, Idaho. In 1892, after routing the water to homes and businesses in the area via a wooden pipeline, the first geothermal district heating system was created.

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has an online map of district heating installations in the UK. ADE estimates that 54 percent of energy used to produce electricity is being wasted via conventional power production, which relates to £9.5 billion ($ US12.5 billion) per year.

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Penetration of district heating (DH) into the heat market varies by country. Penetration is influenced by different factors, including environmental conditions, availability of heat sources, economics, and economic and legal framework. The

1351:(COP) of about 3.15. In the process the seawater is chilled to 4 °C; however, this resource is not used. In a district system where the chilled water could be used for air conditioning, the effective COP would be considerably higher. 1542:) which lacked heat metering and means to adjust the heat delivery to each apartment. This led to great inefficiencies – users had to simply open windows when too hot – wasting energy and minimising the numbers of connectable customers. 600:

Direct use geothermal district heating systems, which tap geothermal reservoirs and distribute the hot water to multiple buildings for a variety of uses, are uncommon in the United States, but have existed in America for over a century.

1558:, using a network of large 1000 mm diameter primary pipes linked to secondary pipes – e.g. 200 mm diameter, which in turn link to tertiary pipes that might be of 25 mm diameter which might connect to 10 to 50 houses. 5783: 2840:

Denver's district steam system is the oldest continuously operated commercial district heating system in the world. It began service November 5, 1880, and continues to serve 135 customers. The system is partially powered by the

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In North America, district heating systems fall into two general categories. Those that are owned by and serve the buildings of a single entity are considered institutional systems. All others fall into the commercial category.

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Verhoeven, R.; et al. (2014). "Minewater 2.0 Project in Heerlen the Netherlands: Transformation of a Geothermal Mine Water Pilot Project into a Full Scale Hybrid Sustainable Energy Infrastructure for Heating and Cooling".

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required for its manufacturing has caused a restriction on their use. This has triggered research on alternative insulating foam fitting the application, which include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene (PB-1).

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also allows solar heat to be collected in summer and redistributed off season in very large but relatively low-cost in-ground insulated reservoirs or borehole systems. The expected heat loss at the 203,000m³ insulated pond in

2038:, County Kerry has a 1 MW district heating system providing heat to an apartment complex, sheltered housing for the elderly, a library and over 100 individual houses. The system is fuelled by locally produced wood chip. 5304:

Connolly, David; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Østergaard, Poul Alberg; Möller, Bernd; Nielsen, Steffen; Lund, Henrik; Persson, Urban; Werner, Sven; Grözinger, Jan; Boermans, Thomas; Bosquet, Michelle; Trier, Daniel (27 May 2013).

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As of a 2007 study, there were 22 geothermal district heating systems (GDHS) in the United States. As of 2010, two of those systems have shut down. The table below describes the 20 GDHS currently operational in America.

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in China started operating in 2018 and started supplying small scale heat to the Haiyang city area in 2020. By November 2022, the plant used 345 MW-thermal effect to heat 200,000 homes, replacing 12 coal heating plants.

6288: 462:. It is not technically necessary for the nuclear reactor to be very close to the district heating network, as heat can be transported over significant distances (exceeding 200 km) with affordable losses, using 7216:

Plant Description: ... The facility also supplies steam for delivery to Xcel Energy's thermal energy customers in downtown Denver. ... Plant History: Zuni Station was originally built in 1900 and called the LaCombe

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cleaning than single boiler systems. In the case of surplus heat from industries, district heating systems do not use additional fuel because they recover heat which would otherwise be dispersed to the environment.

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Denmark has one geothermal plant in operation in Thisted since 1984. Two other plants are now closed, located in Copenhagen (2005-2019), and Sønderborg (2013-2018). Both suffered issues with fine sand and blockages

6592: 5766: 4750: 2642:, is launching a District Energy Sharing System (DESS) in phases. A geo-exchange field went online in 2019, and Blatchford's energy utility is in the planning and design phase for a sewage heat exchange system. 5427: 1632:. A separate study, entitled Heat Roadmap Europe, has indicated that district heating can reduce the price of energy in the European Union between now and 2050. The legal framework in the member states of the 2980:

BPU of Jamestown NY operates a second generation water district heating system. It was put into operation in 1984, runs from the BPU electrical plant and provides heat to the business district at Fahrenheit.

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in Norway which produces 14 MW from water at just 8 °C, industrial heat pumps are demonstrated heat sources for district heating networks. Among the ways that industrial heat pumps can be used are:

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The California Department of General Services runs a central plant providing district heating to four million square feet in 23 state-owned buildings, including the State Capitol, using high-pressure steam

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is used in northern areas where peat is a local resource. Renewables, such as wood chips and other paper industry combustible by-products, are also used, as is the energy recovered by the incineration of

299:"Ability to ensure suitable planning, cost and motivation structures in relation to the operation as well as to strategic investments related to the transformation into future sustainable energy systems". 296:"Ability to be an integrated part of smart energy systems (i.e. integrated smart electricity, gas, fluid and thermal grids) including being an integrated part of 4th Generation District Cooling systems." 4972:

EN 253:2019. District heating pipes. Bonded single pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks. Factory made pipe assembly of steel service pipe, polyurethane thermal insulation and a casing of

2160:. The first district heating system was constructed in Riga in 1952. Each major city has a local company responsible for the generation, administration, and maintenance of the district heating system. 7749: 7195: 7494: 5571: 2944:

Cleveland Thermal operates a district steam (since 1894) from the Canal Road plant near The Flats and district cooling system (since 1993) from Hamilton Avenue plant on the bluffs east of downtown.

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has become quite serious, many cities gradually are now using natural gas rather than coal in district heating system. There is also some amount of geothermal heating and sea heat pump systems.

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the key players in the industry including gas and electricity companies, ESCOs, equipment suppliers, consultancies, national promotion organisations, financial and other service companies.

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The country's first large-scale plant is being developed near Aarhus, and by the end of 2030, it is expected to be able to cover approximately 20% of the district heating demand in Aarhus.

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customers are taking legal action against the supplier for Misrepresentation & Unfair Trading, claiming district Heating is not delivering the savings promised by many heat suppliers.

287:"Ability to supply low-temperature district heating for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) to existing buildings, energy-renovated existing buildings and new low-energy buildings." 2789:(Con Ed) operates the New York City steam system, the largest commercial district heating system in the United States. The system has operated continuously since March 3, 1882 and serves 7065: 5590: 1841:. Industrial units which generate heat as an industrial by-product may sell otherwise waste heat to the network rather than release it into the environment. Excess heat and power from 1500:

generation. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for district heating, although they have higher heat capacities than water, as they are expensive and have environmental issues.

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Mola-Yudego, B; Pelkonen, P. (2011). "Pulling effects of district heating plants on the adoption and spread of willow plantations for biomass: The power plant In Enköping (Sweden)".

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125 °C and 25 bar pressure and distribution networks operating with up to 95 °C and between 6 and 10 bar pressure. The largest district heating system in Denmark is in the

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can be 20–35% efficient, whereas a more advanced facility with the ability to recover waste heat can reach total energy efficiency of nearly 80%. Some may approach 100% based on the

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are also used in the energy mix. For example, Paris has been using geothermal heating from a 55–70 °C source 1–2 km below the surface for domestic heating since the 1970s.

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after the two oil crises led to disruption of the oil supply. Therefore, those systems usually used coal, biomass and waste as energy sources, in preference to oil. In some systems,

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In the United Kingdom, district heating became popular after World War II, but on a restricted scale, to heat the large residential estates that replaced dwellings destroyed by the

3152:), there are nearly no district heating systems. In northern China, district heating systems are common. Most district heating system which are just for heating instead of CHP use 382:

A fifth generation network ("Balanced Energy Network", BEN) was installed in 2016 at two large buildings of the London South Bank University as a research and development project.

158:

in France is generally regarded as the first real district heating system. It used geothermal energy to provide heat for about 30 houses and started operation in the 14th century.

1859:

next to the President's palace releases excess heat into neighboring homes, producing enough heat to heat approximately 500 large houses. A quarter of a million households around

1812:. The consumer price of heat from CTR is approximately €49 per MWh plus taxes (2009). Several towns have central solar heating with various types of thermal energy storage. 2418:. In 2013 there were 1,765 district heating schemes, with 920 based in London alone. In total around 210,000 homes and 1,700 businesses are supplied by heat networks in the UK. 4165: 1624:

Since 1954, district heating has been promoted in Europe by Euroheat & Power. They have compiled an analysis of district heating and cooling markets in Europe within their

484:

in Sweden was an early example of nuclear cogeneration, providing small quantities of both heat and electricity to a suburb of the country's capital between 1964 and 1974. The

5638: 1158: 514:

Christer Dahlgren noted that district heating could be the impetus for the construction of new nuclear power plants in the future. EIC's own open-source SMR blueprint design,

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operates a heated and chilled water system from their existing coal plant. They have announced their new natural gas cogeneration plant will continue to provide this service.

1931:

using nearby power plants. In Serres the power plant is a Hi-Efficiency CHP Plant using natural gas, while coal is the primary fuel for all other district heating networks.

1561:

Some district heating schemes might only be sized to meet the needs of a small village or area of a city in which case only the secondary and tertiary pipes will be needed.

234:

technologically outdated. However, some of these systems are still in use, for example in New York or Paris. Other systems originally built have subsequently been upgraded.

68: 5992: 4763: 3019:

District heating is also used on many college campuses, often in combination with district cooling and electricity generation. Colleges using district heating include the

2615:

District Heating is becoming a growing industry in Canadian cities, with many new systems being built in the last ten years. Some of the major systems in Canada include:

458:

can be injected into district heating networks. This does not contaminate the district pipes with radioactive elements, as the heat is transferred to the network through

221:

them apart from the prior generations. The feature of each generation can be used to give an indication of the development status of an existing district heating system.

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unaided and can cover for breakdowns in the cogeneration plant. It is not economic to size the cogeneration plant alone to be able to meet the full heat load. In the

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Historically, district heating was primarily used in urban areas of the US, but by 1985, it was mainly used in institutions. A handful of smaller municipalities in

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is in Prague owned and operated by Pražská teplárenská, serving 265,000 households and selling c. 13 PJ of heat annually. Most of the heat is actually produced as

1288:

has achieved a world record 97% annual solar fraction for heating needs, using solar-thermal panels on the garage roofs and thermal storage in a borehole cluster.

8262: 2667:, including deep lake cooling technology, which circulates cold water from Lake Ontario through heat exchangers to provide cooling for many buildings in the city. 8115: 4841: 5966: 7543: 4140: 216:

The four different generations of conventional district heating systems and their energy sources (fifth generation cold district heating systems not included)

9776: 7757: 7203: 5654: 4864: 4191: 2778:

As of 2013, approximately 2,500 district heating and cooling systems existed in the United States, in one form or another, with the majority providing heat.

2308:

emissions from fossil fuels by 34% from 1993 to 2009. This was to achieved largely by way of biomass fired district heating. Another example is the plant of

7501: 5767:"Fortum and Microsoft announce world's largest collaboration to heat homes, services and businesses with sustainable waste heat from new data centre region" 9806: 6036: 5807: 4651: 8485: 4687: 6563: 3132:

Many companies operate district cogeneration facilities that provide steam and/or hot water to many of the office buildings. Also, most operators in the

1473:(PE) casing, which are bonded by the insulating material. While polyurethane has outstanding mechanical and thermal properties, the high toxicity of the 5339: 4499: 3381:

climate, along with competition from natural gas. The tax on domestic gas prices in the UK is a third of that in France and a fifth of that in Germany.

