4898:
addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition. ... Earlier research has failed to distinguish whether stimulants' effects are small or whether they are nonexistent (Ilieva et al., 2013; Smith & Farah, 2011). The present findings supported generally small effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on executive function and memory. Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ...
4574:
transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."
4936:
doroslateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex while improving performance of a spatial working memory task. This suggests that cortical networks that normally process spatial working memory become more efficient in response to the drug. ... is now believed that dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin, produce the beneficial effects of stimulants on working memory. At abused (relatively high) doses, stimulants can interfere with working memory and cognitive control ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks ... through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.
1288:
gambling may be a link between cerebrospinal fluid measures of dopamine and dopamine metabolites in pathological gambling. Molecular genetic study shows that pathological gambling is associated with the TaqA1 allele of the
Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2) dopamine receptor. Furthermore, TaqA1 allele is associated with other reward and reinforcement disorders, such as substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders. Reviews of these studies suggest that pathological gambling and dopamine are linked; however, the studies that succeed in controlling for race or ethnicity, and obtain DSM-IV diagnoses do not show a relationship between TaqA1 allelic frequencies and the diagnostic of pathological gambling.
22:
96:
1120:, as well as other endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells, express D2 receptors and that beta cells co-secrete dopamine along with insulin. Dopamine has been purported to be a negative regulator of insulin, meaning that bound D2 receptors inhibit insulin secretion. The connection between dopamine and beta cells was discovered, in part, due to the metabolic side-effects of certain
2398:
4901:
The results of this meta-analysis cannot address the important issues of individual differences in stimulant effects or the role of motivational enhancement in helping perform academic or occupational tasks. However, they do confirm the reality of cognitive enhancing effects for normal healthy adults
1128:
function by altering the dopamine pathway in the brain, such as blocking D2 receptors. Common side effects of these medications include rapid weight gain and glycemic dysregulation, among others. The effects of these medications are not limited to the brain, so off-target effects in other organs such
4935:
Therapeutic (relatively low) doses of psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve performance on working memory tasks both in normal subjects and those with ADHD. Positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrates that methylphenidate decreases regional cerebral blood flow in the
1287:
Pathological gambling is classified as a mental health disorder that has been linked to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and behavioral addiction. Dopamine has been associated with reward and reinforcement in relation to behaviors and drug addiction. The role between dopamine and pathological
1351:
Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of cells responsible for dopamine synthesis and other neurodegenerative events. Parkinson's disease patients are treated with medications which help to replenish dopamine availability, allowing relatively normal brain function and neurotransmission.
1236:
in the brain. Although it was a long-held belief that dopamine was the cause of pleasurable sensations such as euphoria, many studies and experiments on the subject have demonstrated that this is not the case; rather, dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for behaviour reinforcement
854:
Beta
Arrestin recruitment is mediated by G-protein kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate dopamine receptors after stimulation. While beta arrestin plays a role in receptor desensitization, it may also be critical in mediating downstream effects of dopamine receptors. Beta arrestin has been
4897:
The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In
1352:
Research shows that
Parkinson's disease is linked to the class of dopamine agonists instead of specific agents. Reviews touch upon the need to control and regulate dopamine doses for Parkinson's patients with a history of addiction, and those with variable tolerance or sensitivity to dopamine.
810:
The cAMP mediated pathway results in amplification of PKA phosphorylation activity, which is normally kept in equilibrium by PP1. The DARPP-32 mediated PP1 inhibition amplifies PKA phosphorylation of AMPA, NMDA, and inward rectifying potassium channels, increasing AMPA and NMDA currents while
1206:
has been consistently shown to be more frequent in ADHD patients. ADHD patients with the 4.7 allele also tend to have better cognitive performance and long-term outcomes compared to ADHD patients without the 4.7 allele, suggesting that the allele is associated with a more benign form of ADHD.
4573:
Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA ... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The
2466:
Manor I, Tyano S, Eisenberg J, Bachner-Melman R, Kotler M, Ebstein RP (2002). "The short DRD4 repeats confer risk to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a family-based design and impair performance on a continuous performance test (TOVA)".
2546:
Kustanovich V, Ishii J, Crawford L, Yang M, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, et al. (2004). "Transmission disequilibrium testing of dopamine-related candidate gene polymorphisms in ADHD: confirmation of association of ADHD with DRD4 and DRD5".
1384:
receptor when used over long periods of time (i.e. increasing the number of such receptors). Haloperidol increased the number of binding sites by 98% above baseline in the worst cases, and yielded significant dyskinesia side effects.
4590:
Fehr C, Yakushev I, Hohmann N, Buchholz HG, Landvogt C, Deckers H, et al. (April 2008). "Association of low striatal dopamine d2 receptor availability with nicotine dependence similar to that seen with other drugs of abuse".
1310:
induces the disease is controversial. Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, indirectly increase dopamine signaling; large doses and prolonged use can induce symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Additionally, many
2131:, Van Rossum JM (1976). "Excitation-mediating and inhibition-mediating dopamine-receptors: a new concept towards a better understanding of electrophysiological, biochemical, pharmacological, functional and clinical data".
1412:
Brookhaven
National Laboratory study showing that increasing dopamine receptors with genetic therapy temporarily decreased cocaine consumption by up to 75%. The treatment was effective for 6 days. Cocaine upregulates
2502:
Langley K, Marshall L, van den Bree M, Thomas H, Owen M, O'Donovan M, et al. (2004). "Association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 7-repeat allele with neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD".
4462:
Silvestri S, Seeman MV, Negrete JC, Houle S, Shammi CM, Remington GJ, et al. (2000). "Increased dopamine D2 receptor binding after long-term treatment with antipsychotics in humans: a clinical PET study".
859:. Furthermore, this pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the locomotor response mediated by dopamine receptor D1. Dopamine receptor D2 stimulation results in the formation of an Akt/Beta-arrestin/
1407:
receptor quantity. A similar association has been linked to food addiction, with a low availability of dopamine receptors present in people with greater food intake. A recent news article summarized a U.S.
3728:
Mihara K, Kondo T, Suzuki A, Yasui-Furukori N, Ono S, Sano A, et al. (2003). "Relationship between functional dopamine D2 and D3 receptors gene polymorphisms and neuroleptic malignant syndrome".
45:(CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions. The
66:
signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, dopamine receptors are common neurologic drug targets;
62:
Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of
3030:
Ricci A, Bronzetti E, Fedele F, Ferrante F, Zaccheo D, Amenta F (1998). "Pharmacological characterization and autoradiographic localization of a putative dopamine D4 receptor in the heart".
1237:("wanting") without producing any "liking" sensation on its own. Mesolimbic dopamine and its related receptors are a primary mechanism through which drug-seeking behaviour develops (
2454:
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agonists as a class), but only when used at low (therapeutic) concentrations. Relatively high doses of dopaminergic stimulants will result in cognitive deficits.
7979:
5060:
773:, which in turn increases intracellular calcium and mediates a number of other functions. The D2 class of receptors produce the opposite effect, as they are
4138:
Di Chiara G, Bassareo V, Fenu S, De Luca MA, Spina L, Cadoni C, et al. (2004). "Dopamine and drug addiction: the nucleus accumbens shell connection".
483:
form may function as a classical post-synaptic receptor, i.e., transmit information (in either an excitatory or an inhibitory fashion) unless blocked by a
2222:
Contreras F, Fouillioux C, BolΓvar A, Simonovis N, HernΓ‘ndez-HernΓ‘ndez R, Armas-Hernandez MJ, et al. (2002). "Dopamine, hypertension and obesity".
1195:
781:
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8230:
3855:"Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7-repeat allele with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update"
3592:
Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Lin SH, Laruelle M (2000). "Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia".
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9773:
9134:
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192:
The existence of multiple types of receptors for dopamine was first proposed in 1976. There are at least five subtypes of dopamine receptors, D
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9570:
8481:
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receptor signaling mediates the "incentive salience" factor and can significantly increase positive associations with the drug in the brain.
1261:. When DAT activity is blocked, the synapse floods with dopamine and increases dopaminergic signaling. When this occurs, particularly in the
1186:
Dopamine receptors have been recognized as important components in the mechanism of ADHD for many years. Drugs used to treat ADHD, including
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4917:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher
Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
8155:
7563:
6908:
5053:
823:, resulting in activation of mTOR. The behavioral implications are unknown. Dopamine receptors may also regulate ion channels and
9990:
9898:
7523:
6309:
6304:
4323:
Lang AE, Obeso JA (May 2004). "Challenges in
Parkinson's disease: restoration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system is not enough".
