890:
fished regularly throughout the fishing season and fish supplies were down, fishing was limited or stopped entirely by the clan who owned that resource until fish were given a chance to recover. During this time other resources were utilised for food. This ensured the sustained use of the resources available to them. As with most other Kulin territories, penalties such as spearings were enforced upon trespassers. Today, traditional clan locations, language groups and borders are no longer in use and descendants of Dja Dja
Wurrung people live within modern day society, although still preserving much of their culture.
128:
689:
794:
Wurrung people as shepherds, stockriders, station hands and domestic servants on a seasonal or semi-permanent basis. Many of those that could not find work with the squatters survived on the margins of white society through begging and prostitution for food, clothes and alcohol. The availability of alcohol increased with the number of bush inns and grog shanties associated with the diggings, and drunkenness became a serious problem. Mortality rates worsened during the gold rushes.
777:
bronchitis, influenza, chicken pox, measles and scarlet fever. Venereal diseases of syphilis and gonorrhea reached epidemic proportions with estimates of 90% of Dja Dja
Wurrung women thought to be suffering from syphilis by late 1841. This also had the effect of rendering aboriginal women infertile, and infecting any infants born causing high infant mortality and a plummeting birthrate. A Medical doctor appointed for a time confirmed the prevalence of venereal disease.
744:
thrown out of court due to the inadmissibility of aboriginal witness statements and evidence in Courts of Law. Aboriginals were regarded as heathens, unable to swear on the bible, and therefore unable to give evidence. This made prosecution of settlers for crimes against aborigines exceedingly difficult, while also making it very difficult for aborigines to offer legal defences when they were prosecuted for such crimes as sheep stealing.
781:
them temporarily abandoned the place. A number of deaths and illnesses among the whites working at
Franklinford in 1847–48 also caused many Dja Dja Wurrung to leave on the belief that the ground at Franklinford was "malignant". By December 1852 the population of Dja Dja Wurrung was estimated at 142 people, whereas they had numbered between one and two thousand just 15 years previously at time of first contact.
656:
reciprocity and sharing; however, this would have been misconstrued by the settlers as prostitution, resulting in cultural misunderstanding and conflict. Abduction and rape of aboriginal women was also relatively common, often leading to violent interactions. While most squatters ignored such sexual interactions by their employees and even participated, there were a few, such as
707:. He arrived in Melbourne in January 1839 with Robinson appointing Parker to the northwest or Loddon District in March. He did not start his protectorate until September 1839. The Protector's duties included to safeguard aborigines from "encroachments on their property, and from acts of cruelty, of oppression or injustice" and a longer term goal of "civilising" the natives.
854:, a Dja Dja Wurrung child when he was forcibly resettled at Coranderrk Reserve, went on to play an important part in the first organised protest by aborigines to save Coranderrk in the 1880s. Caleb and Anna Morgan, descendants of Caroline Malcolm who resettled at Coranderrk, were active members of the Australian Aborigines League founded by William Cooper in 1933–34.
878:
720:
Dja Dja
Wurrung as well as Crown Lands Commissioner Frederick Powlett. Approval for the site was given in March, and a large number of Dja Dja Wurrung accompanied Parker there in June 1841 when the station was established on William Mollison's Coliban run, where an outstation hut already existed. This became known as the Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station at
344:, passed through their territory. Mitchell reported finding large fertile plains. The settlement of the Goulburn and Loddon Districts began the following year by squatters eager to carve out a station and run. As to the epidemics, they were incorporated into Aboriginal mythology as a giant snake, the Mindye, sent by
793:
in 1851 placed further pressure on the Dja Dja
Wurrung with 10,000 diggers occupying Barkers Creek, Mount Alexander and many streams turned into alluvial gold diggings with many sacred sites violated. The gold rush also caused a crisis in agricultural labour, so many of the squatters employed Dja Dja
776:
While frontier conflict, murder and massacre took their toll, the impact of disease had a far greater impact. Epidemics of smallpox had already decimated the tribe even before first contact with
Europeans. From the late 1830s European contact introduced consumption, venereal disease, the common cold,
743:
Parker also attempted to prosecute those
European settlers who had killed aborigines including Henry Monro and his employees for killings in January 1840 and William Jenkins, William Martin, John Remington, Edward Collins, Robert Morrison for the murder of Gondiurmin in February 1841. Both cases were
710:
Parker initially established his base at
Jackson's Creek near Sunbury, which was not close enough to the aboriginal nations of his protectorate. Parker suggested to Robinson and to Governor Gipps that protectorate stations be established within each district to concentrate aboriginals in one area and
401:
The best way (to procure a run) is to go outside and take up a new run, provided the conscience of the party is sufficiently seared to enable him without remorse to slaughter natives right and left. It is universally and distinctly understood that the chances are very small indeed of a person taking