1564:

Some schemes may be designed to serve only a limited number of dwellings, of about 20 to 50 houses, in which case only tertiary sized pipes are needed.

8417: 5391: 2548: 8495: 3531: 192:

Although these and numerous other systems have operated over the centuries, the first commercially successful district heating system was launched in

4881: 4312: 6966: 2745:

neighbourhood, features a geothermal district heating system using technology developed by a local company, Renewable Resource Recovery Corporation.

2499:, hospitals, shops, offices and leisure facilities plus 2,800 homes. More than 44 km of underground pipes deliver energy which is generated at 1413: 6749: 4030: 7568: 4098: 7982: 5910: 5137: 2242:) produce more than 50% of the nation's electricity and simultaneously provide hot water for neighbouring city blocks. They mostly use coal- and 1474: 8213: 6119: 5681: 5583: 4542: 2503:. This converts 225,000 tonnes of waste into energy, producing up to 60 MWe of thermal energy and up to 19 MWe of electrical energy. 2425:(PDHU) in London first became operational in 1950 and continues to expand to this day. The PDHU once relied on waste heat from the now-disused 1848:

is a significant source in mill towns. In some towns waste incineration can contribute as much as 8% of the district heating heat requirement.

5207: 1451:

with a thermal power of 700 kW which insulates the water circuit of the district heating system and the customer's central heating system

9821: 7941: 1531:

consumers to extract as much heat as possible, leading to a very low return temperature, which increases the efficiency of power generation.

7771: 6871: 6071: 3733: 7348: 6917: 4882:"Combined Heat and Power and District Heating report. Joint Research Centre, Petten, under contract to European Commission, DG Energy 2013" 4803:

Levihn, Fabian (2017). "CHP and heat pumps to balance renewable power production: Lessons from the district heating network in Stockholm".

3734:"Energy, economy and exergy evaluations of the solutions for supplying domestic hot water from low-temperature district heating in Denmark" 3485: 7454: 6204: 280:

and integrate high shares of variable renewable energy into the district heating by providing high flexibility to the electricity system.

7275: 5457: 5187: 2551:

in Shetland is of note because it is one of the few schemes where a completely new system was added to a previously existing small town.

2028:

have been constructed for conversion to district heating – currently using on-site gas boilers – and pipes are in place in the

1511:(heat substations): the working fluids of both networks (generally water or steam) do not mix. However, direct connection is used in the 8080:

Zhang, Jingjing; Di Lucia, Lorenzo (23 September 2015). "A transition perspective on alternatives to coal in Chinese district heating".

7822: 5306: 3671:; et al. (2014). "4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems". 9314: 8563: 7718: 4517: 2510:

was originally built to use just geothermal energy, but now also uses the heat from a gas-fired CHP generator. It supplies heating and

8511:

A Balanced Energy Network integrates heat pumps, demand side response and distributed heat storage in a district heat sharing network.

5708: 4786: 4169: 8501:

Energy Hub – EU funded FP7 Project – District heating, cooling and power aiming for 100% on-site renewable energy at Leuven, Belgium

7121: 6702: 5630: 5609: 5232: 1271:

Use of solar heat for district heating has been increasing in Denmark and Germany in recent years. The systems usually include inter

9816: 9748: 7483: 7308: 6477: 4600: 4479: 3562: 1684:

The District Heating Power Plant Steyr is a renewable combined heat and power plant in which wood chips are used to generate power.

7419: 2136:). The district heating of Turin is the biggest of the country and it supplies 550.000 people (62% of the whole city population). 6000: 4912: 3107:. MIT installed a cogeneration system in 1995 that provides electricity, heating and cooling to 80% of its campus buildings. The 2478:'s district heating network was established in 1988 and is still expanding today. It saves an equivalent 21,000 plus tonnes of CO 1719:, so that it is possible to produce the thermal district heating power only at that time where the electric power price is high. 7322: 8369: 8235: 7370: 6146: 5542: 4630: 2807: 8393: 6173: 5724: 3703: 293:"Ability to recycle heat from low-temperature sources and integrate renewable heat sources such as solar and geothermal heat." 9621: 6448: 4330: 2761:

Warden Energy Centre (c. 2000), Clegg Energy Centre and Birchmount Energy Centre serving customers in the Markham Centre area

1704:

In the rest of Austria the newer district heating plants are constructed as biomass plants or as CHP-biomass plants like the

1603:

examples where the competition has spawned parallel networks and interconnected networks where multiple utilities cooperate.

174: 8346: 4996:

A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes

4733: 9781: 9743: 7090: 6988: 6267: 3507: 3084: 2554: 2422: 2283:

investments were made to increase the share of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in district heating systems.

2270:. The first district heating plant was built in 1961 as a means to provide effective heating to the newly built suburbs of 390:

District heating networks exploit various energy sources, sometimes indirectly through multipurpose infrastructure such as

4427:

During Roman times, warm water was circulated through open trenches to provide heating for buildings and baths in Pompeii.

3451: 3088: 3052: 8284: 1705: 1518:

Typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%, as seen in Norway's district heating network.

9604: 3176: 3164: 2803: 2507: 2500: 1875:

The largest district heating network is located in Berlin whereas the highest diffusion of district heating occurs in

1492:

due to its higher temperature. The disadvantage of steam is a higher heat loss due to the high temperature. Also, the

9646: 9359: 8895: 8624: 7437: 6183: 6156: 5316: 4838: 4409: 3056: 2934: 72: 8029: 7013: 5970: 4383: 3182:(District Heating Reactor 400 MWt). Building cost is 1.5 billion yuan ($ 230 million), taking three years to build. 2969:, and also operates systems in Philadelphia PA, Baltimore MD, Kansas City MO, Tulsa OK, Houston TX and other cities. 2737:

has a district heating cogeneration system in its downtown core, as well as a standalone cogeneration plant for the

1420: 272:

Currently, the fourth generation is being developed, with the transition to fourth generation already in process in

8715: 7690: 7550: 4251:

Lipka, Maciej; Rajewski, Adam (2020). "Regress in nuclear district heating. The need for rethinking cogeneration".

4144: 3741: 2624: 1959:("Metropolitan Teleheating Company") provides heat and piped hot water for 238,000 households and 7,000 companies. 5651: 4861: 2961:

Veolia Energy, a successor of the 1887 Boston Heating Company, operates a 26-mile (42 km) district system in

1947:

According to the 2011 census there were 607,578 dwellings (15.5% of all) in Hungary with district heating, mostly

9796: 9610: 8990: 4963:

Christensen. Fatigue analysis of district heating systems. Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment 1999

4661: 3605: 3100: 3072: 2017: 1272: 321: 8506:

Advantages and Disadvantages of CHP district heating compared to heating and cooling from Heat Sharing Networks.

7665: 7395: 6047: 5482: 5356: 4697: 2724:, AB, is small in size (52 homes) but notable for having the only central solar heating system in North America. 1661:

in 2030. It would also result in a 16% to 29% increase in each country's total cogenerated electricity by 2030.

8554: 8141: 6316: 5815: 5409: 3245:

In the year 2000 the percentage of houses supplied by district heat in some European countries was as follows:

3012: 2433:. It is still in operation; the water is now heated locally by a new energy centre which incorporates 3.1 2287:

still accounts for around one-quarter of the primary distribution, which results in more losses in the system.

1709: 403: 8475: 6571: 4294: 9758: 9702: 9697: 9274: 8802: 8523: 7927: 7750:"UMass Amherst Dedicates $ 133 Million Central Heating Plant, Showcasing Green Energy Achievements on Campus" 6172:

Hawkey, David; Webb, Janette; Lovell, Heather; McCrone, David; Tingey, Margaret; Winskel, Mark (2015-12-14).

5340:"Energy Efficiency Industrial Forum Position Paper: energy efficiency – a vital component of energy security" 3456: 3020: 2721: 2453: 1285: 6242: 5924: 5395: 3193:

provides some district heating, and residential district heating and cooling requirements have been mapped.

481: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9319: 8870: 8791: 8750: 6947: 6774: 4433: 3539: 2639: 1488:, but steam is also used. The advantage of steam is that in addition to heating purposes it can be used in 4888: 2698: 1832:

is mostly used in the south-east gas pipeline network, imported coal is used in areas close to ports, and

1392:

electricity to store heat for later use. Such coupling of the electricity sector with the heating sector (

9662: 9464: 8975: 8910: 8828: 8740: 8604: 7903: 7165: 6974: 6426: 6396: 6366: 6289:"Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of North Macedonia, Annual Report, 2018" 6218: 3242:

aims to develop sustainable practices through implementation of district heating and cooling technology.

3190: 3108: 3068: 3001: 2924: 2752:

Cornwall, Ontario operates a district heating system which serves a number of city buildings and schools.

2727:

London, Ontario and Charlottetown, PEI have district heating co-generation systems owned and operated by

2496: 2457: 1968: 1448: 1040: 489: 488:

in Switzerland has been generating electricity since 1969 and supplying district heating since 1984. The

7513: 7229: 6824: 5083:"Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures" 4034: 1496:

of cogeneration plants is significantly lower if the cooling medium is high-temperature steam, reducing

9811: 9692: 9399: 9164: 9008: 7576: 6620: 4102: 3431: 2582: 2519: 2366: 2251: 1771:. There are many smaller central heating systems spread around the country including waste heat usage, 1739:

Bulgaria has district heating in around a dozen towns and cities. The largest system is in the capital

1348: 548: 485: 432: 421: 7990: 1334:

However, recent technical advances allow the use of natural heat pump refrigerants that have very low

637: 9937: 9864: 9723: 9687: 9489: 9119: 9074: 9002: 8854: 8797: 6952: 6734: 3446: 3064: 3040: 2997: 2821: 2738: 2488: 1355:

etc.). Furthermore, higher efficiency can be expected through operation on the high voltage network.

511: 277: 193: 8470: 8442: 8100: 5875: 4575: 4549: 4500:"Det blev aldrig en succes: Nu nedlægger Sønderborg Varme geotermianlæg til 187 mio. kroner | jv.dk" 416:

are massively used for district heating. This burning of fossil hydrocarbons usually contributes to

9911: 9733: 9429: 9029: 8808: 8699: 8684: 7640: 6344: 4192:"How an AP1000 Plant Is Changing the Nuclear Power Paradigm Through District Heating, Desalination" 3421: 3104: 3096: 3060: 3028: 2966: 2852: 2713:

energy demands, with retrofit work underway to move the facility off its remaining natural gas use.

2682: 2328: 1997: 1981: 1574: 1335: 186: 5162: 2203:

consumption goes to heat rooms and water. However, there is district heating in the major cities.

1986: 1852:

is 99.98% and disruptions, when they do occur, usually reduce temperatures by only a few degrees.

