461:, commented, "Given the roughly 350 inherited disorders littering the dog genome, crossing two purebreds and expanding their gene pools can be 'a phenomenally good idea,' according to one canine geneticist—if it is done conscientiously." Crossbreeding has not been well studied in dogs, although it has been for livestock. The heritability of the desired trait being bred for (such as a hypoallergenic coat) needs to be known; "Heritability is the proportion of the measurable difference observed between animals for a given trait that is due to genetics (and can be passed to the next generation)." In addition, the goals of dog crossbreeding may be harder to define than the goals of livestock crossbreeding; good temperament may be harder to define and measure than high calf weight.
220:
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231:
497:, or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of
36:
325:
78:
617:). New breeds of dogs must have a breed club that will document the ancestry of any individual member of that breed from the original founding dogs of the breed; when the kennel club that the breed club wishes to join is satisfied that the dogs are pedigreed, they will accept and register the dogs of that breed. Each
513:
had a life expectancy greater than crossbreeds; however crossbreeds still had a higher life expectancy than the average pedigree dog in this study. A Swedish study reviewing over 200,000 dogs registered for a veterinary insurance company in 1995 and 1996 found morbidity to be higher in most pedigrees
477:
of designer dogs say that all modern dog breeds were created from earlier breeds and types of dogs through the same kind of selective breeding that is used to create designer dogs. Most of the modern breeds have ancestries that include various older dog types and breeds; see individual breed articles
504:
Health of crossbred dogs depends on their being descended from healthy parents. Breeders who select their breeding stock for cost-effectiveness and who skip health testing for the same reason will not produce puppies that are as reliably healthy as those bred by more conscientious breeders. However,
508:
Despite commonly believed to be substantially healthier than pedigree dogs data from clinical records of over 1,000 veterinary hospitals in the US shows the difference in life expectancy between mixed breed dogs and pedigree dogs to be minimal. A review of cemetery data in Japan found that the
505:
studies of longevity in dogs have found some advantage for crossbreeds compared to purebred dogs. In general it is believed that crossbred dogs "have a far lower chance of exhibiting the disorders that are common with the parental breeds. Their genetic health will be substantially higher."
621:
club has individual rules about how to document a new breed. Some minor registries and internet registry businesses will register dogs as any breed the owner chooses with minimal or no documentation; some even allow the breeder or owner to make up a designer "breed name" for their pet.
454:
Although designer dogs are often selected by owners for their novelty, reputable breeders sometimes use crossbreeding in an attempt to reduce the incidence of certain hereditary problems found in the purebred dogs, while retaining their more appealing traits. Jon
Mooallem, writing in
612:
If crossbred dogs are bred together for some period of time, and their breeding is well documented, they may eventually be considered a new breed of dog by major kennel clubs (an example of a recent crossbreed becoming a breed recognised by all major kennel clubs is the
470:, comments on the popularity of crosses after his introduction of the Labradoodle: "Were breeders bothering to check their sires and bitches for heredity faults, or were they simply caught up in delivering to hungry customers the next status symbol?"
266:
with
Alaskan huskies and greyhounds, respectively. While the Mackenzie River husky has been largely replaced by mechanized travel, Alaskan huskies continue to be the most commonly used type of dog for competitive sled dog racing today.
490:
of the offspring, is one strategy breeders can use to decrease the incidences of genetic defects. Knowing the disease incidence in the breed, and the genetic history of the individual, is important.
417:(Pug and Beagle cross). There are even complex crosses (with multiple breeds in recent ancestry) being labeled in this manner, such as the German Chusky (German Shepherd Dog, Siberian Husky and
161:
principles) did not yet exist. These types of crosses were performed to aggregate qualities of two different types in the same dog or to perfect an already fixed type of dog, always for
254:. In the 1980s, a rise in Nordic-style sled racing in Scandinavia, characterized by shorter distances than typically seen in North American sled racing, led to the development of the
447:(hunting dogs). These dogs could be considered only as crossbreeds, not as designer animals, since appearance is not the main reason for them to be bred. An exception to this is the
439:. Working and hunting dogs deliberately crossbred for a particular working purpose are not generally given portmanteau names; they are most often referred to by a type name, such as
424:
Like children in a family, a percentage of designer dogs with the same breed ancestry will look similar to each other, even though crossbreeding does not result in as uniform a
1361:
Egenvall, A.; Hedhammar, A.; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P. (2000). "Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996".