1181:
1158:
1137:
Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including
570:
310:
3363:"Antipsychotics: Mechanisms underlying clinical response and side-effects and novel treatment approaches based on pathophysiology"
2412:
Suzuki M, Hurd YL, Sokoloff P, Schwartz JC, Sedvall G (1998). "D3 dopamine receptor mRNA is widely expressed in the human brain".
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6185:
160:
9972:
9963:
8305:
8300:
7603:
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1366:
Dopamine receptors are typically stable, however sharp (and sometimes prolonged) increases or decreases in dopamine levels can
856:
132:
7965:
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3684:
3094:
2878:
1700:
603:
6388:
6200:
5670:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5046:
4409:
Scheler G (2004). "Regulation of neuromodulator receptor efficacy--implications for whole-neuron and synaptic plasticity".
2826:
Williams GV, Castner SA (2006). "Under the curve: critical issues for elucidating D1 receptor function in working memory".
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9981:
7201:
5850:
2929:
Cavallotti C, Massimo M, Paolo B, Maurizio S, Fiorenzo M (2010). "Dopamine receptor subtypes in the native human heart".
139:
4109:
7106:
6075:
1409:
113:
4861:"Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis"
831:
independent of cAMP, however implications and mechanisms remain poorly understood. D2 receptor signaling may mediate
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7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
5963:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5384:
2894:
Ricci A, Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Amenta F (2006). "Dopamine receptor subtypes in the human pulmonary arterial tree".
1391:
have variable effects on dopamine receptors, depending on the particular stimulus. According to one study, cocaine,
179:
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7552:
6492:
6487:
5568:
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4577:
3126:"Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: A review on current treatment approach and gene therapy as potential intervention"
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827:
independent of cAMP, possibly through direct interactions. There is evidence that D1 receptor agonism regulates
3081:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 690, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3β12,
9999:
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7121:
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6357:
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6049:
4691:"Gene Therapy For Addiction: Flooding Brain With 'Pleasure Chemical' Receptors Works On Cocaine, As On Alcohol"
3206:"Dopamine D2-like Receptors Are Expressed in Pancreatic Beta Cells and Mediate Inhibition of Insulin Secretion"
3165:"Dopamine D2-like Receptors Are Expressed in Pancreatic Beta Cells and Mediate Inhibition of Insulin Secretion"
1154:
770:
333:
117:
128:
7126:
2257:
Hurley MJ, Jenner P (2006). "What has been learnt from study of dopamine receptors in
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2017:
554:
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5124:
3247:"D2-Like Receptors Mediate Dopamine-Inhibited Insulin Secretion via Ion Channels in Rat Pancreatic Ξ²-Cells"
1643:
718:
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3304:
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583:
3306:"Dopamine regulates pancreatic glucagon and insulin secretion via adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors"
3204:
RubΓ B, Ljubicic S, Pournourmohammadi S, Carobbio S, Armanet M, Bartley C, et al. (November 2005).
3163:
RubΓ B, Ljubicic S, Pournourmohammadi S, Carobbio S, Armanet M, Bartley C, et al. (November 2005).
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3667:
Fuxe K, Manger P, Genedani S, Agnati L (2006). "The nigrostriatal DA pathway and
Parkinson's disease".
2012:
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3. Some of these alleles are associated with greater incidence of certain disorders. For example, the D
35:
1930:
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5610:
5591:
5584:
5103:
5038:
4706:"Adaptive increase in D3 dopamine receptors in the brain reward circuits of human cocaine fatalities"
4237:
Leibenluft E (October 1999). "Gender differences in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder".
3900:
Schoots O, Van Tol HH (2003). "The human dopamine D4 receptor repeat sequences modulate expression".
1034:
800:
4188:"Review. The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings"
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5596:
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1505:
1250:
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5011:
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Faraone SV, Khan SA (2006). "Candidate gene studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
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3937:"What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?"
3362:
3125:
1472:
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330:
106:
4643:"Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats"
819:
D1 receptor agonism and D2 receptor blockade also increases mRNA translation by phosphorylating
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6002:
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5202:
5197:
3124:
Tan SY, Mei Wong JL, Sim YJ, Wong SS, Mohamed
Elhassan SA, Tan SH, et al. (January 2019).
1434:
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1142:
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protein complex that inhibits Akt through PP2A phosphorylation, therefore disinhibiting GSK-3.
678:
153:
42:
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Certain stimulants will enhance cognition in the general population (e.g., direct or indirect
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Dopamine receptors control neural signaling that modulates many important behaviors, such as
878:
796:
665:
545:
511:
435:
377:
355:
56:
4280:
Jose PA, Eisner GM, Felder RA (2003). "Regulation of blood pressure by dopamine receptors".
3441:"Pharmacology of the Atypical Antipsychotic Remoxipride, a Dopamine D 2 Receptor Antagonist"
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alexoff D, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, et al. (14 April 2015).
3995:
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820:
752:
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347:
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1868:
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1380:, and some other antipsychotics, have been shown to increase the binding capacity of the D
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effects of dopamine in the blood. Such receptor subtypes have also been discovered in the
8:
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8641:
8280:
8083:
7513:
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6339:
6123:
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5112:
3984:"The dopamine augmenter L-DOPA does not affect positive mood in healthy human volunteers"
2633:"The G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer network (GPCR-HetNet) and its hub components"
2133:
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1615:
1307:
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activity, and inhibition of these proteins results in stunting of the hyperlocomotion in
484:
71:
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Mild dopaminergic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. ...
4192:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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3803:"D1 dopamine receptor: a putative neurochemical and behavioral link to cocaine action"
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have implicated several genes within dopamine signaling pathways; in particular, the D
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4812:"Molecular and pharmacodynamic interactions between caffeine and dopaminergic system"
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4774:
4755:"Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain"
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Gornick MC, Addington A, Shaw P, Bobb AJ, Sharp W, Greenstein D, et al. (2007).
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4953:"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation"
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4051:"Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders"
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1109:. Insulin secreting beta cells have been intensely researched due to their role in
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5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
4066:
4008:
3676:
2176:
Ellenbroek BA, Homberg J, Verheij M, Spooren W, van den Bos R, Martens G (2014).
2128:
1969:
1837:
1708:
1461:
1215:
1187:
1086:
1022:
1019:
836:
828:
787:
coupled receptors, which blocks the activity of adenylyl cyclase. cAMP mediated
558:
75:
3086:
9671:
9646:
9611:
9535:
9384:
9114:
9074:
8400:
8335:
7957:
7659:
6519:
6347:
5574:
5367:
5362:
5352:
5328:
5298:
5293:
3645:
3605:
3321:
3000:
2987:
Hussain T, Lokhandwala MF (2003). "Renal dopamine receptors and hypertension".
2777:"Role of Beta-arrestin 2 downstream of dopamine receptors in the Basal Ganglia"
2700:
2683:
2516:
1884:
1233:
1166:
1078:
995:
983:
887:
884:
469:
67:
63:
4250:
3141:
2942:
2682:
Agnati LF, Guidolin D, Cervetto C, Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K (January 2016).
2194:
2177:
2106:
2053:
1089:. Pancreatic endocrine glands, composed of dense clusters of cells called the
260:
dopamine receptors, but such receptors have not been conclusively identified.
10016:
9883:
9798:
9758:
9631:
9450:
9374:
9334:
9314:
9214:
8959:
8808:
8803:
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8129:
7714:
7363:
7358:
7353:
6279:
6215:
5283:
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4074:
4017:
3671:. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. Vol. 70. pp. 71β83.
3554:
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3329:
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2793:
1312:
1303:
1150:
1121:
1038:
968:
891:
591:
587:
3513:
2365:
1433:
receptor availability in the human brain, Caffeine, or other more selective
1058:
9893:
9888:
9873:
9793:
9753:
9727:
9722:
9681:
9676:
9525:
9470:
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8365:
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3749:
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3539:
3498:"Past and Present Progress in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Schizophrenia"
3482:
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972:
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3303:
3059:
2560:
2480:
2433:
2313:
2296:
2093:
Girault JA, Greengard P (2004). "The neurobiology of dopamine signaling".