1306:

As the primary base load source where water from a low grade source of heat, e.g. a river, fjord,

9906: 9831: 9753: 9682: 9626: 9558: 9454: 9369: 9279: 9244: 8720: 6079: 4453: 3149: 2955: 2877:, a district system operated by Enwave, in Seattle. Enwave also operates district heat system in 2795: 2492: 2426: 2403: 2312:, combining the use of short rotation plantations both for fuel as well as for phytoremediation. 1799: 8306: 8055: 7356: 6927: 2648:, ON has a district heating and cooling system in the downtown core, operated by HCE Energy Inc. 1716: 9896: 9858: 9738: 9449: 8880: 7827: 7462: 6200: 5665: 4924: 3668: 3560:

Mazhar, Abdul Rehman; et al. (2018). "a state of art review on district heating systems".

3441: 3157: 3080: 2993: 2989: 2544: 1380: 497: 455: 324:, fourth generation district heating systems are expected to provide flexibility for balancing 317: 150:

District heating traces its roots to the hot water-heated baths and greenhouses of the ancient

2741:. In addition, Naneff Gardens, a new residential subdivision off Donnelly Drive in the city's 9916: 9594: 9553: 9269: 8940: 8760: 8532: 7832: 7615: 3411: 3092: 3076: 3032: 2928: 2909: 2874: 2701:

has operated since 1968 and provides a central heating plant for the city's downtown core of

2324: 2029: 1838: 1772: 1764: 1425: 1266: 439: 354: 212: 123: 19: 7853: 7728: 7143: 5893: 2705:. In addition to heating 180 buildings, the Central Heat Distribution network also drives a 1731:, the piping network of this power plant is 22 km long. The system dates back to 1958. 1275:

for a consistent heat output day to day and between summer and winter. Good examples are in

345: 86:) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location through a system of 9718: 9708: 9652: 9589: 9484: 9064: 9013: 8579: 8179: 7878: 6537: 5705: 5037: 4938: 4812: 4783: 4356: 4260: 4225: 3871: 3860:"5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe" 3832: 3750: 3571: 3466: 2635: 1900: 1727:

Belgium has district heating in multiple cities. The largest system is in the Flemish city

1489: 501: 283:

According to the review by Lund et al. those systems have to have the following abilities:

253: 23:

The Spittelau incineration plant is one of several plants that provide district heating in

8167: 8004: 6501: 2452:, is now used to heat 4,600 homes, and a wide variety of business premises, including the 2315:

47% of the heat generated in Swedish district heating systems are produced with renewable

8: 9584: 9574: 9548: 9334: 8996: 8905: 8875: 8775: 8745: 8639: 8599: 8505: 8481:

Technical description of district heating and district cooling at Munich Airport, Germany

8367:

Sabine Froning (Euroheat & Power): DHC/CHP/RES a smile for the environment, Kiev 2003

6709: 6506: 5894:"Proportion of energy source in space heating based on heated space in Iceland 1952-2020" 5606: 5240: 4123: 3239: 3175:

province for the Baishan Nuclear Energy Heating Demonstration Project, which would use a

3103:, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Duke University, and several campuses of the 2782: 2709:. Work is currently underway to move the facility from natural gas to electric equipment. 2484: 2049: 1993: 1928: 1629: 443: 39: 8183: 7038: 6798: 6541: 5041: 4942: 4816: 4264: 4229: 4076: 3875: 3836: 3754: 3575: 3220:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1915:

using the TPS of Ptolemaida. Today District heating installations are also available in

9847: 9791: 9728: 9505: 9384: 9379: 9169: 8980: 8965: 8547: 8328: 8195: 7698: 5514:"Teplárenské sdružení ČR – sdružuje teplárny a podnikatele v teplárenství a energetice" 5112: 5063: 4753:. Presentation at European Sustainable Energy Week, 18–22 June 2012, Brussels, Belgium. 4276: 3766: 3587: 3416: 3036: 2825: 1493: 1432: 1396:) is regarded as a key factor for energy systems with high shares of renewable energy. 1368: 527: 162: 135: 115: 7961: 7230:"District energy | combined heat and power plants | NRG Thermal Corporation" 6896: 9419: 9374: 9129: 9124: 9054: 8950: 8786: 8589: 8521:

The Celsius Toolbox – Information on district energy solutions and energy transition.

8332: 8199: 7723: 7433: 7177: 6875: 6643: 6179: 6152: 5904: 5745: 5312: 5116: 5104: 5067: 5055: 4612: 4280: 3591: 3048: 2951: 2938: 2645: 2395: 2073: 2069: 2045:, County Limerick there exists a pond-based 150 kW heating system for a school. 1974: 1896: 1485: 1481:

Within the system heat storage units may be installed to even out peak load demands.

1327: 1298: 506: 257: 8366: 7374: 6618: 5550: 3821:"Heat pump placement, connection and operational modes in European district heating" 3770: 2535:

Scotland has several district heating systems. The first in the UK was installed at

2266:, district heating is used throughout the main cities, particularly in the capital, 1550:

District heating systems can vary in size. Some systems cover entire cities such as

9886: 9641: 9636: 9219: 8925: 8823: 8813: 8730: 8318: 8191: 8187: 8089: 7425: 6635: 6549: 6545: 5094: 5045: 5000: 4946: 4929: 4820: 4784:

Canadian Solar Community Sets New World Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation

4417:. International Summer School. International Geothermal Association. p. 213(1) 4268: 4233: 3967: 3938: 3928: 3879: 3840: 3799: 3762: 3758: 3711: 3682: 3673: 3629: 3579: 3406: 2898: 2834: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2755: 2511: 2025: 1908: 1809: 334: 197: 6456: 4272: 3844: 3786:"Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems" 1404: 9881: 9853: 9495: 9409: 9404: 9349: 9339: 9329: 9259: 9199: 9114: 9099: 8920: 8915: 8890: 8885: 8755: 8679: 8527: 8373: 6639: 6105: 5790: 5712: 5669: 5658: 5613: 5594: 4950: 4868: 4845: 4824: 4790: 4770: 4737: 4730: 4637: 4237: 3972: 3686: 3024: 3004:, mainly due to historic preservation reasons rather than a broader energy plan. 2931:

that produces and distributes steam to about 160 downtown Indianapolis customers.

2860: 2742: 2734: 2686: 2674: 2670: 2469: 2465: 2449: 2320: 1845: 1692:(Fernwärme Wien) – with many smaller systems distributed over the whole country. 1504: 1461: 51: 7797: 7098: 6992: 5661:, price list from the Danish homepage of a Copenhagen district heating provider 2973:

20' x 8' solar panels installed on the roof of a customer building, RiverCentre.

2806:

on 41st Street at Lexington. On August 19, 1989, three people were killed in an

2718:

Windsor, Ontario has a district heating and cooling system in the downtown core.

2685:: Surrey City Energy owned by the city, provides district heating to the city's 2444:

One of the United Kingdom's largest district heating schemes is EnviroEnergy in

1973:

93% of all housing in Iceland enjoy district heating services – 89.6% from

1887:

the CHP Directive will come effective, this law probably needs some adjustment.

1363: 316:

and other sustainable energy sources. With those energy sources and large scale

9631: 9528: 9304: 9284: 9249: 9184: 9104: 8945: 8935: 8844: 8694: 8664: 8619: 8614: 8491:

Future Challenges for CHP in the UK and Continental Europe, Feb 2010 by F.Starr

5279: 5261: 5050: 5025: 4640:. First international SDH Conference, Malmö, SE, 9–10th April 2013. Powerpoint. 4056: 3915:"The Innovative Concept of Cold District Heating Networks: A Literature Review" 3884: 3859: 3583: 3436: 3129:

87 district heating enterprises are operating in Japan, serving 148 districts.

2129: 2042: 1756: 1633: 1508: 1497: 1409: 577: 474: 463: 459: 435:, that is around 2.5 GW. Germany has the largest amount of CHP in Europe. 417: 201: 155: 139: 87: 8347:"District Heating And Cooling Market Size by Type, End-Use Industry 2021-2028" 8323: 5892:

Iceland Energy Authority, Orkustofnun Data Repository OS-2021-T012-01 (2021).

5836: 4994: 3007: 2390: 1680: 412:. As the supply of renewable fuels is insufficient, the fossil fuels coal and 9931: 9713: 9564: 9459: 9424: 9194: 9189: 9144: 9139: 8985: 8960: 8955: 8930: 8900: 8770: 8669: 8649: 8629: 8540: 7544:

Holyoke Gas & Electric Department, 1902–2002, The First One Hundred Years

7181: 5746:"Underground data center to help heat Helsinki | Green Tech – CNET News" 5108: 5059: 4616: 3990: 3820: 3426: 3398: 3133: 2802:. On July 18, 2007, one person was killed and numerous others injured when a 2247: 2113: 2032:

to connect these to the incinerator or other waste heat sources in the area.

1795: 1747:) providing heat to the majority of the city. The system dates back to 1949. 1744: 1637: 1444: 1372: 470: 359:

A fifth generation district heating and cooling network (5GDHC), also called

127: 111: 95: 8480: 8093: 7823:"Central Plant Operations, Facilities, Real Estate & Auxilliar Services" 7569:"Replacing Concord Steam with new pipes continues to snarl downtown traffic" 5208:"How Warsaw's district heating system keeps the capital cleaner than Kraków" 4692: 4656: 4484: 2764:

Bur Oak Energy Centre (c. 2012) serving customers in the Cornell Centre area

1872:

natural gas (42%), coal (39%), lignite (12%) and waste/others (7%) as fuel.

1664:

Governments are being assisted in their CHP endeavors by organizations like

9891: 9569: 9469: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9364: 9299: 9179: 9149: 9089: 9084: 9059: 8970: 8849: 8765: 8689: 8674: 8659: 6647: 6621:"The role of cation-binding agents and enzymes in solubilisation of sludge" 5849: 5375:"COGEN Europe: Cogeneration in the European Union's Energy Supply Security" 3899: 3461: 2916: 2540: 2430: 2407: 2271: 1849: 1791: 1775: 1697: 1665: 1539: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1280: 409: 391: 308:, geothermal and solar thermal energy (central solar heating), large scale 261: 151: 103: 99: 91: 4721:. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012. Powerpoint. 2005: 1883:

about 70% of the electricity produced comes from district heating plants.

9901: 9543: 9500: 9474: 9414: 9394: 9389: 9264: 9224: 9209: 9154: 9079: 9049: 9044: 8860: 8725: 8644: 8033: 7590: 7017: 6619:

J.Wawrzynczyk; M. Recktenwald; O. Norrlöw; E. Szwajcer Dey (March 2008).

4839:

18 MW heat pump system in Norway utilises untreated sewage as heat source

3044: 2985: 2894: 2890: 2856: 2842: 2706: 2673:

is constructing a combined-heat-and-power district energy system for the

2638:, which is currently being developed on the grounds of Edmonton's former 2523: 1829: 1779: 1768: 1625: 1307: 413: 329: 313: 8030:"平成21年4月現在支部別熱供給事業者: The Japan Heat Service Utilities Associations 2009" 3943: 2651:

Montreal has a district heating and cooling system in the downtown core.

2570: 2354: 2309: 2064: 2001: 1948: 1653:

intensive cogeneration economies: Denmark, the Netherlands and Finland.

1437: 536: 9657: 9579: 9510: 9479: 9354: 9324: 9254: 9204: 9174: 9159: 9134: 9039: 8839: 8735: 8654: 8594: 7719:"Plant Operations, Physical Facilities Energy and Engineering Services" 7421:

District Heating and Cooling in the United States: Prospects and Issues

7254: 7164:

Jan Wagner; Stephen P. Kutska (October 2008). Monica Westerlund (ed.).