836:
found the protectorate school unfit for instruction and that the farms had all been abandoned. Green recommended closure of the school and removal of the children to
Coranderrk, with Thomas agreeing to the move but opposing the breaking up of the Protectorate Station. Thomas was supported by Parker
392:
in the 1830s and 1840s was marked by resistance to the invasion, often by the driving off of sheep, which then resulted in conflict and sometimes a massacre of aboriginal people. The Dja Dja
Wurrung peoples experienced two waves of settlement and dispossession: from the south from 1837 and from the
889:
that spoke a related language and were connected through cultural and mutual interests, totems, trading initiatives and marriage ties. Access to land and resources by other clans, was sometimes restricted depending on the state of the resource in question. For example; if a river or creek had been
780:
Those most dramatically affected were the groups who had most contact with European settlers. Spending longer times in the same camping places also made them susceptible to respiratory diseases and gastric illnesses. When several Dja Dja Wurrung died on the reserve at Franklinford in 1841, many of
719:
by the Dja Dja Wurrung, on Bet Bet Creek a tributary of the Loddon River. However, the site proved unsuitable for agriculture and in January 1841 Parker selected a site on the northern side of Mount Franklin on Jim Crow Creek with permanent spring water. The site was chosen with the support of The
324:
The Dja Dja Wurrung are bound to their land by their spiritual belief system deriving from the Dreaming, when mythic beings had created the world, the people and their culture. They were part of established trade networks which allowed goods and information to flow over substantial distances. The
747:
The colonial Government severely curtailed funding to the protectorate from 1843. The protectorate ended on 31 December 1848, with about 20 or 30 Dja Dja Wurrung living at the station at that time. Parker and his family remained living at Franklinford. Six Dja Dja Wurrung men and their families
739:
Franklinford provided a very important focus for the Dja Dja Wurrung during the 1840s where they received a measure of protection and rations, but they continued with their traditional cultural practices and semi-nomadic lifestyle as much as they could. Parker employed a medical officer, Dr W.
396:
Very few of these reports were acted upon to bring the settlers to court. On the few occasions when this did happen, the cases were dismissed as aborigines were denied the right to give evidence in courts of law. Neil Black, a squatter in Western Victoria writing on 9 December 1839, states the
671:
Parker expressed in 1842 the "firm conviction... that nine out of ten outrages committed by the blacks" derived either directly or indirectly from sexual relations. While he considered the "labouring classes" the worst offenders, he also indicated there were "individuals claiming the rank of
655:
An important source of frontier conflict was sexual relations between European settlers and aboriginal women. Historian Bain Attwood claims that aboriginal clans may have sought to incorporate whites into their kinship society through sexual relations with its principles and obligations of
375:
of the Djadja wurrung who lived through two smallpox epidemics and shaped his people's response to European settlement in the 1830s and 1840s. On 7 February 1841, Munangabum was shot and wounded by settlers while his companion Gondiurmin died at Far Creek Station, west of
819:
was an Aboriginal Australian child who died at some stage during the 1840s to 1860s. The child's remains were discovered, together with child's toys consisting of feathers, a waist belt and European artefacts, in the fork of a tree in 1904, and kept in storage by
340:, swept through the Djadja Wurrung in 1789 and 1825. According to a census undertaken in 1840, there were 282 Djadja wurrung, all that remained of the 900–1900 people estimated to be in Djadja wurrung territory in 1836 when the first white colonizer,
1150:– freedom of the bush – would be performed. This allowed safe passage and temporary access and use of land and resources by foreign people. It was a diplomatic rite involving the landholder's hospitality and a ritual exchange of gifts.
679:
The widespread abuse of aboriginal women led directly to an epidemic of venereal disease, syphilis and gonorrhea, which had a major impact on reducing the fertility of Dja Dja Wurrung women and increased the mortality rate of infants.
1174:
for part of Central Victoria. The agreement area extends from north of the Great Dividing Range near Daylesford and includes part or all of the catchments of the Richardson, Avon, Avoca, Loddon and Campaspe Rivers. It includes,
380:. Three settlers were later apprehended and tried on 18 May 1841 but were acquitted for want of evidence as aborigines could not give evidence in courts of law. He was murdered in 1846 by a rival clan-head from the south.
797:
Anecdotal accounts reveal that many Dja Dja Wurrung chose to move north away from the diggings to avoid the problems of alcoholism, prostitution and begging associated with living on the margin of white society.
667:
Were the settlers generally to follow the example of Mr Hepburn, much of the liberal intercourse between the labouring men and native women, and consequently the endangering of property, would be suppressed.
222:). This is quite unusual, since many other languages of the region define their speakers in terms of the local word for "no". It had, broadly speaking, two main dialects, an eastern and western variety.