582:
Dopamine receptors have been shown to heteromerize with a number of other
9858:
9843:
9828:
9691:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9621:
9595:
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9410:
9395:
9349:
9284:
9259:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9194:
9169:
9139:
9089:
9049:
8994:
8989:
8969:
8934:
8919:
8909:
8899:
8879:
8869:
8813:
8728:
8651:
8646:
8631:
8584:
8491:
8486:
8476:
8441:
8416:
8385:
8345:
8225:
8170:
8144:
8134:
8073:
4876:
3870:
3741:
3245:
Liu M, Ren L, Zhong X, Ding Y, Liu T, Liu Z, et al. (7 April 2020).
2649:
2631:
Borroto-Escuela DO, Brito I, Romero-Fernandez W, et al. (May 2014).
2154:
1377:
1191:
1062:
956:
844:
267:
receptors have widespread expression throughout the brain. Furthermore, D
5010:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from
4902:
in general, while also indicating that these effects are modest in size.
3051:
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9863:
9853:
9848:
9833:
9788:
9783:
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8702:
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8421:
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8240:
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8165:
8139:
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8027:
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7854:
7081:
4770:
4366:
Nestler EJ (1 January 2004). "Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction".
3079:
The Renin-Angiotensin System: Current Research Progress in The Pancreas
2146:
1907:
1895:
999:
991:
952:
948:
413:
252:. There is also some evidence that suggests the existence of possible D
120: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
53:
39:
5068:
5028:"Dopamine receptors: A representative family of metabotropic receptors
4423:
4293:
3819:
3802:
2743:
2599:
1437:
antagonists, causes significantly less motor stimulation in dopamine D
1194:, have significant effects on neuronal dopamine signaling. Studies of
460:
form is pre-synaptically situated, having modulatory functions (viz.,
9923:
9903:
9868:
9813:
9808:
9763:
9717:
9707:
9500:
9495:
9440:
9400:
9319:
9309:
9299:
9289:
9204:
9079:
9019:
9009:
8984:
8974:
8964:
8924:
8864:
8859:
8778:
8733:
8676:
8671:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8579:
8537:
8532:
8426:
8411:
8310:
8275:
8175:
8103:
8098:
7647:
7568:
5090:
4628:"Food Addiction: From Drugs to Donuts, Brain Activity May be the Key"
3591:
3203:
3162:
2681:
1921:
1915:
1901:
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1257:(DAT), the protein responsible for removing dopamine from the neural
1227:
1117:
903:
899:
403:
319:
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296:
21:
4658:
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2630:
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and humans with defective dopamine receptor activity, particularly D
271:
receptor subtypes are found at 10β100 times the levels of the D
95:
9913:
9748:
9666:
9600:
9279:
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8914:
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8201:
8093:
8057:
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7872:
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4919:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
3555:"Current Views on Dopaminergic Drugs Affecting Glucose Homeostasis"
2221:
1941:
1772:
1740:
1422:
1400:
1328:
1110:
1098:
792:
49:
25:
4852:
3130:
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews
1514:
855:
shown to form complexes with MAP kinase, leading to activation of
586:. Especially the D2 receptor is considered a major hub within the
468:. It affects synthesis, storage, and release of dopamine into the
9778:
9616:
9405:
9234:
9004:
8854:
8849:
8818:
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8220:
8209:
8119:
8114:
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6653:
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6613:
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6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
2501:
2465:
2038:"The dopamine D4 receptor: biochemical and signalling properties"
1522:
1258:
1246:
1094:
1082:
1011:
488:
1302:
While there is evidence that the dopamine system is involved in
9918:
8884:
8738:
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8180:
7825:
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7156:
7101:
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4528:
4526:
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2774:
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2035:
1396:
1392:
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cells of the adrenal cortex, renal tubules, and postganglionic
1015:
907:
4810:
Voiculescu M, GhiΘΔ I, SegΔrceanu A, Fulga I, Coman O (2014).
4809:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
3632:
Kienast T, Heinz A (2006). "Dopamine and the diseased brain".
2928:
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987:
840:
703:
4921:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 318.
4137:
4048:
3029:
2545:
2294:
1129:
as the pancreas have been proposed as a possible mechanism.
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7294:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7086:
7076:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6343:
6219:
5713:
4951:
Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014).
4589:
4535:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
4499:
4461:
2893:
2725:
2581:
2006:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1448:
1175:
1162:
860:
824:
696:
562:
451:
7848:
4950:
3981:
3361:
Kaar SJ, Natesan S, McCutcheon R, Howes OD (August 2020).
3360:
2411:
2344:
Neves SR, Ram PT, Iyengar R (2002). "G protein pathways".
2285:
8666:
7111:
1232:
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the
1026:
960:
3852:
3666:
2726:
Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR (January 2015).
2575:
2295:
Neve KA, Seamans JK, Trantham-Davidson H (August 2004).
847:
treated rats. Dopamine receptors can also transactivate
4104:
4102:
4049:
Olney JJ, Warlow SM, Naffziger EE, Berridge KC (2018).
2036:
Rondou P, Haegeman G, Van Craenenbroeck K (June 2010).
4752:
873:
Neurotransmitter Β§ Brain neurotransmitter systems
799:. Sustained D1 receptor activity is kept in check by
553:
receptor gene displays polymorphisms that differ in a
2721:
2719:
866:
4099:
2301:
Journal of Receptor and Signal Transduction Research
329:, increasing the intracellular concentration of the
4916:
5030:, Multimedia Neuroscience Education Project (2002)
4133:
4131:
3982:Liggins J, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Leyton M (2012).
3123:
2986:
2873:(Repr. ed.). Chichester: Wiley. p. 137.
2716:
2337:
2217:
2215:
2213:
1421:, further reinforcing drug seeking behavior. and
10014:
7987:
4279:
3934:
3848:
3846:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3552:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2922:
2582:Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR (2015).
2092:
890:. Dopamine also plays an important role in the
791:activity also results in the phosphorylation of
4912:
4910:
4858:
4128:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3244:
2825:
2775:Del'guidice T, Lemasson M, Beaulieu JM (2011).
2343:
2127:
3899:
3402:"Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications"
2819:
2405:
2210:
1374:(increase the numbers of) dopamine receptors.
7973:
5054:
5008:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
4859:Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ (January 2015).
3893:
3843:
3764:
3620:
2973:
1706:Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein
1315:drugs target dopamine receptors, especially D
1234:reward and reinforcement (mesolimbic) pathway
1126:Traditional/typical antipsychotic medications
943:and receptor subtypes, which may account for
913:
569:alleles have an established association with
8719:Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
8161:Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
4946:
4944:
4907:
4640:
4402:
3791:
3721:
3631:
3585:
2675:
2624:
2539:
2495:
2459:
2256:
2086:
1526:
5085:
3770:
3553:Hassanabad MF, Fatehi M (18 January 2019).
3495:
3399:
3023:
2887:
2871:Neurotransmitters, drugs and brain function
2250:
1306:, the theory that hyperactive dopaminergic
1002:, by signaling through dopamine receptors.
416:by inhibiting the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.
412:, which directly inhibits the formation of
7980:
7966:
7183:
5061:
5047:
4703:
4273:
4236:
3859:Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet
3730:Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet
3660:
918:
4976:
4941:
4835:
4786:
4729:
4666:
4558:
4422:
4322:
4213:
4203:
4082:
4025:
4007:
3818:
3669:Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders
3529:
3496:Kane JM, Correll CU (15 September 2010).
3472:
3337:
3280:
3262:
3221:
3180:
2802:
2792:
2751:
2699:
2658:
2648:
2607:
2312:
2193:
2061:
1010:Dopamine receptors are present along the
805:Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
5034:Scholarpedia article on Dopamine anatomy
1455:Summary of addiction-related plasticity
1276:
1182:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
1176:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
1159:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
571:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
20:
9608:Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives
4408:
4365:
4185:
2868:
2728:"Dopamine receptors β IUPHAR Review 13"
2584:"Dopamine receptors β IUPHAR Review 13"
1322:
1073:The role of the pancreas is to secrete
464:, which regulate neurotransmission via
10015:
6211:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
4055:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
3941:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
2393:
2391:
1671:Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior
1355:
1346:
1057:terminals. Dopamine signaling affects
982:receptors have been identified in the
857:extracellular signal-regulated kinases
807:can be cAMP dependent or independent.
