Women in ancient Rome

804: 433: 1189: 1788: 397: 561: 2483: 2000: 2275: 476:(chastity) was a goddess of feminine purity, and was worshipped by Roman women. Only those who were virgins were allowed to enter the temple. A woman's sexual life began with the consummation of her marriage in her husband's cubiculum (private room), where slaves did not enter. In Roman houses, it was common for men and women to each have their own cubicula, allowing the potential for them to carry on separate sex lives. While it was expected that women should only have sexual relations with their husbands, it was common for a man to have many sexual partners throughout his life. After marriage, women were scrutinized in the household to prevent any adulterous behavior. For example, 1180: 1072: 890: 1314: 2058: 1867: 497:

for being in healthy relationships, and punished if unmarried or childless. Additionally, Augustus enforced the divorce and punishment of adulterous wives. Women under his rule could be punished in the courts for adultery and banished. A woman's private relationships now became a publicly regulated matter. The palace was secured and driven by the idea that women would be returned to their proper places as chaste wives and mothers, and thus household order would be restored. Augustus went so far as to punish and exile his own daughter, Julia, for engaging in extramarital affairs.

983: 393:). Slaves, who had no legal standing, were part of the household as property. In the early Empire, the legal standing of daughters differed little if at all from that of sons. If the father died without a will, the right of a daughter to share in the family property was equal to that of a son, though legislation in the 2nd century BCE had attempted to limit this right. Even apart from legal status, daughters seem no less esteemed within the Roman family than sons, though sons were expected to ensure family standing by following their fathers into public life. 1017: 275: 30: 429:, but to a lesser degree than their children. By the early Empire, however, a daughter's legal relationship to her father remained unchanged when she married, even though she moved into her husband's home. This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the early modern period. Although a Roman woman had to answer to her father legally, she did not conduct her daily life under his direct scrutiny, and her husband had no legal power over her. 2213: 1753:. Their vow of chastity freed them of the traditional obligation to marry and rear children, but its violation carried a heavy penalty: a Vestal found to have polluted her office by breaking her vow was given food, water, and entombed alive. The independence of the Vestals thus existed in relation to the prohibitions imposed on them. In addition to conducting certain religious rites, the Vestals participated at least symbolically in every official sacrifice, as they were responsible for preparing the required ritual substance 283:

marriage whenever and with whomever they saw fit. Marriage facilitated a partnership between the father and prospective husbands, and enabled the formation of a mutually beneficial alliance with both political and economic incentives at heart. The girls would leave their own families and join their husbands. The social regime, geared towards early marriage and implemented through children's education and upbringing, was particularly restrictive for girls. Some, perhaps many, girls went to a

2474: 348:

their knowledge to their daughters in a manner appropriate to their station in life, given the emphasis in Roman society on traditionalism. Virginity and sexual purity were culturally valued qualities considered vital for the stability of both family and state. The rape of an unmarried girl posed a threat to her reputation and marriageability, and the penalty of death was sometimes imposed on the unchaste daughter. The Emperor Augustus introduced marriage legislation, the

1657: 214: 1416: 675: 1442:; among the elite, moralists extolled female domesticity. Rome's political system involved citizen men exclusively—as politicians, representatives, magistrates, executives or voters. Many women had citizen rights but none had the vote, regardless of their wealth or their position in Roman society. though some elite women could manipulate or persuade their husbands and through them exercise political influence and in some cases, control. 791:, when a woman remained under her father's authority by law even when she moved into her husband's home. This arrangement was one of the factors in the independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period: So-called "free" marriage caused no change in personal status for either the wife or the husband. Free marriage usually involved two citizens, or a citizen and a person who held 344:

the tasks of the female within the household. Elite families poured money into their daughters' literary and virtue training to equip them with skills that would appeal to prospective husbands. Epictetus suggests that at the age of 14, girls were considered to be on the brink of womanhood and beginning to understand the inevitability of their future role as wives. They learned modesty through explicit instruction and upbringing.

2400: 913:

remarrying. The duration may have allowed for pregnancy: if a woman had become pregnant just before her husband's death, the period of ten months ensured that no question of paternity -- which might affect the child's social status and inheritance -- arose. No law prohibited pregnant women from marrying, and there are well-known instances: Augustus married Livia when she was carrying her former husband's child, and the

1958: 602:, the modesty appropriate to one's station. It has been noted that while women were often impugned for their feeblemindedness and ignorance of the law, and thus in need of protection by male advocates, in reality actions were taken to restrict their influence and effectiveness. Despite this specific restriction, there are numerous examples of women taking informed actions in legal matters in the Late Republic and 2164: 795:, and in the later Imperial period and with official permission, soldier-citizens and non-citizens. In a free marriage a bride brought a dowry to the husband: if the marriage ended with no cause of adultery he returned most of it. The law's separation of property was so total that gifts between spouses were not recognized as such. If a couple divorced or even separated, the giver could reclaim the gift. 2612: 2548:

Calatoria Themis, but Iusta maintained that she had been born after her mother's manumission. Calatoria, by now a widow, in turn argued that Iusta was born before her mother was free and that she had been manumitted, therefore owing her former owner the service due a patron. Calatoria could produce no documentation of this supposed manumission, and the case came down to the testimony of witnesses.

2419:, and was recognized by most Roman medical writers as a likely result when women engage in intensive physical regimens for extended periods of time. Balancing food, exercise, and sexual activity came to be regarded as a choice that women might make. The observation that intensive training was likely to result in amenorrhea implies that there were women who engaged in such regimens. 553:, by her relation to a man. The independent Maesia spoke in her own defense, and was acquitted almost unanimously after only a short trial because she spoke with such strength and effectiveness. Since these characteristics were considered masculine, however, the historian opined that under her feminine appearance, she had a "virile spirit", and thereafter she was called "the 2253:, begun while a woman was still a virgin, was thought to prevent sagging. Breasts receive relatively minimal attention in erotic art and literature as a sexual focus; the breast was associated primarily with nursing infants and a woman's role as a mother. In times of extreme emotional duress, such as mourning or captivity in wartime, women might bare their breasts as an 1471:(234–149) describe Rome's matrons, who collectively protested against the law on the streets of Rome, as an "army of women" seeking to undermine the authority of his own gender and class, even the very existence of Rome, in their pursuit of unrestrained licence to spend money—which he describes as a particularly female disease that could never be cured, only suppressed. 1283:, "was that the women appear as much engaged in business and as interested in speculations as the men. Money is their first care. They work their estates, invest their funds, lend and borrow. We find one among Cicero's creditors, and two among his debtors." Although Roman society did not allow women to gain official political power, it did allow them to enter business. 968:, declining to offer his young daughter to the 60-year-old orator instead. After the widowed Marcia inherited considerable wealth, Cato married her again, in a ceremony lacking many of the formalities. Women might be mocked, however, for marrying too often or capriciously, particularly if it could be implied that sexual appetites or vanity were motives. 1142:

women were not only valued for the number of children that they produced, but also for their part in raising and educating children to become good citizens. To rear children for successful lives, an exemplary Roman mother needed to be well-educated herself. One of the Roman women most famous for their strength and influence as a mother was

623:, the law required the equal division of his estate amongst his children, regardless of their age and sex. A will that did otherwise, or emancipated any family member without due process of law, could be challenged. From the late Republic onward, a woman who inherited a share equal with her brothers would have been independent of 843:, divorce was relatively common and "shame-free", the subject of gossip rather than a social disgrace. Valerius says that Lucius Annius was disapproved of because he divorced his wife without consulting his friends; that is, he undertook the action for his own purposes and without considering its effects on his social network ( 1044:, "that the man who struck his wife or child laid violent hands on the holiest of holy things." A man of status during the Roman Republic was expected to behave moderately toward his wife and to define himself as a good husband. Wife beating was sufficient grounds for divorce or other legal action against the husband. 1267:

symbol of a wife's duties, and equipment for spinning might appear on the funeral monument of a woman to show that she was a good and honorable matron. Even women of the upper classes were expected to be able to spin and weave in virtuous emulation of their rustic ancestors—a practice ostentatiously observed by

4567:

Greene, E.M. (2015) 'Girls or Boys on the Column of Trajan? Depictions of Female Participation in Military Religion' presented at 116th Joint Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America and the Society for Classical Studies (formerly the American Philological Association), January 8–11,

2573:

Women could turn to prostitution to support themselves, but not all prostitutes had freedom to decide. There is some evidence that even slave prostitutes could benefit from their labor. Although rape was a crime, the law only punished the rape of a slave if it "damaged the goods", because a slave had

1605:

had his mother or grandmother take part in Senate proceedings. The author regarded this as one of Elagabalus's many scandals, and reported that the Senate's first act upon his death was to restore the ban on attendance by women. According to the same work, Elagabalus also established a women's senate

912:

The frequency of remarriage among the elite was high. Speedy remarriage was not unusual, and perhaps even customary, for aristocratic Romans after the death of a spouse. While no formal waiting period was dictated for a widower, it was customary for a woman to remain in mourning for ten months before

496:

The focus on a woman's purity and on her role as a faithful wife and dutiful mother in the family increased during the reign of Augustus. This general campaign to improve family dynamics began in 18–17 BC. Augustus' new laws targeted both men and women between the ages of 20 and 55, who were rewarded

282:

Girls were expected to safeguard their chastity, modesty and reputation, in preparation for eventual marriage. The light regulation of marriage by the law with regards to minimum age (12) and consent to marriage was designed to leave families, primarily fathers, with much freedom to propel girls into

1981:

was not excluded. One of the most vexed questions of Roman social life is whether the sexes bathed together in public. Until the late Republic, evidence suggests that women usually bathed in a separate wing or facility, or that women and men were scheduled at different times. But there is also clear

1262:

in 8 CE, his wife exploited social connections and legal maneuvers to hold on to the family's property, on which their livelihood depended. Ovid expresses his love and admiration for her lavishly in the poetry he wrote during his exile. Frugality, parsimony, and austerity were characteristics of the

951:

indicates that a second wedding among Romans was likely to be a quieter affair, as a widow would still feel the absence of her dead husband, and a divorcée ought to feel shame. But while the circumstances of divorce might be shameful or embarrassing, and remaining married to the same person for life

258:

when they were preparing for marriage. Noble girls were known to marry as young as 12 years of age, whereas females in the lower classes were more likely to marry slightly further into their teenage years. (Boys, however, had to be at least 14.) An example of the marriage age of noble females can be

1351:

asking for the destruction of their household, workshop, work, and livelihood. The status of ordinary women who owned a business seems to have been regarded as exceptional. Laws during the Imperial period aimed at punishing women for adultery exempted those "who have charge of any business or shop"

408:

had the right and duty to find a husband for his daughter, and first marriages were normally arranged. Technically, the couple had to be old enough to consent, but the age of consent was 12 for girls and 14 for boys. However, in practice boys seem to have been on average five years older. Among the

343:

at the time of his death, was distinguished for her musicianship and her knowledge of geometry, literature, and philosophy. This degree of learning indicates formal preparation; however, among the lower classes education was limited and strongly geared towards the course of marriage, and performing

2191:

argued for its retention: personal morality and self-restraint were self-evidently inadequate controls on indulgence and luxury. Luxury provoked the envy and shame of those less well-off, and was therefore divisive. Roman women, in Cato's view, had showed only too clearly that their appetites once

1830:

These highly public official duties for women contradict the commonplace notion that women in ancient Rome took part only in private or domestic religion. The dual male-female priesthoods may reflect the Roman tendency to seek a gender complement within the religious sphere; most divine powers are

2594:

agreements became enforceable by law. Prostitution was not limited to slaves or poor citizens; according to Suetonius, Caligula when converting his palace into a brothel employed upper class "matrons and youths" as prostitutes. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula, Tacitus records that

1219:

Aristocratic women managed a large and complex household. Since wealthy couples often owned multiple homes and country estates with dozens or even hundreds of slaves -- some of whom were educated and highly skilled -- this could be the equivalent of running a small corporation. In addition to the

347:

The lives of boys and girls began to diverge dramatically after they formally came of age, and memorials to women recognize their domestic qualities far more often than intellectual achievements. The skills a Roman matron needed to run a household required training, and mothers probably passed on

2547:

The relationship of a former slave to her patron could be complicated. In one legal case, a woman named Petronia Iusta attempted to show—without a birth declaration to prove it—that she had been free-born. Her mother, she acknowledged, had been a slave in the household of Petronius Stephanus and

1266:

One of the most important tasks for women was to oversee clothing production. In the early Roman period, the spinning of wool was a central domestic occupation and indicated a family's self-sufficiency, since the wool would be produced on their estates. Even in an urban setting, wool was often a

1141:

The extent to which Roman women might expect their husbands to participate in the rearing of very young children seems to vary and is hard to determine. Traditionalists such as Cato appear to have taken an interest, as Cato liked to be present when his wife bathed and swaddled their child. Roman

417:

married younger than women of the lower classes. Most Roman women would have married in their late teens to early twenties. An aristocratic girl was expected to be a virgin when she married, as her young age might indicate. A daughter could legitimately refuse a match made by her parents only by

1634:

Classical texts have little to say about women and the Roman army. Although the Emperor Augustus (reigned 27 BC–AD 14) made marriage by ordinary soldiers unlawful, this probably meant that while soldiers and women in distant provinces and settlements formed relationships and had children, their

1286:

Even women of wealth were not supposed to be idle ladies of leisure. Among the aristocracy, women as well as men lent money to their peers to avoid resorting to a moneylender. When Pliny was considering buying an estate, he factored in a loan from his mother-in-law as a guarantee rather than an

993:

A concubine was defined by Roman law as a woman living in a permanent monogamous relationship with a man not her husband. There was no dishonor in being a concubine or living with a concubine, and a concubine could become a wife. Gifts could be exchanged between the partners in concubinage, in

881:), a man or woman could end a marriage simply because he or she wanted to, and for no other reason. Unless the wife could prove the spouse was worthless, he kept the children. Because property had been kept separate during the marriage, divorce from a "free" marriage was a very easy procedure. 1748:

The Vestals possessed unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. It was also possible for them to amass "considerable wealth". Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her father's authority. In archaic Roman

920:

Because elite marriages often occurred for reasons of politics or property, a widow or divorcée with assets in these areas faced few obstacles to remarrying. She was far more likely to be legally emancipated than a first-time bride, and to have a say in the choice of husband. The marriages of

352:, which rewarded marriage and childbearing. The legislation also imposed penalties on young persons who failed to marry and on those who committed adultery. Therefore, marriage and childbearing was made law between the ages of twenty-five and sixty for men, and twenty and fifty for women. 704:

meant that a married woman would be subjugated by her husband. That custom had died out by the 1st century BCE in favor of free marriage, which did not grant a husband any rights over his wife or cause any significant change to a newly-married woman's status. During the classical era of

1588:, where she attempted to gain the support of the Roman fleet and was instead arrested. Once the conspiracy was uncovered, she would reveal nothing even under torture, in contrast to the senators, who were not subjected to torture and yet raced to spill the details. Tacitus also praises 1305:

Because women had the right to own property, they might engage in the same business transactions and management practices as any landowner. As with their male counterparts, their management of slaves appears to have varied from relative care to negligence and outright abuse. During the

2048:

for this reason. Wealthy women might tour the empire, often participating in or viewing local religious ceremonies or entertainments appropriate to their class and background at sites around the empire. Rich women traveled to the countryside during the summer when Rome became too hot.