6131: 3933: 3914: 3804: 3785: 3486:"Carbon footprints of various sources of heat – CHPDH comes out lowest" 3153: 2864: 2848: 2461: 2445: 2301: 2236:

In most Russian cities, district-level combined heat and power plants (

2149: 1904: 1856: 1804: 1760: 1527: 1393: 1253: 500:(SMRs) and their potential to supply district heating. Speaking on the 325: 8305:

Sözen, Adnan; Menli̇k, Tayfun; Anvari̇-Moghaddam, Amjad (2020-09-01).

5099: 5082: 4601:"Solar unterstützte Kraft-Würme-Kopplung mit saisonalem Wärmespeicher" 4480:"Hovedstadsområdets fjernvarmeselskaber dropper udvikling af geotermi" 4313:"Largest nuclear heating project warms China's first carbon-free city" 2153: 1672:

A 2016 EU energy strategy suggests increased use of district heating.

44: 9616: 9294: 9289: 9239: 9214: 9069: 8865: 8165: 7756:. University of Massachusetts Amherst. April 23, 2009. Archived from 5490: 5360: 4434:"Geothermal District Energy System Analysis, Design, and Development" 2886: 2868: 2830: 2817: 2813: 2702: 2692: 2475: 2415: 2331:. The remaining are mostly fossil fuels: oil (3%), natural gas (3%), 2316: 2225: 2173: 2169: 2024:

and surrounding areas. Some existing residential developments in the

1876: 1842: 1589: 1555: 1551: 1535: 309: 305: 166: 119: 7455:"Concord Steam: Last-of-its-kind power plant down to its final days" 7276:"What's the Source of the Steam Pouring Out of Detroit's Sidewalks?" 5993:"An 'under the hood' look at Dublin's First 'waste-to-energy' plant" 5458:"Stadsverwarming in Gent voorziet 110 Luminus-klanten via warmtenet" 5004: 4518:"New rules pave the way for large-scale geothermal plant in Denmark" 337:

up to 100% and advanced fourth generation district heating systems.

56: 9599: 9533: 9034: 8834: 8634: 8609: 8584: 8082:

International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management

7301:

Detroit Edison's District Heating System (1903) Beacon Street Plant

6148:

Sustainable Development in the Process Industries: Cases and Impact

4411:

Geothermal District Energy System Analysis, Design, and Development

4016: 3919: 3790: 2758:: Markham District Energy operates several district heating sites: 2631: 2536: 2528: 2515: 2339: 2267: 2243: 2053: 1952: 1924: 1920: 1578: 408:

The most used energy source for district heating is the burning of

31: 8520: 8116:"U.S. lagging in geothermal energy as China and others pull ahead" 7495:

Rules and Regulations of the Holyoke Gas & Electric Department

4862:

Ammonia heat pumps for district heating in Norway 7 – a case study

2833:

sensors The Wisconsin power plants double as breeding grounds for

2770:

Many Canadian universities operate central campus heating plants.

2663:

provides district heating and cooling within the downtown core of

1816: 1526:

The amount of heat provided to customers is often recorded with a

1261:, Denmark. It covers more than half of Marstal's heat consumption. 9109: 8781: 8214:"China signs agreement for nuclear heating demonstration project" 7942:"University of California cogeneration plant gets its power back" 7429: 6922: 6101:"Dublin has sufficient waste heat to meet its needs, forum hears" 6037:"Covenant of Mayors, Sustainable Energy Action Plan, 2012 - 2020" 5303: 3392: 3179: 3168: 3112: 2988:

maintained municipal steam into the 21st century, in cities like

2947: 2920: 2905: 2882: 2878: 2728: 2664: 2654: 2399: 2221: 2177: 2157: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2021: 1912: 1344: 1258: 573: 515: 469:

Since nuclear reactors do not significantly contribute to either

273: 107: 8166:

Chang Su; Hatef Madani; Hua Liu; Ruzhu Wang; Björn Palm (2020).

7371:"Theodore Newton Vail and the Boston Heating Company, 1886–1890" 6872:"An exclusive look at Surrey's expanding district energy system" 6022: 4631:

Large-scale thermal energy storage – Status quo and perspectives

1460:

transferred through the PU foam bond. Therefore, the use of pre-

9786: 9538: 9344: 9094: 7166:"DENVER'S 128-YEAR-OLD STEAM SYSTEM: "THE BEST IS YET TO COME"" 6703:"Geothermie district heating scheme Southampton United Kingdom" 6419:"Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Slovak Republic 2018 Review" 6389:"Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Slovak Republic 2018 Review" 6359:"Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Slovak Republic 2018 Review" 5607:

Environmentally Friendly District Heating to Greater Copenhagen

4927:; et al. (2017). "Smart energy and smart energy systems". 4216:

Safa, Henry (2012). "Heat recovery from nuclear power plants".

2962: 2660: 2263: 2181: 2117: 2109: 2097: 2035: 1951:

in urban areas. The largest district heating system located in

1916: 1880: 1715:

Most of the older fossil-fired district heating systems have a

1689: 1512: 1503:

At customer level the heat network is usually connected to the

1385: 1276: 24: 8562: 5311:. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. 4218:

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

2845:

Zuni Cogeneration Station, which was originally built in 1900.

2441:

of gas fired CHP engines and 3 × 8 MW gas-fired boilers.

290:"Ability to distribute heat in networks with low grid losses." 9801: 9234: 8304: 3172: 3145: 2620: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2105: 1860: 1740: 1728: 182: 170: 63: 8471:

UK's Information Portal on Decentralised and District Energy

7854:"Heating & Cooling Plants – Physical Plant – UW–Madison" 7323:"Citizens seeks rate reduction for downtown steam customers" 7233: 6849: 5163:"EU warms to the potential efficiencies of district heating" 4740:(click Vojens in South-West Denmark, then "About the plant") 4719:

Long Term Experiences with Solar District Heating in Denmark

3966:. Vol. 46. Energy Procedia, 46 (2014). pp. 58–67. 2144:

In Latvia, district heating is used in major cities such as

1863:

are scheduled to receive district heating from datacenters.

90:

for residential and commercial heating requirements such as

9309: 9229: 8307:"Mapping of Turkey's District Heating/Cooling Requirements" 8259:"China looks to nuclear option to ease winter heating woes" 7962:"MIT students seek to harness waste heat – MIT News Office" 7163: 6023:"Dublin District Heating System | Dublin City Council" 4871:. Presented at Institute of Refrigeration, 7 April, London. 2438: 2332: 2145: 1992:

Iceland's second largest district heating system is on the

1934: 1833: 230: 178: 8515: 8285:"Interview with Ufuk Sentürk – Chairman of JESDER, Turkey" 6527: 4384:"Tech Guru's Plan—Fight Climate Change with Nuclear Power" 2851:

operates district systems in the cities of San Francisco,

1819:

has three straw-fueled plants producing district heating.

397: 6750:"What a Waste! The Big Problem of Heat Loss in UK Cities" 6669:"Summary evidence on District Heating Networks in the UK" 6243:"Amsterdam stimuleert ontwikkeling duurzame warmtenetten" 5265: 4543:"U.S. Geothermal District Heating: Barriers and Enablers" 2434: 1484:

The common medium used for heat distribution is water or

1375:

with a thermal capacity of 2 gigawatt-hours (7.2 TJ)

340: 7591:"Energy Consumption – Sustainability at Rice University" 7500:(Report). August 8, 2008. pp. 22–27. Archived from 6967:"Why Is District Energy Not More Prevalent in the U.S.?" 5925:"Reykjavík district heating I Projects I www.verkis.com" 5891: 5536: 5534: 2394:

District heating accumulator tower and workshops on the

2020:

will provide district heating for up to 50,000 homes in

1938:

Geothermal borehole outside the Reykjavik Power Station.

1577:. The larger combustion units also have a more advanced 1291: 518:, could be incorporated into a district heating system. 229:

The first generation was a steam-based system fueled by

126:

are also used, as well as heat waste from factories and

8510: 8500: 6198: 6171: 2056:

is intended to heat 1200 units and municipal buildings

8496:

Max Fordham argues against use of CHP District Heating

5483:"Основни етапи в развитието на Топлофикация София EАД" 5262:

Green heating system accused of causing 'fuel poverty'

2518:

shopping centre, the De Vere Grand Harbour hotel, the

1895:

Greece has district heating mainly in the province of

1743:, where there are four power plants (two CHPs and two 349:

Schematic function of a "cold district heating" system

6317:"Zużycie energii w gospodarstwach domowych w 2009 r." 5794: 5531: 5513: 5512:

www.tscr.cz, Teplárenské sdružení České republiky -.

2402:, London. This plant once used waste heat piped from 1688:

The largest district heating system in Austria is in

1367:

District heating accumulation tower from Theiss near

427:

instead of releasing it into the atmosphere is rare.

204:, considered the founder of modern district heating. 7549:(Report). Holyoke Gas & Electric. Archived from 5873: 5617: 5308:

Heat Roadmap Europe 2: Second Pre-Study for the EU27

4331:"Finnish firm launches SMR district heating project" 4141:"DOE – Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work" 3508:"The Overlooked Benefits of District Energy Systems" 3388: 1790:

In Denmark district heating covers more than 64% of

8236:"CNNC completes design of district heating reactor" 7983:"Sustainability | University of New Hampshire" 6319:[Energy consumption in households in 2009] 5662: 5278:Dowling, Nicola; Goldberg, Adrian (30 April 2017). 4295:"District Heating Supply from Nuclear Power Plants" 3912: 3478: 2080:

In Italy, district heating is used in some cities (

8443:"District Energy in France – Euroheat & Power" 8392:. Danish Board of District Heating. Archived from 8216:. Nuclear Engineering International. 14 March 2019 8168:"Seawater heat pumps in China, a spatial analysis" 8159: 8142:"The Icelandic geothermal model is changing China" 7529:. Springfield, Mass. November 13, 1937. p. 4. 6948:"New geothermal technology could cut energy costs" 6323:(in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2012-05-28 6296:RISE, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy 6175:Sustainable Urban Energy Policy: Heat and the city 5631:"Gratis energi leverer både varme og køl i Tårnby" 5392:"DEFRA Action in the UK – Combined Heat and Power" 5131:"Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate" 4598: 4576:"The United States of America Country Update 2010" 2950:operates district heating/co-generation plants in 2514:to many large premises in the city, including the 1590:Ownership, monopoly issues and charging structures 207: 8385:Puzakov, Viatchislav; Polivanov, Vasilii (2013). 8250: 6825:"Blatchford renewable energy utility ready to go" 5233:"Infographic explaining District Heating Systems" 5195:(Thesis). Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences. 4796: 2254:designs are beginning to be widely used as well. 1314:increasing the electricity generation efficiency. 35:Animated image showing how district heating works 9929: 8384: 7341: 6339: 6337: 6044:Comhairle Contae Chiarraí / Kerry County Council 5540: 4688:"Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens" 4681: 4679: 4054: 3985: 3983: 3956: 3954: 1358: 7772:"UMaine Farmington Opens Biomass Heating Plant" 7514:"Holyoke applies for $ 75 million energy grant" 7396:"SACRAMENTO CENTRAL UTILITY PLANT – CASE STUDY" 6910: 6593:"Tillford Energi for fjarrvarmeproduktion 2016" 6219:"Almere District Heating Network: Case Studies" 5947: 5277: 4848:. IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, 24:4, 37–38. 3167:(SPIC) signed a cooperation agreement with the 2912:in 1903, originally operated by Detroit Edison. 6686:"The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge" 5189:District Heating Systems in Finland and Russia 5185: 4802: 3913:Pellegrini, Marco; Bianchini, Augusto (2018). 2904:Detroit Thermal operates a district system in 1798:. In 2007, 80.5% of this heat was produced by 43:Biomass fired district heating power plant in 8548: 8228: 8206: 8079: 7798:"Eastern Michigan University: Physical Plant" 6334: 6145:Harmsen, J.; Powell, Joseph B. (2011-11-30). 6144: 5574:by the Danish Ministry of Energy (in Danish). 5023: 4676: 4643: 4599:Pauschinger, Thomas; Schmidt, Thomas (2013). 4250: 4166:"Waste-to-Energy CHP Amager Bakke Copenhagen" 4135: 4133: 3980: 3951: 2323:plants, 7% is provided by heat pumps, 10% by 2237: 1428:'s campus-wide combined heat and power system 1424:Insulated pipes to connect a new building to 7477:City of Holyoke Energy Reduction Action Plan 7141: 5584:Klimaråd: Affaldsimport vil belaste dansk CO 5026:"Sustainable insulation for sustainable DHC" 4158: 2522:, and several housing schemes. In the 1980s 2000:providing heating to 21,000 homes including 131:footprints of all fossil generation plants. 7273: 7122:"We Energies converting Valley power plant" 5950:"Hitaveita í Reykjavík – Vatnsvinnsla 2018" 5909:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5793:, by the German Heat and Power Association 4751:Large-Scale Solar Heating: State of the Art 4652:"Fjernvarmeværker går fra naturgas til sol" 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 1755:The largest district heating system in the 1299:Drammen Fjernvarme District Heating project 521: 496:Recent years have seen renewed interest in 9315:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 8564:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 8555: 8541: 4407: 4130: 4096: 3997:. HeatNet_NWE EU project. 19 December 2019 3906: 3553: 185:district heating in 1916 when it moved to 8322: 6449:"Statistik och pris - Svenske Fjärrvärme" 5990: 5098: 5049: 4999:(Thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. 4917: 4540: 3971: 3960: 3942: 3932: 3883: 3803: 3467:Alchevsk district heating disaster (2006) 2008:, with a thermal power output of 150 MW. 1643: 394:plants (CHP, also called co-generation). 200:, in 1877 by American hydraulic engineer 9749:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 8139: 7309:American Society of Mechanical Engineers 7066:"Steam Blast Jolts Midtown, Killing One" 5967:"History of District Heating in Iceland" 4731:Current data on Danish solar heat plants 3864:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3646: 3630:"Energy Efficiency | MIT Sustainability" 3563:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3006: 2820:has been using district heating for its 2699:Creative Energy's Beatty Street facility 2389: 2063: 1933: 1679: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1403: 1362: 1252: 572:Geothermal district heating was used in 344: 211: 134:District heating is ranked number 27 in 62: 50: 38: 30: 18: 8256: 7928:"Sustainability in Cates Utility Plant" 7255:"Locations - Enwave Energy Corporation" 7119: 6973:. Informa. June 7, 2013. Archived from 6747: 5511: 5206:Warsaw, Beth Gardiner in (2015-04-13). 4773:. Renewable Heat Workshop. (Powerpoint) 4685: 4649: 4381: 3857: 2625:Calgary Downtown District Energy Centre 2338:Because of the law banning traditional 2220:The largest district heating system in 1326:Concerns have existed about the use of 398:Combustion of fossil or renewable fuels 312:, waste heat from cooling purposes and 276:. The fourth generation is designed to 9930: 8238:. World Nuclear News. 7 September 2018 8113: 7670:energyandsustainability.fs.cornell.edu 7566: 7512:Dobbs, G. Michael (January 19, 2010). 7482:(Report). May 14, 2010. Archived from 7452: 7373:. Energy.rochester.edu. Archived from 7063: 6991:. Energy.rochester.edu. Archived from 6793: 6791: 6254: 6252: 6199:Municipality of Utrecht (2021-12-23). 5854:FŐTÁV – Budapesti Távhőszolgáltató Zrt 5641:from the original on 14 December 2019. 5205: 5161:Oliver, Christian (October 22, 2014). 5160: 4477: 4382:Proctor, Darrell (February 25, 2020). 3818: 3559: 2901:along with additional Canadian cities. 2068:A cogeneration thermal power plant in 341:Fifth generation/cold district heating 9622:Programmable communicating thermostat 8536: 7541: 7525:"New Steam Service to Start Monday". 7511: 7353:Veresen, Fort Chicago Energy Partners 6822: 6564:"Tillförd energi - Svensk Fjärrvärme" 6132:"History of District Heating in Riga" 5280:"Green scheme 'causing fuel poverty'" 5080: 5024:Doyle, Lucía; Weidlich, Ingo (2021). 4992: 4856: 4854: 4837:Pedersen, S. & Stene, J. (2006). 4189: 3783: 3777: 3196: 1610: 1292:Low temperature natural or waste heat 154:. A hot water distribution system in 9744:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 8486:Geothermal District Heating, Iceland 8053: 6869: 6260:"District Energy in North Macedonia" 6076:Glenstal Abbey Benedictine Community 5505: 5237:Frontline Energy & Environmental 4983:Journal of the European Union; 2020. 4923: 4215: 3732:Yang, Xiaochen; et al. (2016). 3731: 3698: 3696: 3667: 3505: 3200: 3085:University of Maryland, College Park 2565: 2423:Pimlico District Heating Undertaking 2349: 2342:, waste is commonly used as a fuel. 1903:. The largest system is the city of 1636:is currently influenced by the EU's 1534:Many systems were installed under a 1399: 531: 446:by condensing the flue gas as well. 267: 237: 98:. The heat is often obtained from a 16:Centralized heat distribution system 8257:Stanway, David (10 December 2017). 8140:Hallsson, Hallur (1 October 2019). 7424:. National Research Council. 1985. 7274:Oberholtzer, Michele (2018-02-01). 6823:Riebe, Natasha (November 1, 2019). 6803:Blatchford Renewable Energy Utility 6788: 6748:Lambert, Kirsty (9 November 2017). 6735:"District Heating Installation Map" 6249: 5876:"Energy Statistics in Iceland 2020" 5543:"Statistics about District Heating" 4143:. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from 4057:"District Heating – Analysis - IEA" 3819:Sayegh, M. A.; et al. (2018). 3784:David, Andrei; et al. (2018). 3452:Energy policy of the European Union 3053:University of Massachusetts Amherst 2468:, and others. The heat source is a 2048:A scheme to use waste heat from an 1706:biomass district heating of Mödling 1100:Fort Boise Veteran's Hospital Boise 246: 224: 13: 9605:Minimum efficiency reporting value 8387:"Country by Country Survey—Russia" 7039:"Explosion rocks central New York" 5410:"Register of Commission Documents" 5087:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4851: 4764:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps 4650:Wittrup, Sanne (23 October 2015). 4055:Chiara Delmastro (November 2021). 3177:China National Nuclear Corporation 3165:State Power Investment Corporation 2935:Lansing Board of Water & Light 2508:Southampton District Energy Scheme 2501:Sheffield Energy Recovery Facility 2188: 1545: 449: 173:district heating service in 1853. 14: 9964: 9647:Standard temperature and pressure 9360:Packaged terminal air conditioner 8896:Passive daytime radiative cooling 8625:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 8464: 5541:Dansk Fjernvarme (12 July 2017). 5425: 5230: 4860:Hoffman, & Pearson, D. 2011. 4478:Madsen, Jacob Lund (2019-05-28). 4190:Patel, Sonal (November 1, 2021). 3964:IRES 2013 Conference, Strassbourg 3693: 3057:University of Maine at Farmington 2385: 1879:with around 90% market share. In 1750: 1710:biomass district heating of Baden 73:Fedyakovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 8716:Absorption-compression heat pump 8435: 8410: 8378: 8360: 8339: 8298: 8277: 8172:Energy Conversion and Management 8133: 8107: 8099: 8073: 8047: 8022: 7997: 7975: 7954: 7934: 7920: 7896: 7871: 7846: 7815: 7790: 7764: 7742: 7711: 7683: 7658: 7633: 7608: 7583: 7560: 7535: 7469: 7446: 7412: 7388: 7363: 7315: 7292: 7267: 7247: 7232:. Nrgthermal.com. Archived from 7222: 7188: 7157: 7135: 7113: 7083: 7057: 7031: 7006: 6981: 6959: 6941: 6889: 6863: 6842: 6816: 6767: 6741: 6727: 6695: 6678: 6661: 6612: 6585: 6556: 6521: 6494: 6470: 6441: 6411: 6381: 6351: 6309: 6281: 6235: 6211: 6207:from the original on 2020-09-18. 6192: 6165: 6138: 6124: 6113: 6093: 6064: 6029: 4911:DYRELUND Anders, Ramboll, 2010. 4782:Natural Resources Canada, 2012. 4573: 4101:. Gotham Gazette. Archived from 3991:"Heerlen case study and roadmap" 3742:Energy Conversion and Management 3606:"Powering Innovation | MIT 2016" 3391: 3205: 3111:has a cogeneration plant run on 2937:, a municipal utility system in 2773: 2601: 2569: 2448:. The plant, initially built by 2353: 1567: 1521: 535: 9611:Normal temperature and pressure 8991:Vapor-compression refrigeration 7666:"Combined Heat and Power Plant" 7567:Brooks, David (April 3, 2019). 7349:"Fort Chicago's Power Business" 7091:"Valley Power Plant conversion" 7064:Barron, James (July 19, 2007). 7014:"A Brief History of Con Edison" 6870:Reid, Amy (November 30, 2017). 6015: 5984: 5959: 5941: 5917: 5885: 5867: 5842: 5830: 5800: 5777: 5759: 5738: 5717: 5699: 5674: 5645: 5623: 5600: 5577: 5565: 5475: 5450: 5419: 5402: 5384: 5367: 5349: 5332: 5297: 5271: 5255: 5224: 5199: 5179: 5154: 5123: 5074: 5017: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4957: 4905: 4874: 4831: 4776: 4756: 4743: 4724: 4711: 4686:Wittrup, Sanne (14 June 2015). 4629:Schmidt T., Mangold D. (2013). 4623: 4592: 4567: 4534: 4510: 4492: 4471: 4446: 4401: 4375: 4349: 4323: 4305: 4287: 4244: 4209: 4183: 4116: 4097:Bevelhymer, Carl (2003-11-10). 4090: 4069: 4048: 4023: 4009: 3892: 3851: 3812: 3704:"Energy from Beneath the Rocks" 3506:Haas, Arlene (April 12, 2018). 3101:North Carolina State University 3089:University of Wisconsin–Madison 3073:Case Western Reserve University 2549:Lerwick District Heating Scheme 2250:for cogeneration of heat. Now, 2018:Dublin Waste-to-Energy Facility 1538:economy (such as in the former 1273:seasonal thermal energy storage 1257:Central solar heating plant at 385: 322:seasonal thermal energy storage 208:Generations of district heating 8192:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112240 7695:Facilities and Campus Services 7575:. Concord, N.H. Archived from 7461:. Concord, N.H. Archived from 7453:Brooks, David (May 27, 2017). 7120:Content, Thomas (2012-08-17). 6897:"Neighbourhood Energy Utility" 6775:"ENMAX District Energy Centre" 6550:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.040 5948:Gretar Ívarsson (April 2019). 4408:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (2001). 