740:
577:
7961:
7847:
7634:
7215:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
7182:
5084:
5042:
4532:
4181:
4179:
4177:
3438:
3072:
1929:
1694:
1556:
1476:
1470:
1459:
4625:
2178:"Alexander Rudolf Cools (1942-2013)"
2042:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1298:Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
230:of dopamine receptors, whereas the D
118:adding citations to reliable sources
89:
16:Class of G protein-coupled receptors
9210:Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)
4704:Staley JK, Mash DC (October 1996).
3400:Muench J, Hamer AM (1 March 2010).
2896:Autonomic and Autacoid Pharmacology
2388:
1045:-like receptors are present on the
1033:-like receptors are present on the
967:-like receptors are present on the
814:
515:). Maximum expression of dopamine D
13:
4722:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06100.1996
4593:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4359:
4174:
3502:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
3457:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00199.x
3044:10.1046/j.1365-2680.1998.1820115.x
2840:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.028
1221:
867:Role in the central nervous system
811:decreasing potassium conductance.
803:. Dopamine receptor activation of
439:), of which there are two forms: D
14:
10034:
4996:
4641:Johnson PM, Kenny PJ (May 2010).
3935:Berridge KC, Robinson TE (1998).
3571:10.2174/1573399814666180424123912
765:coupled receptors that stimulate
385:
278:
7564:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
4551:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
4380:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.031
4152:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.032
4114:National Institute on Drug Abuse
3379:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107704
2908:10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00376.x
2271:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.12.001
1291:
1025:showing the highest density. In
94:
9991:Monoamine metabolism modulators
7524:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
4803:
4746:
4697:
4683:
4634:
4619:
4583:
4455:
4433:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.008
4316:
4230:
4042:
3975:
3928:
3801:Hummel M, Unterwald EM (2002).
3546:
3489:
3432:
3393:
3354:
3297:
3238:
3210:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3197:
3169:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3156:
3117:
3066:
2862:
2768:
2732:British Journal of Pharmacology
2448:
1116:Recent studies have found that
1068:
1005:
105:needs additional citations for
6186:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
4605:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020352
3634:CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets
2399:"Introduction to Neuroscience"
2169:
2121:
2029:
1155:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
334:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1:
9973:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
9946:Receptor/signaling modulators
8125:Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)
7604:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
6474:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
4337:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00740-9
3953:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8
2426:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01078-0
2297:"Dopamine receptor signaling"
2023:
2018:Category:Dopamine antagonists
1425:increases striatal dopamine D
1335:in humans. This can occur in
1132:
1105:essential for metabolism and
555:variable number tandem repeat
242:receptors are members of the
220:receptors are members of the
4816:Journal of Medicine and Life
4067:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.007
4009:10.1371/journal.pone.0028370
3677:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_13
1644:conditioned place preference
1531:Tooltip medium spiny neurons
1399:, amphetamine, alcohol, and
1218:compared to other variants.
7:
6389:Prolactin-releasing peptide
5074:G protein-coupled receptors
4710:The Journal of Neuroscience
4186:Potenza MN (October 2008).
3087:10.1007/978-90-481-9060-7_1
2000:
1370:(reduce the numbers of) or
584:G protein-coupled receptors
85:
36:G protein-coupled receptors
10:
10039:
9982:Monoamine releasing agents
9170:Flupentixol (flupenthixol)
8346:Flupentixol (flupenthixol)
4533:Olsen CM (December 2011).
3646:10.2174/187152706784111560
3606:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.457
3439:Nadal R (September 2001).
3322:10.1038/s41398-020-01171-z
3251:Frontiers in Endocrinology
3075:"Overview of the Pancreas"
3001:10.1177/153537020322800202
2701:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0024
2517:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.133
2013:Category:Dopamine agonists
1359:
1295:
1280:
1225:
1179:
914:Non-CNS dopamine receptors
876:
870:
519:receptors is noted in the
38:that are prominent in the
9936:
9834:Metitepine (methiothepin)
9260:Pericyazine (periciazine)
9058:
8684:Dihydrexidine derivatives
8563:
8550:
8523:Metitepine (methiothepin)
8319:
8289:
8111:Dihydrexidine derivatives
8011:
7998:
7931:
7865:
7861:
7843:
7700:
7658:
7654:
7630:
7504:
7381:
7200:
7196:
7178:
7053:
6670:
6518:
6511:
6017:
5905:
5898:
5663:
5550:
5541:
5377:
5282:
5179:
5111:
5102:
5098:
5080:
4251:10.1017/S1092852900012335
3406:American Family Physician
3142:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.10.008
2989:Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)
2943:10.1007/s00380-009-1224-4
2781:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
2195:10.1007/s00213-014-3583-5
2107:10.1001/archneur.61.5.641
2054:10.1007/s00018-010-0293-y
1968:
1939:
1882:
1835:
1770:
1738:
1699:
1695:Neurochemical plasticity
1669:
1640:
1612:
1583:
1561:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1122:antipsychotic medications
1035:juxtaglomerular apparatus
849:Receptor tyrosine kinases
801:Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
9436:Clotiapine (clothiapine)
9310:Spiperone (spiroperidol)
9275:Piflutixol (pifluthixol)
7710:Calcium-sensing receptor
7579:Methuselah-like proteins
4759:Translational Psychiatry
4626:Park P (9 August 2007).
3559:Current Diabetes Reviews
3310:Translational Psychiatry
3264:10.3389/fendo.2020.00152
2794:10.3389/fnana.2011.00058
1251:substituted amphetamines
59:for dopamine receptors.
9392:Atypical antipsychotics
8775:Atypical antipsychotics
8708:N,N-Propyldihydrexidine
8408:Atypical antipsychotics
8297:Tetrahydroisoquinolines
5856:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
5744:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
3514:10.4088/JCP.10r06264yel
2366:10.1126/science.1071550
1490:High fat or sugar food
919:Cardio-pulmonary system
487:or a synthetic partial
325:subsequently activates
82:of dopamine receptors.
9066:Typical antipsychotics
8327:Typical antipsychotics
7737:Metabotropic glutamate
4205:10.1098/rstb.2008.0100
3914:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500208
3223:10.1074/jbc.M505560200
3182:10.1074/jbc.M505560200
2236:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001334
1557:Behavioral plasticity
1435:adenosine A2A receptor
1214:allele has suppressed
975:in most major organs.
400:-like family receptors
293:-like family receptors
43:central nervous system
28:
10000:Monoamine neurotoxins
8794:Aripiprazole lauroxil
5766:Lysophosphatidic acid
5070:Cell surface receptor
4969:10.1124/pr.112.007054
4822:(Spec Iss 4): 30β38.
4477:10.1007/s002130000532
4325:The Lancet. Neurology
4110:"Drugs and the Brain"
2561:10.1038/sj.mp.4001466
2481:10.1038/sj.mp.4001078
2314:10.1081/RRS-200029981
1562:Escalation of intake
1467:behavioral plasticity
1277:Pathological gambling
990:. Dopamine increases
879:Dopaminergic pathways
877:Further information:
871:Further information:
797:protein phosphatase 1
24:
9769:Desmethoxyfallypride
8980:Propylnorapomorphine
8779:Alentemol (U-66444B)
8251:Propylnorapomorphine
7691:Vomeronasal receptor
6661:Vomeronasal receptor
5004:"Dopamine Receptors"
4877:10.1162/jocn_a_00776
3871:10.1002/ajmg.b.30460
3742:10.1002/ajmg.b.10025
2650:10.3390/ijms15058570
1883:Changes in striatal
1403:cause decreases in D
1323:Genetic hypertension
1255:dopamine transporter
1091:Islets of Langerhans
910:and motor function.
821:ribosomal protein s6
263:At a global level, D
114:improve this article
72:receptor antagonists
9909:Tetrahydropalmatine
8642:Dihydroergocryptine
8281:Tetrahydropalmatine
8084:Dihydroergocryptine
7584:Parathyroid hormone
5544:signaling molecules
4647:Nature Neuroscience
4146:(Suppl 1): 227β41.
4000:2012PLoSO...728370L
3216:(44): 36824β36832.
3175:(44): 36824β36832.
