778:
487:
4547:
612:
1209:
4532:
147:
2523:
404:
764:
3634:
2976:
4540:
2528:
2988:
2982:
3640:
3628:
122:
590:
The specimen is believed to be an adult, due to the fusion of certain bones (it is generally assumed—not necessarily strictly correctly so—that other animals' skulls, much as humans', consist of dissociated bones interconnected by cartilage fontanelles that do not entirely close until full maturity).
450:
in 1926. In his effort to sell the specimen to a museum, Sternberg took detailed photographs of the skull. The specimen was eventually mounted in plaster and was acquired by the
Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. MCZ 1064 was on display there until some time in the 1950s. This specimen was never
470:
estimated that FHSM VP-404, with a skull measuring 51.3 centimetres (1.68 ft) long, had a total body length of approximately 3.07 metres (10.1 ft). The skull was crushed flat but is in very good condition. This specimen was initially reported by
603:. Assuming that only a few vertebrae are missing from the skeleton, the animal is estimated to be about 2.5–3 metres (8.2–9.8 ft) in length. The snout is long and thin, with numerous tooth sockets. However, very few of the thin, sharp teeth remain.
625:
Two very large specimens of a polycotylid plesiosaur (KUVP 40001 and 40002) were collected from the Pierre Shale of
Wyoming and later reported on by Adams in her 1977 Masters thesis. Later (1997), she officially described (1997) as a new species of
1579:"A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids"
1447:
O'Keefe, F. R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy and taxonomy of
Dolichorhynchops bonneri new combination, a polycotylid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota".
1919:
Schmeisser McKean, Rebecca (2011). "A new species of polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower
Turonian of Utah: extending the stratigraphic range of
1724:
Everhart, M. J. (2003). "First records of plesiosaur remains in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper
Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas".
4693:
2848:
1253:"A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops"
2322:
2834:
4708:
4639:
2918:
1634:
2472:
1890:
Sato, T. (2005). "A new
Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada".
431:, and then sold to the University of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas). KUVP 1300 was prepared and mounted by H.T. Martin under the supervision of Dr.
17:
2307:
4626:
2058:
658:. Everhart (2017) suggested that KUVP 40001 would have measured up to 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) in length. A 2023 study assigns
1578:
4698:
1839:
777:
466:
on exhibit at the
Sternberg, FHSM VP-404 was found by Marion Bonner near Russell Springs in Logan County in the early 1950s.
2079:
1374:
1491:
642:, raising the question as to whether or not the specimens represented a separate species or just larger individuals of
133:
4546:
532:
in southwestern
Saskatchewan, from which the species name is derived. The rock formation it was found in consists of
491:
1774:(Plesiosauroidea: Polycotylidae) from rediscovered photos of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology specimen".
1635:"Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae"
1227:
1903:
1737:
1513:(Plesiosauria, Polycotylidae) from the Campanian of South Dakota, and a cladistic analysis of the Polycotylidae"
4713:
1813:
1460:
486:
1653:
146:
4531:
3344:
2522:
587:(finger bones) and a small number of limb bones found close by which may belong to the animal in question.
583:
the living animal would have had is unknown. All four limbs are missing, with the exception of nine small
2051:
1849:
O'Keefe, F. R. (2004). "On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaurs, including new material of
4604:
3633:
718:
702:
555:
was discovered in a disarticulated state (i.e. the bones were scattered about the discovery site). The
428:
1753:
Everhart, M. J. (2004a). "Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a
1508:
1252:
1665:
1222:
435:, who described and named it in 1902. A more detailed description and photographs were provided by
432:
263:
3639:
2010:
Williston, S. W. (1902). "Restoration of
Dolichorhynchops osborni, a new Cretaceous plesiosaur".
1698:"A Review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior, North America"
687:
545:
4539:
2527:
1415:
4670:
4566:
2987:
2981:
2044:
1981:
Sternberg, G. F.; Walker, M. V. (1957). "Report on a plesiosaur skeleton from western Kansas".
1952:
Sternberg, C. H. (1922). "Explorations of the
Permian of Texas and the chalk of Kansas, 1918".
529:
424:
4644:
4703:
4665:
4657:
3627:
2975:
634:). Unknown to her at the time, Carpenter (1996) had revised the Polycotylidae and separated
4613:
1932:
1862:
1524:
683:
501:
314:
267:
1800:(Plesiosauria: Polycotylidae) from the basal Fort Hays Limestone, Jewell County, Kansas".
