178:
521:, and adobe, and have gone through countless renovations. The basalt fortifications are exceptionally durable, one reason why the structure has remained relatively intact for over 2000 years. Diyarbakir fortress is among the best surviving examples of a castle or fort built with a natural feature like a cliffside or body of water on one side as a boundary. The walls have a symbolic function as well as a defensive purpose, with inscriptions on the inner city's walls (the fort) that testify to the city of Diyarbakir's history.
384:
324:
477:
473:, a major restoration of the walls was executed. Buildings that were built directly on the wall were removed, the walls were cleaned and a park was given place alongside the walls. Though the walls and fortress itself were once compared to the Great Wall of China, this started to change as fighting broke out during 2015; walls from the fortress collapsed, along with a mosque, two churches, and the homes of many civilians, forcing some sections to be abandoned.
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towers still remain on the outside of the city's walls and 18 of the citadel's towers remain today. Due to cultural differences, the fort has undergone some modifications. The fort was reconstructed, repaired and or heightened over time. However, the overall typology has remained constant in the fort's renovations.
452:
In 1930, a part of the wall was demolished. Two openings were made in walls to the west of the Harput Gate and east of the Mardin Gate in order to allow better traffic flow. Apart from these breaches, the city walls are mostly intact today, though some sections are in better condition than others.
448:
occupation of
Diyarbakir in 1515, the Ottomans destroyed the walls with the use of cannons and they therefore had to be rebuilt. In the early Ottoman period of the city, the Citadel was expanded by moving the wall that separated it from the city further outward. The Ottoman repairs to the walls were
413:
and were replaced by the
Artuqids, who ruled the city until the 15th century. The Artuqid work on the walls featured much finer craftsmanship and used much smaller cut stones than the traditional Roman or Roman-imitating masonry. The Artuqids rebuilt the citadel in 1206–1207. In 1208–1209, they also
513:
In the northeast, the citadel contains the first settlement inside
Diyarbakir, and those walls stretch 598 meters long. The city walls enclose the more urban historic city of Diyarbakir. Most of these walls are constructed with traditional masonry and construction styles. The towers consist of 2-4
496:
Cultural
Landscape to UNESCO's World Heritage List. UNESCO's main focus was to protect the environment of the land itself, more than the heritage of the land. The Turkish Prime Minister also spoke of plans to reconstruct the city walls as a great tourist attraction intended to resemble Paris; this
524:
The fortification plans reveal the dominance of two different building forms, circular and tetragonal. The walls were divided into five groups, four of which contained the towers around the four main gates, while the fifth contained the citadel towers. It has been found that 65 of the original 82
460:
resulted in damage to the old town (Sur) and its monuments, disrupting government plans to conserve the historical city in hopes of attracting tourists to the
Diyarbakir cultural area. About one-third of the old town was destroyed by the Turkish government after the clashes ended, irreversibly
505:
The
Diyarbakir city walls measure up to 5.8 km (3.6 mi) long. They form a ring around the old city that is over 3 miles in circumference. The walls are over 33 feet high and are about 10–16 feet thick. They are the widest and longest complete defensive walls in the world after the
363:
ordered some parts of the walls to be demolished, including the Harput and Mardin gates (the north and south gates), and possibly the other main gates to the east and west. Surviving inscriptions attest that the Harput and Mardin gates were rebuilt in 909 on the orders of the
Abbasid caliph
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As the war continued, the government of Turkey and UNESCO jointly began a reconstruction and preservation effort, intending to complete it within two years, starting with the demolition of part of the city. On July 4, 2015, UNESCO added the fortress and
368:, and it's likely that other parts of the walls demolished in 899 were repaired at this time. Starting around this period, craftsmen began to carve animal images onto new parts of the walls, in addition to Arabic inscriptions recording their work.
371:
Under the
Marwanids, work was undertaken to fortify the southeastern section of the walls in particular. During the brief period of Great Seljuk control of the city after 1088, the walls and towers were completely rebuilt by
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of the region in the 7th century, they underwent further restorations and reconstructions by various Muslim dynasties. Most of the walls in their current form today date from these medieval Muslim constructions.
