816:
decreasing its yield globally. Habitat destruction in the form of recreational activities and urbanization is as well limiting its ability to be cultivated, again decreasing global yield of this product. Another influence heavily affecting the survival rate of this species is the uncontrolled grazing of yak. The biggest threat, however, comes from the usage of the plant for its medicinal properties. It is listed as “endangered” by the Red data book of Indian plants. In another study, a camp workshop held in
Lucknow assessed the plant as "Critically Endangered new" nationally in India, holding a population decline of 70% in the last 10 years. Another CAMP workshop for northern India assessed it as "Critically Endangered new" in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Conservation efforts do exist to control the rate of depletion of the species. The legislations of Jammu and Kashmir have enforced a special Act, The Kuth Act, in 1978 for the regulation of trade of
33:
63:
556:
high survival and seed germination percentages. This is why they thrive so abundantly in the
Himalayan Region which is very mountainous. Cultivation is primarily focused upon the roots of the plants. Most of the roots are exported to China and Japan and as they serve as a big commodity for commerce in Kashmir. However, this type of trade is now being controlled by the state due to it being over-exploited. This plant has been greatly over-collected and has been placed on Appendix I of CITES.
547:. Its typical flowering season spans from July to August, with the seeds ripening from August to September. The plant can be grown in a wide variety of soils, ranging from light sandy, medium to heavy clay soils that are acid, neutral or basic, alkaline soils, preferring soils that are moist. The amount of sunlight the plant thrives upon can vary from semi-shaded (light woodland) areas or areas with no shade.
1530:
781:
a dried stick. Another use for the plant is within incense sticks. These sticks can be created from these roots by grinding the roots into a powder and then forming the stick structure. As well, the dried sticks are commonly found cut up into thin slices to be used as lightings for shrines or as tonics for hot baths.
780:
obtained from the roots is used in perfumery, incenses, and in hair rinses. It has a strong lingering scent that has the scent of violets at first, yet changes to a more unpleasant goat-like smell as it ages. The common form of the roots can be either found as an essential oil, a ground powder, or as
510:
leaves and heads of purple florets. The leaves take the shape of being auricled at base, with jagged, toothed patterns running down the sides of the leaves and are an average of 0.50–1.25 m (1.6–4.1 ft) long. The roots of the plant are stout and can travel up to 40 cm (16 in) in
555:
The plant is cultivated as a medicinal plant. Its growing region occurs mainly within India-Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir- its native place of origin. A study by Parmaret. al. 2012 explored the effect of altitude on seed germination and survival percentage, proving that high altitudes favoured
794:
is so readily available and abundant that very large quantities can be procured on demand within markets and stores with their main customers being large and small pharmaceutical companies. According to CITES trade data, China and India are the main exporters of the product itself with Hong Kong
815:
is one of the most threatened medicinal plants of
Kashmir Himalaya. This species is threatened due to the unregulated collection, over-exploitation, illegal trade, and loss of habitat. Habitat loss continues due to road construction and military establishments in many of the cultivation areas,
1115:
Chandra P. Kuniyal, Yashwant S. Rawat, Santaram S. Oinam, Jagdish C. Kuniyal and
Subhash C. R. Vishvakarma (2005). "Kuth (Saussurea lappa) cultivation in the cold desert environment of the Lahaul valley, northwestern Himalaya, India: arising threats and need to revive socio-economic values".
1312:
Bruchhausen, F.Y., Dannhardt, G., Ebel, S., Frahm, A.W., Hackenthal, E., Holzgrabe, U., 1994. Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Band 9, Stoffe P-Z Bandwerk Hager: Hdb pharmaz.Praxis (5.Aufl.) 5., vollständig neubearb. Aufl.,, XXX, 1255 S.,
789:
The species was determined "readily available" in the markets of
Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, Amritsar, and Haridwar by a survey conducted by TRAFFIC India in 1997 and is considered one of the most common medicinal plants traded in Delhi.
760:
for Vata, considered to normalize and strengthen digestion, cleanse the body of toxic accumulations, enhance fertility, and reduce pain. Its dried powder is the principal ingredient in an ointment for ulcers; it is also a hair wash.
972:
Birgit
Lohberger; Beate Rinner; Nicole Stuendl; Heike Kaltenegger; Bibiane Steinecker-Frohnwieser; Eva Bernhart; Ehsan Bonyadi Rad; Annelie Martina Weinberg; Andreas Leithner; Rudolf Bauer & Nadine Kretschmer (2013).