8:
2143:
1290:
1214:
439:). The specimen has been on display in the KU Museum of Natural History since that time.
1936:
1866:
1528:
363:, with two previous species having been assigned to new genera. Definitive specimens of
4232:
3455:
2444:
2315:
1998:
1969:
1907:
1878:
1817:
1741:
1657:
1548:
1464:
1311:
141:
1697:
4652:
3427:
3118:
2590:
2336:
2269:
1911:
1835:
1821:
1716:
1661:
1552:
1540:
1487:
1353:
1332:
1272:
611:
505:
1882:
1745:
1468:
4407:
4332:
3536:
3420:
3264:
3197:
3080:
2751:
2678:
2642:
1990:
1961:
1940:
1899:
1870:
1809:
1733:
1712:
1649:
1532:
1456:
1264:
788:
Below is a cladogram of polycotylid relationships from Ketchum & Benson, 2011.
767:
576:
427:, as a teenager, in around 1900. The remains were collected by him and his father,
420:
391:
was a prehistoric marine reptile measuring around 3 metres (9.8 ft) long. Its
1944:
1536:
1268:
443:
estimated that the holotype had a skull measuring 57 cm (1.87 ft) long.
4471:
4264:
4162:
4097:
4079:
4024:
3987:
3786:
3697:
3501:
3474:
3376:
3278:
3236:
2855:
2628:
2558:
2545:
2494:
2465:
2298:
2287:
2279:
2249:
1378:
895:
795:
730:
517:
345:
41:
1609:, a new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota and Wyoming
591:
It is also believed to have been substantially smaller than its close relative,
4589:
4462:
4436:
4422:
4365:
4354:
4302:
4253:
4176:
4148:
3996:
3969:
3884:
3768:
3745:
3673:
3577:
3547:
3508:
3487:
3434:
3392:
3330:
3323:
3309:
3289:
3271:
3190:
3176:
3169:
3097:
3061:
3039:
2870:
2766:
2758:
2720:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2671:
2393:
836:
809:
572:
705: V10046, an almost complete, well-preserved 3.2 metres (10 ft) long
4687:
4385:
4311:
4291:
4246:
4169:
4086:
4058:
4051:
4042:
4015:
4004:
3942:
3915:
3872:
3817:
3795:
3761:
3713:
3686:
3584:
3448:
3441:
3250:
3126:
3068:
2904:
2883:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2727:
2706:
2664:
2635:
2613:
2343:
2329:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2200:
2159:
2067:
1544:
1276:
1104:
1015:
948:
849:
584:
525:
411:(from Williston, 1903), in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History
392:
384:
349:
243:
227:
201:
79:
4478:
4429:
4399:
4392:
4340:
4325:
4318:
4225:
4197:
3955:
3931:
3923:
3908:
3893:
3851:
3802:
3754:
3734:
3706:
3657:
3595:
3570:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3494:
3385:
3316:
3257:
3229:
3209:
3183:
3162:
3111:
3104:
3089:
3032:
2932:
2777:
2713:
2657:
2620:
2579:
2479:
2451:
2368:
864:
822:
763:
691:
509:
403:
275:
1620:, new species, last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway".
4598:
4492:
4450:
4378:
4347:
4277:
4239:
4204:
4183:
4113:
4072:
4065:
4031:
3900:
3864:
3727:
3406:
3337:
3302:
3133:
2925:
2911:
2841:
2827:
2786:
2599:
2458:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2355:
2241:
2112:
1757:(Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas".
965:
751:
664:
617:
338:
54:
4631:
4443:
4415:
4284:
4211:
4120:
3962:
3837:
3809:
3775:
3720:
3563:
3365:
3358:
3243:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3054:
3046:
3018:
3005:
2943:
2897:
2890:
2793:
2649:
2572:
2257:
2128:
2097:
2002:
1973:
1039:
745:
back by approximately 7 million years, but the 2023 study assigns
734:
714:
341:
282:
214:
99:
64:
4499:
4485:
4218:
3556:
2738:
2606:
580:
560:
533:
521:
380:
372:
368:
158:
104:
48:
4560:
1994:
1965:
1796:
Everhart, M.J.; Decker, R.; Decker, P. (2006). "Earliest remains of
4583:
3976:
3222:
2402:
2382:
2375:
2091:
1576:
982:
726:
706:
699:
537:
178:
121:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
1251:
Clark, Robert O.; O’Keefe, F. Robin; Slack, Sara E. (2023-12-24).