1194:
said: "The Victorian Government is pleased to have reached this settlement in a way that has avoided costly litigation, while assisting the Traditional Owner community to develop a sustainable future."
2208:
2902:
1166:
2212:
1978:
865:. Rankin asked the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment to produce documents proving that the Crown has the right to occupy these lands. According to the 2 June 2004
801:
A small number of Dja Dja Wurrung remained at Franklinford with Parker, farming the land, erecting dwellings and selling their produce to the nearest diggings about 2 miles away.
756:
reserve. One Dja Dja Wurrung woman known as Ellen, under Parker's protection, crotcheted a collar, and wrote two congratulatory letters, as a gift the occasion of the marriage of the
2239:
2658:
2893:
3018:
1164:
On 28 March 2013, the State of Victoria and the Dja Dja Wurrung people entered into a Recognition and Settlement Agreement under the Victorian government's
2232:
715:, agreed and stations or reserves for each protector were approved in 1840. Parker's original choice for a reserve in September 1840 was a site, known as
2575:
2637:
3053:
1183:. The agreement was the culmination of eighteen months of negotiations between the Victorian Government and the Dja Dja Wurrung people and settles
3076:
3046:
2225:
3011:
2874:
2023:
832:
An investigation into the conditions at Franklinford in February 1864 by Coranderrk superintendent John Green and Guardian of the Aborigines
2644:
402:
up a new run being able to maintain possession of his place and property without having recourse to such means – sometimes by wholesale...
326:
2196:
3025:
2130:
119:
3039:
2009:
2795:
195:
3032:
2831:
2179:
2077:
2052:
1955:
1909:
3081:
2065:
Colonization and the Origins of Humanitarian Governance: Protecting Aborigines across the Nineteenth-Century British Empire
2037:"Indigenous Engagements with Humanitarian Governance: The Port Phillip Protectorate of Aborigines and "Humanitarian Space""
1191:
2591:
861:, a Dja Dja Wurrung elder peacefully reoccupied crown land at Franklinford in central Victoria, calling her campsite the
833:
1969:
1923:
2651:
1986:
2703:
958:
337:
84:
17:
2860:
2802:
2745:
2731:
2689:
2682:
2168:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
1203:
1326:
Jajaurung, Jajowurrong, Jajowurong, Jajowrong, Jarjoworong, Jajowerang, Jajowrung, Jajow(e)rong, Jajoworrong
2853:
2738:
2696:
2669:
2202:
2027:
1998:
Calder Freeway Faraday to Ravenswood, Harcourt North Section: Archaeological Monitoring During Construction
333:
may have been important trade goods as stone artefacts from this material have been found around Victoria.
2623:
1880:
1024:
869:, local DSE officers admitted they "cannot produce these documents and doubt that such documents exist".
692:
Aboriginal farmers at the Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate at Franklinford, 1858. State Library of Victoria
389:
2955:
2724:
2069:
610:
341:
748:
settled at Franklinford, but all but one died from misadventure or respiratory disease. Tommy Farmer (
1875:
1184:
1159:
1011:
2108:
2990:
2948:
1965:
704:
536:
515:
474:
253:
2976:
2717:
2480:
1127:
700:
256:, Their lands once extended over 16,000 square kilometres (6,200 sq mi), embracing the
241:
752:) was the last survivor of this group who walked off the land in 1864 and eventually joined the
127:
1870:
1146:
When foreign people passed through or were invited onto Dja Dja Wurrung lands, the ceremony of
721:
231:
68:
2063:
848:. There were 31 adults and 7 children reported belonging to the Dja Dja Wurrung at this time.
3086:
2605:
2248:
2163:
2117:
2036:
824:
for ninety-nine years, until in 2003 they were repatriated to the Dja Dja Wurrung community.
377:
301:
273:
159:
2145:
1941:
2150:
1096:
1092:
1051:
858:
765:
452:
293:
179:
132:
688:
8:
2969:
2941:
2918:
2759:
2326:
2284:
1932:
1114:
790:
696:
657:
618:
556:
277:
171:
2927:
2752:
2494:
2375:
2291:
2135:
2096:
2014:
633:
309:
289:
163:
881:
A basic map of the Dja Dja wurrung territory in the context of the other Kulin nations
2824:
2612:
2543:
2298:
2175:
2073:
2048:
1982:
1951:
1905:
1901:
1171:
1078:
660:, who discouraged sexual interactions between his employees and the Dja Dja Wurrung.
297:
206:
The Dja Dja Wurrung ethnonym is often analysed as a combination of a word for "yes" (
3091:
2934:
2598:
2473:
2340:
2319:
1971:
Scars in the Landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859
1947:
1925:
Dialects of Western Kulin, Western Victoria Yartwatjali, Tjapwurrung, Djadjawurrung
1038:
285:
265:
187:
166:
of lands including the water catchment areas of the Loddon and Avoca rivers in the
136:
72:
2205:– A collection of community contributed & researched locations, plants, sites.