334:

as well as Latin from an early age. Among the upper classes, women seem to have been well-educated, some highly so, and were sometimes praised by the male historians for their learning and cultivation. Some women became socially prominent, and even relatively independent.

1565:

conspired to overthrow Caligula. The plot was discovered, and Lepidus was executed. Agrippina and Livilla were exiled, and returned from exile only when their paternal uncle Claudius came to power after Caligula's assassination in 41 CE. In turn, Claudius's third wife

221:

Childhood and upbringing in ancient Rome were determined by social status. Roman children played a number of games, and their toys are known from archaeology and literary sources. Animal figures were popular, and some children kept live animals and birds as pets. In

1680:, the central rite of most major public ceremonies, though this was less a matter of prohibition than the fact that most priests presiding over state religion were men. Some cult practices were reserved for women only, for example, the rites of the Good Goddess ( 287:; however, there is some evidence to suggest that girls’ education was limited to this elementary school level. It has been inferred that individual school tutoring of girls at home was led by concerns about threats to girls’ modesty in coeducational classrooms. 2192:

corrupted knew no limits, and must be restrained. Large numbers of Roman matrons thought otherwise, and made concerted public protest. In 193 BCE the laws were abolished: Cato's opposition did not harm his political career. Later, in 42 BCE, Roman women, led by

1635:

relationships were not recognised in Roman law. Two centuries or so later, the ban was lifted. It has been suggested that wives and children of centurions lived with them at border and provincial forts. Shoes in women's and children's sizes were found very near

1342:

Trade and manufacturing are not well represented in Roman literature, which was produced for and largely by the elite, but funerary inscriptions sometimes record the profession of the deceased, including women. Women are known to have owned and operated

648:, the legal right to certain privileges after bearing three children, was also released from guardianship, and the emperor Claudius banned agnatic guardianship. The role of guardianship as a legal institution gradually diminished, and by the 2nd century 201:. Forbidden from marriage or sex for a period of thirty years, the Vestals devoted themselves to the study and correct observance of rituals which were deemed necessary for the security and survival of Rome but which could not be performed by the male 2599:

had brothels filled with upper class women. Prostitution could also be a punishment instead of an occupation; a law of Augustus allowed that women guilty of adultery could be sentenced to work in brothels as prostitutes. The law was abolished in 389.

1927:. Ceres was a significant Goddess in terms of childrearing but also in raising the daughter to be a good mother and wife. Ceres relationship with her own daughter was used as an example as to how Roman mothers should go about raising their daughters. 1610:, which enacted very detailed rules prescribing the correct public behaviour, jewelry, clothing, chariots and sundry personal items for matrons. This apparently built upon previous, less formal but exclusive meetings of elite wives; and before that, 444:

A daughter was expected to be deferential toward her father and to remain loyal to him, even if it meant having to disagree with her husband's actions. For some, "deference" was not always absolute. After arranging his daughter's first two marriages,

1188: 540:

to women who conducted cases on their own behalf, or on behalf of others. These women got to show their ability as orators in the courtroom at a time when oratory was considered a defining pursuit of the most ambitious Roman men. One of these,

2574:

no legal standing. The penalty was aimed at providing her owner compensation for the "damage" of his property. Because a slave woman was considered property under Roman law, forcing her to be a prostitute was not considered a crime. Prior to

2183:(215 BCE) to restrict personal and public extravagance. The law limited women's possession and display of gold and silver (as money or personal ornament), expensive clothing and their "unnecessary" use of chariots and litters. Victory over 1099:

mentions wet-nurses. Since a mother's milk was considered best for the baby, aristocratic women might still choose to breast-feed unless physical reasons prevented it. If a woman did choose not to nurse her own child, she could visit the

709:, marriage required no ceremony, but only a mutual will and agreement to live together in harmony. Marriage ceremonies, contracts, and other formalities were meant only to prove that a couple had, in fact, married. Under early or archaic 770:

transferred through her marriage, and any subsequently-acquired property belonged to her husband. Husbands could divorce their wives on grounds of adultery, and a few cases of divorce on the grounds of a wife's infertility are recorded.

1986:

from the late Republic until the rise of Christian dominance in the later Empire. Some scholars have thought that only lower-class women bathed with men, or those of dubious moral standing such as entertainers or prostitutes, but

775:

marriage was an unequal relationship; it changed a woman’s intestate heirs from her siblings to her children, not because she was their mother but because her legal status was the same as that of a daughter to her husband. Under

925:, who commanded troops during the last civil war of the Republic and who was the first Roman woman to have her face on a coin, are thought to indicate her own political sympathies and ambitions. Fulvia was married first to the 4557:

Greene, E.M. (2014). “If the shoe fits: Style and function of children’s shoes from Vindolanda” in R. Collins and F. McIntosh (eds.), Life in the Limes: Studies of the People and Objects of the Roman Frontiers. Oxford: Oxbow.

1643:

at the same site, bronze military discharge certificates were found, granting citizenship after 25 years of service and mentioning wives and children. In Germany, women's brooches and shoes were excavated at a military site.

1310:, Megallis and her husband Damophilus were both killed by their slaves on account of their brutality, but their daughter was spared because of her kindness and granted safe passage out of Sicily, along with an armed escort. 2282:

During the late Republic penalties for sexuality were barely enforced if at all, and a new erotic ideal of romantic relationship emerges. Subverting the tradition of male dominance, the love poets of the late Republic and

71:. But while Roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. Exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history include 1939:". Nor was "private" the same as "secret": Romans were suspicious of secretive religious practices, and Cicero cautioned that nocturnal sacrifices were not to be performed by women, except for those ritually prescribed 464:) for life, not assuming that of her husband. Children usually took the father's name. In the Imperial period, however, children might sometimes make their mother's family name part of theirs, or even adopt it instead. 1977:. The wealthiest families had private baths at home, but most people went to bath houses not only to wash but to socialize, as the larger facilities offered a range of services and recreational activities, among which 1406:

families usually lacked kitchens. The need to buy prepared food meant that takeaway food was a thriving business. Most of the Roman poor, whether male or female, young or old, earned a living through their own labour.

329:

was sung by a choir of girls and boys. Children were made into virtuous adults through scholastic means, with curriculum, language, literature, and philosophy teaching moral precepts. Children of the elite were taught

1086:

Roman wives were expected to bear children, but the women of the aristocracy, accustomed to a degree of independence, showed a growing disinclination to devote themselves to traditional motherhood. By the 1st century

506:

There never was a case in court in which the quarrel was not started by a woman. If Manilia is not a defendant, she'll be the plaintiff; she will herself frame and adjust the pleadings; she will be ready to instruct

1001:

and a woman who was a social inferior, such as a freedwoman or one who had a questionable background of poverty or prostitution, might enter into concubinage. Two partners who lacked the right to legal marriage, or

2717:. The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son's citizenship. All Roman citizens recognized as such by law did not hold equal rights and privileges, particularly in regard to holding high office. See 634:) appointed to her. She retained her powers of administration, however, and the guardian's main if not sole purpose was to give formal consent to actions. The guardian had no say in her private life, and a woman 2426:

recommends playing ball, swimming, walking, reading aloud, riding in vehicles, and travel as recreation, which would promote overall good health. In examining the causes of undesired childlessness, these later

1995:

prohibited mixed bathing, but the ban seems not to have endured. Most likely, customs varied not only by time and place, but by facility, so that women could choose to segregate themselves by gender or not.

1881:

onward, religious diversity became increasingly characteristic of the city of Rome. Many religions that were not part of Rome's earliest state cult offered leadership roles for women, among them the cult of

5310:(Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11: The "notion of women as 'Same' as well as 'Other' presupposed a female body partly assimilated to the male constitution, one whose sex-specific functions, such as 2635: 307:

and other historians and philosophers suggest that the educational system was preoccupied with the development of masculine virtue, with male teenagers performing school exercises in public speaking about

1930:

Male writers vary in their depiction of women's religiosity: some represent women as paragons of Roman virtue and devotion, but also inclined by temperament to excessive religious devotion, the lure of

1008:, might also do so. Concubinage differed from marriage chiefly in the status of children born from the relationship. Children had their mother's social rank, and not, as was customary, their father's. 2590:

clause to the slave to prevent her from being prostituted. The Ne Serva clause meant that if the new owner or any owner after him or her used the slave as a prostitute she would be free. Later on the

4597:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 134–136. In some sense, every head of household was a priest responsible for religious maintenance at home; in Roman patriarchal society, this was the 1745:

would have been responsible for the regular maintenance of a cult. Epitaphs provide the main evidence for these priesthoods, and the woman is often not identified in terms of her marital status.

2544:

In most ways, freedwomen had the same legal status as freeborn women. But because under Roman law a slave had no father, freed slaves had no inheritance rights unless they were named in a will.

1059:, whom he kicked to death for criticizing him. Some modern historians believe that Poppaea died from a miscarriage or childbirth, and that the story was exaggerated to vilify Nero. The despised 2017:, and theatrical performances. By the late Republic, they regularly attended dinner parties, though in earlier times the women of a household dined in private together. Conservatives such as 576:

Maesia's ability to present a case "methodically and vigorously" suggests that while women did not plead regularly in open court, they had experience in private declamation and family court.

2105:

to add color to their cheeks as well as using lead to highlight their eyes. They spent much time arranging their hair and often dyed it black, red, or blonde. They also wore wigs regularly.

238:

are sometimes found in the tombs of those who died before adulthood. The figures are typically 15–16 cm (5.9–6.3 in) tall, with jointed limbs, and made of materials such as wood,

2021:(234–149 BCE) considered it improper for women to take a more active role in public life; his complaints indicated that indeed some women did voice their opinions in the public sphere. 488:. Julius Caesar's mother, Aurelia, who monitored Pompeia's actions, prevented their private meetings. The mere possibility of Pompeia committing adultery caused Caesar to divorce her. 682:

Family tomb inscriptions of respectable Romans suggest that the ideal Roman marriage was one of mutual loyalty, in which husband and wife shared interests, activities, and property.

1347:. A woman might develop skills to complement her husband's trade, or manage aspects of his business. Artemis the gilder was married to Dionysius the helmet maker, as indicated by a 3373:(University of Toronto Press, 1990), p. 180. Alexander places the date of the trial, about which Valerius is unclear, to sometime between 80 and 50 BCE. The charge goes unrecorded. 4548:

Allison P. (2011) 'Soldiers’ families in the early Roman Empire', in B. Rawson, ed., Family and household in ancient Greece and Rome: a companion, 161–182. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell

1905:

was as high as 40 percent, divine aid was solicited for the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby. Invocations were directed at the goddesses

2307:. The affair ends badly, and Catullus's declarations of love turn to attacks on her sexual appetites—rhetoric that accords with the other hostile source on Clodia's behavior, 952:

was ideal, there was no general disapproval of remarriage; on the contrary, marriage was considered the right and desirable condition of adult life for both men and women.

5853: 1104:("Milk Column"), where poor parents could obtain milk for their infants as charity from wet nurses and more affluent parents could hire a wet nurse. Licinia, the wife of 803: 1538:, acting several times as regent and consistently as a faithful advisor. Several women of the Imperial family, such as Livia's great-granddaughter and Caligula's sister 432: 4938:

Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)

4739:

Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)

1287:

option. Women also joined in funding public works, as is frequently documented by inscriptions during the Imperial period. The "lawless" Politta, who appears in the

4462: 2085:

Women in ancient Rome took great care in their appearance, though extravagance was frowned upon. They wore cosmetics and made different concoctions for their skin.

142:

document the names of a wide range of women throughout the Roman Empire, but often tell little else about them. Some vivid snapshots of daily life are preserved in

747:, if a woman was absent for three consecutive nights at least once a year, she would avoid her husband establishing legal control over her. This differed from the 2118:

was a long white dress that was cinched at the waist and which fell to the wearer’s feet, secured by clasps at the shoulder. Wealthier women would decorate their

1108:(d. 149 BCE), is reported to have nursed not only her son, but sometimes the infants of her slaves, to encourage "brotherly affection" among them. By the time of 1496:

endangered her own life and relinquished her jewelry to send support to her husband in exile. Both survived the turbulence of the time to enjoy a long marriage.

1339:

created legislation to encourage the upper classes to engage in shipping. Women of the upper classes are documented as owning and running shipping corporations.