3413:
3399:
2416:
2103:
1874:
353:
331:
188:
109:
84:
4618:
2036:
1789:
Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
1484:
Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
2085:
568:
513:
168:
4190:
1691:, Unpub. Masters Thesis, Fort Hays State University, 63 pages
710:
676:(UNSM 50133 and AMNH 5834) were also referred to this taxon.
556:
541:
334:
1633:
Albright III, L. B.; Gillette, D. D.; Titus, A. L. (2007b).
1611:, Unpublished Masters thesis, University of Kansas, 97 pages
528:) rock formation. The fossil was found close to the town of
1904:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2
1738:
10.1660/0022-8443(2003)106[0139:FROPRI]2.0.CO;2
1705:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
722:
713:
and from the referred specimen MNA V9431, fragmentary
446:
George Sternberg found a second, less complete specimen of
1814:
10.1660/0022-8443(2006)109[247:AOTTAM]2.0.CO;2
1770:
Everhart, M. J. (2004b). "New data regarding the skull of
1632:
1461:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[664:caatod]2.0.co;2
564:
1654:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[41:PFTUCC]2.0.CO;2
451:
completely described although the skull was figured by
2023:
Williston, S. W. (1903). "North American plesiosaurs".
1506:
1795:
1204:
1577:Hilary F. Ketchum & Roger B. J. Benson (2011).
1507:Morgan, Donald J.; Robin O'Keefe, F. (2019-04-01).
721:from a single locality within the Tropic Shale of
475:, and then was the subject of a Masters thesis by
1918:
1565:
1250:
500:was described as a new species by Tamaki Sato in
4685:
682:was first named by Rebecca Schmeisser McKean in
1980:
1832:Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep
483:which was the accepted genus name at the time.
472:
2556:
1408:
1367:
1346:
1325:
1304:
548:, just before it began to revert to dry land.
3672:
2052:
1983:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1954:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1802:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1726:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1559:
1283:
1246:
1244:
1242:
4694:Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs of North America
2211:
2158:
1570:
606:
3850:
3016:
1848:
1509:"The cranial osteology of two specimens of
1446:
741:extended the known stratigraphic range for
621:, which was formerly included in this genus
452:
2059:
2045:
1486:(2nd ed.). Indiana University Press.
1399:
1397:
1395:
1239:
479:. Note that it was described by Bonner as
120:
2127:
2022:
2009:
1951:
1769:
1752:
1695:
673:
668:. Other specimens previously reported as
467:
456:
440:
436:
419:, KUVP 1300, was discovered in the upper
1829:
1786:
1723:
1481:
776:
762:
610:
485:
402:
398:
1686:with a description of a new species of
1392:
579:was incomplete, so the exact number of
14:
4709:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
4686:
1675:
1416:"Image: KU40001-4.jpg, (589 × 500 px)"
1312:"Image: mcz5086a.jpg, (1336 × 742 px)"
1291:"Image: plio-lrg.jpg, (2175 × 600 px)"
599:are larger than the adult specimen of
476:
395:generic name means "long-nosed face".
4565:
4564:
3655:
3003:
2543:
2198:
2078:
2040:
1615:
1603:
1475:
1435:
1889:
1403:
1377:. oceansofkansas.com. Archived from
1354:"Image: vp-404.jpg, (1160 × 404 px)"
1333:"Image: 1064-4.jpg, (1000 × 297 px)"
407:Mounted skeleton of the holotype of
2544:
24:
2012:Kansas University Science Bulletin
1855:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1642:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1449:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
717:elements. It was collected by the
134:National Museum of Natural History
25:
4725:
2199:
2066:
758:
698:were found. It is known from the
4545:
4538:
4530:
3656:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3004:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2526:
2521:
1207:
694:, in which the two specimens of
690:is derived from the name of the
595:, as some juvenile specimens of
492:Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre
145:
52:
2025:Field Columbian Museum, Pub. 73
1583:Special Papers in Palaeontology
1500:
1440:
1228:Timeline of plesiosaur research
1429:
1064:Dolichorhynchops herschelensis
18:Dolichorhynchops herschelensis
13:
1:
4699:Fossil taxa described in 1902
1945:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.10.017
1596:
1537:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.027
1269:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812
646:. A study in 2008 found that
575:were all recovered, but the
379:have been found in the late
367:have been found in the late
7:
1791:. Indiana University Press.