1796:
1153:
711:
provide for their needs and so reduce frontier conflict. The Governor of NSW, Sir
1297:
1064:
898:
Before European settlement, 16 separate clans existed, each with a clan headman.
821:
757:
300:
marks its southern frontier, and to the southwest, Navarre Hill and Mount Avoca.
237:
676:
and even aspiring to be administrators of the law" who abused Aboriginal women.
598:
William Jenkins, William Martin, John Remington, Edward Collin, Robert Morrison
2867:
2766:
2410:
2159:
851:
3070:
2431:
2361:
2089:
Frontier life in the Loddon Protectorate: episodes from early days, 1837-1842
934:
703:
in the Aboriginal Protectorate established in the Port Philip district under
483:
330:
313:
305:
336:
There is evidence that smallpox, perhaps introduced first from the north by
2773:
2628:
2424:
2263:
1268:
712:
257:
175:
88:
2710:
2564:
2522:
2508:
2466:
2445:
2389:
2382:
2347:
2305:
2277:
1919:
1389:
1387:
1180:
1110:
683:
371:
281:
261:
183:
2903:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
2217:
2983:
2962:
2584:
2550:
2536:
2515:
2501:
2459:
2452:
845:
841:
816:
810:
761:
753:
503:
John Davis and Abraham Braybrook, convict shepherds, and William Allan
458:
362:
357:
112:
108:
104:
1384:
2487:
2354:
2312:
2213:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2171:
2044:
1147:
1141:
1179:, Crown land in the City of Greater Bendigo, Lake Boort and part of
2438:
2403:
2396:
2368:
2270:
2001:
971:
840:
Dja Dja Wurrung people at Franklinford were forced to re-settle at
100:
2557:
2529:
1293:
1199:
997:
921:
269:
244:
produced an outline of its grammar, published in German in 1904.
240:. Some 700 words were taken down by Joseph Parker in 1878, while
167:
1406:
699:
was appointed in England by the Colonial Office as an Assistant
1154:
Recognition and settlement agreement with the State of Victoria
348:, to blow magic dust over people to punish them for being bad.
345:
191:
2199:- A brief history researched and written by Norm Darwin, 1999.
1170:, which formally recognises the Dja Dja Wurrung people as the
2417:
407:
Table: reported killings in Dja Dja Wurrung territory to 1859
28:
2209:
Bibliography of Djadja Wurrung people and language resources
1678:
1507:
877:
621:
in the charge of Crown Commissioner FA Powlett and HEP Dana
1869:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1393:
2894:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
1702:
1786:
1784:
768:
in 1863. Queen Victoria responded with a thank you note.
592:
14 Mile Creek, Glenmona Station west of Maryborough
1898:"My Country": A History of the Djadja Wurrung, 1837–1864
1714:
1637:
1620:
1603:
1198:
A ceremony to mark the settlement agreement was held in
2041:
Indigenous Networks: Mobility, Connections and Exchange
1579:
1543:
1407:"Djaara (Dja Dja Wurrung Clans Aboriginal Corporation)"
1202:
on 15 November 2013, following the registration of the
650:
1781:
1654:
1591:
1531:
885:
Communities consisted of 16 land-owning groups called
684:
Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station at Franklinford
27:"Jaara" redirects here. For the town in Ethiopia, see
1690:
1495:
1447:
1425:
1423:
1666:
1555:
1519:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1769:
1745:
724:, and the area was known to the Dja Dja Wurrung as
284:. The northern reaches touch Boort and, northwest,
2008:
1802:
1757:
1733:
1567:
1483:
1471:
1435:
1420:
872:
2146:"Indigenous people rejoice in emotional ceremony"
2131:"Indigenous people rejoice in emotional ceremony"
1459:
1209:
1206:being the final step to formalise the agreement.
316:all lie within Dja Dja Wurrung traditional land.
3068:
1811:
740:Baylie, to treat the high incidence of disease.
186:system. Like other Kulin peoples, there are two
182:peoples. There are 16 clans, which adhere to a
146:(Pronounced Ja-Ja-war-rung), also known as the
2233:
2061:
1684:
1513:
1190:At the ceremony, Victorian Attorney-General,
2010:"Dja Dja Wurrung native title claim settled"
236:Dja Dja Wurrung is classified as one of the
218:, are perhaps related to this) and "mouth" (
1943:Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800
564:Captain Dugald McLachlan and his employees
544:Charles Hutton and party of mounted police
2240:
2226:
2022:
1995:
1871:"Aboriginals ready to fight for artefacts"
1790:
1501:
451:Darlington Station, about 16 km from
2247:
120:List of Indigenous Australian group names
2086:
1902:Department of History, Monash University
1672:
876:
687:
581:one of Henry Dutton's assigned servants
126:
36:Aboriginal Australian people in Victoria
2158:
1895:
1727:
1660:
1648:
1631:
1614:
1597:
1537:
1525:
1477:
1333:
547:At least 6 people killed, many wounded
14:
3077:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
3069:
2875:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
2796:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
2143:
2115:
2039:. In Carey, Jane; Lydon, Jane (eds.).