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300:. Over the next 1500+ years, these walls were expanded and reconstructed using volcanic rock from the surrounding region. The site includes remains from the
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380:) and the Citadel. Up until this period, the renovations had generally imitated Roman designs and masonry, with large blocks set in regular courses.
376:, though work was focused on the west walls. Under the Inalid dynasty (12th century), work was continued on the eastern walls, between the New Gate (
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510:. There are four main gates and 82 towers along the walls. Included on the walls are about 63 inscriptions from various historical periods.
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296:, who had colonized the city in 230 AD. In 349 AD the walls were significantly expanded or reconstructed under the order of Emperor
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provoked considerable controversy in
Diyarbakır, with some locals arguing that they would lose their ancient culture heritage.
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Van
Berchem, Max, & Josef Strzygowski (1910). Amida: Materiaux pour l'épigraphie et l'histoire Musulmanes du Diyar-Bekr
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1537:
771:
251:, the fortifications and powerful walls of Amid-Diyarbakir were built in the middle of 6th century BC under Armenian King
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is surrounded by city walls. The eastern half of the walled city depicted here (Sur) was leveled in 2015–2016 during the
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30:"Diyarbakır Fortress" redirects here. For the eponymous fortress (and medieval settlement) in Turkmenistan, see
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259:(Orontid dynasty). They are the widest and longest complete defensive walls in the world after only the
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989:"Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (2015) | EBRULI TOURISM- IZMIR-TURKEY"
320:. The city is considered to have a "multi-cultural, multi-lingual, and multi-culture character".
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and were constructed in their present form in the mid-fourth century AD by the emperor
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floors and are 4.4 meters thick on the ground floor and get thinner on higher floors.
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962:"Sites in Denmark, France and Turkey inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
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strictly practical and less decorative than the work of preceding periods.
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added the building to their tentative list on 2000, and listed it along with
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inscriptions and figurative images of animals and mythological creatures.
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926:"Heartbreak in Turkey's Diyarbakır as development transforms ancient Sur"
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220:. They consist of an inner fortress, the citadel, and an outer ring of
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422:. These towers are distinguished by their carved stone decoration of
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built the two prominent towers along the southern wall, known as the
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Gate, and Yeni (New) Gate. The walls come from the old Roman city of
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1983:
1605:
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period and features carved Arabic inscriptions, animal motifs, and
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In 899, after a revolt of the city's governor, the Abbasid caliph
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are a set of fortifications enclosing the historical district of
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1021:"Castle architecture in Anatolia: Fortifications of Diyarbakir"
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825:"'No chance of return' from damage to UNESCO site Diyarbakir"
659:. In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.).
661:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
391:
in the southern city walls. It was built in 1208 during the
1615:
877:
Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey
621:"Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape"
267:
for example are longer in length, but are not continuous).
228:
776:
Eastern Turkey: an architectural and archaeological survey
405:
The Inalids were expelled in the late 12th century by the
1569:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
663:. Fitzroy & Dearborn Publishers. pp. 190–193.
331:), the northern gate of the city. The gate preserves a
778:. Vol. III. The Pindar Press. pp. 164–176.
517:
The fortifications are constructed with stone, black
292:
Diyarbakir's walls were first built in 297 AD by the
227:
The main gates of the city are: Dağ (Mountain) Gate,
677:
335:-era design but was reconstructed in 909 during the
184:
1455:
553:
551:
549:
458:war between the Turkish Army and Kurdish guerillas
193:Location of Fortifications of Diyarbakır in Turkey
469:From 2000 to 2007, begun during the Mayorship of
2305:
343:The walls were expanded and restored during the
879:. University of Washington Press. p. 155.
799:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
798:
546:
1746:
1686:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
1441:
1096:
694:"Diyarbakir City Walls - The Kurdish Project"
944:"Historic Structures damaged in Diyarbakır"
558:"Diyarbakır Kalesi ve Surları (Diyarbakır)"
1753:
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1089:
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27:Fortress in the city of Diyarbakır, Turkey
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1008:
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382:
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654:
14:
2344:Buildings and structures in Diyarbakır
2306:
1611:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
1019:Halifeoglu, Fatma Meral (2013-06-01).