3763:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.05.057 3725: 3622: 3598: 3524: 3499: 2908:that started operation at the 2163: 1408:Tunnel for heat pipes between 692:Oregon Institute of Technology 404:Hydrogen fuel cell power plant 1: 9759:Testing, adjusting, balancing 9703:Building information modeling 9698:Building services engineering 9275:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 8803:Demand controlled ventilation 8751:Building insulation materials 8114:Tester, Jeff (17 July 2018). 7645:sustainability.georgetown.edu 7616:"BYU Central Utilities Plant" 7327:Indianapolis Business Journal 6345:"District Energy in Slovakia" 5969:. Mannvit.com. Archived from 5572:Danish Energy Statistics 2007 4762:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). 4273:10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103518 3858:S.Buffa; et al. (2019). 3845:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.02.006 3708:The Geology of Portsdown Hill 3457:Cost of electricity by source 3021:University of Texas at Austin 2722:Drake Landing Solar Community 1359:Heat accumulators and storage 1286:Drake Landing Solar Community 1284:tank. In Alberta, Canada the 1248: 9320:High-pressure cut-off switch 8871:Ice storage air conditioning 8792:Dedicated outdoor air system 8418:"So heizt Deutschland heute" 8032:. Jdhc.or.jp. Archived from 7016:. Con Edison. Archived from 6754:www.renewableenergyworld.com 6640:10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.004 5991:Sean Duke (August 9, 2016). 4951:10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.123 4825:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.118 4541:Thorsteinsson, Hildigunnur. 4238:10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.052 3973:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.158 3710:. 2006-12-18. Archived from 3687:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089 3538:. 2017-02-07. Archived from 3472: 2168:District heating is used in 1899:, Central Macedonia and the 1855:In Helsinki, an underground 1717:district heating accumulator 1507:system of the dwellings via 1159:In Search Of Truth Community 7: 9663:Thermostatic radiator valve 9465:Thermostatic radiator valve 8976:Underfloor air distribution 8911:Radiant heating and cooling 8829:Energy recovery ventilation 8741:Automobile air conditioning 8605:Domestic energy consumption 7329:. IBJ Media. April 22, 2016 6427:International Energy Agency 6397:International Energy Agency 6367:International Energy Agency 5789:September 27, 2007, at the 5748:. News.cnet.com. 2009-11-29 5706:District heating in Finland 3384: 3191:Geothermal energy in Turkey 3109:University of New Hampshire 3069:Eastern Michigan University 3043:using the waters of nearby 2925:Perry K. Generating Station 2497:Sheffield Hallam University 2319:sources, as well as 16% in 2277: 2252:combined cycle gas turbines 1969:Geothermal power in Iceland 1734: 1449:District heating substation 1041:Elko County School District 663:Warm Springs Water District 490:Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant 420:, as the use of systems to 69:Gorky Nuclear Heating Plant 10: 9969: 9812:Institute of Refrigeration 9693:Architectural technologist 9165:Electrostatic precipitator 8372:February 25, 2009, at the 8349:. Adroitmarketresearch.com 8056:"District Energy in China" 7987:www.sustainableunh.unh.edu 7754:News & Media Relations 5874:Iceland Energy Authority. 5612:November 29, 2007, at the 5051:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.161 4253:Progress in Nuclear Energy 3885:10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059 3584:10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.005 3432:New York City steam system 3163:In February 2019, China's 2808:explosion in Gramercy Park 2520:Royal South Hants Hospital 2462:Broadmarsh Shopping Centre 2460:, the Victoria Baths, the 2345: 2215: 2011: 1966: 1962: 1942: 1866: 1822: 1785: 1722: 1675: 1349:coefficient of performance 1264: 525: 486:Beznau Nuclear Power Plant 482:Ågesta Nuclear Power Plant 433:New York City steam system 401: 352: 145: 9874: 9865:Volatile organic compound 9840: 9767: 9724:Environmental engineering 9688:Architectural engineering 9671: 9519: 9490:Ultra-low particulate air 9075:Automatic balancing valve 9022: 9003:Variable refrigerant flow 8855:Heat recovery ventilation 8798:Deep water source cooling 8708: 8570: 8324:10.2339/politeknik.699047 8261:. Reuters. Archived from 7964:. Web.mit.edu. 2008-07-24 6799:"District Energy Sharing" 6151:. John Wiley & Sons. 5808:"Combined heat and power" 4017:"Balanced Energy Network" 3995:Guide to District Heating 3447:Deep water source cooling 3214:This article needs to be 3185: 3065:Michigan State University 3041:deep water source cooling 2915:Citizens Energy Group in 2829:Chavez sensor as well as 2822:central business district 2739:Sudbury Regional Hospital 2610: 2539:, and others followed at 2429:on the south side of the 2406:on the other side of the 2294: 2257: 2239:ТЭЦ, теплоэлектроцентраль 2238: 2231: 2206: 2197: 2139: 1955:, the municipality-owned 1890: 1628:project supported by the 1619: 1436:District heating pipe in 750:College of Southern Idaho 649: 642: 633: 628: 623: 620: 617: 614: 512:GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy 112:heat-only boiler stations 9912:Template:Home automation 9734:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 9430:Solar-assisted heat pump 9030:Air conditioner inverter 8809:Displacement ventilation 8700:Vapour pressure of water 8685:Thermal destratification 8422:www.bmwi-energiewende.de 7908:University of Cincinnati 6724:080304 energie-cites.org 6482:Smart Cities Marketplace 6120:Hera – Teleriscaldamento 5839:table 1.2.10 (Hungarian) 5784:AGFW Branchenreport 2006 5727:. Scientificamerican.com 5036:. Elsevier BV: 150–157. 4506:(in Danish). 2024-01-11. 3422:List of public utilities 3171:municipal government in 3139: 3136:serve district cooling. 3124: 3105:University of California 3097:University of Cincinnati 3061:University of Notre Dame 3029:Brigham Young University 2967:Cambridge, Massachusetts 2561: 2059: 1575:greenhouse gas emissions 1336:global warming potential 580:since the 14th century. 522:Natural underground heat 510:, principal engineer at 422:capture and store the CO 187:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9907:World Refrigeration Day 9754:Refrigerant reclamation 9683:Architectural acoustics 9627:Programmable thermostat 9559:Clean air delivery rate 9455:Thermal expansion valve 9370:Pressurisation ductwork 9280:Ground source heat pump 8721:Absorption refrigerator 8476:District Energy Library 8094:10.5278/ijsepm.2015.6.5 7904:"Production, Utilities" 7885:. University of Georgia 7595:sustainability.rice.edu 7144:"WEC Peregrine Falcons" 6245:(in Dutch). 5 Oct 2018. 6201:"Utrecht Energy Policy" 5328:– via vbn.aau.dk. 5186:Kirill Eliseev (2011). 4749:Dalenbäck, J-O (2012). 4460:(in Danish). 2016-04-19 4454:"Geotermianlæg i drift" 4124:"What is cogeneration?" 4031:"About the BEN Project" 3119: 2956:San Gabriel, California 2623:currently operates the 2493:University of Sheffield 2427:Battersea Power Station 2404:Battersea Power Station 1800:combined heat and power 456:nuclear chain reactions 392:combined heat and power 9897:Glossary of HVAC terms 9859:Sick building syndrome 9739:Mechanical engineering 9450:Smoke exhaust ductwork 8881:Mixed-mode ventilation 7858:physicalplant.wisc.edu 7831:. 2015. Archived from 7828:University of Delaware 7727:. 2010. Archived from 7527:Springfield Republican 7465:on September 28, 2019. 7355:. 2010. Archived from 7097:. 2013. Archived from 6078:. 2012. Archived from 6046:. 2013. Archived from 5711:July 22, 2011, at the 5668:June 11, 2004, at the 5657:July 19, 2011, at the 5547:www.danskfjernvarme.dk 5464:(in Dutch). 2016-11-03 5432:www.fernwaermesteyr.at 4913:Heat Plan Denmark 2010 4317:www.districtenergy.org 3900:"Heat Sharing Network" 3634:sustainability.mit.edu 3442:Thermal energy storage 3158:air pollution in China 3081:University of Delaware 3016: 2994:Concord, New Hampshire 2990:Holyoke, Massachusetts 2411: 2077: 1982:Reykjavík Capital Area 1939: 1763:in 30 km distant 1685: 1644:Cogeneration in Europe 1452: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1376: 1262: 498:small modular reactors 350: 318:thermal energy storage 217: 76: 67:The cancelled Russian 60: 55:Coal heating plant in 48: 36: 28: 9917:Template:Solar energy 9595:Intelligent buildings 9554:Carbon dioxide sensor 8941:Room air distribution 8761:Central solar heating 7542:Moore, David (2002). 7280:Hour Detroit Magazine 6530:Biomass and Bioenergy 6072:"Geothermal Glenstal" 5837:Hungarian census 2011 5637:. 19 September 2019. 5081:Doyle, Lucía (2021). 4993:Doyle, Lucía (2022). 4126:. COGEN Europe. 2015. 3412:Central solar heating 3093:University of Georgia 3077:Iowa State University 3039:, which also employs 3033:Georgetown University 3010: 2929:gas-fired power plant 2910:Willis Avenue Station 2875:Seattle Steam Company 2393: 2335:(2%), and coal (1%). 2327:and 6% by industrial 2325:flue-gas condensation 2067: 2030:Liffey Service Tunnel 1937: 1839:municipal solid waste 1815:The Danish island of 1773:municipal solid waste 1765:thermal power station 1683: 1447: 1435: 1426:University of Warwick 1423: 1407: 1366: 1267:Central solar heating 1256: 982:City of Klamath Falls 454:The heat produced by 440:thermal power station 361:cold district heating 355:Cold district heating 348: 278:combat climate change 215: 124:central solar heating 66: 54: 42: 34: 22: 9719:Duct leakage testing 9709:Deep energy retrofit 9653:Thermographic camera 9590:Infrared thermometer 9065:Air source heat pump 9014:Water heat recycling 8580:Air changes per hour 8516:Heat Interface Units 8265:on December 10, 2017 7760:on October 28, 2019. 7641:"Energy and Climate" 7507:on October 28, 2019. 7489:on February 1, 2017. 7101:on 16 September 2013 6502:"Växjö local energy" 6264:Euroheat & Power 5652:Prisen på Fjernvarme 5093:(12). Wiley: 51816. 4605:Euroheat & Power 3825:Energy and Buildings 3011:The interior of the 1998:Svartsengi CHP plant 1901:Peloponnese Province 1490:industrial processes 502:Energy Impact Center 306:biomass power plants 138:'s 100 solutions to 9953:Residential heating 9948:Energy conservation 9943:American inventions 9585:HVAC control system 9575:Home energy monitor 9549:Building automation 9335:Inverter compressor 8997:Variable air volume 8906:Passive ventilation 8876:Kitchen ventilation 8776:Constant air volume 8746:Autonomous building 8184:2020ECM...20312240S 7359:on August 11, 2010. 6634:(6, 7): 1555–1562. 6542:2011BmBe...35.2986M 6507:World Wildlife Fund 6430:. 2019. p. 137 6400:. 2019. p. 138 6370:. 2019. p. 144 5357:"COGEN Europe News" 5042:2021EnRep...7..150D 4943:2017Ene...137..556L 4817:2017Ene...137..670L 4438:Stanford University 4357:"Christer Dahlgren" 4337:. February 24, 2020 4319:. 21 November 2022. 4265:2020PNuE..13003518L 4230:2012IJEPE..42..553S 3876:2019RSERv.104..504B 3837:2018EneBu.166..122S 3755:2016ECM...122..142Y 3576:2018RSERv..96..420M 3254:Penetration (2000) 3240:European Commission 3150:Qinling–Huaihe Line 2804:steam pipe exploded 2796:absorption chillers 2783:Consolidated Edison 2640:City Centre Airport 2634:: The community of 2485:Sheffield City Hall 2329:waste heat recovery 2050:Amazon Web Services 1994:Reykjanes peninsula 1630:European Commission 1379:Increasingly large 1129:Kanaka Rapids Ranch 650:System temperature 444:lower heating value 9848:Indoor air quality 9792:ASTM International 9729:Hydronic balancing 9506:Wood-burning stove 9385:Radiator reflector 9170:Evaporative cooler 8981:Underfloor heating 8966:Thermal insulation 8526:2020-10-30 at the 8311:Politeknik Dergisi 8060:Euroheat&Power 7699:Cornell University 7142:WEC Energy Group. 7070:The New York Times 6977:on March 26, 2018. 6956:, August 12, 2009. 6805:. City of Edmonton 6478:"SESAC Site Växjö" 6298:. 2019. p. 60 5593:2015-11-28 at the 5493:on 19 January 2012 5428:"Bioenergie Steyr" 5426:Steyr, Fernwärme. 5380:. 16 October 2017. 4867:2013-12-03 at the 4844:2016-03-04 at the 4789:2013-04-30 at the 4769:2016-06-10 at the 4736:2016-12-23 at the 4664:on 10 January 2016 4636:2016-10-18 at the 4335:World Nuclear News 4301:. 1 February 2022. 4147:on August 12, 2011 3934:10.3390/en11010236 3805:10.3390/en10040578 3532:"District Heating" 3512:Burnham Nationwide 3417:Geothermal heating 3197:Market penetration 3037:Cornell University 3017: 2826:Valley Power Plant 2581:. You can help by 2412: 2365:. You can help by 2078: 1940: 1686: 1611:National variation 1494:thermal efficiency 1453: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1377: 1369:Krems an der Donau 1328:hydrofluorocarbons 1263: 837:Idaho Capital Mall 547:. You can help by 528:Geothermal heating 504:'s (EIC) podcast, 351: 218: 163:U.S. Naval Academy 116:geothermal heating 77: 61: 49: 37: 29: 9925: 9924: 9841:Health and safety 9420:Scroll compressor 9375:Process duct work 9130:Convection heater 9125:Condensing boiler 9055:Air-mixing plenum 8951:Solar combisystem 8787:Cross ventilation 8590:Building envelope 8054:Guan Jin, James. 