2034:
1939:
1763:
1739:
1696:
1561:
784:
397:prevailing attitude of many settlers:
2832:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
2221:
1964:
1918:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1775:
1751:
1708:
1585:
1573:
1549:
1489:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1221:Djadjawuru, Djadjawurung, Djendjuwuru
1167:Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010
732:. Nearby Mount Franklin was known as
595:Dja Dja Wurrung, Galgal gundidj clan
524:Charles Hutton and party of settlers
489:7 or 8-but probably many more people
2172:Australian National University Press
2128:
1817:
771:
651:Rape and frontier sexual interaction
463:Captain Sylvester Brown's employees
365:was an influential clan head of the
58:Regions with significant populations
2592:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
2062:Lester, Alan; Dussart, Fae (2014).
24:
329:deposits near Spring Hill and the
312:and the eastern headwaters of the
25:
3103:
2203:Australian Aboriginal Online Maps
2190:
2129:Reed, Merran (15 November 2013).
804:
2144:Taylor, Josie (September 2003).
2116:Murphy, Margaret (7 July 2004).
1394:Australian Associated Press 2004
1363:(eastern dialect) means "to eat"
280:. It takes in the area close to
252:According to Norman Tindale and
2704:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
873:Structure, borders and land use
827:
601:Gondiurmin, Munangabum wounded
506:Noorowurnin and another person
85:Australian Aboriginal mythology
2861:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
2803:Victoria Archaeological Survey
2746:Mount William stone axe quarry
1399:
1226:Jarrung Jarrung, Ja-jow-er-ong
1210:Alternative names and spelling
638:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
578:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
561:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
541:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
535:Campaspe Plains, known as the
500:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
443:Koonikoondeet and another man
437:Dja Dja Wurrung, clan unknown
13:
1:
2624:Registered Aboriginal Parties
1338:
1204:Indigenous land use agreement
766:Princess Alexandra of Denmark
351:
2854:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
2739:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
2697:Carisbrook stone arrangement
2028:State Government of Victoria
2024:"Dja Dja Wurrung settlement"
1378:
1238:(language name, composed of
1187:claims dating back to 1998.
1135:
383:
139:gathering in Melbourne, 2005
7:
3082:History of Victoria (state)
1996:Clark, V; Howes, J (2010).
1881:Australian Associated Press
844:station on the land of the
615:presumably Dja Dja Wurrung
555:Middle Creek, known as the
486:, H Munro, and Dr W Bowman
426:Aboriginal deaths reported
388:The European settlement of
225:
210:, dialect variants such as
10:
3108:
2956:Convincing Ground massacre
2070:Cambridge University Press
1862:
1257:(lit. "men of the dust"),
1157:
1139:
808:
355:
319:
247:
229:
26:
3000:
2917:
2884:
2848:
2841:
2816:
2783:
2677:
2668:
2622:
2574:
2255:
2087:Morrison, Edgar (1967) .
1876:The Sydney Morning Herald
1685:Lester & Dussart 2014
1514:Lester & Dussart 2014
1160:Native title in Australia
663:Edward Parker commented:
521:Taungurung, clan unknown
514:Campaspe Plains, see the
482:employees of WH Yaldwyn,
99:
94:
83:
78:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
2991:Murdering Gully massacre
2949:Campaspe Plains massacre
2118:"Sovereignty, not sorry"
1940:Broome, Richard (2005).
1373:
1280:Tjedjuwuru, Tyeddyuwurru
1250:Lunyingbirrwurrkgooditch
893:
552:late 1839 or early 1840
537:Campaspe Plains massacre
516:Campaspe Plains massacre
475:Waterloo Plains massacre
369:and spiritual Leader or
264:, running east, through
2977:Mudgegonga rock shelter
2718:Grampians National Park
2160:Tindale, Norman Barnett
701:Protector of Aborigines
201:
174:. They are part of the
2197:The Loddon Aboriginals
1896:Attwood, Bain (1999).
1502:Clark & Howes 2010
1037:Mount Tarrengower and
882:
693:
669:
404:
232:Djadjawurrung language
140:
131:Dja Dja Wurrung elder
3006:By state or territory
2249:Aboriginal Victorians
2035:Lester, Alan (2014).
1158:Further information:
1010:Larrnebarramul, near
982:Djadja wurrung balug
910:Approximate location
880:
857:On 26 May 2004 Aunty
691:
665:
609:100 km north of
399:
160:Aboriginal Australian
130:
95:Related ethnic groups
1981:. pp. 169–175.