177:, achieving the desired result after six generations. With the success of Lord Orford's dogs, the practice was adopted by other Greyhound breeders and became more common.
486:
Crossbreeding that takes advantage of the increased chance that a recessive detrimental allele will only be inherited from one parent and therefore not expressed in the
1029:
678:
57:
464:
Designer dog breeders are often criticized for being more interested in profitable puppy production than in dog health and welfare. Wally Conron, writing in
1797:
957:
999:
1187:
Michell, A. R. (27 November 1999). "Longevity of
British breeds of dog and its relationships with-sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease".
1455:
597:
Crossbreed dogs are not recognized by traditional breed registries, even if both parents are registered purebreds. Breed associations such as the
1057:
246:, in which European breeds were crossed with Native American dogs to produce a powerful and hardy freighting dog in the 19th century, and the
1269:
Montoya, Mathiue; Morrison, Jo Ann; Arrignon, Florent; Spofford, Nate; Charles, Hélène; Hours, Marie-Anne; Biourge, Vincent (21 Feb 2023).
219:
195:
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183:
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cross). Other purebred breeds are being crossed to provide designer dogs described with an endless range of created labels, such as the
976:
44:
875:
2329:
1078:
953:
157:
Historically, crosses between dogs of different types were more well accepted at a time when modern purebred breeds (based on the
902:
1398:"Breed and conformational predispositions for prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in dogs in the UK: A VetCompass study"
19:
This article is about cross-breeding between two or more recognized dog breeds. For hybrids of dogs with other dog species, see
1515:
451:, which although having a portmanteau name, is often used as a Guide or Assistance dog as well as being a popular family dog.
1171:
781:
1039:
557:
Some health issues not common in either parent breed may be more common in the crossbreed than both of the parent breeds.
166:
514:
than mongrels; however several pedigree breeds had a lower morbidity these are in order of highest risk to lowest risk:
1091:
the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.
739:
688:
569:
than both of the parent breeds, which shows the complexity of genetics and provides evidence against the theory of
1231:
680:
A Matter of
Breeding: A Biting History of Pedigree Dogs and How the Quest for Status Has Harmed Man's Best Friend
242:
with various crossbreeds developing to meet the specific needs of the era and geographical region, including the
1924:
554:. Notably all the breeds are native to the Scandinavian peninsula and are most commonly used as working dogs.
2823:
1066:
the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as ÂŁ2,000.
797:
1166:. Translated by Richard E. Quandt (First American ed.). New York: North Point Press. pp. 285–286.
2322:
1007:
493:
Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of
2143:
1479:
586:
2014:
1855:
1792:
1508:
263:
362:
traces what was the "designer dog" fad to the late 20th century when breeders began to cross purebred
358:
2783:
1395:
2846:
2237:
2116:
1986:
367:
850:
473:'Designer dog' puppies sometimes bring higher prices than the purebreds from which they are bred.
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2315:
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303:
49:
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2004:
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2009:
1969:
1931:
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243:
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as the breeding of purebreds. Often even pups in the same litter will look quite different.
146:
Several types of working dog crossbreeds date from the 14th century or earlier, such as the
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8:
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119:, but are not otherwise recognised as breeds in their own right, and do not necessarily
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2199:
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1432:
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O'Neill DG, Yin Y, Tetas Pont R, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Pegram C; et al. (2022).
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often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $ 200 to $ 2,000 per dog.
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1298:
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1144:
777:
735:
684:
642:
539:
498:
1216:
23:. For unbred dogs, dogs of unknown origin, or unintentional mixed-breed origin, see
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2222:
2061:
1981:
1730:
1689:
1545:
1427:
1417:
1370:
1333:
1325:
1318:"Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data"
1288:
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1134:
1124:
519:
390:
317:
271:
431:
Another defining characteristic of designer dogs is that they are usually bred as
2743:
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2525:
1941:
1422:
1034:
729:
406:
329:
251:
823:
349:
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1813:
1283:
1109:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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535:
410:
313:
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1964:
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1894:
1874:
1754:
1713:
1616:
1562:
1441:
1347:
1302:
1208:
1148:
731:
The
Greyhound: Its History, Points, Breeding, Rearing, Training and Running
657:
474:
378:
131:
127:
20:
1374:
1200:
1103:
Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan (29 August 2006).