2358:2002Sci...296.1636N
2134:Psychopharmacologia
1934:synaptic plasticity
1616:self-administration
1587:cross-sensitization
1456:
1356:Dopamine regulation
1347:Parkinson's disease
1308:signal transduction
1147:Parkinson's disease
1143:Tourette's syndrome
998:, without changing
753:Dopamine receptor D
746:Dopamine receptor D
741:Signaling mechanism
578:Receptor heteromers
557:present within the
538:Dopamine receptor D
504:Dopamine receptor D
485:receptor antagonist
466:feedback mechanisms
428:Dopamine receptor D
402:are coupled to the
370:Dopamine receptor D
348:Dopamine receptor D
309:is also coupled to
295:are coupled to the
129:"Dopamine receptor"
70:are often dopamine
10023:Dopamine receptors
7733:Glutamate receptor
7118:Protease-activated
5014:on 1 February 2017
4771:10.1038/tp.2015.46
4465:Psychopharmacology
4374:(Suppl 1): 24β32.
3902:Pharmacogenomics J
3779:(Suppl 8): 13β20.
2869:Webster R (2001).
2230:(Suppl 1): S13β7.
2182:Psychopharmacology
2147:10.1007/bf00421135
1869:ΞΌ-opioid receptors
1863:ΞΌ-opioid receptors
1857:ΞΊ-opioid receptors
1852:ΞΌ-opioid receptors
1846:ΞΌ-opioid receptors
1776:dopamine signaling
1494:Sexual intercourse
1454:
1331:can cause genetic
1327:Dopamine receptor
1243:recreational drugs
1239:Incentive Salience
994:contractility and
896:incentive salience
795:, an inhibitor of
536:is encoded by the
521:islands of Calleja
502:is encoded by the
426:is encoded by the
368:is encoded by the
346:is encoded by the
32:Dopamine receptors
29:
10010:
10009:
10003:
9994:
9985:
9976:
9967:
9958:
9949:
9932:
9931:
9839:N-Methylspiperone
9697:Trimethobenzamide
8757:
8749:
8741:
8546:
8545:
8204:
8196:
8183:
7989:Dopamine receptor
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
6507:
6506:
5894:
5893:
5537:
5536:
4928:978-0-07-148127-4
4865:J. Cogn. Neurosci
4539:Neuropharmacology
4368:Neuropharmacology
4294:10.1159/000073676
4140:Neuropharmacology
3820:10.1002/jcp.10078
3773:J Clin Psychiatry
3686:978-3-211-28927-3
3367:Neuropharmacology
3096:978-90-481-9059-1
3073:Leung PS (2010),
3032:J Auton Pharmacol
2931:Heart and Vessels
2880:978-0-471-97819-0
2744:10.1111/bph.12906
2600:10.1111/bph.12906
2188:(11): 2219β2222.
1998:
1997:
1976:nucleus accumbens
1946:nucleus accumbens
1931:Mesocorticolimbic
1836:Altered striatal
1747:nucleus accumbens
1714:nucleus accumbens
1520:nucleus accumbens
1499:Physical exercise
1487:Psychostimulants
1479:
1419:nucleus accumbens
1417:receptors in the
1389:Addictive stimuli
1362:YerkesβDodson law
1263:nucleus accumbens
1075:digestive enzymes
1055:sympathetic nerve
986:of rat and human
959:of the heart. In
656:Non-isoreceptors
525:nucleus accumbens
190:
189:
182:
164:
80:indirect agonists
10030:
9997:
9988:
9979:
9970:
9961:
9952:
9940:
9819:Levofenfluramine
9687:Thiethylperazine
9364:+tranylcypromine
9295:Prochlorperazine
9110:Chlorproethazine
8755:
8747:
8742:-DOPA (levodopa)
8739:
8561:
8560:
8395:+tranylcypromine
8202:
8194:
8184:-DOPA (levodopa)
8181:
8009:
8008:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7959:
7958:
7863:
7862:
7845:
7844:
7656:
7655:
7632:
7631:
7198:
7197:
7180:
7179:
6516:
6515:
5903:
5902:
5801:Lysophospholipid
5548:
5547:
5109:
5108:
5104:Neurotransmitter
5100:
5099:
5082:
5081:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5026:Zimmerberg, B.,
5023:
5021:
5019:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4871:(6): 1069β1089.
4856:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4693:. 18 April 2008.
4687:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4587:
4581:
4576:
4562:
4530:
4497:
4496:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4426:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4198:(1507): 3181β9.
4183:
4172:
4171:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4011:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3822:
3807:J. Cell. Physiol
3798:
3789:
3788:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3508:(9): 1115β1124.
3493:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3445:CNS Drug Reviews
3436:
3430:
3429:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2588:Br. J. Pharmacol
2579:
2573:
2572:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2352:(5573): 1636β9.
2341:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2065:
2033:
1977:
1947:
1838:opioid signaling
1748:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1532:
1528:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1283:Problem gambling
1196:gene association
1107:glycemic control
1087:endocrine glands
1051:zona glomerulosa
1023:epithelial cells
925:pulmonary artery
833:protein kinase B
815:cAMP independent
789:protein kinase A
767:adenylyl cyclase
692:ghrelin receptor
443:Sh (short) and D
331:second messenger
327:adenylyl cyclase
185:
178:
174:
171:
165:
163:
122:
98:
90:
76:psychostimulants
47:neurotransmitter
10038:
10037:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10006:
9928:
9704:Antidepressants
9370:Triflupromazine
9360:Trifluoperazine
9340:Thioproperazine
9120:Chlorprothixene
9054:
8715:Phenethylamines
8555:
8542:
8391:Trifluoperazine
8341:Chlorprothixene
8315:
8285:
8152:Phenethylamines
8003:
7994:
7986:
7956:
7943:
7927:
7857:
7831:
7718:
7696:
7650:
7618:
7500:
7377:
7192:
7162:
7049:
6666:
6503:
6109:Cholecystokinin
6013:
5890:
5719:Free fatty acid
5659:
5543:
5542:Metabolites and
5533:
5373:
5278:
5175:
5094:
5076:
5067:
5017:
5015:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4929:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4857:
4853:
4808:
4804:
4751:
4747:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4659:10.1038/nn.2519
4639:
4635:
4624:
4620:
4588:
4584:
4531:
4500:
4460:
4456:
4411:Prog. Neurobiol
4407:
4403:
4364:
4360:
4321:
4317:
4282:Nephron Physiol
4278:
4274:
4235:
4231:
4184:
4175:
4136:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4116:. 22 March 2022
4108:
4107:
4100:
4047:
4043:
3980:
3976:
3933:
3929:
3898:
3894:
3851:
3844:
3799:
3792:
3769:
3765:
3726:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3665:
3661:
3630:
3621:
3594:Am J Psychiatry
3590:
3586:
3551:
3547:
3494:
3490:
3437:
3433:
3398:
3394:
3359:
3355:
3302:
3298:
3243:
3239:
3202:
3198:
3161:
3157:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3097:
3071:
3067:
3028:
3024:
2985:
2974:
2927:
2923:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2867:
2863:
2824:
2820:
2773:
2769:
2724:
2717:
2680:
2676:
2629:
2625:
2580:
2576:
2549:Mol. Psychiatry
2544:
2540:
2505:Am J Psychiatry
2500:
2496:
2469:Mol. Psychiatry
2464:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2342:
2338:
2293:
2286:
2259:Pharmacol. Ther
2255:
2251:
2224:J Hum Hypertens
2220:
2211:
2174:
2170:
2126:
2122:
2091:
2087:
2048:(12): 1971β86.