1711:, p. 11 note 4.
1314:Yayaurung, Jajaorong
1106:Wungaragira gundidj
1077:Mount Moorokyle and
420:Aborigines involved
180:Aboriginal Victorian
2970:Gippsland massacres
2942:Blood Hole massacre
2817:State organisations
2760:Sunbury earth rings
1933:La Trobe University
1359:(western dialect):
1292:(the Djadjawurrung
1128:Mount Buckrabanyule
974:and Mount Mitchell
867:Daylesford Advocate
791:Victorian Gold Rush
785:Victorian gold rush
697:Edward Stone Parker
658:John Stuart Hepburn
619:Native Police Corps
457:Dja Dja Wurrung or
423:Europeans involved
276:and west as far as
172:Victoria, Australia
162:people who are the
44:
3019:Northern Territory
2753:New Guinea II cave
2136:Bendigo Advertiser
2047:. pp. 50–74.
2030:. 24 October 2013.
2015:Bendigo Advertiser
1804:Bendigo Advertiser
1588:, pp. 88–101.
1552:, pp. 99–100.
1172:traditional owners
1007:Gunangara gundidj
944:Bulangurd gundidj
883:
730:habitat of the emu
694:
170:region of central
164:traditional owners
156:Loddon River tribe
141:
42:
3064:
3063:
3054:Western Australia
2913:
2912:
2825:Heritage Victoria
2812:
2811:
2613:Lake Boga mission
2181:978-0-708-10741-6
2122:Green Left Weekly
2079:978-1-107-00783-3
2054:978-1-317-65932-7
1957:978-1-74114-569-4
1948:Allen & Unwin
1911:978-0-732-61766-0
1730:, pp. 37–45.
1651:, pp. 23–28.
1634:, pp. 34–36.
1617:, pp. 12–13.
1456:, pp. 13–14.
1133:
1132:
789:The onset of the
772:Impact of disease
726:Larne-ne-barramul
648:
647:
632:Avoca River near
584:Pandarragoondeet
431:March–April 1838
393:north from 1845.
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
3099:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2935:Battle of Yering
2930:
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2897:
2877:
2870:
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2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
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2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2599:Ebenezer Mission
2594:
2587:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2481:Pallanganmiddang
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2341:Djargurd Wurrong
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2185:
2155:
2140:
2125:
2112:
2106:
2105:|newspaper=
2102:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2058:
2031:
2019:
2018:. 28 March 2013.
2005:
1992:
1976:
1961:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1892:
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1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
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1427:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1271:in the Pyrenees)
1025:Richardson River
955:Cattos run clan
901:
900:
589:7 February 1841
527:About 40 killed
411:
410:
390:Western Victoria
338:Macassan traders
137:Human Rights Day
133:Aunty Sue Rankin
48:Total population
45:
41:
21:
3107:
3106:
3102:
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3098:
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3067:
3066:
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3031:
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3012:New South Wales
3010:
3005:
2996:
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2968:
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2954:
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2933:
2928:Batman's Treaty
2926:
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2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2830:
2823:
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2794:
2785:
2779:
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2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
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2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2251:
2246:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2055:
1989:
1974:
1958:
1928:
1920:Blake, Barry J.
1912:
1886:
1884:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1791:Settlement 2013
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:, pp. 26f.
1659:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1600:, pp. 7–9.
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:, pp. 4ff.
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1341:
1212:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1138:
1021:Larnin gundidj
993:Galgal gundidj
947:Mount Bolangum
896:
875:
863:Going Home Camp
830:
822:Museum Victoria
813:
807:
787:
774:
758:Prince of Wales
705:George Robinson
686:
653:
386:
360:
354:
342:Thomas Mitchell
322:
250:
238:Kulin languages
234:
228:
204:
144:Dja Dja Wurrung
115:
40:
37:
32:
23:
22:
18:Dja Dja Wurrung
15:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
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2921:
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2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2898:
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2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2868:Half-Caste Act
2864:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2767:Tarragal Caves
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2638:Barengi Gadjin
2633:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2411:Krauatungalang
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2257:
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2252:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2191:External links
2189:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2113:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2032:
2020:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1962:
1956:
1937:
1916:
1910:
1893:
1883:. 27 July 2004
1866:
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1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1713:
1701:
1699:, p. 115.
1689:
1687:, p. 163.
1677:
1665:
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1636:
1619:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
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1542:
1530:
1518:
1516:, p. 146.
1506:
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1357:tjaka, tjakila
1354:
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1301:
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1275:Tarrang, Tarra
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1247:
1246:(lip/ speech).