1200:
504:. It was discovered in the
473:Sternberg & Walker 1957
10:
4730:
1717:10.1127/njgpa/201/1996/259
719:Museum of Northern Arizona
429:Charles Hazelius Sternberg
4573:
4527:
4461:
4373:
4364:
4301:
4272:
4263:
4157:
4146:
4096:
4041:
4014:
3986:
3950:
3941:
3883:
3859:
3846:
3835:
3785:
3744:
3696:
3681:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3624:
3594:
3546:
3482:
3473:
3375:
3297:
3288:
3217:
3208:
3079:
3027:
3012:
2999:
2972:
2942:
2878:
2869:
2803:
2776:
2746:
2737:
2589:
2567:
2552:
2539:
2519:
2493:
2392:
2363:
2354:
2297:
2268:
2222:
2207:
2194:
2154:
2136:
2123:
2074:
1678:An osteological study of
1223:List of plesiosaur genera
1101:
1084:
1077:
1060:
1053:
1036:
1029:
1012:
1005:
979:
962:
945:
938:
931:
909:
892:
885:
878:
861:
854:
834:
827:
807:
800:
607:Formerly assigned species
423:Logan County, Kansas, by
415:The holotype specimen of
302:
297:
281:
274:
142:Scientific classification
140:
128:
119:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
1830:Everhart, M. J. (2007).
1798:Dolichorhynchops osborni
1787:Everhart, M. J. (2005).
1772:Dolichorhynchops osborni
1622:Texas Journal of Science
1511:Dolichorhynchops bonneri
1482:Everhart, M. J. (2017).
1233:
433:Samuel Wendell Williston
417:Dolichorhynchops osborni
287:Dolichorhynchops osborni
1892:Journal of Paleontology
1834:. National Geographic.
546:Western Interior Seaway
481:"Trinacromerum osborni"
1851:Polycotylus latipinnis
1696:Carpenter, K. (1996).
1676:Bonner, O. W. (1964),
1616:Adams, D. A. (1997). "
1566:Schmeisser McKean 2011
785:
774:
725:, dating to the early
709:including most of the
650:is a valid species of
622:
494:
425:George Fryer Sternberg
412:
375:rocks, while those of
4714:Sauropterygian genera
4666:Paleobiology Database
2027:. Geological Series.
1853:Cope, from Alabama".
1618:Trinacromerum bonneri
1607:Trinacromerum bonneri
1604:Adams, D. A. (1977),
780:
766:
614:
551:The type specimen of
489:
406:
399:Discovery and species
1418:. oceansofkansas.com
1356:. oceansofkansas.com
1335:. oceansofkansas.com
1314:. oceansofkansas.com
1293:. oceansofkansas.com
1937:2012CrRes..34..184S
1925:Cretaceous Research
1867:2004JVPal..24..326O
1755:Tylosaurus proriger
1529:2019CrRes..96..149M
1517:Cretaceous Research
1257:Cretaceous Research
1215:Paleontology portal
729:stage of the early
136:, Washington D. C.
4233:Plesioelasmosaurus
3456:Stenorhynchosaurus
2445:Protenodontosaurus
2316:Largocephalosaurus
786:
775:
623:
495:
413:
4681:
4680:
4653:Open Tree of Life
4567:Taxon identifiers
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3647:
3646:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3428:Megacephalosaurus
3119:Bishanopliosaurus
2995:
2994:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2865:
2864:
2849:Proneusticosaurus
2591:Pachypleurosauria
2535:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2489:
2488:
2337:Sinosaurosphargis
2270:Helveticosauridae
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
1841:978-1-4262-0085-4
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
994:
993:
920:
919:
735:million years ago
544:laid down in the
506:Bearpaw Formation
352:, containing the
323:
322:
317:
270:
16:(Redirected from
4721:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4605:Dolichorhynchops
4594:
4593:
4592:
4575:Dolichorhynchops
4562:
4561:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4534:
4408:Hydrotherosaurus
4371:
4370:
4333:Hydrotherosaurus
4270:
4269:
4155:
4154:
4107:Dolichorhynchops
4094:
4093:
3948:
3947:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3537:Westphaliasaurus
3480:
3479:
3295:
3294:
3265:Pachycostasaurus
3215:
3214:
3198:Yuzhoupliosaurus
3081:Rhomaleosauridae
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2876:
2875:
2752:Brevicaudosaurus
2744:
2743:
2679:Majiashanosaurus
2643:Dianopachysaurus
2565:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2361:
2360:
2323:Prosaurosphargis
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2156:
2155:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1977:
1948:
1921:Dolichorhynchops
1915:
1886:
1845:
1825:
1792:
1783:
1766:
1749:
1732:(3–4): 139–148.