1005:
765:
763:
761:
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535:List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
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1025:Frontiers of Architectural Research
433:16th century plan of Diyarbakır by
24:
978:
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25:
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1538:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
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657:"Diyarbakır (Diyarbakır, Turkey)"
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715:"Diyarbakır Castle and Fortress"
183:
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954:
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875:Watts, Nicole F. (2011-07-01).
868:
843:
817:
500:
464:
281:in 2015, under the designation
2364:Military history of Diyarbakır
2314:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1457:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1110:
770:Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1989).
589:
570:
13:
1:
540:
1309:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
966:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
850:Duvar, Gazete (2017-11-29).
803:. h.f.ullmann. p. 381.
625:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
461:damaging the ancient city.
206:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
38:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
7:
1367:St. Giragos Armenian Church
801:Islam: Art and Architecture
528:
10:
2380:
2334:4th-century fortifications
1347:Great Mosque of Diyarbakır
1294:Diyarbakır Atatürk Stadium
1289:Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Museum
1268:Diyarbakır railway station
1038:10.1016/j.foar.2013.04.003
287:
45:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
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1072:– Sur Government web site
655:Huebner, Jeff W. (1995).
440:During the defeat of the
351:(6th century). After the
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132:
120:
110:
100:
88:
79:Southeast Anatolia Region
60:
51:
42:
32:Diyarbekir (Turkmenistan)
1418:This list is incomplete.
852:"Sur'da neler yaşandı?."
485:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
92:Diyarbakır Fortress and
1969:İbrahim Pasha Casemates
1357:Hazreti Süleyman Mosque
156:37.910861°N 40.227278°E
855:www.gazeteduvar.com.tr
488:
437:
418:and the Evli Beden or
402:
340:
1789:Afyonkarahisar Castle
1648:Southeastern Anatolia
948:hurriyetdailynews.com
479:
432:
386:
347:, particularly under
326:
2359:Artuqid architecture
1979:Kahramanmaraş Castle
1548:Göreme National Park
1377:St. Mary's Cathedral
1128:Provincial districts
993:www.ebruliturizm.com
932:. November 21, 2017.
577:"Diyarbakır Surları"
283:Diyarbakır Fortress.
161:37.910861; 40.227278
2354:Seljuk architecture
1904:Diyarbakır Fortress
1656:Diyarbakır Fortress
1362:Sheikh Matar Mosque
1352:Behram Pasha Mosque
1331:St. George's Church
508:Great Wall of China
279:World Heritage Site
261:Great Wall of China
152: /
106:Cultural: (iv)
75:Şanlıurfa Subregion
71:Diyarbakır Province
39:
18:Diyarbakır Fortress
2064:Kuzucubelen Castle
1989:Karacahisar Castle
1934:Güvercinada Castle
1849:Belenkeşlik Castle
1304:Diyarbakır Stadium
1263:Diyarbakır Airport
1068:2021-05-13 at the
950:. October 7, 2015.