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1140:Main article:
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1048:Munal gundidj
1046:
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1022:
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1015:
1014:
1012:Mount Franklin
1008:
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852:Thomas Dunolly
834:William Thomas
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809:Main article:
806:
805:The Jaara baby
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440:two Europeans
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3104:
3093:
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3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
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2800:
2797:
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2775:
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2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
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2629:Land councils
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
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2362:Girai wurrung
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:Djadjawurrung
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
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2279:
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2258:
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2250:
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2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:"Jaara (VIC)"
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
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2090:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:0-85575-281-5
1984:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:Clark, Ian D.
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1856:, p. 55.
1855:
1850:
1844:, p. 54.
1843:
1838:
1832:, p. 61.
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1778:, p. 87.
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 88.
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1673:Morrison 1967
1669:
1662:
1657:
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1645:
1643:
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1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1564:, p. 61.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 86.
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 11.
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 85.
1431:
1426:
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1259:Monulgundeedh
1256:
1255:Monulgundeech
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Djadjawurrung
1214:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:Liarga balug
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:northwest of
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
968:Galgal balug
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:Natte Yallock
933:
931:Burung balug
930:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
899:
891:
888:
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868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
847:
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835:
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823:
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799:
795:
792:
782:
778:
769:
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741:
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731:
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723:
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690:
681:
677:
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664:
661:
659:
643:
640:
637:
635:
631:
629:28 June 1846
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
612:
611:Pyrenee range
608:
605:
604:
600:
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588:
587:
583:
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571:
570:
566:
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531:
530:
526:
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497:Maiden Hills
496:
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398:
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391:
381:
379:
374:
373:
372:neyerneyemeet
368:
364:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:Coliban River
328:
317:
315:
314:Wimmera River
311:
307:
306:Natte Yallock
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
242:R. H. Mathews
239:
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185:
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177:
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149:
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138:
134:
129:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
69:Djadjawurrung
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
43:Djadjawurrung
34:
30:
19:
3087:Kulin nation
2901:
2892:
2784:
2774:Wurdi Youang
2333:
2327:Djab Wurrung
2285:Braiakaulung
2264:Barababaraba
2167:
2149:
2134:
2121:
2088:
2064:
2040:
2013:
1997:
1970:
1942:
1924:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1874:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1728:Attwood 1999
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1661:Attwood 1999
1656:
1649:Attwood 1999
1632:Attwood 1999
1615:Attwood 1999
1598:Attwood 1999
1593:
1581:
1576:, p. 1.
1569:
1557:
1545:
1538:Attwood 1999
1533:
1528:, p. 5.
1526:Attwood 1999
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1478:Tindale 1974
1473:
1468:, p. 8.
1461:
1449:
1437:
1410:. Retrieved
1401:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1334:Tindale 1974
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:Yarrayowurro
1303:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1197:
1192:Robert Clark
1189:
1185:native title
1176:
1165:
1163:
1145:
1074:Durid balug
1061:Dirag balug
897:
886:
884:
866:
862:
859:Susan Rankin
856:
850:
839:
831:
828:Resettlement
814:
800:
796:
788:
779:
775:
749:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
722:Franklinford
716:
713:George Gipps
709:
695:
678:
673:
670:
666:
662:
654:
606:15 May 1844
572:August 1840
448:Winter 1838
406:
405:
400:
395:
387:
370:
367:Liarga balug
366:
361:
335:
323:
262:Avoca rivers
258:Upper Loddon
254:Ian D. Clark
251:
235:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
178:alliance of
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
116:
89:Christianity
39:Ethnic group
33:
2842:Legislation
2711:Cloggs Cave
2606:Framlingham
2576:Communities
2565:Yorta Yorta
2523:Wemba-Wemba
2509:Wadawurrung
2495:Tatungalung
2467:Ngooraialum
2446:Ladji Ladji
2390:Jardwadjali
2383:Gunditjmara
2376:Gunaikurnai
2348:Djilamatang
2306:Boonwurrung
2292:Brataualung
2278:Brabiralung
1764:Murphy 2004
1740:Taylor 2003
1697:Broome 2005
1562:Lester 2014
1181:Lake Buloke
1124:Yung balug
1111:Avoca River
1088:Wurn balug
959:Bridgewater
918:Bial balug
750:Beernbarmin
644:one person
518:for detail
378:Maryborough
302:Stuart Mill
282:Lake Buloke
274:Castlemaine
184:patrilineal
154:people and
3071:Categories
3026:Queensland
2984:Munangabum
2963:Coranderrk
2690:Box Gulley
2659:Wurundjeri
2652:Wathaurung
2585:Coranderrk
2551:Wurundjeri
2544:Wotjobaluk
2537:Woiwurrung
2516:Warkawarka
2502:Taungurung
2460:Minyambuta
2453:Mardidjali
2299:Bungandidj
1854:Blake 2011
1842:Blake 2011
1830:Blake 2011
1776:Clark 1995
1752:Clark 1995
1709:Blake 2011
1586:Clark 1995
1574:Clark 1995
1550:Clark 1995
1490:Clark 1995
1466:Blake 2011
1454:Blake 2011
1442:Blake 2011
1430:Clark 1995
1369:(to laugh)
1339:Some words
1324:, "yes"),
1177:inter alia
1097:Daisy Hill
1093:Carisbrook
1052:Daylesford
907:Clan name
846:Wurundjeri
842:Coranderrk
817:Jaara baby
811:Jaara baby
762:Edward VII
754:Coranderrk
734:Lalgambook
624:Leelgoner
557:Blood Hole
532:June 1839
471:June 1838
466:13 people
459:Taungurung
453:Lancefield
363:Munangabum
358:Munangabum
352:Munangabum
294:Daylesford
278:St. Arnaud
272:to around
198:the crow.
