1619:
southern tip of China fronting the South China Sea, where there was no more way to maximize the distance between his hiding place and the
Forbidden City. He changed his family name from Aisin-Gioro to Yuan 袁 (or Yuen in the Cantonese dialect). As a Chinese character, Yuan 袁 (Yuen) substantially resembles the word "Gon 袞" as in "Dorgon 多尔袞" in the written form. After successfully escaping execution, the camouflage to re-emerge as a Han Chinese person was considered perfect, as Yuan 袁 (Yuen) was also the family name of Yuan Chonghuan 袁崇煥 the Han Chinese general who fatally wounded Nurhaci in the 1626 Battle of Ningyuan, making it highly unlikely that pursuing forces from the Forbidden City would suspect that he and/or his descendants were members of the Dorgon clan. He named the large piece of land where he finally settled Haizhou 海洲, a combination of Haixi 海西,the tribal native place of Empress Xiaoliewu, his grandmother; and Jianzhou 建洲, the tribal native place of Nurhaci, his grandfather. The village where his descendants have sprung up since 1651 was named "Revelation of the Dragon 顯龍", indicating his hope that one day someone in his line would be able to reclaim the throne, which never happened through the remaining years of the Qing dynasty.
1540:(忠; "loyal"), so Dorgon's full posthumous title became "Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank" (和碩睿忠親王). The word "loyal" was intentionally picked. It starkly testified that the charges made by Jirgalang in 1651 were all trumped up. The Qianlong Emperor, either intentionally or inadvertently, contradicted the records of the imperial ancestral temple left behind by Shunzhi when he ordered that the words "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) be included into official Qing history to indicate why Dorbo, a fifth generation descendant of Dodo, was designated to inherit the iron-cap princely title of Dorgon. The expression "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) does not carry the same meaning as "Dorgon never had a son." Regardless, after a lapse of 128 years, the Qianlong Emperor could no longer find the heirs of Dorgon. The Qianlong Emperor also ordered that the rehabilitation of Dorgon be accompanied by a destruction of all the records related to the elimination of the heirs of Dorgon. This was an inglorious chapter not only of Qing history but also the history of the imperial clan of Aisin-Gioro.
164:
1177:
1084:
1369:
Koreans, Mongols, Han
Chinese rebels, as well as regular Han Chinese armies. The official Qing history claim that he injured his leg while riding on his horse and that the injuries were so severe that he could not survive the trip back to the Forbidden City, despite the presence of imperial doctors, was dubious at best. In the dry winter of northern China, the ground was not wet. Or else, it would have easily caused horses to trip. Another cause for suspicion is that Dorgon's corpse was exhumed, flogged, and incinerated in the purge ordered by Emperor Shunzhi, a likely method camouflaged as the ultimate punishment for his alleged plot to take over the throne, in order to remove all evidence that Dorgon was murdered.
952:, including Han Chinese Bannermen. The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south. This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical location according to the points of the compass." Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups. Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated (
937:
1615:
his two biological brothers, who had conquered more than half of China for the young Qing empire since 1644. The extermination of Dorgon's heirs did not include his daughter, whose birth year of 1650, the same year when Dorgon died, was allowed to be left on records. Dorgon had married at least 10 wives and concubines over a period of 25 years or more. Records in the imperial ancestral temple indicate that none of his 10 wives and concubines was able to conceive a son for Dorgon over a period of 25 years, whereas only a daughter was born at the end of this 25-year period, in the same year when he died. These records do not suggest that Dorgon was infertile.
1525:
descendants could become a threat to the throne. As a result, Shunzhi posthumously stripped Dorgon of his titles and even had Dorgon's corpse exhumed and flogged in public. In the
February 1651 imperial edict trying to justify the ultimate punishment to a dead person as well as a key member of the imperial clan, Shunzhi ordered that not only Dorgon's name be removed from the scrolls of the imperial ancestral temple. His biological mother, Empress Xiaoliewu, got the same treatment. It was a political act to remove the legitimacy for succession to the throne by any future heir descended from Empress Xiaoliewu.
835:
983:
814:
1394:
1554:
1447:
1365:"Chengzong" (成宗), even though he was never emperor during his lifetime, which is unique in all history of feudal China when only direct ancestors and deceased heirs of a higher degree to an emperor (such as one's own older brothers, one's father's older brothers, or one's cousins born into such uncles) were posthumously granted the title of Emperor. The Shunzhi Emperor even bowed thrice in front of Dorgon's coffin during the funeral.
1297:
49:
964:
together for a common purpose. The 1649 examination asked "how
Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division." Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.
535:
1068:. As intended, this massacre terrorised other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing Empire. Indeed, Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders made Dodo promise he would not harm the population. The Qing forces soon captured the Ming emperor (who died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including
1137:(劉良佐; d. 1667) massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing Empire in the Lower Yangtze. A few committed loyalists became hermits, hoping that for lack of military success, their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolise their continued defiance against Qing rule.