6004: 3109:

Mary T. Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola, Noel Lenski, Richard J. A. Talbert, "A Brief History of The Romans" (Oxford University Press; 2 edition, 2013), p. 176.

1759:. The Vestals seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well into the 4th century CE, until the Christian emperors dissolved the order. 678:

Roman couple in the ceremonial joining of hands; the bride's knotted belt symbolized that her husband was "belted and bound" to her. 4th century sarcophagus

2245:(a sort of strapless bra) even when otherwise nude and performing sex acts. Large breasts were mocked as humorous or a sign of old age. Young girls wore a 1131:(reigned 27 BCE–14 CE) passed a series of laws intended to increase it. These laws provided special honors for women who bore at least three children (the 2533:

slaves. A freed slave owed a period of service, the terms of which might be agreed upon as a precondition of freedom, to her former owner, who became her

1676:

and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their participation might be limited. As a rule women did not perform

821:

was a legal but relatively informal affair which mainly involved a wife leaving her husband’s house and taking back her dowry. According to the historian

1091:, most elite women avoided breast-feeding their infants themselves and thus hired wet-nurses. This practice was not uncommon as early as the 2nd century 2201: 1901:

Although less documented than public religion, private religious practices addressed aspects of life that were exclusive to women. At a time when the

5409:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 267. Clitoridectomy is described in some detail by the Byzantine physicians and medical writers

4815: 1749:

society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly and only to the

3305: 1246:, sometimes for years at a time, the maintenance of the family's property and business decisions were often left to the wives. For instance, while 1787: 1774:

prohibitions. The flaminica was a perhaps exceptional case of a woman performing animal sacrifice; she offered a ram to Jupiter on each of the

1554: 1805:, "queen of the sacred rites", wore distinctive ceremonial dress and performed animal sacrifice, offering a sow or female lamb to Juno on the 5891: 598:. An edict was consequently enacted that prohibited women from bringing claims on behalf of others, on the grounds that it jeopardized their 1381:) would be quite proud of her occupation. Women could be scribes and secretaries, including "girls trained for beautiful writing", that is, 315:

Children of both genders learned to behave socially by attending dinner parties or other, less elitist events. Both genders participated in

6433: 1512:, came to a less fortunate but (in the eyes of her time) heroic end: she killed herself as the Republic collapsed, just as her father did. 550: 457: 6475: 6463: 3227:," notes Rawson, "they may well have found the constant awareness of his powers and position a great strain" ("The Roman Family," p. 15). 2737:. ("children born of two Roman citizens") indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status, in specific contrast to a 2541:

was one of the fundamental social structures of ancient Rome, and failure to fulfill one's obligations brought disapproval and censure.

1827:, "king of the sacred rites", an archaic priesthood regarded in the earliest period as more prestigious than even the Pontifex Maximus. 6522: 4784: 450: 5400:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 156. Nude statues of men that were intended to be beautiful or dignified had a small penis. 917:

ruled that it was permissible as long as the child's father was determined first. Livia's previous husband even attended the wedding.

2630: 1924: 190:, as his speeches demonstrate through disparagement the various ways Roman women could enjoy a free-spirited sexual and social life. 6438: 1377:, people who had recourse to few legal protections even if they were free. Inscriptions indicate that a woman who was a wet nurse ( 3843: 532:

and Empire, as early as the 5th century BC, Roman women could own land, write their own wills, and appear in court. The historian

7810: 6448: 17: 2778:

Les écoles médicales à Rome: Actes du 2 Colloque international sur les textes médicaux latins antiques, Lausanne, septembre 1986

1701: 396: 7755: 6443: 6177: 1242:). Since the most ambitious aristocratic men were frequently away from home on military campaign or administrative duty in the 934: 638:

could marry as she pleased. A woman also had certain avenues of recourse if she wished to replace an obstructive tutor. Under

7725: 6550: 6077: 5803: 5787: 5766: 5750: 5703: 5644: 5057: 2236: 1335:

suggested that in order to gain respectability a merchant should buy land. Attitudes changed during the Empire, however, and

905: 247: 4763:

Fasti sacerdotum: A Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian Religious Officials in the City of Rome, 300 BCE to CE 499

7815: 7690: 6843: 2295:

addresses a number of poems to "Lesbia", a married woman with whom he has an affair, usually identified as a fictionalized

997:

Couples usually resorted to concubinage when inequality of social rank was an obstacle to marriage. For instance, a man of

4095: 3978: 2200:. Evidence of a lessening on luxury restrictions can also be found; one of the Letters of Pliny is addressed to the woman 1138:. Women who were unmarried, divorced, widowed, or barren were prohibited from inheriting property unless named in a will. 6396: 1936: 1373: 560: 6067: 5732: 5682: 5663: 2872:, and p. 48 on Diana. Rome lacked the elaborate puberty rites for girls that were practiced in ancient Greece (p. 145). 2284: 2249:

secured tightly in the belief that it would inhibit the growth of breasts, and a regimen of massaging the breasts with

2197: 1452:

could not be cheated of the real and secret power that comes from influence. They count for more than does the average

1036:

by a husband to his wife, However, as with any other crime, laws against domestic abuse do not necessarily prevent it.

588:

who presided over the court, even though she had male advocates who could have spoken for her, that she was accused of

7735: 6495: 6062: 6057: 6033: 5884: 5608: 5579: 5474:

The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World: A Study of social History and the Brothel By Thomas A. McGinn. pg. 52

2442:, was considered a symptom of excessive sexuality. Although Hellenistic and Roman medical and other writers refer to 1047:

Domestic abuse enters the historical record mainly when it involves the egregious excesses of the elite. The Emperor

3032: 1770:; his wife, the Flaminica Dialis, had her own unique priestly attire, and like her husband was placed under obscure 7750: 6423: 6072: 5999: 5260: 2776:(Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 278; Ann Ellis Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome," in 1581: 825:, divorces were taking place by 604 BCE or earlier, and the law code as embodied in the mid-5th century BCE by the 182:, for instance, reveal informally how the self-proclaimed great man interacted on the domestic front with his wife 2231:

shows idealized women as substantial and fleshy, with a full abdomen and breasts that are rounded, not pendulous.

759: 485: 422: 6016: 5949: 5866:

The Women of the Caesars. The Century Co.; New York, 1911. This edition was created by Jone Johnson Lewis, 2003."

2358:

regarding women's bodies and their perceived weaknesses were inadequate for addressing the needs of women in the

1519:

to sole power in the last decades of the 1st century BCE diminished the power of political officeholders and the

528:

Although the rights and status of women in the earliest period of Roman history were more restricted than in the

481: 2912:

Lauren, Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity" (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 3–4.

1238:) was also the center of the family's social identity, with ancestral portraits displayed in the entrance hall ( 1116: 529: 7836: 6770: 6695: 6453: 5375: 4373:, edited by Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, 3rd ed. 2005), p. 104. 2559:; she was also his concubine. He is said to have lived with her faithfully, but she was not considered a wife. 2482: 1932: 1814: 1509: 871: 870:, a man of distinction, was the first to divorce his wife" on grounds of infertility. This was most likely the 656:

said he saw no reason for it. The Christianization of the Empire, beginning with the conversion of the Emperor

171: 2274: 134:, elite women and their politically significant deeds eclipse those of lower status in the historical record. 7266: 4601:. Public religion, like society and politics in general, reflected the hierarchy of the household, since the 2660: 2392:

for female physiology; men, by contrast, were advised to exercise moderation in their sexual behavior, since

2224: 1999: 1550: 7106: 6710: 6162: 5877: 2568: 2537:. The patron had obligations in return, such as paying for said services and helping in legal matters. The 2232: 1952: 1848: 1784:. The couple were not permitted to divorce, and if the flaminica died the flamen had to resign his office. 1562: 1364: 1878: 7805: 7730: 7489: 6545: 6428: 5974: 5761:(1a ed.). Sevilla Zaragoza: Editorial Universidad de Sevilla Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2422:

In the Roman era, medical writers saw a place for exercise in the lives of women in sickness and health.

1545:

Women also participated in efforts to overthrow emperors, predominantly for personal gain. Shortly after

1179: 977: 187: 5396:, among others. It was laughter-provoking, grotesque, or used for magical purposes; see David Fredrick, 2431:

writers include information about sterility in men, rather than assuming some defect in the woman only.

1523:, but did nothing to diminish and arguably increased the opportunities for women, as well as slaves and 1158:. Aurelia's political clout was essential in preventing the execution of her 18-year-old son during the 7765: 7429: 7321: 7091: 6863: 6685: 6593: 6458: 6401: 3718: 2789:

Unless otherwise noted, this introductory overview is based on Beryl Rawson, "Finding Roman Women," in

2538: 2347: 2090: 1251: 1071: 863: 748: 5863: 5216:(Routledge, 2001, 2005), p. 167. Pliny also notes that an application of hemlock was used to suppress 4399:

Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in

4383: 2227:

and wide hips were the ideal body type for women considered alluring by Roman men. Roman art from the

889: 7846: 7841: 7785: 6878: 6833: 6760: 6680: 6628: 6618: 6570: 5917: 4284: 2816: 2650: 2640: 2534: 2296: 2269: 2076: 1225: 851: 167: 3492:

Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Law in the Roman Empire

7851: 7386: 7296: 6805: 6785: 6780: 6765: 6718: 6658: 6613: 6415: 2655: 2080: 1969:

carried by slaves. Women gathered on a daily basis to meet with friends, attend religious rites at

1692: 1688: 1493: 1371:—not all of equal respectability. Prostitutes and performers such as actresses were stigmatized as 1313: 1112:(d. 117 CE), breastfeeding by elite matrons was idealized as a practice of the virtuous old days. 1055:

murdered after subjecting her to torture and imprisonment. Nero then married his pregnant mistress

1004: 862:

Elsewhere, however, it is claimed that the first divorce took place only in 230 BCE, at which time

732: 669: 508: 268: 202: 194: 5306:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 259–260; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to

3642:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 140–141; J.P. Sullivan, "Martial's Sexual Attitudes", 7795: 7775: 7715: 7705: 7695: 7101: 6790: 6690: 6670: 6585: 6575: 6280: 6220: 6200: 5912: 5843: 5424: 4577: 3157: 2645: 2520: 2459: 2388: 1895: 1894:

for a woman who held the highest priesthood of the Magna Mater's temple near the current site of

1420: 1360: 1120: 930: 4079:

Lawrence Richardson, "A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome," (JHU Press, 1992), p. 94.

7800: 7790: 7740: 7720: 7534: 7509: 7474: 7356: 7081: 6728: 6490: 6021: 4779: 3546: 2503: 2463: 472:

From the start of the Roman Republic, there was a high emphasis placed on a woman's virginity.

331: 100: 5373:

78 on the vitiating effects of uncontrolled sexual activity and releasing too much semen, and

3881: 2730: 1866: 1776: 7770: 7700: 7524: 7276: 7076: 7071: 6868: 6700: 6663: 6648: 6623: 6603: 6505: 4833:

1.1.4, says their golden images stood in the forum, "six male and the same number of female."

2196:, successfully protested against laws designed to tax Roman women, by use of the argument of 2145: 2057: 1988: 1902: 1832: 1611: 1558: 1539: 1295: 1154:, whose father died when he was only a young teen, had a close relationship with his mother, 961: 657: 595: 413:

might be arranged for political reasons when the couple were too young to marry. In general,

108: 5569: 5047: 2136:, and instead wore tunics. Prostitutes and those caught committing adultery put on the male 982: 7780: 7745: 7434: 7301: 7201: 7126: 6991: 6954: 6330: 5994: 5796:

Bonae matronae e bona matronarum: donne e capacità patrimoniale tra Repubblica e Principato

5548: 4854:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), pp. 73, 87, 131, 150. 2494:

A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid, who holds up a

1762:

A few priesthoods were held jointly by married couples. Marriage was a requirement for the

1661: 945: 829:

provides for divorce. Divorce was socially acceptable if carried out within social norms (

697:, though to a lesser degree than their children. In the earliest periods of Roman history, 590: 284: 68: 7424: 5384: 8: 7710: 7559: 7361: 7231: 7181: 6500: 6097: 2625: 2617: 2334:

for offering instruction in how to pursue, keep, and get over a lover. Satirists such as

2033: 1767: 1585: 1531: 1279:"One of the most curious characteristics of that age," observed French classical scholar 1133: 914: 644: 5829: 4765:(Oxford University Press, 2008, originally published in German 2005), pp. 223, 783, 840. 3481:(University of Georgia Press, 1995), p. 13; Thomas, "The Division of the Sexes," p. 135. 1228:, and visiting dignitaries from abroad, the husband held his morning business meetings ( 1016: 7760: 7484: 7291: 7146: 7086: 7006: 6949: 6813: 6049: 6028: 5337: 4050: 3811: 3693:

24.1.3.1. If the donor died first, however, the gift to the surviving spouse was valid.

3299: 3223:"If adults sons or daughters and their children had lived in the same household as the 2739: 2722: 2446:

as primarily an "Egyptian" custom, gynecological manuals under the Christian Empire in

2423: 2371: 2354: 2193: 2187:

flooded Rome with wealth and in 195 BCE the Lex Oppia was reviewed. The ruling consul,

1840: 1710: 1645: 1403: 965: 7399: 5410: 4221: 2240: 2132:, which was held by a clasp at the shoulder. Young women were not permitted to wear a 274: 7394: 7246: 7001: 6961: 6939: 6147: 5799: 5783: 5762: 5746: 5728: 5699: 5678: 5659: 5640: 5604: 5575: 5053: 4847: 3741:

4.3.1) places the divorce in 227 BCE, but fudges the date and his sources elsewhere.

2893: 2575: 2383: 2216: 2212: 2025: 1910: 1726: 1636: 1618:, had listened to Senate proceedings, while concealed behind a curtain, according to 1589: 1567: 1489: 1394: 1327:

Unlike landholding, industry was not considered an honorable profession for those of

1307: 1143: 867: 660:

in the early 4th century, eventually had consequences for the legal status of women.