1016:
to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.
2754:
2500:
2417:
2296:
2149:
2121:
2101:
2071:
2044:
2029:
2019:
1850:
1828:
1648:
1589:
1567:
1329:
448:
162:
82:
527:
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2643:
2623:
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2131:
2106:
1919:
1864:
1670:
1555:
1013:
652:
631:
558:
99:
755:
Swan, Thom (2018-07-31). "Sled Dogs of the Early
Canadian Fur Trade".
397:(or sounds) from the breed names of the two purebred parents, such as
2702:
2429:
2091:
1914:
1899:
1879:
1823:
1764:
1699:
1658:
1636:
1621:
1582:
1271:"Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data"
903:"What do you get when you breed Labradors with poodles? Labradoodles"
510:
494:
487:
440:
425:
418:
402:
398:
255:
170:
112:
373:
340:
238:
Crossbreeding has played a key characteristic in the development of
2715:
2648:
2530:
2363:
2357:
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2179:
2174:
2159:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2039:
2024:
1936:
1909:
1694:
1663:
1532:
637:
394:
283:
259:
239:
158:
581:
173:, which were improved by adding courage through the crossing with
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2598:
2535:
2517:
2505:
2475:
2457:
2447:
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2307:
1974:
1904:
1869:
1782:
1742:
1708:
1684:
1675:
1631:
1611:
1604:
1550:
444:
370:, along with various desirable characteristics from other breeds.
279:
151:
147:
24:
1316:
Inoue, Mai; C. L. Kwan, Nigel; Sugiura, Katsuaki (24 May 2018).
230:
35:
2774:
2678:
2485:
2470:
2412:
1747:
1653:
1626:
1572:
1268:
773:
Dog
Sledding in Norway: Multidisciplinary Research Perspectives
618:
590:
562:
515:
414:
363:
345:
333:
90:
1232:"Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding"
2688:
2668:
2628:
2578:
2553:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1643:
1360:
366:
with other purebred breeds to obtain a dog with the Poodle's
2593:
2402:
1594:
1524:
798:"Do many Siberian Huskies run the Iditarod? If not, why?"
436:
324:
960:
agricultural extension (cattle breeding). Archived from
77:
1493:
1102:
573:. Overall designer dog breeds had lower rates of PNMG.
165:
purposes. An example to be cited is the famous case of
1315:
1030:"Not all cute and cuddly in land of 'designer dogs,'"
126:
Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the
1012:2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm
609:do not recognize designer crosses as dog breeds.
2838:
1230:McGreevy, P D; Nicholas, F W (1 November 1999).
1229:
1058:"Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world"
576:
1105:"Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor"
2323:
1509:
714:The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge
481:
1454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1389:
845:
843:
2330:
2316:
1516:
1502:
225:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog fourth cross
201:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog second cross
138:species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.).
134:, which are interspecific crosses between
1431:
1421:
1337:
1292:
1282:
1138:
1128:
1027:
840:
763:
478:for details of the origin of each breed.
213:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog third cross
189:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog first cross
1472:
933:
927:
580:
372:
339:
323:
307:
229:
76:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1186:
997:
727:
676:
2839:
1161:
1155:
1055:
974:
968:
900:
776:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 28–40.
769:
389:The resulting puppies are called by a
141:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
2311:
1497:
710:
1028:Patterson, Melissa (July 23, 2008).
998:Bennett, Laura (December 10, 2007).
754:
706:
704:
702:
700:
559:Prolapsed nictitating membrane gland
29:
1324:. 80(7), 2018 July (7): 1153–1158.
876:"Colchester: More than puppy love!"
824:"Mackenzie River Huskies - History"
821:
13:
2337:
815:
561:is a condition more common in the
270:Other historical examples are the
14:
2863:
1473:Mooallem, Jon (4 February 2007).
1466:
934:Mooallem, Jon (4 February 2007).
697:
2291:
2282:
2281:
983:. pp. 28–30. Archived from
975:Conron, Wally (August 9, 2010).
297:
218:
206:
194:
182:
34:
1354:
1309:
1275:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1262:
1223:
1180:
1096:
1071:
1049:
1021:
991:
946:
894:
728:Dalziel, Hugh (1 August 2005).