681:
in "Sahih hadith". "Treat with the Indian incense, for it has healing for seven diseases; it is to be sniffed by one having throat trouble, and to be put into one side of the mouth of one suffering from pleurisy.".
803:
is the only
Appendix I species which is significantly traded internationally for medicinal purposes. The species was included in Appendix II as early as 1975 and increased list placement in Appendix I with effect.
748:, the archetypal disease of excess or jvara (fever). In ancient India, kushta was considered to be a divine plant derived from heavenly sources, growing high in the
2143:
204:
1588:
1259:
340:
Costus is the root of this plant. The root of the plant is the key part used for medicinal or homeopathic purposes. The root is also called by its
1377:
1159:
1075:
200:
1830:
975:"Sesquiterpene Lactones Downregulate G2/M Cell Cycle Regulator Proteins and Affect the Invasive Potential of Human Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells"
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phytochemical and pharmacological: Yang J.L. Wang R. Liu L.L. Shi Y.P. "Phytochemicals and biological activities of
Saussurea species. "
1114:
2001:
1752:
1644:
1076:"Radix Aucklandiae (Dried root of Saussurea costus)-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis confirmed by patch testing"
2014:
1804:
1765:
1576:
1439:"Hadith - Book of Medicine - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
506:
is a perennial plant with a typical growth of 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) tall and 1 m (3.3 ft) wide. It has long
1809:
1534:
1410:
1041:
2105:
1921:
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As a spice, Pliny described it as having a "burning taste and an exquisite scent", but being "otherwise useless".
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1791:
1657:
2071:
1675:
1874:
699:
1993:
1980:
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695:
1263:
2019:
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1587:(Kushta) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at
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873:
2110:
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62:
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1988:
1303:
P.K. Hajra, R.R. Rao, D.K. Singh, B.P.Uniyal Flora of India, vol. 12, BSI, Calcutta (1995) p. 187
1975:
1599:
1354:
N. Kumar, A. KumarDurlabh hoti chamatkaric aushadhi-Kuth Sachitra Ayurveda, 1 (1989), pp. 25-29
1235:
1822:
1553:
1153:
829:
653:, it was used as a spice in classical Rome and Byzantinium, when it was used to flavor wine.
179:
2058:
1848:
1739:
1125:
986:
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330:
32:
1494:. German CITES Scientific Authority: German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2001,
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8:
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990:
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following close behind as a noted re-exporter. China was the first documented trader of
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1294:. Plants for a Future , 2012, www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+costus.
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It is usually found at elevations of 2,500 to 3,000 m (8,200 to 9,800 ft)
2097:
1913:
1731:
1636:
1622:
1189:
1133:
1087:
1004:
994:
919:
908:(Cardueae, Asteraceae) and allied genera based on morphological and molecular data"
902:
Kasana, Shruti; Dwivedi, Mayank D.; Uniyal, Prem L.; Pandey, Arun K. (2020-06-25).
666:
629:
Jerusalem Temples. The Ketoret was an important component of the Temple service in
492:
484:
456:
432:
392:
372:
1967:
744:
refers to an ancient Vedic plant god mentioned in the Atharvaveda as a remedy for
661:
Costus was used as a spice in medieval England, for example as an ingredient in a
2148:
1953:
1887:
999:
590:
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476:
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368:
100:
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1702:
1180:(Kuth root): review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology".
923:
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1060:, edited by Laurie J. Fundukian, 4th ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014, pp. 197-198.
1018:
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753:
610:
1322:
O.P. Upadhyay, J.K. Ojha, S.K. Datta Pharmacognostic study of the root of
2027:
1778:
1711:
765:
1649:
1466:
1092:
325:. Rishi (Hindu) mystics of Kashmir especially ate this plant. Essential
2032:
2006:
1757:
958:
662:
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318:
146:
1783:
724:, meaning "wood aroma"). It is found in the popular digestive remedy
749:
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313:
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1342:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T50126641A50131430
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Costus rhizome is used for curing woolen cloth in hill area of
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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It has a large number of names in other languages, including
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47:
41:
1338:
Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015.
901:
617:. It was offered on a specialized incense altar in the
1403:
Tastes of Byzantium: The Cuisine of a Legendary Empire
1326:
C.B. Clarke Sachitra Ayurveda, 8 (1993), pp. 608-612
1176:
K. Madhuri; K. Elango & S. Ponnusankar (2011). "
1031:
799:, with trade records dating back to 1981 and 1982.
1477:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
2125:
1074:Chu, Chia-Yu; Ho, Po-Han; Cho, Yung-Tsu (2019).