349: 255: 251: 88: 56: 2756:(Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004), pp. 31–32, 457, 1991:

observed that women of the highest social classes could be seen naked at the baths.

1883: 1592:

for sacrificing her fortune in order to stand by her innocent husband against Nero.

941:, the last opponent to the republican oligarchs and to Rome's future first emperor. 67:. Because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by 7459: 7419: 7351: 7286: 7211: 7206: 6978: 6901: 6848: 6643: 6638: 6527: 6386: 6335: 6295: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6245: 6167: 6114: 6107: 6092: 6087: 6011: 5939: 5775: 5088: 4891: 3828:

The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome

3362: 3044: 2176: 1966: 1914: 1906: 1852: 1792: 1771: 1750: 1677: 1597: 1574:

to overthrow her husband in the hope of installing herself and her lover in power.

1501: 1446:

notes, with reference to politics in the Late Republic, that "the daughters of the

1101: 953: 822: 780:, women were expected to obey their husbands in almost all aspects of their lives. 615:, or her own person, and could own property and dispose of it as she saw fit. If a 533: 340: 336: 325: 227: 143: 131: 121: 64: 5838: 5824: 1075:

Mother nursing an infant in the presence of the father, detail from a young boy's

29: 7554: 7366: 7346: 7306: 7241: 7191: 7186: 7061: 7011: 6919: 6753: 6733: 6653: 6102: 5927: 5693: 5617: 5588: 5197: 4758: 4661:

Lesley E. Lundeen, "In Search of the Etruscan Priestess: A Re-Examination of the

4438: 4276: 3705:, "From Ceremonial to Sexualities: A Survey of Scholarship on Roman Marriage" in 3047:, "Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture" (Routledge; New edition 2001), p. 86. 2884:

Beryl Rawson, "The Roman Family in Italy" (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 21.

2769: 2363: 2331: 2304: 2188: 2168: 2124: 2018: 1870:

Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch" or private

1801: 1673: 1665: 1484: 1468: 1386: 1280: 1052: 901: 565: 373: 316: 264: 80: 5637:

Il mundus muliebris a Pompei: specchi e oggetti da toletta in contesti domestici

5127:

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250

2450:

propose that hypersexuality could be treated by surgery or repeated childbirth.

2370:

of women began to be seen as less alien to that of men. In the older tradition,

2250: 7609: 7251: 6986: 6934: 6906: 6853: 6838: 6818: 6633: 6608: 6565: 6555: 6381: 6355: 6285: 6270: 6235: 6195: 5956: 5864:"An etext version of: Ferrero, Guglielmo. "Women and Marriage in Ancient Rome." 5420: 5268: 5209: 3826:, "Marriage and Sexuality in Republican Rome: A Roman Conjugal Love Story," in 3823: 3635: 3602: 2692: 2447: 2443: 2393: 1856: 1528: 1497: 1432: 1243: 1123:, who had at least three sisters and two brothers, was considered unusual. The 1105: 1056: 1037: 1033: 957: 698: 686: 653: 542: 366: 84: 76: 3640:

Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity

1847:

were presented as six gender-balanced pairs, and Roman religion departed from

1127:

among the aristocracy declined to such an extent that the first Roman emperor

994:

contrast to marriage, which maintained a more defined separation of property.

7830: 7141: 7111: 7026: 6560: 6537: 6350: 6205: 6190: 6137: 5944: 5560: 4988:

Livius, Titus, A History of Rome, (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub, 2006), 182.

4843: 4362: 3734: 3702: 2636:

List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region

2014: 2007:

For entertainment women could attend debates at the Forum, the public games (

1983: 1844: 1763: 1696: 1505: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1247: 1155: 1151: 840: 826: 788: 751:

and sequestration, which did not allow wives to walk the streets unescorted.

477: 320: 243: 5717:

Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés

4322:

The Gracchi Marius and Sulla, A.H. Beesley, pg. 21 on the first Serville War

2239:

have fleshy bodies and wide hips, and often have their breasts covered by a

449:

disapproved—rightly, as it turned out—of her choice to marry the unreliable

7619: 7479: 6924: 6873: 6828: 6823: 6675: 6485: 6371: 6315: 6310: 6082: 5966: 5900: 5725:

Women in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook (Bloomsbury Sources in Ancient History)

5244:

Naked Truths: Women, Sexuality, and Gender in Classical Art and Archaeology

3889:. Or some scholars see in this more of an arrangement than marriage proper. 3100:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", pp. 11, 45–46.

3029: 2834:

For an extensive modern consideration of the Vestals, see Ariadne Staples,

2473: 2322: 1970: 1823: 1571: 1520: 1453: 1348: 1328: 1209:

A woman fixing her hair in the mirror, fresco from the Villa of Arianna at

1159: 998: 856: 792: 715: 577: 231: 147: 112: 34: 5692:

Dirven, Lucinda; Icks, Martijn; Remijsen, Sofie, eds. (13 February 2023).

5415: 4936:

2.9.21; Emily A. Hemelrijk, "Women and Sacrifice in the Roman Empire," in

3322:

Boatwright, Mary; Gargola, Daniel; Lenski, Noel; Talbert, Richard (2005).

1648:

depicts six women amongst the soldiers at a military religious sacrifice.

624: 606:, including dictating legal strategy to their advocate behind the scenes. 295:

imply that boys and girls were educated either together or similarly, and

7414: 7036: 6858: 6748: 6142: 4454: 4344:

Abbott, Society and Politics in Ancient Rome: Essays and Sketches, pg. 98

4150:

A History of Women in the West from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints

2933:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", pp. 106–107.

2530: 2416: 2359: 1656: 1443: 1382: 1344: 1076: 938: 831: 767: 437: 414: 409:

elite, 14 was the age of transition from childhood to adolescence, but a

309: 213: 193:

The one major public role reserved solely for women was in the sphere of

116: 99:, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the 4697:

A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War

226:, girls are shown playing many of the same games as boys, such as ball, 7639: 7579: 7544: 7336: 7271: 7261: 7156: 7041: 6929: 6512: 6480: 6225: 6152: 5984: 5979: 5293:

Ann Ellis Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome," in

4684:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

3056:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", pp. 15–16.

2836:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

2821: 2700: 2596: 2428: 2412: 2379: 2367: 2313: 2254: 2045: 2037: 1978: 1871: 1755: 1733:, a high priestess, female expert or teacher in religious matters; and 1640: 1602: 1535: 1464: 1415: 1124: 878: 603: 239: 163: 5869: 5045: 4281:

Cicero and his friends: a study of Roman Society in the time of Caesar

2699:, for instance, requires that both spouses be citizens; like men from 2434:

Hypersexuality was to be avoided by women as well as men. An enlarged

2362:

and Roman eras, when women led active lives and more often engaged in

2278:

Romantic scene from a mosaic (Villa at Centocelle, Rome, 20 BCE–20 CE)

2108:

Matrons usually wore two simple tunics for undergarments covered by a

1298:. Inscriptions record her generosity in funding the renovation of the 674: 7669: 7664: 7624: 7549: 7519: 7499: 7376: 7316: 7226: 7176: 7171: 7096: 7056: 6944: 6914: 6723: 6598: 6391: 6275: 6250: 6129: 5389: 5311: 5217: 5205: 4742: 4721: 3369:(Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 74–75; Michael C. Alexander, 2556: 2375: 2300: 2180: 1460: 1457: 1356: 1221: 926: 710: 706: 630:

As in the case of minors, an emancipated woman had a legal guardian (

620: 611: 554: 473: 410: 304: 300: 223: 175: 135: 1863:

along with Jupiter. This triad "formed the core of Roman religion."

7629: 7614: 7604: 7589: 7504: 7494: 7464: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7341: 7256: 7136: 7121: 7051: 7031: 7021: 7016: 6996: 6795: 6376: 6340: 6230: 6157: 5989: 5780:

Crispina and her sisters: women and authority in early Christianity

5567: 4088: 3971: 3021: 2964:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", p. 17.

2942:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", p. 18.

2924:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", p. 16.

2869: 2714: 2435: 2292: 2228: 2184: 2157: 2041: 2029: 1681: 1546: 1524: 1516: 1336: 1259: 1128: 1060: 1041: 948: 893: 845: 639: 546: 183: 155: 72: 49: 5601:

Fathers and daughters in Roman society: women and the elite family

4737:

Emily A. Hemelrijk, "Women and Sacrifice in the Roman Empire," in

3174:

Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family

3012:

Caldwell, "Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity", p. 2.

2898:

Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family

2399: 2003:

An all-women dinner party depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii

1687:

Women priests played a prominent and crucial role in the official

986:

Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti,

859:

of 307 BCE thus expelled him from the Senate for moral turpitude.

7649: 7644: 7634: 7599: 7594: 7584: 7529: 7514: 7331: 7326: 7311: 7281: 7236: 7216: 7196: 7151: 6883: 6738: 6517: 6325: 6320: 6210: 5759:

Powerful matrons: New political actors in the late Roman republic

5393: 5380: 5369: 5367:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 267, citing

5168: 4115: 4033: 2865: 2705: 2507: 2439: 2404: 2335: 2141: 2102: 2098: 1992: 1974: 1919: 1860: 1806: 1619: 1577: 1479: 1448: 1368: 1290: 1210: 1201: 1147: 1109: 1096: 987: 897: 818: 811: 585: 569: 516: 292: 198: 139: 92: 42: 5314:

or even pregnancy, did not constitute its entire raison d'être."

3885:, pointing to the fictionalized and possibly satiric account by 2163: 1957: 1737:, a female assistant, particularly one in service to a deity. A 7659: 7539: 7469: 7409: 7404: 7371: 7131: 7116: 7066: 7046: 6468: 6345: 6240: 5428: 2552: 2516: 2499: 2495: 2308: 1943:, on behalf of the Roman people, that is, for the public good. 1887: 1475: 1332: 1299: 1021: 922: 836: 807: 446: 260: 179: 151: 96: 38: 5819: 5332:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 260. The

5323:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," pp. 259–260.

5140:

The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor

4478:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University. pp. 8, 10. 4461:(University of California Press, 1964, reprinted 2002), p. 25 3321: 2733:(on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women) 2680:

Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars

2040:

on his campaigns in northern Germania, and the future emperor

491: 7444: 7166: 6893: 6185: 4876:

M. Golden, "Did the Ancients Care When Their Children Died?"

4846:, composed of three male gods, and is thought to result from 4826: 4371:

Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation

3886: 3609:

marriage as something that used to happen. Frier and McGinn,

3466:

A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints

2815:

In reference to his character assassination of the notorious

2153: 2110: 2094: 2061: 2024:

Roman generals would sometimes take their wives with them on

1961:

Mosaic showing Roman women in various recreational activities

1836: 1695:

of male priests were far more numerous, the six women of the

1399: 1319: 1317:

Women and a man working alongside one another at a dye shop (

1268: 1234: 1163: 1115:

Large families were not the norm among the elite even by the

1025: 874:

who was consul in 234 and 228 BCE. The evidence is confused.

763: 740: 581: 104: 1220:

sociopolitically important responsibilities of entertaining

877:

During the classical period of Roman law (late Republic and

278:

Bronze statuette of the 1st century depicting a girl reading

7654: 7221: 7161: 6743: 6119: 5857: 4388:

The Usborne Internet-Linked Encyclopedia of The Roman World

3989:

Garrett G. Fagan, "Violence in Roman Social Relations," in

2327: 2149: 2137: 2086: 2009: 1781: 1615: 1542:, gained political influence as well as public prominence. 1527:, to exercise influence behind the scenes. Augustus' wife, 1478:

reports the heroism of wives who saved their husbands. An

1255: 1048: 689:, a bride passed from her father's control into the "hand" 296: 288: 235: 166:

and boudoirs, at sporting and theatrical events, shopping,

159: 5112:

Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in

5046:

Christopher A. Faraone; Laura K. McClure (14 March 2008).

4353:

Women's life in Greece & Rome, Lefkowitz+Fant, pg. 171

2880: 2878: 2802:

Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in

2586:

when freed. Sometimes sellers of female slaves attached a

2160:, rings and sometimes sewn onto their shoes and clothing. 933:, who was murdered after a long feud with Cicero; then to 377:, the power wielded by their father as head of household ( 6215: 5358:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 265.

5349:

Hanson, "The Restructuring of Female Physiology," p. 264.

5242:

Larissa Bonfante, "Nursing Mothers in Classical Art," in

3464:

Yan Thomas, "The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law," in

3279:. New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 8, 10, 15, 105. 1258:, regarded as Rome's greatest living poet, was exiled by 1092: 1088: 1080: 693:

of her husband. She then became subject to her husband's

649: 5435:

500 CE); see Holt N. Parker, "The Teratogenic Grid," in

5188:

Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," p. 143.

4212:(Oxford University Press, 1991, reprinted 2002), p. 420. 4098:; Christopher Michael McDonough, "Carna, Procra and the 2551:

The status of freedwomen, like freedmen, varied widely.

1051:

was alleged to have had his first wife (and stepsister)

418:

showing that the proposed husband was of bad character.

128:

250–330 AD), a driving force in promoting Christianity.

4503:

Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

4333:

Ancient Roman Life as Illustrated by Latin Inscriptions

3553:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 101, 110, 211 . 2875: 956:, who presented himself as a paragon modeled after his 5557:

The First Ladies of Rome: the Women behind the Caesars

5554: 5212:

physician in the time of Augustus; Matthew W. Dickie,

4966:(University of Michigan Press, 1999, 2002), pp. 26–27. 4788:(hierarchy of priests), 198 in the edition of Lindsay. 3784:(Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 258–259, 500–502 2287:

declared their eagerness to submit to "love slavery" (

4699:(University of California Press, 2005, 2006), p. 141. 4104:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

3862:

citing Humbert (1971), pp. 1–11. See also Treggiari,

3707:

A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds

1534:(58 BCE – CE 29), was the most powerful woman in the 1456:..." Livy's account of the framing and repeal of the 263:'s lifelong friend Atticus, who married his daughter 5129:(University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 34. 4669:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 46; Schultz, 4605:

was the building block of society. See John Scheid,

4492:(University of California Press, 1983), pp. 34, 103. 4135:(University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 33ff. 3566:

2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2011, p.32

3564:“The Family” Gender in History: Global Perspectives, 2607: 2415:

was fatal became by Roman times a specific issue of

1717:, often in relation to a deity or temple, such as a 1398:(apartment buildings), and those housing the poorer 1389:

gives a list of female artists and their paintings.