1720:
1702:
1692:
1672:
1670:
1664:. Archived from
1639:
1629:
1612:
1591:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1248:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1088:Dolichorhynchops
1080:
1079:
1056:
1055:
1032:
1031:
1008:
1007:
941:
940:
934:
933:
888:
887:
881:
880:
857:
856:
830:
829:
803:
802:
792:
791:
768:Life restoration
749:to a new genus,
743:Dolichorhynchops
733:, about 93.5-91
662:to a new genus,
652:Dolichorhynchops
636:Dolichorhynchops
601:D. herschelensis
553:D. herschelensis
498:D. herschelensis
462:The specimen of
421:Smoky Hill Chalk
389:Dolichorhynchops
377:D. herschelensis
361:D. herschelensis
327:Dolichorhynchops
312:
308:D. herschelensis
262:
258:Dolichorhynchops
255:
242:
226:
213:
200:
150:
149:
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
36:Dolichorhynchops
32:
31:
21:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4569:
4559:
4550:
4537:
4529:
4505:
4472:Alexandronectes
4457:
4360:
4297:
4265:Euelasmosaurida
4259:
4163:Callawayasaurus
4151:
4126:
4098:Dolichorhynchia
4092:
4080:Serpentisuchops
4037:
4025:Plesiopleurodon
4010:
3988:Palmulasaurinae
3982:
3937:
3879:
3840:
3823:
3787:Muraenosaurinae
3781:
3740:
3698:Colymbosaurinae
3692:
3660:
3643:
3610:
3590:
3542:
3502:Franconiasaurus
3475:Plesiosauroidea
3461:
3377:Brachaucheninae
3371:
3284:
3279:Thalassiodracon
3237:Attenborosaurus
3204:
3075:
3021:
3008:
2991:
2958:
2938:
2861:
2856:Silvestrosaurus
2835:Metanothosaurus
2799:
2772:
2733:
2629:Diandongosaurus
2585:
2561:
2559:Eosauropterygia
2548:
2546:Eosauropterygia
2531:
2509:
2495:Eosauropterygia
2485:
2466:Psephosauriscus
2388:
2350:
2299:Saurosphargidae
2293:
2288:Helveticosaurus
2280:Eusaurosphargis
2264:
2250:Pomolispondylus
2216:
2203:
2174:
2150:
2119:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2035:
1995:10.2307/3627008
1966:10.2307/3624047
1842:
1700:
1668:
1637:
1599:
1594:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
995:
921:
896:Plesiopleurodon
796:Plesiosauroidea
761:
731:Late Cretaceous
609:
573:shoulder blades
518:Late Cretaceous
401:
346:Late Cretaceous
311:
293:
292:Williston, 1902
290:
261:
253:
244:Dolichorhynchia
240:
224:
211:
198:
144:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4595:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4463:Aristonectinae
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4440:
4437:Tuarangisaurus
4433:
4426:
4423:Marambionectes
4419:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4368:
4366:Weddellonectia
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4355:Terminonatator
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4305:
4303:Elasmosaurinae
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4254:Woolungasaurus
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4177:Eromangasaurus
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4149:Elasmosauridae
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3997:Pahasapasaurus
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3970:Mauriciosaurus
3966:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3885:Leptocleididae
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3769:Ophthalmothule
3765:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3746:Cryptoclidinae
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3674:Cryptoclididae
3662:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3578:Occitanosaurus
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3550:
3548:Microcleididae
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3509:Leurospondylus
3505:
3498:
3491:
3488:Eoplesiosaurus
3483:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3435:Monquirasaurus
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3393:Brachauchenius
3389:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3341:
3334:
3331:Megalneusaurus
3327:
3324:Lorrainosaurus
3320:
3313:
3310:Gallardosaurus
3306:
3298:
3292:
3290:Thalassophonea
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3272:Rhaeticosaurus
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3191:Thaumatodracon
3187:
3180:
3177:Sthenarosaurus
3173:
3170:Rhomaleosaurus
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3098:Archaeonectrus
3094:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3062:Sinopliosaurus
3058:
3051:
3043:
3040:Bathyspondylus
3036:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2871:Pistosauroidea
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2767:Sanchiaosaurus
2763:
2759:Hispaniasaurus
2755:
2747:
2741:
2739:Nothosauroidea
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2721:Serpianosaurus
2717:
2710:
2703:
2700:Prosantosaurus
2696:
2693:Odoiporosaurus
2689:
2686:Neusticosaurus
2682:
2675:
2672:Luopingosaurus
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2394:Cyamodontoidea
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1978:
1960:(1): 119–120.