7724:Purdue University 7579:on April 4, 2019. 7146:. We-energies.com 6918:"District Energy" 6876:Surrey Now-Leader 6003:on April 25, 2017 5663:Københavns Energi 5616:, publication by 5597:27 November 2015. 5553:on 9 October 2018 5100:10.1002/app.51816 4363:. August 30, 2019 4361:Titans of Nuclear 4077:"Newsroom: Steam" 3488:. Claverton Group 3378: 3377: 3235: 3234: 3049:Purdue University 2952:Ripon, California 2939:Lansing, Michigan 2835:peregrine falcons 2599: 2598: 2396:Churchill Gardens 2383: 2382: 2070:Ferrera Erbognone 1975:geothermal energy 1897:Western Macedonia 1701:heat since 2006. 1486:superheated water 1400:Heat distribution 1246: 1245: 1011:Manzanita Estates 565: 564: 507:Titans of Nuclear 268:Fourth generation 258:geothermal energy 254:energy efficiency 238:Second generation 9960: 9938:District heating 9887:Building science 9642:Smart thermostat 9637:Room temperature 9220:Fireplace insert 8926:Radon mitigation 8824:Electric heating 8819:District heating 8814:District cooling 8731:Air conditioning 8557: 8550: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8382: 8376: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8326: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7993:on July 4, 2010. 7989:. Archived from 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7548: 7539: 7533: 7530: 7521: 7508: 7506: 7499: 7490: 7488: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7202:. Archived from 7192: 7186: 7185: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6926:. Archived from 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6852:. hamiltonce.com 6850:"HCE Energy Inc" 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6795: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6708:. Archived from 6707: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6625: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6597: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6570:. Archived from 6560: 6554: 6553: 6536:(7): 2986–2992. 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6455:. 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Archived from 5804: 5798: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5773:. 17 March 2022. 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5721: 5715: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5678: 5672: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5635:Energy Supply DK 5627: 5621: 5604: 5598: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5549:. Archived from 5538: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5489:. Archived from 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5438:on 18 March 2018 5434:. Archived from 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5394:. Archived from 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5359:. Archived from 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5239:. Archived from 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5136:. 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Archived from 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4033:. Archived from 4027: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3665: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3407:District cooling 3401: 3396: 3395: 3248: 3247: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3209: 3208: 3201: 2800:air conditioning 2791:Manhattan Island 2756:Markham, Ontario 2735:Sudbury, Ontario 2594: 2591: 2573: 2566: 2512:district cooling 2458:Nottingham Arena 2410:. (January 2006) 2378: 2375: 2357: 2350: 2241: 2240: 1846:recovery boilers 1810:district cooling 1071:Gila Hot Springs 612: 611: 560: 557: 539: 532: 335:renewable energy 247:Third generation 225:First generation 136:Project Drawdown 80:District heating 9968: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9921: 9882:ASHRAE Handbook 9870: 9854:Passive smoking 9836: 9769: 9763: 9675: 9673: 9667: 9521: 9515: 9496:Whole-house fan 9410:Run-around coil 9405:Reversing valve 9350:Mechanical room 9340:Kerosene heater 9330:Infrared heater 9260:Gasoline heater 9200:Fan filter unit 9115:Condensate pump 9100:Centrifugal fan 9018: 8921:Radiant heating 8916:Radiant cooling 8891:Passive cooling 8886:Microgeneration 8756:Central heating 8704: 8680:Thermal comfort 8572: 8566: 8561: 8528:Wayback Machine 8467: 8462: 8452: 8450: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8424: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8374:Wayback Machine 8365: 8361: 8352: 8350: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8303: 8299: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8164: 8160: 8150: 8148: 8146:Icelandic Times 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8062: 8052: 8048: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8005:"Heating Plant" 8003: 8002: 7998: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7967: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7888: 7886: 7883:Sustainable UGA 7877: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7838: 7836: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7778:. 15 March 2016 7770: 7769: 7765: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7734: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7701: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7573:Concord Monitor 7565: 7561: 7553: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7524: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7459:Concord Monitor 7451: 7447: 7440: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7380: 7378: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7284: 7282: 7272: 7268: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7209: 7207: 7206:on 28 June 2010 7194: 7193: 7189: 7170:District Energy 7162: 7158: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7095:we-energies.com 7089: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7045:. July 19, 2007 7037: 7036: 7032: 7023: 7021: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6996: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6971:HPACEngineering 6965: 6964: 6960: 6946: 6942: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6868: 6864: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6821: 6817: 6808: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6780: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6602: 6600:Energiforetagen 6595: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6577: 6575: 6568:Energiföretagen 6562: 6561: 6557: 6526: 6522: 6513: 6511: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6453:Energiföretagen 6447: 6446: 6442: 6433: 6431: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6403: 6401: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6273: 6271: 6258: 6257: 6250: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6106:The Irish Times 6099: 6098: 6094: 6085: 6083: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6025:. 28 June 2018. 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5791:Wayback Machine 5782: 5778: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5713:Wayback Machine 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5682:"Network – DAC" 5680: 5679: 5675: 5670:Wayback Machine 5659:Wayback Machine 5650: 5646: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614:Wayback Machine 5605: 5601: 5595:Wayback Machine 5587: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5467: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5276: 5272: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5231:Dunne, Eimear. 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5167:Financial Times 5159: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5079: 5075: 5022: 5018: 5009: 5007: 5005:10.34712/142.35 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4869:Wayback Machine 4859: 4852: 4846:Wayback Machine 4836: 4832: 4801: 4797: 4791:Wayback Machine 4781: 4777: 4771:Wayback Machine 4761: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4738:Wayback Machine 4729: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4701: 4684: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4648: 4644: 4638:Wayback Machine 4628: 4624: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4458:Energistyrelsen 4452: 4451: 4447: 4432: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4249: 4245: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3959: 3952: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3856: 3852: 3817: 3813: 3782: 3778: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3666: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3610:mit2016.mit.edu 3604: 3603: 3599: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3188: 3142: 3127: 3122: 3025:Rice University 2923:, operates the 2776: 2675:Mirvish Village 2671:Creative Energy 2613: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2579:needs expansion 2564: 2481: 2470:waste-to-energy 2466:Victoria Centre 2388: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2363:needs expansion 2348: 2321:waste-to-energy 2307: 2297: 2280: 2260: 2234: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2189:North Macedonia 2166: 2142: 2062: 2026:North Docklands 2014: 1971: 1965: 1945: 1893: 1869: 1825: 1788: 1753: 1745:boiler stations 1737: 1725: 1678: 1646: 1622: 1613: 1592: 1570: 1548: 1546:Size of systems 1524: 1509:heat exchangers 1505:central heating 1462:insulated pipes 1402: 1361: 1341: 1331:working fluid. 1294: 1279:at 50 MW, 1269: 1251: 646: 644: 635: 630: 625: 561: 555: 552: 545:needs expansion 530: 524: 464:insulated pipes 460:heat exchangers 452: 450:Nuclear fission 425: 406: 400: 388: 357: 343: 270: 249: 240: 227: 210: 148: 88:insulated pipes 82:(also known as 17: 12: 11: 5: 9966: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9851: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9773: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9632:Psychrometrics 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9529:Air flow meter 9525: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9305:Heating system 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9285:Heat exchanger 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9250:Gas compressor 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9185:Expansion tank 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105:Ceramic heater 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8946:Solar air heat 8943: 8938: 8936:Renewable heat 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8847: 8845:Forced-air gas 8842: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8695:Thermodynamics 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8665:Psychrometrics 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8620:Gas compressor 8617: 8615:Fluid dynamics 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8465:External links 8463: 8461: 8460: 8434: 8409: 8377: 8359: 8338: 8317:(3): 867–878. 8297: 8276: 8249: 8227: 8205: 8158: 8132: 8106: 8072: 8046: 8021: 7996: 7974: 7953: 7933: 7919: 7895: 7870: 7845: 7814: 7789: 7763: 7741: 7710: 7691:"Cooling Home" 7682: 7657: 7632: 7607: 7582: 7559: 7556:on 2019-01-09. 7534: 7532: 7531: 7522: 7520:. Springfield. 7509: 7468: 7445: 7438: 7411: 7387: 7362: 7340: 7314: 7291: 7266: 7246: 7221: 7196:"Zuni Station" 7187: 7156: 7134: 7124:. Jsonline.com 7112: 7082: 7056: 7030: 7005: 6989:"Con Ed Steam" 6980: 6958: 6940: 6909: 6899:. Vancouver.ca 6888: 6862: 6841: 6815: 6787: 6766: 6740: 6726: 6694: 6677: 6660: 6628:Water Research 6611: 6584: 6555: 6520: 6493: 6469: 6440: 6410: 6380: 6350: 6333: 6308: 6280: 6248: 6234: 6210: 6191: 6184: 6164: 6157: 6137: 6123: 6112: 6092: 6063: 6028: 6014: 5983: 5958: 5940: 5929:www.verkis.com 5916: 5884: 5866: 5841: 5829: 5799: 5776: 5758: 5737: 5716: 5698: 5673: 5644: 5622: 5599: 5585: 5576: 5564: 5530: 5504: 5474: 5449: 5418: 5401: 5398:on 2010-06-12. 5383: 5366: 5363:on 2009-01-01. 5348: 5331: 5317: 5296: 5270: 5254: 5223: 5198: 5178: 5153: 5122: 5073: 5030:Energy Reports 5016: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4956: 4916: 4904: 4873: 4850: 4830: 4795: 4793:. 5 Oct. 2012. 4775: 4755: 4742: 4723: 4710: 4675: 4642: 4622: 4591: 4566: 4533: 4522:State of Green 4509: 4491: 4470: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4400: 4388:Power Magazine 4374: 4348: 4322: 4304: 4299:POWER Magazine 4286: 4243: 4224:(1): 553–559. 