1254:

was responsible for taking care of his assets. When

1250:

was away from Rome throughout the 50s BCE, his wife

436:

Dressing of a priestess or bride, Roman fresco from

5545:

The Herculaneum Women: History, Context, Identities

5520:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

5498:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

5485:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

5142:(Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 68, 110. 5039: 4584:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 297. 4535:, Historia Augusta, 4.3, 12.3 and Historia Augusta, 3646:

123 (1979), p. 296, specifically on sexual freedom.

2403:A female artist paints a statue of the phallic god 1925:

divine attendants devoted to birth and childrearing

762:, but became less frequent thereafter. The bride's 5695:The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 BCE-650 CE) 5691: 5598: 5452:(Cornell University Press, 1967, 1984), pp. 48–50. 4635:Phyllis Culham, "Women in the Roman Republic," in 4416:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 54. 4295:A Casebook on Roman Family Law Frier+McGinn pg 461 3856:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity 3799:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity 3551:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity 1699:were Rome's only "full-time professional clergy". 1438:Women had limited engagement with politics in the 381:). A Roman household was considered a collective ( 254:, the goddess most concerned with girlhood, or to 3206: 3204: 2920: 2918: 2260: 511:how to open his case, and how to urge his points. 7828: 4842:The Capitoline Triad replaced the Indo-European 4799:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 4671:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 4595:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 4414:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 3950:J.A. Crook Law and Life of Rome 90 B.C.-212 A.D. 3814:, a pregnancy was counted as lasting ten months. 3326:. New York: Oxford University. pp. 176–177. 3003:(Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 30, 40–41. 2338:complain about the dissolute behavior of women. 2101:to whiten their faces, or rouge made of lead or 743:married by the latter two types. In marriage by 111:(15–59 AD), who contributed to the formation of 5603:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 5049:Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World 4867:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), p. 283. 4228:(University of California Press, 1956), p. 151. 3858:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 4, 48, 3294:. New York, New York: Rutledge. pp. 30–31. 2774:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians 1474:During the civil wars that ended the Republic, 5820:Online Companion to the Worlds of Roman Women. 5656:Imperial Women of Rome: Power, Gender, Context 5522:, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 171, 310. 5259:(Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 87ff.; 4133:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher 3659:(Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 33–34. 3201: 2915: 2555:was a freedwoman and secretary to the Emperor 2204:praising the luxuries she keeps in her villa. 2179:, economic crisis provoked the passing of the 1494:civil war following the death of Julius Caesar 1355:Some typical occupations for a woman would be 787:marriage was largely abandoned by the time of 355: 5885: 4637:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 4403:(Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 66ff. 4210:from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian 4169:(Oxford University Press, 1999, 2004), p. 53. 3782:from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian 3371:Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149–50 BCE 2851:(Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 129–130. 2729:(Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 211 and 545:, is identified by her origin in the town of 37:(c. 136 AD) was a grand-niece of the emperor 5568:Bruce W. Frier, Thomas A. J. McGinn (2004). 5534: 5214:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 5116:(University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 143. 5114:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 5103:Pliny the Younger, Letters, Book 1 letter IV 3830:(University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 276. 3754:(University of Georgia Press, 1995), p. 173. 3520:Thomas, "The Division of the Sexes," p. 133. 3304:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3289: 3133:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 3001:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 2806:(University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 139. 2804:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 2091:poem about the correct application of makeup 1965:Wealthy women traveled around the city in a 1780:, the eight-day Roman cycle comparable to a 425:, the bride became subject to her husband's 299:takes it for granted that the daughter of a 5672: 5398:The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body 4639:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 143. 4609:(Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 129ff. 4490:Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy 2330:goes a step further, adopting the genre of 580:, the wife of a senator during the time of 492:Augustus's campaign on women and the family 484:, attempted to have private relations with 132:As is the case with male members of society 5892: 5878: 5846:Ancient Roman Women: A Look at their Lives 5722: 5653: 5439:(Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 59. 4865:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 4652:(University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 104. 4505:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 18. 3549:55 (edition of Lindsay); Karen K. Hersch, 3292:Growing up and Growing old in Ancient Rome 2341: 2219:, goddess of beauty and love (2nd century) 453:, but found himself unable to prevent it. 208: 5267:(Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 725; 4889: 4070:(Indiana University Press, 1991), p. 242. 3468:(Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 134. 2631:List of Roman birth and childhood deities 2578:, women who engaged in acts that brought 2028:, though the practice was discouraged, . 1629: 1063:may have killed his wife and his sister. 564:Roman fresco of a maiden reading a text, 174:, worrying about pregnancy—all, however, 162:, which offer glimpses of women in Roman 5756: 5677:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5257:Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome 5052:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 6–. 4501:Richard Saller, "Status and patronage", 3993:(Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 487. 3290:Harlow, Mary, and Ray, Laurence (2002). 3176:(Princeton University Press, 1984), 142. 3135:(Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 18. 2900:(Princeton University Press, 1984), 142. 2595:during one of Nero's feasts the prefect 2398: 2273: 2211: 2162: 2122:further. When going out a woman wore a 2056: 1998: 1956: 1865: 1786: 1655: 1414: 1312: 1070: 1015: 981: 888: 802: 673: 559: 431: 395: 371:Both daughters and sons were subject to 273: 212: 154:, and poetry, particularly the poems of 28: 5899: 5793: 5782:. Minneapolis (Minn.): Fortress press. 5745:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 5500:, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 293 5487:, Oxford University Press. 1998, p. 56. 4304:Law and Life of Rome, J.A. Crook pg.172 3991:The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations 3198:(Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 20. 3194:Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, 2752:Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A.J. McGinn, 2052: 1200:Wall painting from the Vila San Marco, 400:Bust of a Roman girl, early 3rd century 14: 7829: 5014: 5012: 4476:Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society 4473: 4382:"Women and Marriage in Ancient Rome," 3274: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 2772:, "Women in Roman Historiography," in 719:, symbolized by the sharing of bread ( 467: 5873: 5658:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5450:Law and Life of Rome 90 B.C.-A.D. 212 5419:mid-5th century/mid-6th century) and 5297:(Université de Nantes, 1991), p. 259. 4427:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 3317: 3315: 3131:Beryl Rawson, "The Roman Family," in 3089:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 3076:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 2999:Beryl Rawson, "The Roman Family," in 2975:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 2953:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 2908: 2906: 2862:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 2849:Children and Childhood in Roman Italy 2780:(Université de Nantes, 1991), p. 256. 2709:, women (at least those eligible for 2140:. Wealthy women wore jewels such as 1713:. Religious titles for women include 1709:, was the Latin word for a priest of 906:Naples National Archaeological Museum 41:and became the wife of his successor 5856:: an article by Joy Connolly in the 5634: 4964:Bathing in Public in the Roman World 4710:From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins, 4467: 3162:Law and Life of Rome 90B.C.-212 A.D. 2175:In the aftermath of Roman defeat at 1946: 749:Athenian custom of arranged marriage 609:An emancipated woman legally became 584:, appeared so frequently before the 500: 360: 303:would be in school. Alternatively, 5246:(Routledge, 1997, 2000), pp. 174ff. 5009: 4892:"Ceres: The Roman Goddess of Grain" 4741:(Brill, 2009), pp. 258–259, citing 4313:Christians and Pagans, Fox, Pg. 464 3261: 2498:to offer a reflection, detail of a 2223:Based on Roman art and literature, 1851:in installing two goddesses in its 1028:in her arms, fresco, 1st century AD 24: 5850:Essay on the lives of Roman women. 5839:WomenintheAncientWorld.com (2005). 5825:WomenintheAncientWorld.com (2005). 5628: 5624:, University of Texas Press, 1996. 5284:Juvenal, Satire VI lines 6.286–313 4122:28, as noted by McDonough, p. 322. 4024:Rawson, "The Roman Family," p. 30. 3395:The name is vexed; it may also be 3338:Women and Politics in Ancient Rome 3312: 3277:Women and Politics in Ancient Rome 3258:Rawson, "The Roman Family," p. 18. 3185:Rawson, "The Roman Family", p. 21. 3065:Rawson, "The Roman Family," p. 40. 2903: 2198:no taxation without representation 1835:, as seen in divine pairs such as 1463:, passed during the crisis of the 1323:), on a wall painting from Pompeii 1040:said, according to his biographer 1032:Classical Roman law did not allow 25: 7863: 5832:Private Lives and Public Personae 5813: 5743:Turia: A Roman Woman's Civil War. 5727:. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 5639:. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. 5340:is central to Hanson's arguments. 4812:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach 4607:An Introduction to Roman Religion 4539:, 49.6; translated by David Magie 3451:, chapter 3.3; Frier and McGinn, 2791:A Companion to the Roman Republic 2396:would cause disease and fatigue. 1890:. An epitaph preserves the title 1651: 1011: 713:, marriages were of three kinds: 5512: 5503: 5490: 5477: 5468: 5455: 5442: 5403: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5326: 5317: 5300: 5287: 5278: 5249: 5236: 5223: 5191: 5182: 5162: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5106: 5097: 5082: 5073: 5030: 5021: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4969: 4956: 4943: 4926: 4909: 4890:Greenberg, Mike (28 June 2021). 4883: 4870: 4857: 4836: 4820: 4804: 4791: 4776:A Critical History of Early Rome 4768: 4752: 4731: 4715: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4612: 4587: 4580:, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, 4571: 4561: 4551: 4542: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4495: 4482: 4448: 4432: 4419: 4406: 4393: 4376: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4270: 4257: 4244: 4237:Jo-Marie Claasen, "Tristia," in 4231: 4215: 4198: 4185: 4172: 4155: 4138: 4125: 3767:, part D, "The End of Marriage." 3709:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), p. 248. 3367:Latin Language and Latin Culture 2610: 2582:to them as slaves also suffered 2481: 2472: 2407:, fresco from Pompeii, 1st c. AD 1729:", an office never held by men; 1187: 1178: 5555:Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). 5528: 5273:Women's Life in Greece and Rome 4283:1922 trans. Adnah David Jones. 4226:Ovid: A Poet between Two Worlds 4109: 4082: 4073: 4060: 4043: 4027: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3983: 3965: 3953: 3944: 3931: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3869: 3848: 3833: 3817: 3804: 3791: 3770: 3757: 3744: 3728: 3712: 3696: 3679: 3672:, pp. 36–36; Frier and McGinn, 3662: 3649: 3629: 3616: 3595: 3582: 3569: 3556: 3536: 3523: 3514: 3497: 3484: 3471: 3458: 3441: 3428: 3415: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3356: 3343: 3340:(Routledge, 1992, 1994), p. 50. 3330: 3283: 3252: 3239: 3230: 3217: 3188: 3179: 3166: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3081: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3037: 3015: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2958: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2887: 2854: 2682:(Routledge, 2007), pp. 124–140. 