1949:
1916:
1898:(5): 969–980.
1887:
1861:(2): 326–340.
1846:
1840:
1827:
1793:
1784:
1767:
1750:
1721:
1711:(2): 259–287.
1693:
1673:
1671:on 2011-09-28.
1630:
1613:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1569:
1558:
1499:
1493:978-0253026323
1492:
1474:
1455:(3): 664–676.
1439:
1428:
1407:
1391:
1375:"VP-404 skull"
1366:
1345:
1324:
1303:
1282:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
891:
886:
884:
879:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
860:
855:
853:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:Leptocleididae
833:
828:
826:
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:Cryptoclididae
806:
801:
799:
790:
760:
759:Classification
757:
747:D. tropicensis
739:D. tropicensis
696:D. tropicensis
680:D. tropicensis
674:Carpenter 1996
608:
605:
468:Carpenter 1996
457:Everhart 2004b
441:Everhart 2004b
437:Williston 1903
400:
397:
321:
320:
319:
318:
300:
299:
298:Other species
295:
294:
291:
279:
278:
272:
271:
251:
247:
246:
238:
231:
230:
222:
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4726:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4533:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:Chubutinectes
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:Albertonectes
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4292:Thalassomedon
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:Wapuskanectes
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:Cimoliasaurus
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4087:Trinacromerum
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:Georgiasaurus
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:Eopolycotylus
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4043:Polycotylinae
4040:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4016:Occultonectia
4013:
4007:
4006:
4005:Palmulasaurus
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Polycotylidae
3940:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:Nichollssaura
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3873:Nichollssaura
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3820:
3819:
3818:Vinialesaurus
3815:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:Muraenosaurus
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:Kimmerosaurus
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3714:Colymbosaurus
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3687:Opallionectes
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3585:Seeleyosaurus
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:Sachicasaurus
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:Polyptychodon
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:Hauffiosaurus
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:Borealonectes
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3069:Termatosaurus
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:Tanaisosaurus
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:Kwangsisaurus
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:Augustasaurus
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:Germanosaurus
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:Ceresiosaurus
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2805:Nothosauridae
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2728:Wumengosaurus
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Panzhousaurus
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:Keichousaurus
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:Dianmeisaurus
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:Dactylosaurus
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2524:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2344:Stauromatodon
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:Saurosphargis
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:Atopodentatus
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Alexeyisaurus
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:Sauropterygia
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:Sauropterygia
2197:
2193:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2160:Sauropterygia
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Sauropterygia
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:(9): 241–244.
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:Trinacromerum
1683:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1628:(3): 179–198.
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:on 2008-02-05
1380:
1376:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:Palmulasaurus
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:Trinacromerum
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
989:
986:
985:
984:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
967:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:Eopolycotylus
943:
942:
936:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
912:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
897:
890:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
859:
858:
851:
850:Polycotylidae
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
832:
831:
824:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
805:
804:
797:
794:
793:
789:
783:
779:
773:
769:
765:
756:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:specific name
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Trinacromerum
637:
633:
629:
628:Trinacromerum
620:
619:
613:
604:
602:
598:
594:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Maastrichtian
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
405:
396:
394:
390:
386:
385:Maastrichtian