4208: 4196:Power Magazine 4182: 4157: 4129: 4115: 4089: 4068: 4047: 4022: 4008: 3979: 3950: 3905: 3891: 3850: 3811: 3776: 3724: 3692: 3645: 3621: 3597: 3552: 3523: 3498: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3437:Public utility 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3386: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3233: 3232: 3213: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3148:(south of the 3141: 3138: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2959: 2945: 2942: 2932: 2913: 2902: 2872: 2846: 2838: 2811: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2668: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2629: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2560: 2489:Lyceum Theatre 2479: 2387: 2386:United Kingdom 2384: 2381: 2380: 2360: 2358: 2347: 2344: 2305: 2304:reduced its CO 2296: 2293: 2279: 2276: 2259: 2256: 2248:steam turbines 2233: 2230: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2165: 2162: 2141: 2138: 2061: 2058: 2052:datacentre in 2043:Glenstal Abbey 2013: 2010: 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1944: 1941: 1919:, Ptolemaida, 1892: 1889: 1868: 1865: 1824: 1821: 1787: 1784: 1757:Czech Republic 1752: 1751:Czech Republic 1749: 1736: 1733: 1724: 1721: 1677: 1674: 1645: 1642: 1634:European Union 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1591: 1588: 1569: 1566: 1547: 1544: 1523: 1520: 1498:electric power 1458:shear stresses 1410:Rigshospitalet 1401: 1398: 1360: 1357: 1339: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1293: 1290: 1265:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 956:San Bernardino 954: 953:San Bernardino 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924:Warren Estates 921: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 892: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 834: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 811:Pagosa Springs 809: 808:Pagosa Springs 805: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 776: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 747: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 689: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656: 652: 651: 648: 641: 632: 627: 622: 619: 616: 578:Chaudes-Aigues 563: 562: 542: 540: 526:Main article: 523: 520: 475:global warming 451: 448: 423: 418:climate change 399: 396: 387: 384: 353:Main article: 342: 339: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 269: 266: 248: 245: 239: 236: 226: 223: 209: 206: 202:Birdsill Holly 156:Chaudes-Aigues 147: 144: 140:global warming 102:plant burning 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9965: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9863: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770:organizations 9766: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9714:Duct cleaning 9712: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9565:Control valve 9563: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485:Turning vanes 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9460:Thermal wheel 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9425:Solar chimney 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195:Fan coil unit 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Cooling tower 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Vapor barrier 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:Solar heating 8959: 8957: 8956:Solar cooling 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Refrigeration 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901:Passive house 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8771:Chilled water 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8670:Sensible heat 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650:Noise control 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8630:Heat transfer 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8553: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8399:on 2021-03-07 8395: 8388: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8286: 8280: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8237: 8231: 8215: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8036:on 2011-10-07 8035: 8031: 8025: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7943: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7835:on 2015-09-06 7834: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7803: 7802:www.emich.edu 7799: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7731:on 2013-12-25 7730: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7621: 7620:apmonitor.com 7617: 7611: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7439:9780309035378 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7415: 7401:. Alerton.com 7397: 7391: 7377:on 2009-07-18 7376: 7372: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7310: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7236:on 2011-09-25 7235: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7145: 7138: 7123: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7020:on 2015-11-14 7019: 7015: 7009: 6995:on 2007-09-21 6994: 6990: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6955: 6954: 6953:Northern Life 6949: 6944: 6930:on 2013-09-21 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6851: 6845: 6834:September 24, 6830: 6826: 6819: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6770: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6715:on 2007-09-27 6711: 6704: 6698: 6687: 6681: 6670: 6664: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6601: 6594: 6588: 6574:on 2011-10-16 6573: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6459:on 2012-04-18 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6399: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6318: 6312: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6270:on 2021-10-01 6269: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6238: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6185:9781317577065 6181: 6178:. Routledge. 6177: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6158:9781118209806 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6082:on 2012-07-17 6081: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6053:on 2014-05-06 6049: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5973:on 2011-10-07 5972: 5968: 5962: 5951: 5944: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5895: 5888: 5877: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5725:"In Helsinki" 5720: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5376: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5320: 5318:9788791404481 5314: 5310: 5309: 5300: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5243:on 5 May 2014 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5143:on 2011-09-28 5139: 5132: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4979: 4973:polyethylene. 4969: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4894:on 2021-04-28 4890: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4700:on 2015-10-19 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4577: 4570: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4172:on 2016-01-10 4171: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4105:on 2007-08-13 4104: 4100: 4093: 4078: 4072: 4058: 4051: 4037:on 2019-02-18 4036: 4032: 4026: 4018: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3714:on 2006-12-18 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3542:on 2019-05-02 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427:CHP Directive 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3399:Energy portal 3394: 3389: 3382: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3270:64.4% (2017) 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3229: 3226:December 2022 3217: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3134:Greater Tokyo 3130: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015:Heating Plant 3014: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002:State Library 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2774:United States 2771: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2602:North America 2593: 2584: 2580: 2577:This section 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2472:incinerator. 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2377: 2374:December 2022 2368: 2364: 2361:This section 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2185:cooling grid 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:Reggio Emilia 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927:, Serres and 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1796:water heating 1793: 1792:space heating 1783: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1638:CHP Directive 1635: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1568:Pros and cons 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1522:Heat metering 1519: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475:diisocyanates 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1388:is about 8%. 1387: 1382: 1374: 1373:Lower Austria 1370: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 985:Klamath Falls 984: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 864: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 777: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 748: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 719: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 695:Klamath Falls 694: 691: 690: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 661: 657: 654: 653: 643:Annual energy 639: 613: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 596:United States 593: 590: 586: 585: 581: 579: 575: 570: 569: 559: 550: 546: 543:This section 541: 538: 534: 533: 529: 519: 517: 513: 509: 508: 503: 499: 494: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 471:air pollution 467: 465: 461: 457: 447: 445: 441: 436: 434: 428: 426: 419: 415: 411: 405: 395: 393: 383: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 362: 356: 347: 338: 336: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 279: 275: 265: 263: 259: 255: 244: 235: 232: 222: 214: 205: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 143: 141: 137: 132: 129: 128:nuclear power 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:water heating 93: 92:space heating 89: 85: 84:heat networks 81: 74: 70: 65: 58: 53: 46: 41: 33: 26: 21: 9892:Fireproofing 9676:and services 9672:Professions, 9570:Gas detector 9470:Trickle vent 9445:Smoke damper 9440:Smoke canopy 9435:Space heater 9365:Plenum space 9300:Heating film 9180:Exhaust hood 9150:Dehumidifier 9090:Blast damper 9085:Barrier pipe 9060:Air purifier 8971:Thermosiphon 8850:Free cooling 8818: 8766:Chilled beam 8690:Thermal mass 8675:Stack effect 8660:Particulates 8640:Infiltration 8571:Fundamental 8451:. Retrieved 8449:. 1 May 2017 8447:euroheat.org 8446: 8437: 8425:. Retrieved 8421: 8412: 8401:. Retrieved 8394:the original 8380: 8362: 8351:. Retrieved 8341: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8289:. Retrieved 8287:. 2022-05-17 8279: 8267:. Retrieved 8263:the original 8252: 8240:. Retrieved 8230: 8218:. Retrieved 8208: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8149:. Retrieved 8145: 8135: 8123:. Retrieved 8119: 8109: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8063:. Retrieved 8059: 8049: 8038:. Retrieved 8034:the original 8024: 8012:. Retrieved 8009:www.ndsu.edu 8008: 7999: 7991:the original 7986: 7977: 7966:. Retrieved 7956: 7945:. Retrieved 7936: 7922: 7911:. Retrieved 7907: 7898: 7887:. Retrieved 7882: 7873: 7861:. Retrieved 7857: 7848: 7837:. Retrieved 7833:the original 7826: 7817: 7805:. Retrieved 7801: 7792: 7780:. Retrieved 7776:Maine Public 7775: 7766: 7758:the original 7753: 7744: 7733:. Retrieved 7729:the original 7722: 7713: 7702:. Retrieved 7694: 7685: 7673:. Retrieved 7669: 7660: 7648:. Retrieved 7644: 7635: 7623:. 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Retrieved 4574:Lund, John. 4569: 4557:. Retrieved 4550:the original 4536: 4525:. Retrieved 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4488:(in Danish). 4483: 4473: 4462:. Retrieved 4457: 4448: 4437: 4426: 4421:November 28, 4419:. Retrieved 4410: 4403: 4393:November 20, 4391:. Retrieved 4387: 4377: 4367:November 20, 4365:. Retrieved 4360: 4351: 4341:November 20, 4339:. Retrieved 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4201:November 20, 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4185: 4174:. Retrieved 4170:the original 4160: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4118: 4107:. Retrieved 4103:the original 4092: 4081:. Retrieved 4071: 4060:. Retrieved 4050: 4039:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4025: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3994: 3963: 3944:11585/624860 3924: 3918: 3908: 3894: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3746: 3740: 3727: 3716:. Retrieved 3712:the original 3707: 3678: 3672: 3669:Lund, Henrik 3637:. Retrieved 3633: 3624: 3613:. Retrieved 3609: 3600: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3544:. 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ENMAX.com 6759:12 November 6347:. May 2017. 5850:"Cégünkről" 5518:www.tscr.cz 4937:: 556–565. 4811:: 670–678. 4440:(Abstract). 4079:. 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