2562: 2352:The practices and views in the 1799:Like the Flaminica Dialis, the 538:On Memorable Deeds and Speeches 33:The educated and well-traveled 5854:"Wife-beating in Ancient Rome" 5593:Women in Roman Law and Society 5571:A casebook on Roman family law 4852:Roman and European Mythologies 4068:Women in Roman Law and Society 3960:A casebook on Roman Family Law 3577:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 3196:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 3146:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 3120:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 2841: 2828: 2809: 2796: 2783: 2763: 2754:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 2746: 2719:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 2685: 2672: 2036:often accompanied her husband 1467:, has the arch-traditionalist 1410: 1274: 971: 872:Spurius Carvilius Maximus Ruga 754:The form of marriage known as 685:In the earliest period of the 536:devotes a section of his work 63:), but could not vote or hold 13: 1: 5175:1.100, 2.52, 14.66; Richlin, 3689:, pp. 49, 52, citing Ulpian, 3324:A Brief History of the Romans 2666: 2661:Women in the Etruscan society 2207: 2167:Exaggerated hairstyle of the 1795:of Minerva, Jupiter, and Juno 1492:for his wife, who during the 1169: 1066: 884: 642:, a woman who had gained the 197:: the priestly office of the 125: 6464:Frontiers and fortifications 5757:Rohr Vio, Francesca (2022). 5654:Boatwright, Mary T. (2021). 5392:was associated with the god 5093:Women in Classical Antiquity 4667:Religion in Republican Italy 4582:Religions of Rome: A History 4106:127 (1997), p. 322, note 29. 2569:Prostitution in ancient Rome 1953:Social class in ancient Rome 1095:, when the comic playwright 960:, allowed his pregnant wife 731:, "by mutual cohabitation". 7: 6523:Decorations and punishments 5723:MacLachlan, Bonnie (2013). 5719:, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012. 5599:Hallett, Judith P. (1984). 5574:. Oxford University Press. 5295:Les écoles médicales à Rome 4814:(Brill, 2009), pp. 141–142 3962:, Frier and McGinn, pg. 95. 3590:A History of Women Volume 1 2678:Jasper Burns, "Sabina," in 2603: 2519:of a woman dancer from the 1672:Women were present at most 978:Concubinage in ancient Rome 663: 385:, a "body") over which the 356:Women in the family and law 178:. The published letters of 10: 7868: 7430:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6005:historiography of the fall 5388:. The outsized phallus of 4686:(Routledge, 1998), p. 184. 4241:(Blackwell, 2009), p. 179. 3719:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3588:Duby, Perrot, and Pantel, 2793:(Blackwell, 2010), p. 325. 2566: 2539:patron-client relationship 2457: 2453: 2411:The Hippocratic view that 2348:Gynecology in ancient Rome 2345: 2299:, sister of the prominent 2267: 2074: 1950: 1639:, at the frontier fort of 975: 864:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 798: 667: 364: 217:Roman girls playing a game 7811:External wars and battles 7678: 7572: 7385: 6977: 6970: 6892: 6804: 6709: 6584: 6536: 6414: 6364: 6303: 6294: 6176: 6128: 6048: 5965: 5935: 5926: 5908: 5698:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 4648:Barbette Stanley Spaeth, 4390:(Usborne, 2002), page 48. 4148:(New York, 1960), p. 32; 4102:on the Kalends of June," 3494:(Routledge, 2002), p. 24. 3349:Her name appears also as 2651:Women in Classical Athens 2641:Sexuality in ancient Rome 2382:were not only central to 2270:Sexuality in ancient Rome 2077:Cosmetics in ancient Rome 964:to divorce him and marry 5794:Vettori, Giulia (2022). 5618:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley 5539:. New York: Grove Press. 4850:; see Robert Schilling, 4053:(1st century AD) in his 3601:The late Imperial Roman 3275:Bauman, Richard (1992). 2990:(New York, 1960), p. 50. 2713:) were citizens without 2656:Women in ancient warfare 2081:Clothing in ancient Rome 670:Marriage in ancient Rome 456:A daughter kept her own 269:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 79:, whose stories took on 7806:Roman–Iranian relations 6281:Optimates and populares 5622:The Roman goddess Ceres 5379:12.6721(5), one of the 5265:The Last Pagans of Rome 4650:The Roman Goddess Ceres 4474:Hallet, Judith (1984). 4369:2.26.11 L, as cited in 4013:Marcus Aurelius: A Life 3752:The Spirit of Roman Law 3505:The Spirit of Roman Law 3479:The Spirit of Roman Law 3365:8.3.1; Joseph Farrell, 2646:Women in ancient Sparta 2521:Villa Romana del Casale 2460:Slavery in ancient Rome 2342:Gynecology and medicine 1849:Indo-European tradition 1833:male and a female deity 1807:first day of each month 1580:immortalized the woman 1555:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1294:, owned estates in the 810:of a seated woman from 209:Childhood and education 18:Divorce in ancient Rome 7816:Civil wars and revolts 7082:Sextus Pompeius Festus 6729:Conflict of the Orders 6088:Legislative assemblies 5551:, 2007), Pp. xiv, 178. 5537:The Great Roman Ladies 5153:Looking at Lovemaking, 4977:The Great Roman Ladies 4951:The Great Roman Ladies 4940:(Brill, 2009), p. 255. 4626:, vol. 1, pp. 296–297. 4523:Tacitus, Annals 15.71. 4488:Arthur Ernest Gordon, 4265:The Great Roman Ladies 4252:The Great Roman Ladies 4193:The Great Roman Ladies 4180:Life of Cato the Elder 4146:The Great Roman Ladies 4093:Life of Cato the Elder 3976:Life of Cato the Elder 2988:The Great Roman Ladies 2706:civitas sine suffragio 2504:Villa of the Mysteries 2464:Ancient Roman freedmen 2408: 2279: 2220: 2172: 2072: 2004: 1962: 1874: 1831:represented by both a 1796: 1669: 1630:Women and the military 1488:preserves a husband's 1435: 1419:The heroic suicide of 1324: 1083: 1029: 990: 909: 815: 679: 573: 526: 441: 401: 319:; for example, at the 279: 246:. Girls coming of age 218: 101:Julio-Claudian dynasty 46: 7837:Women in ancient Rome 7525:Simplicius of Cilicia 7277:Quintus Curtius Rufus 6506:Siege in Ancient Rome 6115:Executive magistrates 5673:D'Ambra, Eve (2006). 5543:Daehner, Jens (ed.), 5535:Assa, Janine (1960). 5509:Tacitus, Annals 15.37 5427:gynecological writer 5271:and Maureen B. Fant, 5231:The Garden of Priapus 5177:The Garden of Priapus 4514:Tacitus, Annals 15.51 4167:in Roman Law and Life 4002:Tacitus, Annals XVI.6 3490:Judith Evans Grubbs, 2868:2.70 and the related 2402: 2277: 2215: 2166: 2060: 2002: 1989:Clement of Alexandria 1960: 1903:infant mortality rate 1869: 1790: 1766:, the high priest of 1691:. Although the state 1664:, with pedestals for 1659: 1612:Agrippina the Younger 1559:Agrippina the Younger 1540:Agrippina the Younger 1521:traditional oligarchy 1418: 1392:Most Romans lived in 1363:, dancer or acrobat, 1316: 1232:) at home. The home ( 1074: 1019: 985: 976:Further information: 902:Pompeian Fourth Style 892: 806: 783:This archaic form of 727:, "by purchase"; and 677: 596:malicious prosecution 566:Pompeian Fourth Style 563: 504: 435: 399: 285:public primary school 277: 216: 144:Latin literary genres 109:Agrippina the Younger 53:women in ancient Rome 32: 7535:Stephanus Byzantinus 7440:Eusebius of Caesaria 7302:Sidonius Apollinaris 6992:Ammianus Marcellinus 6331:Tribune of the plebs 5549:J. Paul Getty Museum 5463:Law and Life of Rome 3723:Antiquitates Romanae 3657:Roman Law in Context 3449:Roman Law in Context 2053:Attire and adornment 1896:St. Peter's Basilica 1821:was the wife of the 1809:. The names of some 1662:House of the Vestals 1584:for her part in the 1146:, the mother of the 758:was the norm in the 339:, the young wife of 107:(58 BC – AD 29) and 7711:Distinguished women 7362:Velleius Paterculus 7202:Nicolaus Damascenus 7182:Marcellus Empiricus 6571:Republican currency 5798:. Bari: Edipuglia. 4778:, p. 136, based on 4335:by Brian K. Harvey. 4239:A Companion to Ovid 3336:Richard A. Bauman, 3172:Judith P. Hallett, 2626:List of Roman women 2618:Ancient Rome portal 2093:. Women used white 2034:Agrippina the Elder 1586:Pisonian conspiracy 1134:ius trium liberorum 915:College of Pontiffs 468:Women and sexuality 317:religious festivals 103:, most prominently 81:mythic significance 7485:Phlegon of Tralles 7292:Seneca the Younger 6766:Naming conventions 6496:Personal equipment 6029:Later Roman Empire 5830:Dr. Susan Martin, 5635:Berg, Ria (2023). 5547:(Los Angeles: The 5518:Thomas AJ McGinn, 5496:Thomas AJ McGinn, 5483:Thomas AJ McGinn, 5255:Anthony Corbeill, 4962:Garrett G. Fagan, 4880:35 (1988) 152–163. 4863:Stephen L. Dyson, 4848:Etruscan influence 4593:Celia E. Schultz, 4412:Celia E. Schultz, 4131:W. Jeffrey Tatum, 3937:Frier and McGinn, 3924:Frier and McGinn, 3911:Frier and McGinn, 3812:inclusive counting 3763:Frier and McGinn, 3685:Frier and McGinn, 3622:Frier and McGinn, 3575:Frier and McGinn, 3562:Wiesner, Merry E. 3543:Cinctus vinctusque 3436:Women and Politics 3423:Women and Politics 3410:Women and Politics 3384:Women and Politics 3210:Frier and McGinn, 3043:Sandra R. Joshel, 2838:(Routledge, 1998). 2723:A.N. Sherwin-White 2409: 2355:Hippocratic Corpus 2280: 2264:and the love poets 2221: 2173: 2073: 2026:military campaigns 2005: 1973:, or to visit the 1963: 1875: 1797: 1697:college of Vestals 1670: 1553:died, her widower 1536:early Roman Empire 1500:, the daughter of 1436: 1352:from prosecution. 1325: 1084: 1030: 991: 910: 835:). By the time of 816: 768:inheritance rights 735:always married by 680: 574: 442: 402: 280: 219: 120:; and the empress 47: 7824: 7823: 7786:Pontifices maximi 7568: 7567: 7425:Diogenes Laërtius 7247:Pliny the Younger 7002:Asconius Pedianus 6962:Romance languages 6834:Civil engineering 6576:Imperial currency 6449:Political control 6410: 6409: 6044: 6043: 5805:979-12-5995-016-1 5788:978-1-5064-1188-0 5776:Schenk, Christine 5768:978-84-1340-452-3 5751:978-0-19-983235-4 5705:978-90-04-53451-3 5646:978-88-913-2740-6 5437:Roman Sexualities 5423:, as well as the 5308:Roman Sexualities 5275:, p. 350, note 5. 5179:, pp. 52, 54, 68. 5089:Pomeroy, Sarah B. 5059:978-0-299-21313-8 4923:, vol. 1, p. 297. 4921:Religions of Rome 4878:Greece & Rome 4682:Ariadne Staples, 4624:Religions of Rome 4401:Roman Sexualities 4204:Susan Treggiari, 4161:Jane F. Gardner, 4152:, vol. 1, p. 115. 4066:Jane F. Gardner, 3900:The Roman Wedding 3877:The Roman Wedding 3797:Karen K. Hersch, 3776:Susan Treggiari, 2894:Judith P. Hallett 2864:, p. 128, citing 2727:Roman Citizenship 2576:Septimius Severus 2440:oversized phallus 1947:Social activities 1845:twelve major gods 1668:in the foreground 1595:According to the 1590:Egnatia Maximilla 1568:Valeria Messalina 1431:, as pictured by 1308:First Servile War 1263:virtuous matron. 937:; and finally to 868:Spurius Carvilius 501:Women and the law 440:, Italy (1–79 AD) 361:Always a daughter 350:Lex Papia Poppaea 271:when she was 14. 242:, and especially 176:through male eyes 168:putting on makeup 16:(Redirected from 7859: 7847:Women by culture 7842:Women by country 7776:Magistri equitum 7691:Cities and towns 7684: 7610:Constantinopolis 7420:Diodorus Siculus 7352:Valerius Maximus 7287:Seneca the Elder 7207:Nonius Marcellus 6975: 6974: 6528:Hippika gymnasia 6491:Infantry tactics 6397:Consular tribune 6387:Magister equitum 6336:Military tribune 6301: 6300: 6261:Pontifex maximus 6256:Princeps senatus 6246:Magister militum 6012:Byzantine Empire 5933: 5932: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5809: 5772: 5741:Osgood, Josiah. 5738: 5715:Gérard Minaud, 5714: 5709: 5688: 5669: 5650: 5614: 5589:Gardner, Jane F. 5585: 5564: 5540: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5407: 5401: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5253: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5166: 5160: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5125:John R. Clarke, 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4930: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4840: 4834: 4824: 4818: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4756: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4591: 4585: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4452: 4446: 4436: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4219: 4213: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4113: 4107: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3873: 3867: 3854:Karen K. Hersh, 3852: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3778:Roman Marriage: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3655:David Johnston, 3653: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3507:, p. 13; Gaius, 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3363:Valerius Maximus 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247:The Roman Family 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045:Sheila Murnaghan 3041: 3035: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2913: 2910: 2901: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2873: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2826: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2781: 2767: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2529:Freedwomen were 2523:, 4th century AD 2485: 2476: 2289:servitium amoris 2237:Roman erotic art 2202:Pompeia Celerina 1923:, and a host of 1813:are recorded by 1811:reginae sacrorum 1793:Capitoline Triad 1772:magico-religious 1751:Pontifex Maximus 1725:, "priestess of 1719:sacerdos Cereris 1689:religion of Rome 1678:animal sacrifice 1598:Historia Augusta 1557:and her sisters 1502:Cato the Younger 1296:province of Asia 1213:, 1st century AD 1191: 1182: 1119:; the family of 1102:Columna Lactaria 954:Cato the Younger 935:Scribonius Curio 900:, Roman fresco, 823:Valerius Maximus 814:, 1st century AD 551:as was customary 534:Valerius Maximus 524: 341:Pompey the Great 337:Cornelia Metella 326:Carmen Saeculare 127: 91:, mother of the 69:Roman historians 65:political office 21: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7852:Women by period 7827: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7682: 7680: 7674: 7564: 7400:Aëtius of Amida 7381: 7367:Verrius Flaccus 7347:Valerius Antias 7307:Silius Italicus 7242:Pliny the Elder 7187:Marcus Aurelius 