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
350:North America
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
328:
316:
310:
309:
304:
303:
301:
296:
289:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
259:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:Polycotylidae
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:Sauropterygia
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4704:Polycotylids
4574:
4536:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4479:Aristonectes
4477:
4470:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4430:Morenosaurus
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4400:Fresnosaurus
4398:
4393:Futabasaurus
4391:
4384:
4377:
4353:
4346:
4341:Nakonanectes
4339:
4331:
4326:Fluvionectes
4324:
4319:Elasmosaurus
4317:
4310:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4226:Orophosaurus
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:Lagenanectes
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4030:
4023:
4003:
3995:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3956:Edgarosaurus
3954:
3932:Vectocleidus
3930:
3924:Umoonasaurus
3922:
3914:
3909:Leptocleidus
3907:
3899:
3894:Brancasaurus
3892:
3871:
3863:
3852:Leptocleidia
3816:
3808:
3803:Picrocleidus
3801:
3794:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3755:Cryptoclidus
3753:
3735:Spitrasaurus
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3707:Abyssosaurus
3705:
3685:
3658:Cryptoclidia
3631:
3596:Cryptoclidia
3583:
3576:
3571:Microcleidus
3569:
3562:
3555:
3535:
3530:Plesiosaurus
3528:
3523:Plesiopterys
3521:
3516:Plesiopharos
3514:
3507:
3500:
3495:Eretmosaurus
3493:
3486:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3386:Acostasaurus
3384:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3317:Liopleurodon
3315:
3308:
3301:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3258:Marmornectes
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3230:Arminisaurus
3228:
3221:
3210:Pliosauridae
3196:
3189:
3184:Stratesaurus
3182:
3175:
3168:
3163:Meyerasaurus
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3112:Avalonnectes
3110:
3105:Atychodracon
3103:
3096:
3090:Anningasaura
3088:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3033:Anningasaura
3031:
3019:Plesiosauria
3006:Plesiosauria
2979:
2944:Plesiosauria
2933:Yunguisaurus
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2785:
2778:Simosauridae
2765:
2757:
2750:
2726:
2719:
2714:Qianxisaurus
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:Honghesaurus
2656:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2621:Dawazisaurus
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2580:Cymatosaurus
2578:
2571:
2480:Sinocyamodus
2478:
2473:Psephosaurus
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:Psephochelys
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2369:Paraplacodus
2367:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2286:
2278:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2108:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2011:
1989:(1): 86–87.
1986:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1895:
1891:
1875:10.1671/1944
1858:
1854:
1850:
1831:
1808:(3–4): 261.
1805:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1759:The Mosasaur
1758:
1754:
1729:
1725:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1666:the original
1648:(1): 41–58.
1645:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1605:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1561:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1410:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1285:
1260:
1256:
1103:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1038:
1037:
1014:
1013:
981:
980:
964:
963:
947:
946:
910:
894:
893:
865:Edgarosaurus
863:
862:
835:
823:Leptocleidia
808:
787:
781:
771:
750:
746:
742:
738:
695:
692:Tropic Shale
679:
678:
669:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
616:
615:Skeleton of
600:
596:
592:
589:
552:
550:
510:Saskatchewan
497:
496:
490:Skeleton in
480:
463:
461:
455:. (See also
453:O'Keefe 2004
447:
445:
416:
414:
408:
388:
376:
364:
360:
356:
326:
325:
324:
307:
306:
286:
285:
276:Type species
257:
256:
234:
215:Plesiosauria
195:Superorder:
129:
35:
29:
4599:Wikispecies
4493:Morturneria
4451:Zarafasaura
4379:Aphrosaurus
4348:Styxosaurus
4278:Cardiocorax
4240:Scanisaurus
4205:Leivanectes
4184:Goniosaurus
4114:Martinectes
4073:Scalamagnus
4066:Polycotylus
4032:Sulcusuchus
3901:Hastanectes
3865:Hastanectes
3728:Pantosaurus
3407:Kronosaurus
3338:Peloneustes
3303:Eardasaurus
3134:Eurycleidus
2926:Wangosaurus
2912:Pistosaurus
2842:Nothosaurus
2828:Lariosaurus
2787:Paludidraco
2600:Anarosaurus
2459:Psephoderma
2438:Placochelys
2431:Parahenodus
2424:Macroplacus
2410:Glyphoderma
2356:Placodontia
2242:Palatodonta
2113:Neodiapsida
1931:: 184–199.
1782:(3): 74–80.
1688:Nyctosaurus
1680:Nyctosaurus
1523:: 149–171.
966:Polycotylus
752:Scalamagnus
715:postcranial
665:Martinectes
618:Martinectes
477:Bonner 1964
339:polycotylid
47:87–72
4688:Categories
4444:Vegasaurus
4416:Kawanectes
4285:Libonectes
4212:Mauisaurus
4121:Unktaheela
3963:Manemergus
3838:Xenopsaria
3810:Tricleidus
3776:Tatenectes
3721:Djupedalia
3605:see below↓
3564:Lusonectes
3366:Simolestes
3359:Pliosaurus
3347:Pliosaurus
3244:Cryonectes
3156:Maresaurus
3149:Macroplata
3141:Lindwurmia
3055:Lindwurmia
3047:Bobosaurus
2953:see below↓
2898:Chinchenia
2891:Bobosaurus
2794:Simosaurus
2650:Hanosaurus
2573:Corosaurus
2504:see below↓
2258:Hanosaurus
2169:see below↓
2144:Sauropsida
2129:Sauropsida
2102:Subclass:
2098:Sauropsida
2031:(1): 1–79.