113:Wurundjeri
109:Wathaurong
105:Taungurung
2732:Kow Swamp
2683:Bend Road
2488:Pangerang
2474:Ngurelban
2397:Jari Jari
2355:Gadubanud
2320:Dhudhuroa
2313:Dadi Dadi
2211:, at the
2107:ignored (
2097:cite book
2045:Routledge
1818:Reed 2013
1379:Citations
1242:(no) and
1231:Jurobaluk
1148:Tanderrum
1142:Tanderrum
1136:Diplomacy
1115:St Arnaud
1113:and near
837:in this.
674:gentleman
641:John Fox
511:May 1839
417:Location
384:Massacres
327:Tachylite
158:, are an
152:Jajowrong
63:Languages
3047:Victoria
3040:Tasmania
2786:See also
2645:Bunurong
2439:Kwatkwat
2404:Jupagalk
2369:Gulidjan
2271:Bidhawal
2162:(1974).
2151:ABC News
2002:VicRoads
1968:(1995).
1922:(2011).
1332:Source:
1091:between
985:unknown
972:Burnbank
717:Neereman
634:Charlton
575:unknown
567:Unknown
484:CH Ebden
479:unknown
434:Unknown
290:Creswick
288:, while
226:Language
188:moieties
101:Bunurong
79:Religion
3092:Bendigo
2919:History
2558:Yalukit
2530:Wergaia
2256:Peoples
1979:AIATSIS
1863:Sources
1361:tjakala
1294:toponym
1265:Pilawin
1236:Lewurru
1200:Bendigo
1079:Smeaton
998:Kyneton
922:Bealiba
728:or the
320:History
298:Woodend
270:Bendigo
248:Country
220:wurrung
168:Bendigo
135:at the
73:English
2885:Cases:
2725:Keilor
2432:Kurung
2178:
2076:
2051:
1985:
1954:
1908:
1412:1 June
1353:(baby)
1345:pumpum
1316:(from
1285:Yabola
1109:upper
1039:Maldon
346:Bunjil
286:Donald
266:Maldon
208:djadja
192:Bunjil
148:Djaara
2670:Sites
2425:Kulin
2418:Koori
1975:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1887:4 May
1374:Notes
1351:pupup
1347:(egg)
1318:jajae
1309:Yaura
1298:Avoca
1269:horde
1244:wur:u
1065:Avoca
894:Clans
887:clans
414:Date
296:and
176:Kulin
53:2,500
29:Jaare
2176:ISBN
2109:help
2074:ISBN
2049:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1889:2008
1806:2013
1414:2021
1367:weka
1322:jeje
1296:for
1290:Yang
1095:and
815:The
308:and
268:and
260:and
216:yaya
212:yeye
202:Name
1320:(=
1121:16
1103:15
1085:14
1071:13
1058:12
1045:11
1031:10
904:No
764:to
310:Emu
196:Waa
150:or
117:see
3073::
2174:.
2170:.
2166:.
2148:.
2133:.
2120:.
2101::
2099:}}
2095:{{
2072:.
2068:.
2043:.
2026:.
2012:.
2000:.
1977:.
1950:.
1946:.
1931:.
1904:.
1900:.
1879:.
1873:.
1783:^
1716:^
1639:^
1622:^
1605:^
1422:^
1386:^
1240:Ie
1018:9
1004:8
990:7
979:6
965:5
952:4
941:3
928:2
915:1
760:,
736:.
304:,
292:,
190::
111:,
107:,
103:,
87:,
71:,
2626:/
2241:e
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2227:v
2184:.
2154:.
2139:.
2124:.
2111:)
2091:.
2082:.
2057:.
2004:.
1991:.
1960:.
1935:.
1914:.
1891:.
1820:.
1808:.
1793:.
1766:.
1742:.
1675:.
1504:.
1480:.
1416:.
1396:.
1328:.
1300:)
1267:(
1261:.
214:/
31:.
20:)
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