1378:"Rambam - 3 Chapters a Day - Daily Torah Study"
1058:The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
1036:. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd. p. 417.
752:, considered to be the brother of the divine
1158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2144:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
1460:
1458:
1182:Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine
1547:Journal of Asian Natural Products Research
1171:
1169:
329:extracted from the root have been used in
31:
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1254:
1252:
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1496:Medicinal Plants Significant Trade Study
1492:Medicinal Plants Significant Trade Study
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1422:Alan Davidson, Tom Saine, Helen Saberi,
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1569:Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life
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13:
2072:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60441917-2
1676:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77210782-1
1481:
1465:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921).
1345:
1329:
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572:
14:
2165:
1583:Contains a detailed monograph on
1523:
1227:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1050:
1875:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:242185-1
1528:
878:(Falc.) Kasana & A.K.Pandey"
61:
1510:
1501:
1431:
1416:
1395:
1370:
1357:
1316:
1306:
1297:
904:"An updated circumscription of
636:
1260:"Todd Caldecott | Kushta"
1108:
1067:
1062:Gale Virtual Reference Library
1056:Davidson, Tish. "Aucklandia."
946:
895:
866:
842:
720:
703:
550:
498:
1:
1118:Biodiversity and Conservation
835:
728:and is also used as incense.
1032:A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2005).
1000:10.1371/journal.pone.0066300
692:traditional Chinese medicine
7:
1428:, 2nd edition, 2006, p. 219
823:
756:. In Ayurveda, kushta is a
10:
2170:
1474:Collier's New Encyclopedia
924:10.11646/phytotaxa.450.2.3
882:Plants of the World Online
656:
601:shape. It was used in the
514:
1937:
1686:
1606:
1549:. 12(2):162-75, 2010 Feb.
1194:10.1007/s13596-011-0043-1
1138:10.1007/s10531-004-4365-x
954:Oxford English Dictionary
694:, the root is one of the
218:
211:
185:
178:
58:Scientific classification
56:
39:
30:
23:
1567:Caldecott, Todd (2006).
1425:Oxford Companion to Food
1363:quoted in Andrew Dalby,
1064:, Accessed 20 Nov. 2017.
784:
731:
685:
672:
564:
1589:Todd Caldecott | Kushta
1034:Taxonomy of Angiosperms
559:
1236:Encyclopedia Americana
677:It was recommended by
348:(root of aucklandia).
1537:at Wikimedia Commons
1516:Molur and Walker 1998
1507:Nayar and Sastry 1988
957:, 3rd edition, 2007,
830:List of lyrate plants
669:in the 12th century.
337:since ancient times.
1080:Dermatologica Sinica
850:"Appendices | CITES"
696:50 fundamental herbs
331:traditional medicine
285:, commonly known as
279:, formerly known as
1559:Plants for a Future
1130:2005BiCon..14.1035K
1093:10.4103/ds.ds_16_18
991:2013PLoSO...866300L
698:. It has the name (
1571:. Elsevier/Mosby.
1554:"Dolomiaea costus"
808:Plant endangerment
641:Known in Greek as
605:, the consecrated
597:), reflecting its
545:Kishenganga Valley
2121:
2120:
2054:Open Tree of Life
1939:Aucklandia costus
1844:Open Tree of Life
1600:Taxon identifiers
1578:978-0-7234-3410-8
1533:Media related to
1490:Schippmann, Uwe.
772:Other common uses
609:described in the
346:radix aucklandiae
272:
271:
266:
258:
257:(Decne.) Sch.Bip.
250:
242:
234:
230:Aucklandia costus
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51:
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2154:Incense material
2139:Medicinal plants
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1380:. Archived from
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1262:. Archived from
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1230:"Putchock"
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667:Alexander Neckam
649:and in Latin as
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581:is mentioned in
579:Dolomiaea costus
527:; including the
504:Dolomiaea costus
282:Saussurea costus
276:Dolomiaea costus
264:
262:Theodorea costus
256:
248:
246:Saussurea costus
240:
238:Aucklandia lappa
232:
224:
191:
189:Dolomiaea costus
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25:Dolomiaea costus
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16:Species of plant
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573:Ancient Judaism
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254:Saussurea lappa
249:(Falc.) Lipsch.
241:(Decne.) Decne.
222:Aplotaxis lappa
207:
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2098:wfo-0000075190
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1178:Sausaria lappa
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918:(2): 173–187.
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551:Cultivation
499:Description
101:Angiosperms
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1857:Plant List
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