2034:
2030:
2026:
2003:
1975:
1973:
1970:Dendritic spine
1945:
1893:
1885:opioid peptides
1854:
1843:
1746:
1744:
1713:
1711:
1709:phosphorylation
1705:
1642:
1641:Psychostimulant
1614:
1613:Psychostimulant
1585:
1584:Psychostimulant
1530:
1518:
1507:
1500:
1464:
1462:neuroplasticity
1440:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1406:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1269:and decreased D
1268:
1230:
1224:
1222:Addictive drugs
1216:gene expression
1213:
1205:
1201:
1188:methylphenidate
1184:
1178:
1135:
1079:exocrine glands
1071:
1044:
1032:
1020:proximal tubule
1008:
981:
966:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:In humans, the
921:
916:
881:
875:
869:
837:arrestin beta 2
829:phospholipase C
817:
785:
778:
763:
756:
749:
743:
735:
729:
722:
716:
700:
689:
682:
676:
669:
663:
652:
648:
642:
638:
632:
628:
622:
618:
611:
607:
580:
568:
559:coding sequence
552:
541:
534:
518:
507:
500:
480:
456:
446:
442:
431:
424:
410:
399:
392:
389:
373:
366:
351:
344:
323:
314:
308:
303:
292:
285:
282:
274:
270:
266:
259:
255:
248:
241:
237:
233:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
175:
169:
166:
123:
121:
111:
99:
88:
52:is the primary
34:are a class of
17:
12:
11:
5:
10036:
10026:
10025:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10004:
9995:
9986:
9977:
9968:
9959:
9950:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9804:Isocorypalmine
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9731:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9672:Metoclopramide
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9647:Deudomperidone
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9612:Aceprometazine
9604:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9536:Piperacetazine
9533:
9528:
9523:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9388:
9387:
9385:Zuclopenthixol
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9269:+amitriptyline
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9115:Chlorpromazine
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9075:Acetophenazine
9072:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8781:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8752:
8750:-Phenylalanine
8744:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:Aminotetralins
8588:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8567:
8565:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8404:
8403:
8401:Zuclopenthixol
8398:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8370:+amitriptyline
8363:
8358:
8353:
8343:
8338:
8336:Chlorpromazine
8333:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8231:Isocorypalmine
8228:
8223:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8199:
8197:-Phenylalanine
8191:
8186:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8015:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7985:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7962:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7859:
7858:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7804:
7798:
7793:
7784:
7779:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7730:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7665:
7663:
7652:
7651:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7610:
7601:
7596:
7590:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7536:
7530:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7206:
7204:
7194:
7193:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7154:
7149:
7140:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7115:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7070:
7065:
7063:Adrenomedullin
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6525:
6523:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6495:
6490:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6455:
6446:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6416:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6351:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6298:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6268:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6183:
6177:
6172:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6147:
6141:Formyl peptide
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6121:
6115:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6073:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6005:
5996:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5927:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5798:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5695:
5682:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5613:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5572:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5496:
5490:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5346:
5340:
5335:
5326:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5096:
5095:
5078:
5077:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5024:
4998:
4997:External links
4995:
4993:
4992:
4963:(1): 193β221.
4957:Pharmacol. Rev
4940:
4927:
4906:
4851:
4802:
4745:
4716:(19): 6100β6.
4696:
4682:
4633:
4618:
4582:
4545:(7): 1109β22.
4498:
4454:
4417:(6): 399β415.
4401:
4358:
4315:
4272:
4229:
4173:
4127:
4098:
4041:
3974:
3947:(3): 309β369.
3927:
3892:
3842:
3790:
3763:
3720:
3711:|journal=
3685:
3659:
3619:
3600:(3): 457β459.
3584:
3545:
3488:
3451:(3): 265β282.
3431:
3412:(5): 617β622.
3392:
3353:
3296:
3237:
3196:
3155:
3136:(1): 364β372.
3116:
3095:
3065:
3022:
2972:
2921:
2886:
2879:
2861:
2818:
2767:
2715:
2674:
2643:(5): 8570β90.
2623:
2574:
2538:
2494:
2458:
2447:
2420:(1β2): 58β74.
2404:
2387:
2336:
2307:(3): 165β205.
2284:
2249:
2209:
2168:
2141:(3): 243β254.
2120:
2085:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:Not applicable
1592:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1404:
1381:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1253:, inhibit the
1226:Main article:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1134:
1131:
1103:other hormones
1070:
1067:
1042:
1030:
1007:
1004:
996:cardiac output
979:
964:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
917:
915:
912:
888:working memory
868:
865:
816:
813:
783:
776:
761:
754:
747:
742:
739:
738:
737:
733:
732:adrenoceptor Ξ²
727:
724:
720:
719:adrenoceptor Ξ±
714:
711:
698:
694:
687:
684:
680:
674:
671:
667:
661:
654:
653:
650:
646:
643:
640:
636:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
605:
588:GPCR heteromer
579:
576:
575:
574:
566:
550:
539:
532:
528:
516:
505:
498:
494:
493:
492:
478:
473:
470:synaptic cleft
454:
444:
440:
429:
422:
408:
397:
391:
387:
384:
383:
382:
371:
364:
360:
349:
342:
321:
312:
306:
301:
290:
284:
280:
277:
272:
268:
264:
257:
253:
246:
239:
235:
231:
224:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
187:
102:
100:
93:
87:
84:
78:are typically
68:antipsychotics
64:neuroendocrine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10035:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9964:Serotonergics
9960:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9884:Sonepiprazole
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9799:Iodobenzamide
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9759:Bromocriptine
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9632:Benzquinamide
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9606:
9605:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9451:DHA-clozapine
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9375:Trifluperidol
9373:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9335:Thiopropazate
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9315:Sulforidazine
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9215:Levosulpiride
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9185:Fluprothixene
9183:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8960:Phencyclidine
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8809:Brilaroxazine
8807:
8805:
8804:Brexpiprazole
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8753:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:Dihydrexidine
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8627:Bromocriptine
8624:
8621:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8549:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:Norquetiapine
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8432:DHA-clozapine
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8198:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8130:Dihydrexidine
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7983:
7978:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7629:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:Miscellaneous
6510:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6025:Anaphylatoxin
6023:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:Prostaglandin
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:Acetylcholine
5383:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:(5): 635β41.
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:(4): 507β14.
4598:
4594:
4586:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:(2): 174β80.
4470:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4424:q-bio/0401039
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:(5): 309β16.
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:(10): 25β33.
4244:
4240:
4239:CNS Spectrums
4233:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:(1): e28370.
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:(3): 379β82.
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:(1): 109β31.
3639:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:(2): 115β21.
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:(2): 134β42.
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:(1): 263β76.
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Int J Mol Sci
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:NCBI Database
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:(3): 715β28.
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:(presynaptic)
2008:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:expression in
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:Environmental
1502:
1495:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1337:animal models
1334:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1313:antipsychotic
1309:
1305:
1304:schizophrenia
1299:
1292:Schizophrenia
1289:
1284:
1274:
1265:, increased D
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:schizophrenia
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:social phobia
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1039:renal tubules
1036:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
976:
974:
973:blood vessels
970:
969:smooth muscle
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
926:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:reward system
889:
886:
880:
874:
864:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
772:
768:
764:
757:
750:
736:
725:
723:
712:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
685:
683:
672:
670:
659:
658:
657:
644:
634:
624:
614:
612:
602:
601:
600:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
572:
564:
560:
556:
548:
547:
542:
535:
529:
526:
522:
514:
513:
508:
501:
495:
490:
486:
482:
474:
471:
467:
463:
462:autoreceptors
459:
458:
449:
448:
438:
437:
432:
425:
419:
418:
417:
415:
411:
405:
401:
380:
379:
374:
367:
361:
358:
357:
352:
345:
339:
338:
337:
335:
332:
328:
324:
317:
315:
304:
298:
294:
276:
261:
251:
250:
229:
228:
184:
181:
173:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131: β
130:
126:
125:Find sources:
119:
115:
109:
108:
103:This section
101:
97:
92:
91:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
27:
23:
19:
9998:
9989:
9980:
9971:
9962:
9953:
9942:
9941:
9894:Stepholidine
9889:Spiroxatrine
9879:Seridopidine
9874:SB-277,011-A
9794:Fenfluramine
9754:Bromerguride
9734:
9728:Trimipramine
9723:Propiomazine
9703:
9682:Promethazine
9677:Metopimazine
9607:
9526:Paliperidone
9471:Fluperlapine
9461:Elopiprazole
9426:Clocapramine
9416:Carpipramine
9391:
9345:Thioridazine
9305:Prothipendyl
9265:Perphenazine
9225:Mesoridazine
9200:Homopipramol
9190:Fluspirilene
9180:Fluphenazine
9135:Clothixamide
9130:Clopenthixol
9105:Chloracizine
9100:Butaperazine
9070:Acepromazine
9065:
9025:Salvinorin A
8835:
8829:Norclozapine
8824:Lumateperone
8784:Aripiprazole
8774:
8714:
8683:
8637:Chanoclavine
8622:
8591:
8570:
8503:
8467:Paliperidone
8447:Norclozapine
8437:Fluperlapine
8407:
8381:Thioridazine
8366:Perphenazine
8356:Fluphenazine
8326:
8296:
8271:Stepholidine
8216:
8151:
8110:
8069:
8019:Benzazepines
8018:
7988:
7701:
7668:
7641:Metabotropic
7505:
7390:
7343:
7301:
7267:
7238:
7209:
7054:
6679:
6528:
6479:Urotensin-II
6419:Somatostatin
6374:Prokineticin
6271:Melanocortin
5974:
5907:Neuropeptide
5846:Oxoglutarate
5688:
5650:Prostacyclin
5619:
5606:
5559:
5447:GHB receptor
5414:
5348:
5291:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:the original
5007:
4960:
4956:
4932:
4918:
4896:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4685:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4621:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4572:
4542:
4538:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4288:(2): 19β27.