7062:Cornelius Nepos 7012:Aurelius Victor 6966: 6888: 6800: 6734:Secessio plebis 6705: 6580: 6532: 6406: 6360: 6290: 6172: 6124: 6040: 5961: 5922: 5904: 5898: 5860:, April 9, 2008 5844:Moya K. Mason, 5816: 5806: 5769: 5735: 5712: 5706: 5685: 5666: 5647: 5631: 5629:Further reading 5611: 5582: 5531: 5526: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5495: 5491: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5411:Aëtius of Amida 5408: 5404: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5202:Natural History 5198:Pliny the Elder 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4896:MythologySource 4888: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4858: 4841: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4810:Michael Lipka, 4809: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4785:ordo sacerdotum 4773: 4769: 4757: 4753: 4736: 4732: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4695:Gary Forsythe, 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4617: 4613: 4592: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4443:Natural History 4439:Pliny the Elder 4437: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4386:; Jane Bingham, 4381: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4277:Gaston Boissier 4275: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4222:Hermann Fränkel 4220: 4216: 4208:Iusti Coniuges 4206:Roman Marriage: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4114: 4110: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4048: 4044: 4038:Miles Gloriosus 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3874: 3870: 3853: 3849: 3841:Roman Questions 3838: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3717: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3545:, according to 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3313: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3273: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2770:Kristina Milnor 2768: 2764: 2751: 2747: 2721:following, and 2690: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2571: 2565: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2511: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2466: 2456: 2364:family planning 2350: 2344: 2332:didactic poetry 2323:The Art of Love 2305:Clodius Pulcher 2272: 2266: 2229:Augustan period 2210: 2189:Cato the Censor 2083: 2055: 2019:Cato the Censor 1955: 1949: 1892:sacerdos maxima 1802:regina sacrorum 1674:Roman festivals 1654: 1646:Trajan's Column 1632: 1570:conspired with 1485:Laudatio Turiae 1469:Cato the Censor 1413: 1345:brick factories 1281:Gaston Boissier 1277: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1205: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1172: 1121:Clodius Pulcher 1069: 1053:Claudia Octavia 1014: 999:senatorial rank 980: 974: 931:Clodius Pulcher 887: 801: 672: 666: 543:Maesia Sentinas 525: 515: 503: 494: 486:Publius Clodius 478:Julius Caesar's 470: 374:patria potestas 369: 363: 358: 265:Caecilia Attica 250:their dolls to 211: 138:and especially 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7865: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7252:Pomponius Mela 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6987:Aelius Donatus 6983: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6955:Ecclesiastical 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6696:Toys and games 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6236:Vigintisexviri 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Cursus honorum 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995:Western Empire 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5851: 5841: 5836: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5814:External links 5812: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5791: 5773: 5767: 5754: 5739: 5734:978-1441164216 5733: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5689: 5684:978-0521521581 5683: 5670: 5665:978-0190455897 5664: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5615: 5609: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5552: 5541: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5511: 5502: 5489: 5476: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5421:Paul of Aegina 5402: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5325: 5316: 5299: 5286: 5277: 5269:Mary Lefkowitz 5248: 5235: 5222: 5204:25.95, citing 5190: 5181: 5161: 5144: 5131: 5118: 5105: 5096: 5081: 5072: 5058: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4968: 4955: 4942: 4925: 4908: 4882: 4869: 4856: 4835: 4819: 4803: 4790: 4767: 4751: 4730: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4611: 4586: 4570: 4560: 4550: 4541: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4494: 4481: 4466: 4447: 4431: 4418: 4405: 4392: 4375: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4269: 4256: 4243: 4230: 4214: 4197: 4184: 4171: 4154: 4137: 4124: 4108: 4081: 4072: 4059: 4042: 4026: 4017: 4011:Frank McLynn, 4004: 3995: 3982: 3964: 3952: 3943: 3930: 3917: 3904: 3902:, pp. 103–104. 3891: 3868: 3864:Roman Marriage 3847: 3832: 3824:Eva Cantarella 3816: 3803: 3790: 3780:Iusti Coniuges 3769: 3756: 3743: 3739:Noctes Atticae 3727: 3711: 3695: 3678: 3661: 3648: 3636:Eva Cantarella 3628: 3615: 3594: 3581: 3568: 3555: 3535: 3522: 3513: 3496: 3483: 3470: 3457: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3401: 3388: 3375: 3355: 3342: 3329: 3311: 3282: 3260: 3251: 3238: 3229: 3216: 3200: 3187: 3178: 3165: 3150: 3137: 3124: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3036: 3026:Life of Pompey 3014: 3005: 2992: 2979: 2966: 2957: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2886: 2874: 2853: 2847:Beryl Rawson, 2840: 2827: 2808: 2795: 2782: 2762: 2745: 2693:Roman marriage 2684: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2605: 2602: 2567:Main article: 2564: 2561: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2455: 2452: 2448:late antiquity 2444:clitoridectomy 2394:hypersexuality 2384:women's health 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2265: 2259: 2209: 2206: 2169:Flavian period 2054: 2051: 1948: 1945: 1857:patron deities 1653: 1652:Religious life 1650: 1637:Hadrian's wall 1631: 1628: 1529:Livia Drusilla 1433:Pierre Mignard 1423:, daughter of 1412: 1409: 1276: 1273: 1204:, 1st century 1196: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1106:Cato the Elder 1068: 1065: 1057:Poppaea Sabina 1038:Cato the Elder 1034:domestic abuse 1013: 1012:Domestic abuse 1010: 973: 970: 958:moral namesake 946:Greek observer 886: 883: 800: 797: 760:early Republic 687:Roman Republic 668:Main article: 665: 662: 617:pater familias 513: 509:Celsus himself 502: 499: 493: 490: 469: 466: 423:early Republic 406:pater familias 387:pater familias 367:Pater familias 362: 359: 357: 354: 323:of 17 BC, the 244:bone and ivory 210: 207: 87:women such as 85:Republican-era 77:Claudia Quinta 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7864: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Julius Paulus 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:Fabius Pictor 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Amphitheatres 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Deforestation 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Siege engines 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Establishment 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365:Extraordinary 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351:Promagistrate 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Twelve Tables 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5610:0-691-03570-9 5606: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5581:0-19-516186-6 5577: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5561:Jonathan Cape 5558: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5425:North African 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5141: 5138:Amy Richlin, 5135: 5128: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5076: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5013: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:Archaic Triad 4839: 4832: 4831:De re rustica 4828: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599:paterfamilias 4596: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4554: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4147: 4144:Janine Assa, 4141: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3750:Alan Watson, 3747: 3740: 3736: 3735:Aulus Gellius 3731: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3703:Suzanne Dixon 3699: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3477:Alan Watson, 3474: 3467: 3461: 3455:, Chapter IV. 3454: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3236:Hallett, 139. 3233: 3226: 3225:paterfamilias 3220: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2986:Janine Assa, 2983: 2976: 2970: 2961: 2955:, pp. 197–198 2954: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2429:gynecological 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2389:raison d'être 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:small breasts 2218: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2156:as earrings, 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089:even wrote a 2088: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2064:attired in a 2063: 2059: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2015:chariot races 2012: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1984:mixed bathing 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:supreme triad 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Flamen Dialis 1760: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:either gender 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1660:Ruins of the 1658: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482:known as the 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1440:public sphere 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383:calligraphers 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289:Martyrdom of 1284: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Julius Caesar 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160:proscriptions 1157: 1153: 1152:Julius Caesar 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Late Republic 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1000: 995: 989: 984: 979: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 918: 916: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 882: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841:Julius Caesar 838: 834: 833: 828: 827:Twelve Tables 824: 820: 813: 809: 805: 796: 794: 790: 789:Julius Caesar 786: 781: 779: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:panis farreus 718: 717: 712: 708: 703: 701: 696: 692: 688: 683: 676: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646: 645:ius liberorum 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592: 587: 583: 579: 571: 567: 562: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 531: 530:late Republic 522: 518: 512: 510: 498: 489: 487: 483: 480:second wife, 479: 475: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 439: 434: 430: 428: 424: 419: 416: 412: 407: 398: 394: 392: 389:had mastery ( 388: 384: 380: 376: 375: 368: 353: 351: 345: 342: 338: 333: 328: 327: 322: 321:Secular Games 318: 313: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 276: 272: 270: 266: 262: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 215: 206: 204: 200: 196: 191: 189: 186:and daughter 185: 181: 177: 173: 170:, practicing 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 123: 119: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 51: 44: 40: 36: 31: 27: 19: 7756:Institutions 7620:Leptis Magna 7573:Major cities 7480:Philostratus 7267:Quadrigarius 7087:Rufus Festus 6950:Contemporary 6775: 6671:Romanization 6594:Architecture 6201:Collegiality 6050:Constitution 5901:Ancient Rome 5845: 5831: 5795: 5779: 5758: 5742: 5724: 5716: 5694: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5621: 5600: 5595:. Croom Helm 5592: 5570: 5556: 5544: 5536: 5529:Bibliography 5519: 5514: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5479: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5448:J.A. Crook, 5444: 5436: 5432: 5414: 5405: 5397: 5383: 5374: 5368: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5333: 5328: 5319: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5261:Alan Cameron 5256: 5251: 5243: 5238: 5230: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5193: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5063:. Retrieved 5048: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4899:. Retrieved 4895: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4851: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4811: 4806: 4801:, pp. 79–81. 4798: 4793: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4712:pp. 154–155. 4709: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4673:, pp. 70–71. 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4636: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4225: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4054: 4049:As noted by 4045: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4012: 4007: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3840: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3806: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676:, section V. 3673: 3669: 3664: 3656: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3603:jurist Gaius 3597: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3533:1.190–1.191. 3530: 3525: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3478: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438:, pp. 51–52. 3435: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3412:, pp. 50–51. 