905:allaboutturkey.com
601:2018-09-02 at the
582:2015-05-23 at the
563:2015-09-01 at the
489:
438:
403:
341:
255:of and during the
96:Cultural Landscape
37:
2329:Castles in Turkey
2301:
2300:
2254:Yedikule Fortress
1859:Bodrumkale Castle
1769:Castles in Turkey
1728:
1727:
1707:Turkey portal
1423:
1422:
1319:Yedi Kardeş Tower
1299:Diyarbakır Prison
719:www.kultur.gov.tr
670:978-1-884964-02-2
416:Yedi Kardeş Tower
249:Movses Khorenatsi
202:
201:
16:(Redirected from
2371:
2296:
2184:Şanlıurfa Castle
2134:Roche de Roissel
2099:Meydancık Castle
2009:Kastamonu Castle
1919:Gaziantep Castle
1781:
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1679:Multiple regions
1575:Arslantepe Mound
1525:Central Anatolia
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1247:Dicle University
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265:Theodosian Walls
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2324:Forts in Turkey
2319:Sur, Diyarbakır
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2297:
2288:
2279:Zerzevan Castle
2264:Yeniyurt Castle
2209:Tekkadın Castle
2139:Roche-Guillaume
2089:Marmaris Castle
2079:Mancınık Castle
1884:Çandarlı Castle
1874:Bozcaada Castle
1839:Babakale Castle
1824:Anavarza Castle
1809:Amasra Fortress
1794:Akçakoca Castle
1782:
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1372:St. Mary Church
1335:
1326:Hasan Pasha Han
1314:Ulu Beden Tower
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1070:Wayback Machine
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831:. July 14, 2016
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420:Ulu Beden Tower
389:Ulu Beden Tower
353:Muslim conquest
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243:. According to
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2226:
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2201:
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2174:Sinop Fortress
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2164:Silifke Castle
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2031:
2026:
2024:Kevgürk Castle
2021:
2016:
2014:Kayseri Castle
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Karaman Castle
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Hisarın Castle
1956:
1951:
1949:Hebilli Castle
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Eğirdir Castle
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Cemilli Castle
1876:
1871:
1869:Boyabat Castle
1866:
1864:Bolaman Castle
1861:
1856:
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1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Ardahan Castle
1831:
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1660:Hevsel Gardens
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1602:Historic Areas
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1398:Diyarbekirspor
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1393:Diyarbakırspor
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1073:
1063:Sur Tour Guide
1058:
1057:External links
1055:
1053:
1052:
1031:(2): 209–221.
1004:
977:
953:
935:
930:al-monitor.com
910:
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885:
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669:
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607:
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569:
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538:
537:
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527:
502:
499:
494:Hevsel Gardens
466:
463:
435:Matrakçı Nasuh
298:Constantius II
289:
286:
275:Hevsel Gardens
241:Constantius II
200:
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94:Hevsel Gardens
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2259:Yelbiz Castle
2257:
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2245:
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2240:
2237:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Tokmar Castle
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Şeytan Castle
2192:
2190:
2189:Şavşat Castle
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
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2157:
2155:
2154:Samsun Castle
2152:
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2147:
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2140:
2137:
2135:
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2130:
2127:
2125:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Pertek Castle
2112:
2110:
2109:Namrun Castle
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Meydan Castle
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Mardin Castle
2082:
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2077:
2075:
2074:Mamure Castle
2072:
2070:
2067:
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2044:Kızlar Kalesi
2042:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
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1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Hemite Castle
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Harran Castle
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1939:Harput Castle
1937:
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1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
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1915:
1912:
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1900:
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1889:Çandır Castle
1887:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
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1854:Bodrum Castle
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Bagras Castle
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Ankara Castle
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Anadoluhisarı
1817:
1815:
1814:Amasya Castle
1812:
1810:
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1799:Alanya Castle
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1626:Mediterranean
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1562:East Anatolia
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886:9780295800820
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536:
533:
532:
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515:
511:
509:
498:
495:
486:
482:
478:
474:
472:
471:Feridun Çelik
462:
459:
456:In 2015, the
454:
450:
447:
443:
436:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
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394:
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375:
369:
367:
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179:
170:
165:
137:
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127:
123:
119:
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95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
50:
47:
41:
33:
19:
2274:Yoros Castle
2214:Tokat Castle
2179:Softa Castle
2169:Sinap Castle
2144:Rumelihisari
2059:Kozan Castle
1964:Hoşap Castle
1929:Gözne Castle
1924:Gömeç Kulesi
1899:Dağlı Castle
1894:Çeşme Castle
1804:Alara Castle
1717:
1698:
1670:Mount Nemrut
1665:Göbekli Tepe
1308:
1028:
1024:
996:. Retrieved
992:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
904:
901:"Diyarbakir"
895:
876:
870:
859:. Retrieved
857:(in Turkish)
854:
845:
835:February 14,
833:. Retrieved
828:
819:
800:
794:
775:
772:"Diyarbakır"
723:. Retrieved
721:(in Turkish)
718:
660:
628:. Retrieved
624:
591:
572:
523:
516:
512:
504:
501:Architecture
490:
468:
465:Conservation
455:
451:
439:
424:calligraphic
404:
396:
377:
374:Malik-Shah I
370:
358:
342:
328:
291:
282:
269:
226:
205:
203:
147:40°13′38.2″E
144:37°54′39.1″N
2349:Roman walls
2244:Yaka Castle
2204:Tece Castle
2199:Şile Castle
2159:Sarvandikar
2129:Rize Castle
2124:Riva Castle
2029:Kızıl Tower
2004:Kars Castle
1999:Kara Castle
1914:Foça Castle
1597:Cumalıkızık
1473:Aphrodisias
1403:Amed S.F.K.