4285:
4281:
4275:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4195:
4191:
4143:
4139:
4118:. Retrieved
4113:
4058:
4054:
4044:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3908:(6): 343β8.
3905:
3901:
3895:
3862:
3858:
3813:(1): 17β27.
3810:
3806:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3736:(1): 57β60.
3733:
3729:
3723:
3668:
3662:
3637:
3633:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3565:(2): 93β99.
3562:
3558:
3548:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3108:, retrieved
3078:
3068:
3052:11573/464054
3035:
3031:
3025:
2992:
2988:
2951:11573/230067
2937:(5): 432β7.
2934:
2930:
2924:
2902:(4): 361β9.
2899:
2895:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2831:
2828:Neuroscience
2827:
2821:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2735:
2731:
2691:
2688:Rev Neurosci
2687:
2677:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2555:(7): 711β7.
2552:
2548:
2541:
2511:(1): 133β8.
2508:
2504:
2497:
2475:(7): 790β4.
2472:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2304:
2300:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2227:
2223:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2101:(5): 641β4.
2098:
2095:Arch. Neurol
2094:
2088:
2045:
2041:
2031:
1842:No change or
1775:
1446:mesocortical
1443:
1387:
1376:
1368:downregulate
1365:
1350:
1333:hypertension
1326:
1301:
1286:
1241:), and many
1231:
1209:
1202:variant of D
1185:
1161:(ADHD), and
1136:
1115:
1072:
1069:The Pancreas
1009:
1006:Renal system
977:
945:vasodilatory
922:
882:
853:
818:
809:
744:
708:autoreceptor
655:
598:Isoreceptors
596:
581:
544:
530:
510:
496:
476:
452:
434:
420:
393:
390:-like family
376:
362:
354:
340:
318:
286:
283:-like family
262:
249:-like family
243:
227:-like family
221:
191:
176:
167:
157:
150:
143:
136:
124:
112:Please help
107:verification
104:
61:
31:
30:
18:
9955:Adrenergics
9859:Pridopidine
9844:Nafadotride
9829:Metergoline
9744:Alpiropride
9692:Trazpiroben
9662:Hydroxyzine
9657:Eticlopride
9652:Domperidone
9622:Alimemazine
9596:Ziprasidone
9591:Zicronapine
9586:Veralipride
9571:Tefludazine
9561:Risperidone
9556:Remoxipride
9541:Pipotiazine
9531:Perospirone
9520:+fluoxetine
9511:Ocaperidone
9506:Mosapramine
9491:Mazapertine
9481:Iloperidone
9476:Gevotroline
9466:Flumezapine
9446:Cyamemazine
9431:Clorotepine
9411:Blonanserin
9396:Amisulpride
9350:Thiothixene
9285:Pipamperone
9250:Perathiepin
9245:Penfluridol
9240:Nemonapride
9195:Haloperidol
9174:+melitracen
9140:Clopimozide
9090:Bromperidol
9059:Antagonists
9050:WAY-100,635
8995:Quinelorane
8990:Quinagolide
8970:Pramipexole
8935:Pardoprunox
8920:Mesulergine
8910:Flibanserin
8900:Dizocilpine
8880:Armodafinil
8870:Apomorphine
8814:Cariprazine
8788:+sertraline
8729:Etilevodopa
8652:Ergocornine
8647:Epicriptine
8632:Cabergoline
8585:Rimantadine
8571:Adamantanes
8492:Ziprasidone
8487:Zicronapine
8482:Tefludazine
8477:Risperidone
8461:+fluoxetine
8442:Iloperidone
8417:Clorotepine
8386:Thiothixene
8376:Pifluthixol
8350:+melitracen
8320:Antagonists
8226:Apomorphine
8171:Etilevodopa
8145:Doxanthrine
8135:Dinapsoline
8074:Cabergoline
7349:Latrophilin
6484:Vasopressin
6469:Thyrotropin
6046:Angiotensin
5999:Neurotensin
5676:Cannabinoid
5655:Thromboxane
4765:(4): e549.
2738:(1): 1β23.
2694:(1): 1β25.
2594:(1): 1β23.
1894:No change:
1739:Sensitized
1378:Haloperidol
1319:receptors.
1192:amphetamine
1063:natriuresis
957:endocardium
927:expresses D
845:amphetamine
769:to produce
679:adenosine A
666:adenosine A
594:consist of
447:Lh (long):
9864:Raclopride
9854:PNU-99,194
9849:Nuciferine
9789:Fananserin
9784:Fallypride
9713:Nefazodone
9642:Clebopride
9637:Bromopride
9627:Alizapride
9581:Tiospirone
9576:Tenilapine
9566:Sertindole
9551:Quetiapine
9546:Piquindone
9516:Olanzapine
9486:Lurasidone
9456:Dixyrazine
9421:Cinuperone
9380:Zetidoline
9355:Timiperone
9330:Teflutixol
9325:Sultopride
9165:Fluotracen
9160:Flucindole
9155:Fluanisone
9150:Fluacizine
9145:Droperidol
9125:Ciclindole
9095:Butaclamol
9085:Benperidol
9045:Umespirone
9040:Talipexole
9035:Sumanirole
9030:SKF-83,959
9015:Ropinirole
9000:Quinpirole
8955:PF-592,379
8950:PF-219,061
8945:PD-168,077
8940:PD-128,907
8905:Esketamine
8895:CP-226,269
8890:Captodiame
8875:Arketamine
8799:Bifeprunox
8763:Melevodopa
8724:Dopexamine
8703:Dinoxyline
8657:Lergotrile
8611:Rotigotine
8575:Amantadine
8472:Quetiapine
8457:Olanzapine
8422:Clotiapine
8331:Butaclamol
8266:SKF-89,626
8261:SKF-89,145
8256:Rotigotine
8246:PF 6669571
8241:PF-6649751
8236:Nuciferine
8189:Melevodopa
8166:Dopexamine
8140:Dinoxyline
8079:CY-208,243
8063:Zelandopam
8053:SKF-83,959
8048:SKF-82,958
8043:SKF-81,297
8038:SKF-77,434
8033:SKF-38,393
8028:Fenoldopam
7992:modulators
7939:Smoothened
7932:Smoothened
7855:Smoothened
7514:Calcitonin
6449:Tachykinin
6346:, but not
6340:Nociceptin
6206:Kisspeptin
6124:Endothelin
6087:Bradykinin
5975:Neuromedin
5552:Eicosanoid
5181:Purinergic
5113:Adrenergic
3373:: 107704.
2024:References
1972:density in
1940:Number of
1908:enkephalin
1896:enkephalin
1606:Attenuated
1603:Attenuated
1508:enrichment
1473:reinforcer
1441:receptor.
1372:upregulate
1360:See also:
1245:, such as
1170:dependence
1133:In disease
1118:beta cells
1093:, secrete
1000:heart rate
992:myocardial
953:myocardium
949:epicardium
710:heteromer)
275:subtypes.
170:March 2009
140:newspapers
54:endogenous
40:vertebrate
9943:See also:
9924:Yohimbine
9904:Terguride
9869:Sarizotan
9814:L-745,870
9809:L-741,626
9764:Buspirone
9718:Opipramol
9708:Amoxapine
9501:Molindone
9496:Melperone
9441:Clozapine
9401:Asenapine
9320:Sulpiride
9300:Promazine
9290:Preclamol
9205:Lenperone
9080:Azaperone
9020:Roxindole
9010:Ro10-5824
8985:Pukateine
8975:Preclamol
8965:Piribedil
8925:Modafinil
8865:Aplindore
8860:Adrafinil
8758:-Tyrosine
8734:Ibopamine
8677:Terguride
8672:Pergolide
8623:Ergolines
8606:8-OH-PBZI
8601:7-OH-DPAT
8596:5-OH-DPAT
8580:Memantine
8538:SCH-23390
8533:Perlapine
8508:Berupipam
8427:Clozapine
8412:Asenapine
8311:Mevidalen
8276:Tavapadon
8205:-Tyrosine
8176:Ibopamine
8104:Terguride
8099:Pergolide
8070:Ergolines
7849:Class F:
7648:pheromone
7644:glutamate
7068:Olfactory
6104:Chemokine
5886:Succinate
5671:Bile acid
5479:Melatonin
5452:Histamine
5292:(all but
5284:Serotonin
5189:Adenosine
5091:Rhodopsin
4828:1844-122X
4779:2158-3188
4120:21 August
4075:2352-1546
4061:: 59β69.