3409: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3383: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3323: 3291: 3285: 3276: 3254: 3246: 3241: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3214:, pp. 19–20. 3211: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3122:, pp. 19–20. 3119: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3088: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3039: 3030:LacusCurtius 3025: 3017: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2897: 2889: 2861: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2820: 2811: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2696: 2691:The form of 2687: 2679: 2674: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2563:Prostitution 2550: 2546: 2543: 2528: 2513:Right image: 2512: 2491: 2433: 2421: 2410: 2387: 2353: 2351: 2321: 2319: 2312: 2288: 2285:Augustan era 2281: 2261: 2246: 2241: 2235:depicted in 2222: 2174: 2171:(80s–90s CE) 2133: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2084: 2069: 2065: 2044:was born in 2023: 2008: 2006: 1982:evidence of 1964: 1940: 1937:superstition 1929: 1918: 1900: 1891: 1879:Mid Republic 1876: 1829: 1824:rex sacrorum 1822: 1818: 1815:inscriptions 1810: 1800: 1798: 1775: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1686: 1671: 1633: 1623: 1614:, mother of 1607: 1601:the emperor 1596: 1594: 1576: 1572:Gaius Silius 1544: 1515:The rise of 1514: 1504:and wife of 1483: 1473: 1447: 1437: 1427:and wife of 1393: 1391: 1378: 1372: 1354: 1349:curse tablet 1341: 1326: 1318: 1304: 1288: 1285: 1278: 1265: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1218: 1207:Right image: 1206: 1197: 1140: 1132: 1114: 1085: 1046: 1031: 1003: 996: 992: 943: 919: 911: 904:(45–79 AD), 876: 866:notes that " 861: 850: 844: 830: 817: 793:Latin rights 784: 782: 777: 772: 755: 753: 744: 737:confarreatio 736: 728: 724: 720: 716:confarreatio 714: 699: 694: 690: 684: 681: 654:jurist Gaius 643: 635: 631: 629: 616: 610: 608: 599: 589: 575: 568:(60–79 AD), 537: 527: 520: 505: 495: 471: 461: 455: 443: 426: 420: 405: 403: 390: 386: 382: 378: 372: 370: 346: 324: 314: 310:Roman values 281: 232:knucklebones 228:hoop-rolling 220: 205:of priests. 192: 164:dining rooms 136:Inscriptions 130: 115: 60: 52: 48: 35:Vibia Sabina 26: 7751:Geographers 7435:Dioscorides 7415:Cassius Dio 7037:Cassiodorus 6940:Renaissance 6546:Agriculture 6518:Auxiliaries 6459:Engineering 6296:Magistrates 6148:Citizenship 6143:Mos maiorum 6078:Late Empire 5713:(in French) 5675:Roman Women 5210:Pythagorean 4455:Ronald Syme 4163:Family and 4055:Gynaecology 2510:, c. 50 BC 2492:Left image: 2417:infertility 2372:intercourse 2360:Hellenistic 2303:politician 2262:Mos maiorum 2233:Prostitutes 1888:Magna Mater 1886:and of the 1859:, Juno and 1606:called the 1444:Ronald Syme 1411:In politics 1404:non-citizen 1302:gymnasium. 1275:In business 1198:Left image: 1077:sarcophagus 972:Concubinage 939:Mark Antony 832:mos maiorum 658:Constantine 549:, and not, 458:family name 438:Herculaneum 415:noble women 7831:Categories 7640:Mediolanum 7580:Alexandria 7545:Themistius 7510:Porphyrius 7337:Tertullian 7272:Quintilian 7262:Propertius 7157:Lactantius 7107:Fulgentius 7042:Censorinus 6864:Sanitation 6849:Metallurgy 6806:Technology 6771:Demography 6719:Patricians 6686:Spectacles 6644:Literature 6639:Hairstyles 6476:Technology 6226:Praefectus 6178:Government 6168:Litigation 6153:Auctoritas 6098:Centuriate 5985:Principate 5980:Pax Romana 5940:Foundation 5559:. London: 5334:Gynecology 4997:Assa, 102. 4934:De legibus 4774:Forsythe, 4759:Jörg Rüpke 4747:Saturnalia 4726:Saturnalia 4578:Mary Beard 4533:Elagabalus 4178:Plutarch, 3839:Plutarch, 3668:Johnston, 3644:Philologus 3605:writes of 3531:Institutes 3447:Johnston, 3158:J.A. Crook 2822:Pro Caelio 2667:References 2597:Tigellinus 2531:manumitted 2458:See also: 2438:, like an 2413:amenorrhea 2386:, but the 2380:childbirth 2368:physiology 2314:Pro Caelio 2301:popularist 2268:See also: 2255:apotropaic 2208:Body image 2146:aquamarine 2075:See also: 2038:Germanicus 2032:'s mother 1979:casual sex 1951:See also: 1941:pro populo 1756:mola salsa 1707:sacerdotes 1641:Vindolanda 1603:Elagabalus 1549:'s sister 1465:Punic Wars 1365:prostitute 1329:senatorial 1170:Daily life 1125:birth rate 1067:Motherhood 966:Hortensius 927:popularist 885:Remarriage 879:Principate 733:Patricians 604:Principate 365:See also: 259:seen with 240:terracotta 7796:Quaestors 7726:Empresses 7716:Dynasties 7706:Dictators 7681:and other 7670:Volubilis 7665:Vindobona 7625:Londinium 7550:Theodoret 7520:Procopius 7500:Polyaenus 7475:Pausanias 7377:Vitruvius 7322:Symmachus 7317:Suetonius 7227:Petronius 7212:Obsequens 7177:Macrobius 7172:Lucretius 7097:Frontinus 7072:Eutropius 7057:Columella 7007:Augustine 6997:Appuleius 6945:Neo-Latin 6920:Classical 6911:Versions 6819:Aqueducts 6761:Patronage 6681:Sexuality 6654:Mythology 6629:Education 6619:Cosmetics 6444:Campaigns 6439:Structure 6392:Decemviri 6251:Imperator 5950:overthrow 5465:, p. 101. 5390:Roman art 5312:lactation 5229:Richlin, 5218:lactation 5206:Anaxilaus 5157:et passim 5079:Assa, 67. 5036:Assa, 66. 5027:Assa, 60. 5018:Assa, 65. 5006:Assa, 96. 4797:Schultz, 4743:Macrobius 4722:Macrobius 4708:Staples, 4445:, 35.147. 4384:Chapter 1 4015:, p. 435. 3915:, p. 480. 3860:et passim 3810:In Roman 3786:et passim 3670:Roman Law 3592:, pg. 133 3397:Carfrania 3300:cite book 3091:, p. 197. 2977:, p. 198. 2758:et passim 2740:peregrina 2735:et passim 2557:Vespasian 2502:from the 2376:pregnancy 2257:gesture. 2247:strophium 2242:strophium 2194:Hortensia 2181:Lex Oppia 2158:necklaces 2128:over her 1877:From the 1705:, plural 1626:, 13.5). 1608:senaculum 1582:Epicharis 1461:Lex Oppia 1458:sumptuary 1449:nobilitas 1357:wet nurse 1320:fullonica 1252:Calpurnia 1244:provinces 1230:salutatio 929:champion 852:clientela 741:plebeians 711:Roman law 707:Roman law 636:sui iuris 627:control. 621:intestate 612:sui iuris 600:pudicitia 555:Androgyne 474:Pudicitia 451:Dolabella 411:betrothal 305:Epictetus 301:centurion 248:dedicated 224:Roman art 83:; fierce 7801:Tribunes 7791:Praetors 7741:Generals 7721:Emperors 7630:Lugdunum 7615:Eboracum 7605:Carthage 7590:Aquileia 7505:Polybius 7495:Plutarch 7465:Libanius 7455:Josephus 7450:Herodian 7342:Tibullus 7257:Priscian 7232:Phaedrus 7192:Manilius 7137:Jordanes 7122:Hydatius 7052:Claudian 7032:Catullus 7022:Boëthius 7017:Ausonius 6935:Medieval 6907:Alphabet 6879:Theatres 6854:Numerals 6839:Concrete 6829:Circuses 6796:Bagaudae 6786:Adoption 6781:Marriage 6754:Assembly 6659:Religion 6634:Folklore 6614:Clothing 6609:Calendar 6566:Currency 6556:Commerce 6454:Strategy 6416:Military 6402:Triumvir 6382:Dictator 6377:Interrex 6356:Governor 6341:Quaestor 6304:Ordinary 6286:Province 6276:Tetrarch 6266:Augustus 6231:Vicarius 6221:Officium 6158:Imperium 6108:Plebeian 6068:Republic 5990:Dominate 5957:Republic 5918:Timeline 5778:(2017). 5381:Perusine 5233:, p. 38. 5173:Epigrams 5151:Clarke, 4979:, p. 92. 4953:, p. 73. 4932:Cicero, 4901:5 August 4749:1.15.19. 4663:hatrencu 4537:Aurelian 4429:, p. 80. 4425:Rawson, 4367:Opinions 4267:, p. 51. 4254:, p. 45. 4195:, p. 50. 4120:Dialogus 4089:Plutarch 3972:Plutarch 3939:Casebook 3928:, p. 52. 3926:Casebook 3913:Casebook 3801:, p. 48. 3765:Casebook 3687:Casebook 3674:Casebook 3626:, p. 53. 3624:Casebook 3613:, p. 54. 3611:Casebook 3579:, p. 20. 3503:Watson, 3453:Casebook 3434:Bauman, 3425:, p. 51. 3421:Bauman, 3408:Bauman, 3386:, p. 50. 3382:Bauman, 3249:, p. 21. 3245:Rawson, 3212:Casebook 3148:, p. 66. 3087:Rawson, 3078:, p. 45. 3074:Rawson, 3033:edition. 3022:Plutarch 2973:Rawson, 2951:Rawson, 2870:scholion 2860:Rawson, 2715:suffrage 2711:conubium 2703:granted 2697:conubium 2604:See also 2592:ne serva 2588:ne serva 2515:A floor 2436:clitoris 2293:Catullus 2185:Carthage 2142:emeralds 2042:Claudius 2030:Caligula 1777:nundinae 1743:ministra 1739:magistra 1735:ministra 1731:magistra 1723:Cerealis 1715:sacerdos 1702:Sacerdos 1693:colleges 1682:Bona Dea 1666:statuary 1551:Drusilla 1547:Caligula 1525:freedmen 1517:Augustus 1510:assassin 1400:plebeian 1337:Claudius 1260:Augustus 1144:Cornelia 1129:Augustus 1061:Commodus 1042:Plutarch 1005:conubium 949:Plutarch 894:Heracles 846:amicitia 739:, while 725:coemptio 702:marriage 695:potestas 664:Marriage 640:Augustus 591:calumnia 547:Sentinum 514:— 427:potestas 391:dominium 203:colleges 195:religion 184:Terentia 156:Catullus 146:such as 140:epitaphs 113:Imperial 89:Cornelia 73:Lucretia 57:citizens 50:Freeborn 7771:Legions 7731:Fiction 7701:Consuls 7696:Climate 7650:Ravenna 7645:Pompeii 7635:Lutetia 7600:Bononia 7595:Berytus 7585:Antioch 7560:Zosimus 7555:Zonaras 7530:Sozomen 7515:Priscus 7490:Photius 7332:Terence 7327:Tacitus 7312:Statius 7297:Servius 7282:Sallust 7237:Plautus 7217:Orosius 7197:Martial 7152:Juvenal 7127:Hyginus 7112:Gellius 6971:Writers 6902:History 6884:Thermae 6874:Temples 6824:Bridges 6791:Slavery 6739:Equites 6711:Society 6691:Theatre 6664:Deities 6624:Cuisine 6604:Bathing 6586:Culture 6561:Finance 6538:Economy 6429:Borders 6424:History 6326:Tribune 6321:Praetor 6211:Legatus 6206:Emperor 6093:Curiate 6063:Kingdom 6058:History 6034:History 6017:decline 5975:History 5945:Kingdom 5928:History 5913:Outline 5834:, 1997. 5461:Crook, 5394:Priapus 5385:glandes 5370:Priapea 5338:Soranus 5169:Martial 5065:3 April 4816:online. 4782:on the 4603:familia 4463:online. 4459:Sallust 4165:Familia 4116:Tacitus 4051:Soranus 4034:Plautus 3941:, p. 50 3898:Hersh, 3875:Hersh, 3529:Gaius, 3144:Frier, 3118:Frier, 2866:Persius 2695:called 2584:infamia 2580:infamia 2508:Pompeii 2454:Slavery 2424:Soranus 2405:Priapus 2336:Juvenal 2251:hemlock 2103:carmine 2099:arsenic 1993:Hadrian 1971:temples 1920:di nixi 1872:diviner 1861:Minerva 1768:Jupiter 1624:Annales 1620:Tacitus 1578:Tacitus 1563:Livilla 1532:Augusta 1480:epitaph 1454:senator 1395:insulae 1374:infames 1369:midwife 1361:actress 1291:Pionius 1226:clients 1211:Stabiae 1202:Stabiae 1156:Aurelia 1148:Gracchi 1110:Tacitus 1097:Plautus 1079:c. 150 1024:with a 988:Pompeii 908:, Italy 898:Omphale 857:censors 855:). The 819:Divorce 812:Stabiae 799:Divorce 691:(manus) 625:agnatic 586:praetor 578:Afrania 572:, Italy 570:Pompeii 517:Juvenal 482:Pompeia 421:In the 379:familia 293:Martial 199:Vestals 93:Gracchi 43:Hadrian 7781:Nomina 7766:Legacy 7746:Gentes 7683:topics 7679:Lists 7660:Smyrna 7540:Strabo 7470:Lucian 7460:Julian 7410:Arrian 7405:Appian 7395:Aelian 7372:Vergil 7147:Justin 7132:Jerome 7117:Horace 7102:Fronto 7092:Florus 7067:Ennius 7047:Cicero 7027:Caesar 6925:Vulgar 6749:Tribes 6676:Romans 6486:Legion 6469:castra 6346:Aedile 6316:Censor 6311:Consul 6271:Caesar 6241:Lictor 6163:Status 6103:Tribal 6083:Senate 6073:Empire 5967:Empire 5903:topics 5802: 5786: 5765: 5749: 5731: 5702: 5681: 5662: 5643: 5607: 5591:1986. 5578: 5429:Muscio 5155:p. 34 5056: 4975:Assa, 4949:Assa, 4915:Beard 4780:Festus 4665:," in 4618:Beard 4558:29–36. 4263:Assa, 4250:Assa, 4191:Assa, 3882:passim 3725:, 2.25 3547:Festus 3511:1.173. 3351:Amesia 2819:; see 2817:Clodia 2553:Caenis 2535:patron 2517:mosaic 2500:fresco 2496:mirror 2378:, and 2366:. The 2309:Cicero 2297:Clodia 2177:Cannae 2154:pearls 2152:, and 2114:. The 1967:litter 1935:, or " 1917:, the 1915:Lucina 1843:. The 1841:Libera 1819:regina 1817:. The 1506:Brutus 1498:Porcia 1490:eulogy 1476:Appian 1429:Brutus 1421:Porcia 1379:nutrix 1367:, and 1333:Cicero 1331:rank. 1300:Sardis 1240:atrium 1222:guests 1022:maenad 962:Marcia 923:Fulvia 837:Cicero 808:Fresco 766:, any 521:Satire 447:Cicero 383:corpus 261:Cicero 230:, and 188:Tullia 180:Cicero 152:satire 148:comedy 122:Helena 97:Fulvia 95:, and 39:Trajan 7445:Galen 7387:Greek 7357:Varro 7167:Lucan 6979:Latin 6894:Latin 6869:Ships 6859:Roads 6844:Domes 6776:Women 6724:Plebs 6649:Music 6191:Forum 6186:Curia 4917:et al 4827:Varro 4728:1.16. 4620:et al 4568:2015. 4182:20.2. 4100:Strix 4057:2.18. 3979:20.2. 3887:Lucan 3607:manus 3509:Inst. 2701:towns 2217:Venus 2134:stola 2130:stola 2125:palla 2120:stola 2116:stola 2111:stola 2095:chalk 2070:palla 2066:stola 2062:Livia 1975:baths 1933:magic 1911:Diana 1837:Liber 1727:Ceres 1387:Pliny 1269:Livia 1235:domus 1164:Sulla 1026:cupid 785:manus 778:manus 773:Manus 764:dowry 756:manus 700:Manus 632:tutor 619:died 582:Sulla 462:nomen 332:Greek 256:Venus 252:Diana 236:Dolls 172:magic 117:mores 105:Livia 61:cives 55:were 7761:Laws 7736:Film 7655:Roma 7222:Ovid 7162:Livy 6930:Late 6744:Gens 6701:Wine 6513:Navy 6481:Army 6120:SPQR 6022:fall 6000:fall 5800:ISBN 5784:ISBN 5763:ISBN 5747:ISBN 5729:ISBN 5700:ISBN 5679:ISBN 5660:ISBN 5641:ISBN 5605:ISBN 5576:ISBN 5208:, a 5067:2013 5054:ISBN 4903:2021 4363:Paul 4331:See 4285:p.96 4096:20.3 4040:697. 3844:105. 3306:link 2462:and 2328:Ovid 2150:opal 2138:toga 2087:Ovid 2079:and 2068:and 2046:Gaul 2010:ludi 1907:Juno 1884:Isis 1839:and 1791:The 1782:week 1616:Nero 1561:and 1508:the 1425:Cato 1402:and 1256:Ovid 1049:Nero 944:The 896:and 849:and 839:and 745:usus 729:usus 652:the 404:The 297:Livy 291:and 289:Ovid 160:Ovid 158:and 75:and 6915:Old 6599:Art 6372:Rex 6216:Dux 6130:Law 5858:TLS 5433:ca. 5416:fl. 5376:CIL 5336:of 4919:., 4622:., 3028:55 2731:268 2320:In 2311:'s 2291:). 2097:or 2013:), 1855:of 1741:or 1721:or 1684:). 1162:of 1093:BCE 723:); 557:". 267:to 7833:: 5620:. 5263:, 5200:, 5171:, 5091:, 5011:^ 4894:. 4829:, 4761:, 4745:, 4724:, 4457:, 4441:, 4365:, 4279:, 4224:, 4118:, 4091:, 4036:, 3974:, 3879:, 3721:, 3691:D. 3638:, 3314:^ 3302:}} 3298:{{ 3263:^ 3203:^ 3160:, 3024:, 2917:^ 2905:^ 2896:, 2877:^ 2725:, 2506:, 2374:, 2326:, 2317:. 2148:, 2144:, 1913:, 1909:, 1898:. 1385:. 1359:, 1271:. 1224:, 1166:. 1150:. 1089:CE 1081:CE 1020:A 650:CE 594:, 523:VI 519:, 312:. 234:. 150:, 126:c. 45:. 5893:e 5886:t 5879:v 5848:. 5808:. 5790:. 5771:. 5753:. 5737:. 5708:. 5687:. 5668:. 5649:. 5613:. 5584:. 5563:. 5431:( 5413:( 5220:. 5159:. 5069:. 4905:. 3866:. 3788:. 3737:( 3399:. 3353:. 3308:) 2825:. 2760:. 2743:. 1622:( 1136:) 460:( 124:( 59:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Women in ancient Rome

Index