405:and Poodle cross), or Shepsky (
117:dogs with no purebred ancestors
48:may be too short to adequately
1000:"Pet Industry Trends for 2008"
901:Altonn, Helen (28 June 2004).
868:
790:
748:
721:
670:
352:crossbreed, known as a Poochon
130:; they are distinguished from
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1475:"The Modern Kennel Conundrum"
936:"The Modern Kennel Conundrum"
923:– via starbulletin.com.
770:Waaler, Rune (January 2019).
663:
336:crossbreed, known as a Chipoo
1423:10.1371/journal.pone.0260538
1079:"Designer Dogs are the Rage"
977:"My Story: I Designed a Dog"
577:Registration and recognition
111:from two or more recognized
7:
2144:List of longest-living dogs
1480:The New York Times Magazine
1056:Caesar, Ed (8 March 2007).
625:
587:West Highland White Terrier
290:that later resulted in the
282:cross) and crosses between
107:) are dogs which have been
10:
2868:
2117:Origin of the domestic dog
2015:Breed-specific legislation
1856:Psychiatric assistance dog
1284:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102
711:Walsh, John Henry (1859).
482:Health and genetic defects
301:
18:
2824:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
2819:Grizzly–black bear hybrid
2797:
2772:
2752:
2734:
2701:
2609:
2562:
2544:
2516:
2456:
2428:
2373:
2345:
2277:
2246:
2213:
2130:
1995:
1950:
1806:
1763:
1531:
1248:10.1017/S0962728600021965
677:Brandow, Michael (2015).
264:German shorthair pointers
1523:
981:Reader's Digest Magazine
250:, bred specifically for
2259:List of individual dogs
2254:Domesticated silver fox
1846:Mobility assistance dog
1162:Csányi, Vilmos (2005).
1130:10.1073/pnas.0605627103
851:"Designer dog - mammal"
648:List of dog crossbreeds
359:Encyclopædia Britannica
304:List of dog crossbreeds
2684:Congolese spotted lion
2264:List of fictional dogs
1578:Livestock guardian dog
908:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
594:
443:(racing sled dogs) or
386:
353:
337:
321:
235:
94:
2784:Polecat–ferret hybrid
1932:Search and rescue dog
1375:10.1136/vr.146.18.519
1201:10.1136/vr.145.22.625
584:
376:
343:
327:
311:
244:Mackenzie River husky
233:
80:
1987:Dog–cat relationship
1834:Medical response dog
1330:10.1292/jvms.17-0384
1277:. eCollection 2023.
607:Canadian Kennel Club
599:American Kennel Club
288:Old Spanish Pointers
262:, crosses utilizing
175:Old English Bulldogs
2789:Polecat–mink hybrid
1778:List of crossbreeds
1541:African village dog
1414:2022PLoSO..1760538O
1121:2006PNAS..10312957B
1115:(35): 12957–12958.
1083:designerdoggies.com
1042:on 6 October 2008.
964:on 17 January 2009.
407:German Shepherd Dog
368:hypoallergenic coat
276:Old English Bulldog
142:Working crossbreeds
2589:Lord Morton's mare
1488:Much Ado About Poo
1164:If Dogs Could Talk
1004:smallbiztrends.com
940:The New York Times
880:Gazette-news.co.uk
603:United Kennel Club
595:
458:The New York Times
387:
383:Labrador Retriever
354:
338:
322:
236:
109:intentionally bred
103:(sometimes called
95:
87:Labrador Retriever
2834:
2833:
2496:Jackal–dog hybrid
2408:Sheep–goat hybrid
2305:
2304:
2185:Rabies in animals
2112:Human–canine bond
1690:Bull-type terrier
1490:at canismajor.com
1363:Veterinary Record
1189:Veterinary Record
1173:978-0-86547-686-8
954:"Why Crossbreed?"
915:on 8 January 2008
783:978-3-643-91097-4
540:Karelian Bear Dog
499:genetic diversity
75:
74:
2859:
2814:ABC Islands bear
2744:Macropod hybrids
2721:Hybrid orangutan
2481:Dingo–dog hybrid
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2062:Dogs in religion
1925:usage by country
1546:Free-ranging dog
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:on 4 July 2008.
1085:. Archived from
1075:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1038:. Archived from
1025:
1019:
1018:
1010:on 4 July 2008.