4018:1932-6203
3713:ignored (
3703:cite book
3522:0160-6689
3465:1080-563X
3418:1532-0650
3330:2158-3188
3316:(1): 59.
3273:1664-2392
2414:Brain Res
1942:dendrites
1922:dynorphin
1916:dynorphin
1902:dynorphin
1891:dynorphin
1876:No change
1873:No change
1501:(aerobic)
1329:mutations
1228:Addiction
1047:glomeruli
1041:, while D
906:release,
904:prolactin
900:cognition
592:Protomers
590:network.
404:G protein
297:G protein
10017:Category
9914:Tiapride
9824:LEK-8829
9749:Azapride
9667:Itopride
9601:Zotepine
9280:Pimozide
9255:Perazine
9230:Moperone
9220:Loxapine
8930:OSU-6162
8915:Ketamine
8845:A-412997
8693:Ciladopa
8688:2-OH-NPA
8662:Lisuride
8564:Agonists
8528:Odapipam
8513:Ecopipam
8497:Zotepine
8361:Loxapine
8094:Lisuride
8089:LEK-8829
8058:Trepipam
8023:6-Br-APB
8012:Agonists
7873:Frizzled
7866:Frizzled
7851:Frizzled
7693:, type 2
7599:Secretin
7539:Glucagon
7244:Cadherin
7202:Adhesion
7189:Secretin
6522:, bitter
6369:Oxytocin
6066:Bombesin
5714:Estrogen
5415:Dopamine
4987:24344115
4893:15788121
4885:25591060
4846:27057246
4797:25871974
4677:20348917
4613:18316420
4569:21459101
4493:20804595
4485:11057521
4441:15177784
4396:11266116
4388:15464123
4345:15099546
4310:28595227
4302:14610323
4267:20594850
4259:18438310
4224:18640909
4168:25983940
4160:15464140
4093:29503841
4036:22238577
3988:PLOS ONE
3969:11959878
3922:14581929
3887:25065281
3879:17171657
3837:40444893
3829:11920678
3785:16961425
3758:44866985
3750:12555236
3695:17017512
3654:16613557
3614:10698826
3579:29692257
3540:20923620
3483:11607043
3426:20187598
3387:31299229
3348:33589583
3291:32318020
3232:16129680
3191:16129680
3150:30641727
3110:12 April
3105:20700834
3017:10896819
3009:12563019
2967:36507640
2959:20676967
2916:16968475
2856:20906770
2848:16310964
2813:21922001
2762:25671228
2710:26418645
2669:24830558
2618:25671228
2569:14699430
2533:25892078
2525:14702261
2489:12192625
2442:46096849
2382:20136388
2374:12040175
2331:12407397
2323:15521361
2279:16458973
2244:11986886
2204:24770629
2163:40366909
2129:Cools AR
2115:15148138
2080:21432517
2072:20165900
2063:11115718
2007:D2 short
2001:See also
1773:striatal
1771:Altered
1743:response
1741:dopamine
1484:Opiates
1471:Type of
1460:Form of
1423:Caffeine
1401:nicotine
1111:diabetes
1099:glucagon
1083:hormones
1059:diuresis
793:DARPP-32
549:). The D
336:(cAMP).
86:Subtypes
50:dopamine
26:Dopamine
9779:F-15063
9617:AS-8112
9406:BL-1020
9235:Naranol
9005:RDS-127
8855:ABT-724
8850:ABT-670
8819:F-15063
8768:XP21279
8221:A-68930
8210:XP21279
8156:BCO-001
8120:A-86929
8115:A-77636
7662:, sweet
7637:Class C
7569:PACAPR1
7185:Class B
6394:Relaxin
6316:Motilin
6201:Ghrelin
6166:Galanin
5899:Peptide
5087:Class A
5018:20 July
4978:3880463
4837:4813614
4788:4462609
4740:8815892
4731:6579196
4668:2947358
4578:Table 1
4560:3139704
4449:9353254
4353:6551470
4215:2607329
4084:5831552
4027:3251561
3996:Bibcode
3961:9858756
3531:3065240
3474:6741677
3339:7884786
3282:7154177
3257:: 152.
3060:9730266
2804:3167352
2753:4280963
2660:4057749
2609:4280963
2434:9473588
2354:Bibcode
2346:Science
1944:in the
1745:in the
1712:in the
1523:D1-type
1478:Sources
1393:opioids
1259:synapse
1247:cocaine
1167:alcohol
1095:insulin
1037:and on
1018:, with
1014:in the
1012:nephron
971:of the
939:, and D
885:spatial
780:and/or
489:agonist
212:. The D
208:, and D
154:scholar
9919:UH-232
9899:SV-293
9735:Others
8885:BP-897
8836:Others
8616:UH-232
8504:Others
8217:Others
7853:&
7782:GPRC6A
7519:CALCRL
7383:Orphan
6672:Orphan
6663:type 1
6354:Orexin
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6321:Opioid
6061:Apelin
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1101:, and
1016:kidney
988:hearts
955:, and
908:emesis
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543:gene (
509:gene (
433:gene (
375:gene (
353:gene (
156:
149:
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127:
74:while
57:ligand
9739:3-PPP
8840:3-PPP
8556:-like
8004:-like
7702:Other
7669:TAS1R
7660:Taste
7558:GLP2R
7553:GLP1R
7506:Other
7371:ELTD1
7344:ADGRL
7302:ADGRG
7268:ADGRE
7239:ADGRC
7210:ADGRB
7191:-like
7073:Opsin
7055:Other
6529:TAS2R
6520:Taste
6348:Sigma
6330:Kappa
6325:Delta
6033:C5a (
6018:Other
5664:Other
5592:FPRL1
5560:CysLT
5378:Other
5329:5-HT2
5299:5-HT1
5294:5-HT3
5093:-like
4889:S2CID
4489:S2CID
4445:S2CID
4419:arXiv
4392:S2CID
4349:S2CID
4306:S2CID
4263:S2CID
4164:S2CID
3965:S2CID
3883:S2CID
3833:S2CID
3754:S2CID
3013:S2CID
2963:S2CID
2852:S2CID
2529:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2378:S2CID
2327:S2CID
2159:S2CID
2076:S2CID
1515:ΞFosB
1395:like
1210:The D
984:atria
841:GSK-3
704:TAAR1
256:and D
238:and D
216:and D
161:JSTOR
147:books
9774:EEDQ
8518:EEDQ
8306:DPTQ
8301:DETQ
8290:PAMs
7807:RAIG
7715:GABA
7548:GIPR
7295:CD97
7143:SREB
6944:137B
6919:109B
6914:109A
6344:Zeta
6301:MCHR
6081:NMBR
6076:GRPR
6071:BRS3
5709:EBI2
5575:LTB4
5499:TAAR
5349:5-HT
5020:2006
4983:PMID
4923:ISBN
4881:PMID
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4481:PMID
4437:PMID
4384:PMID
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4298:PMID
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4220:PMID
4156:PMID
4122:2022
4089:PMID
4071:ISSN
4032:PMID
4014:ISSN
3957:PMID
3918:PMID
3875:PMID
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3825:PMID
3781:PMID
3746:PMID
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3715:help
3691:PMID
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3650:PMID
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3383:PMID
3344:PMID
3326:ISSN
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3269:ISSN
3228:PMID
3187:PMID
3146:PMID
3112:2024
3101:PMID
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2809:PMID
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2240:PMID
2200:PMID
2151:PMID
2111:PMID
2068:PMID
1974:the
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1822:DRD2
1814:DRD3
1810:DRD2
1806:DRD1
1800:DRD3
1796:DRD2
1792:DRD1
1786:DRD3
1782:DRD2
1702:CREB
1527:MSNs
1449:DRD1
1249:and
1190:and
1165:and
1163:drug
1085:via
1081:and
1077:via
1061:and
1027:rats
961:rats
861:PP2A
825:BDNF
771:cAMP
758:are
751:and
706:(an
563:exon
546:DRD4
523:and
512:DRD3
475:The
450:The
436:DRD2
414:cAMP
394:The
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356:DRD1
287:The
133:news
8667:LSD
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