1826:(abstract)
1776:Paludicola
1597:References
1589:: 109–129.
1436:Adams 1977
1422:2015-09-05
1385:2015-09-05
1360:2015-09-05
1339:2015-09-05
1318:2015-09-05
1297:2015-09-05
1263:: 105812.
1040:Manemergus
911:QM F18041
782:D. osborni
772:D. osborni
670:D. osborni
660:D. bonneri
656:D. bonneri
648:T. bonneri
644:D. osborni
597:D. osborni
593:D. osborni
534:sandstones
464:D. osborni
409:D. osborni
365:D. osborni
357:D. osborni
342:plesiosaur
130:D. osborni
4500:Wunyelfia
4486:Kaiwhekea
4219:Ogmodirus
3557:Hydrorion
2607:Chusaurus
2308:Hemilopas
2084:Kingdom:
1912:131128997
1822:198152472
1662:130268187
1553:134887820
1545:0195-6671
1404:Sato 2005
1277:0195-6671
784:in Vienna
632:. bonneri
585:phalanges
581:vertebrae
561:lower jaw
538:mudstones
524:to early
522:Campanian
448:D.osborni
383:to early
381:Campanian
373:Campanian
371:to early
369:Coniacian
344:from the
264:Williston
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
4590:Q2452704
4584:Wikidata
3977:Thililua
3421:Makhaira
3351:andrewsi
3223:Anguanax
2403:Cyamodus
2383:Placodus
2376:Pararcus
2104:Diapsida
2092:Chordata
2090:Phylum:
2086:Animalia
1883:46424292
1765:: 41–46.
1746:86541758
1469:32099438
1201:See also
983:Thililua
727:Turonian
707:skeleton
700:holotype
530:Herschel
221:Family:
189:Reptilia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
4658:4946723
4645:1041485
4632:4823580
4619:4532533
3414:Luskhan
3400:Eiectus
2417:Henodus
2096:Class:
2003:3627008
1974:3624047
1933:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
852:
825:
798:
387:rocks.
354:species
332:extinct
250:Genus:
208:Order:
185:Class:
2001:
1972:
1910:
1881:
1838:
1820:
1744:
1660:
1551:
1543:
1490:
1467:
1275:
848:
821:
686:. The
569:pelvis
542:shales
520:(late
514:Canada
330:is an
313:Sato,
4671:36468
4640:IRMNG
4191:Jucha
2109:Clade
1999:JSTOR
1970:JSTOR
1908:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1701:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1658:S2CID
1638:(PDF)
1549:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1234:Notes
711:skull
638:from
577:spine
557:skull
393:Greek
335:genus
235:Clade
4627:GBIF
2142:see
1836:ISBN
1682:and
1541:ISSN
1488:ISBN
1273:ISSN
723:Utah
684:2011
571:and
565:ribs
540:and
516:, a
502:2005
359:and
315:2005
268:1902
55:PreꞒ
4614:EoL
1991:doi
1962:doi
1941:doi
1923:".
1900:doi
1871:doi
1810:doi
1806:109
1734:doi
1730:106
1713:doi
1709:201
1650:doi
1533:doi
1457:doi
1265:doi
1261:157
770:of
703:MNA
672:by
508:of
348:of
337:of
4690::
4668::
4655::
4642::
4629::
4616::
4601::
4586::
3349:"
2111::
2014:.
1997:.
1987:60
1985:.
1968:.
1958:30
1956:.
1939:.
1929:34
1927:.
1906:.
1896:79
1894:.
1877:.
1869:.
1859:24
1857:.
1816:.
1804:.
1778:.
1761:.
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1728:.
1707:.
1703:.
1656:.
1646:27
1644:.
1640:.
1626:49
1624:.
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1585:.
1581:.
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1539:.
1531:.
1521:96
1519:.
1515:.
1463:.
1453:28
1451:.
1394:^
1271:.
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1241:^
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654:,
630:(T
567:,
563:,
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512:,
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266:,
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132:,
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
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4000:?
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2029:2
2016:1
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1993::
1976:.
1964::
1947:.
1943::
1935::
1914:.
1902::
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1780:4
1763:7
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1736::
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1715::
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1342:.
1321:.
1300:.
1279:.
1267::
305:†
283:†
254:†
241:†
225:†
212:†
199:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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