1006:. Archived from
995:
989:
988:
987:on 24 July 2014.
972:
966:
965:
950:
944:
943:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
911:. Archived from
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
847:
838:
837:
835:
834:
828:Sled Dog Central
822:Dowling, Donna.
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
794:
788:
787:
767:
761:
760:
757:Mushing Magazine
752:
746:
745:
725:
719:
718:
708:
695:
694:
683:. Beacon Press.
674:
634:, for any animal
520:Norwegian Buhund
391:portmanteau word
318:Alaskan Malamute
272:bull and terrier
222:
210:
198:
186:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2847:Dog crossbreeds
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2793:
2768:
2748:
2730:
2697:
2664:Panthera hybrid
2605:
2558:
2554:Elephant hybrid
2540:
2526:Clymene dolphin
2512:
2452:
2424:
2369:
2368:
2341:
2336:
2306:
2301:
2273:
2242:
2209:
2126:
1997:
1991:
1946:
1802:
1783:Mixed-breed dog
1759:
1527:
1522:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1408:(1): e0260538.
1394:
1390:
1369:(18): 519–525.
1359:
1355:
1314:
1310:
1267:
1263:
1228:
1224:
1195:(22): 625–629.
1185:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1101:
1097:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:The Independent
1054:
1050:
1035:Chicago Tribune
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115:. They are not
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1467:External links
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1242:(4): 329–341.
1236:Animal Welfare
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734:. Read Books.
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552:Norbottenspets
536:Siberian Husky
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433:companion dogs
411:Siberian Husky
314:Siberian Husky
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52:the key points
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615:Cesky Terrier
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585:A Westiepoo (
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571:hybrid vigour
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312:A Huskamute (
310:
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298:Designer dogs
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257:
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248:Alaskan husky
245:
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234:Alaskan husky
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132:canid hybrids
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105:designer dogs
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41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2852:Dog breeding
2809:Ursid hybrid
2798:
2773:
2764:Iron Age pig
2753:
2736:Macropodinae
2654:Savannah cat
2619:Felid hybrid
2574:Equid hybrid
2563:
2546:Elephantidae
2466:Canid hybrid
2383:Bovid hybrid
2195:Reproduction
2165:Conformation
2107:Fear of dogs
2057:Dog grooming
2050:2007 recalls
2035:Dog fighting
1982:Intelligence
1895:Fighting dog
1875:Carriage dog
1798:Most popular
1787:
1755:Turnspit dog
1563:Hairless dog
1478:
1450:cite journal
1405:
1401:
1391:
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1235:
1225:
1192:
1188:
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1112:
1108:
1098:
1090:
1087:the original
1082:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1043:
1040:the original
1033:
1023:
1011:
1008:the original
1003:
993:
985:the original
980:
970:
962:the original
948:
939:
929:
917:. Retrieved
913:the original
906:
896:
884:. Retrieved
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:
831:. Retrieved
827:
817:
806:. Retrieved
804:. 2020-10-12
801:
792:
772:
765:
756:
750:
730:
723:
713:
679:
672:
658:Purebred dog
611:
596:
593:cross) adult
556:
507:
503:
492:
485:
472:
465:
463:
456:
453:
430:
423:
388:
379:Basset Hound
377:A Bassador (
357:
355:
350:Bichon Frisé
320:cross) puppy
269:
237:
156:
145:
135:
128:domestic dog
125:
104:
97:
96:
63:
47:
45:lead section
21:Canid hybrid
2711:Denisova 11
2501:Sulimov dog
2205:Vaccination
2102:Dog walking
2072:Dog licence
2045:dog biscuit
2030:Dog daycare
2020:Cynanthropy
1998:interaction
1851:Therapy dog
1839:Seizure dog
1829:Hearing dog
1590:Hunting dog
1568:Herding dog
1014:crossbreeds
449:Labradoodle
393:made up of
167:Lord Orford
100:crossbreeds
83:Labradoodle
2841:Categories
2726:Koolakamba
2644:Kellas cat
2624:Bengal cat
2398:Dwarf Lulu
2097:Dog sports
1920:Police dog
1865:Attack dog
1819:Autism dog
1788:Crossbreed
1671:Sighthound
1649:Scenthound
1556:Street dog
860:23 January
833:2022-05-29
808:2023-12-12
664:References
653:Puppy mill
632:Crossbreed
441:eurohounds
302:See also:
171:Greyhounds
121:breed true
113:dog breeds
2703:Hominidae
2430:Camelidae
2092:Dog theft
1996:Human–dog
1915:Mercy dog
1900:Guard dog
1880:Catch dog
1824:Guide dog
1700:Schnauzer
1659:Coonhound
1637:Water dog
1622:Retriever
1583:Sheep dog
1383:0042-4900
1256:255889459
511:Shiba Inu
495:heterosis
488:phenotype
426:phenotype
419:Chow Chow
403:Schnauzer
399:Schnoodle
395:syllables
330:Chihuahua
284:foxhounds
256:eurohound
240:sled dogs
66:June 2021
50:summarize
2716:Humanzee
2649:Pumapard
2531:Wholphin
2364:Mammalia
2358:Chordata
2352:Animalia
2350:Kingdom
2287:Category
2215:Training
2175:Dog food
2170:Diseases
2155:Breeding
2087:Dog show
2082:Dog park
2077:Dog meat
2040:Dog food
2025:Dog bite
1952:Behavior
1937:Sled dog
1910:Meat dog
1695:Pinscher
1664:Foxhound
1442:35081121
1402:PLOS ONE
1348:29798968
1303:36896289
1217:34557345
1209:10619607
1149:16938847
802:Iditarod
638:Dog type
626:See also
605:and the
528:Jämthund
475:Fanciers
445:lurchers
421:cross).
332:and Toy
260:greyster
159:eugenics
16:Dog type
2775:Mustela
2674:Liliger
2639:Chausie
2634:Caraval
2611:Felidae
2599:Zebroid
2536:Narluga
2518:Cetacea
2506:Wolfdog
2476:Coywolf
2458:Canidae
2448:Huarizo
2393:Beefalo
2375:Bovidae
2356:Phylum
2247:Related
2223:Clicker
2150:Anatomy
2122:Therapy
2010:Baiting
1975:Howling
1965:Barking
1942:War dog
1905:Lap dog
1870:Bay dog
1743:Toy dog
1714:Bulldog
1709:Mastiff
1685:Terrier
1676:Longdog
1632:Spaniel
1617:Pointer
1612:Gun dog
1605:Lurcher
1551:Pye-dog
1433:8791520
1410:Bibcode
1339:6068313
1294:9989186
1140:1559732
1117:Bibcode
532:GrĂĄhund
364:Poodles
280:terrier
163:working
152:longdog
150:or the
148:lurcher
25:Mongrel
2679:Marozi
2486:Dogxim
2471:Coydog
2418:Żubroń
2413:Yakalo
2362:Class
2297:Portal
2132:Health
1765:Breeds
1748:Bichon
1654:Basset
1627:Setter
1573:Collie
1440:
1430:
1381:
1346:
1336:
1301:
1291:
1254:
1215:
1207:
1170:
1147:
1137:
919:31 May
886:31 May
780:
738:
687:
619:kennel
601:, the
591:Poodle
563:Puggle
550:, and
516:Drever
415:Puggle
385:cross)
346:Poodle
344:A Toy
334:Poodle
91:poodle
89:and a
2800:Ursus
2689:Tigon
2669:Liger
2629:Blynx
2584:Kunga
2579:Hinny
2565:Equus
2443:Bukht
2140:Aging
1807:Roles
1736:Tugou
1731:Laika
1726:Husky
1721:Spitz
1644:Hound
1600:Feist
1533:Types
1252:S2CID
1213:S2CID
643:Feist
136:Canis
2594:Mule
2438:Cama
2180:Odor
2160:Coat
1525:Dogs
1456:link
1438:PMID
1379:ISSN
1344:PMID
1299:PMID
1205:PMID
1168:ISBN
1145:PMID
921:2013
888:2013
862:2018
778:ISBN
736:ISBN
685:ISBN
565:and
437:pets
435:and
356:The
286:and
278:and
258:and
98:Dog
2755:Sus
2403:Dzo
1595:Cur
1428:PMC
1418:doi
1371:doi
1367:146
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1289:PMC
1279:doi
1244:doi
1197:doi
1193:145
1135:PMC
1125:doi
1113:103
567:Jug
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