366:al-Muqtadir
361:al-Mu'tadid
349:Justinian I
159: /
134:Coordinates
124:2015 (39th
121:Inscription
2339:City walls
2308:Categories
2249:Van Castle
2224:Toprakkale
2104:Mut Castle
2054:Koz Castle
2049:Kol Kalesi
2034:Kiz Kulesi
1974:Kadifekale
1552:Cappadocia
1533:Çatalhöyük
1515:Safranbolu
1483:Hierapolis
1112:Diyarbakır
998:2018-02-14
971:2019-01-23
861:2022-04-06
785:0907132340
725:2018-02-14
630:2019-01-23
541:References
314:Aq Qoyunlu
304:, Romans,
257:Yervanduni
247:historian
222:city walls
214:Diyarbakır
67:Diyarbakır
2269:Yılankale
2239:Turbessel
2234:Trapessac
2039:Kızkalesi
1502:Black Sea
1487:Pamukkale
1277:Landmarks
1256:Transport
1240:Education
1215:Yenişehir
1185:Kayapınar
1047:2095-2635
378:Yeni Kapı
333:Byzantine
111:Reference
2119:Ravendel
1984:Kalepark
1719:Category
1606:Istanbul
1492:Pergamon
1340:Religion
1066:Archived
599:Archived
596:"Surlar"
580:Archived
561:Archived
529:See also
444:and the
442:Safavids
398:muqarnas
329:Dağ Kapı
318:Ottomans
310:Artuqids
302:Hurrians
253:Tigranes
245:Armenian
102:Criteria
62:Location
2284:Zilkale
2149:Rumkale
1634:Xanthos
1585:Marmara
1543:Gordion
1510:Hattusa
1478:Ephesus
1190:Kocaköy
1121:History
446:Ottoman
411:Saladin
407:Ayyubid
393:Artuqid
339:period.
337:Abbasid
288:History
126:Session
89:Part of
2069:Loulon
2019:Kaysun
1638:Letoon
1465:Aegean
1205:Silvan
1170:Ergani
1155:Çüngüş
1145:Çermik
1140:Bismil
1135:Bağlar
1045:
883:
807:
782:
667:
519:basalt
409:ruler
306:Sejuks
294:Romans
271:UNESCO
233:Mardin
231:Gate,
218:Turkey
83:Turkey
1593:Bursa
1407:women
1386:Sport
1224:Areas
1180:Hazro
1160:Dicle
1150:Çınar
829:Rudaw
277:as a
263:(the
237:Amida
1658:and
1616:Troy
1595:and
1550:and
1200:Lice
1195:Kulp
1175:Hani
1165:Eğil
1043:ISSN
881:ISBN
837:2018
805:ISBN
780:ISBN
665:ISBN
387:The
229:Urfa
204:The
115:1488
1604:of
1570:Ani
1231:Sur
1210:Sur
1033:doi
481:Sur
212:in
210:Sur
2310::
1636:/
1485:/
1041:.
1027:.
1023:.
1007:^
991:.
980:^
964:.
946:.
928:.
913:^
903:.
827:.
774:.
734:^
717:.
702:^
679:^
639:^
623:.
610:^
548:^
316:,
312:,
308:,
224:.
216:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1449:e
1442:t
1435:v
1409:)
1405:(
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
1049:.
1035::
1029:2
1001:.
974:.
907:.
889:.
864:.
839:.
813:.
788:.
728:.
696:.
673:.
633:.
605:.
586:.
567:.
487:.
401:.
128:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