1529:
of Ajige after he was arrested by
Jirgalang's forces and put in jail, the 1651 purge was meant to permanently eliminate the potential that a future prince descending from Empress Xiaolewu would repeat the two Dorgon competitions for succession to the throne happening in 1626, upon the death of Nurhaci, and 1643, upon the death of Hongtaiji.
1614:
In the March 1651 purge of Dorgon, Shunzhi also ordered that the ancestral temple records be written to indicate that no woman had ever conceived a son for Dorgon (not that all of his sons had died due to infant mortality or some other reasons), to conceal this political conspiracy against Dorgon and
1235:
in
Guangxi. In May 1648, however, Li mutinied against the Qing Empire, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli Emperor to retake most of south China. Li's loyalist resurgence failed. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang
963:
for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern
Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work
858:
After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of
Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June. They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half
1520:
and taking Hooge's wife for himself. It is difficult to prove verbal accusations made at the time when all records were ordered to be purged by the
Qianlong Emperor in 1778 when he also ordered the rehabilitation of Dorgon. The last charge that Dorgon took Hooge's wife was mostly contrived, as the
867:
on 3 June. Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth." Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor)
1528:
Execution of all of Dorgon's heirs was also ordered but intentionally not recorded in official Qing history. Dorgon had two biological brothers: Ajige, the eighth son of
Nurhaci and Dodo, the 15th. With Dodo dying of smallpox a few months prior to the death of Dorgon in December 1650 and the death
821:
Wu Sangui was caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng's forces. He requested Dorgon's help in ousting the rebels and restoring the Ming Empire. When Dorgon asked Wu Sangui to work for the Qing Empire instead, Wu had little choice but to accept. Aided by Wu Sangui's elite soldiers, who fought the
762:
to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his princely title and his co-conspirators were executed. Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more banners. By early June 1644, he
871:
On 7 June, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and
662:
just like the Manchus. He died in 1650 during a hunting trip and was posthumously honoured as an emperor even though he was never an emperor during his lifetime. A year after Dorgon's death, however, the Shunzhi Emperor accused Dorgon of several crimes, stripped him of his titles, and ordered his
1368:
However, the suspicion that Dorgon was actually murdered by his political enemies while being away from the heavy protection afforded him inside the Forbidden City never went away. Dorgon had 25 years of experience of horse-riding and managed to survive, on horseback, numerous battles with the
1027:
province), where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644. Under the pressure of Qing armies, Li was forced to leave Xi'an in February 1645. He was killed – either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organised for self-defence during this time of
1627:
After Dorgon led Manchu and Han Chinese troops loyal to him into Beijing on 6 June 1644, he immediately ordered restoration of order, as well as penalties for extortion and corruption activities conducted by any member of the imperial clan and other officials. Later, he declared that all Ming
1618:
In the midst of the 1651 purge, a son of Dorgon managed to escape from execution. He fled Beijing with the active assistance of a key member of the White Banner under the command of Dorgon when he was alive. This heir of Dorgon ran all the way to modern-day Zhongshan, Guangdong province, the
1524:
Jirgalang was an ally of Hooge in the 1643 bitter fight against Dorgon, who allied with his biological brothers for succession to the throne. Jirgalang had been expelled by Dorgon from the joint regency in 1646. This time, Jirgalang succeeded in convincing Emperor Shunzhi that even Dorgon's
1521:
Manchu tradition dating from the 12th century had allowed a male relative to marry the deceased person's wife almost as a charitable act to save her and her children from being starved to death in the minus 20, merciless winters of the northeastern tip of China, known nowadays as Manchuria.
932:
if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The decree was formulated by Dorgon.
739:
were appointed co-regents. In 1645, Dorgon was conferred the title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父攝政王). Later, in 1649, the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父攝政王). It was rumoured that Dorgon had a romantic affair with the Shunzhi Emperor's mother,
2653:) the revered Duke of Zhou because 'The Uncle Prince also led the Grand Army through Shanhai Pass to smash two hundred thousand bandit soldiers, and then proceeded to take Yanjing, pacifying the Central Xia. He invited us to come to the capital and received him as a great guest'.").
1108:
identical to those of the Manchus. The punishment for non-compliance was death. This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus distinguish friend from foe. For Han officials and literati, however, the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning (because it breached a common
914:, was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (輔政叔王). In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (皇叔父攝政王), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.
1643:
Land enclosure (圈地) and requisitioning of homes (占房): to provide economic bases for the Bannermen, they were allowed to enclose 'wasteland without owners' for their use; this law was however abused to take farmlands and estates which were already inhabited, with military
1647:
Forced slavery (投充) and anti-escapee (逃人) laws: in the wake of the enclosure of vast agricultural estates, the manpower was provided by allowing Bannermen to seize commoners and enslave them. This in turn necessitated decrees to tackle the problem of escapees, including
2277:
is cited as "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged: this is the beginning of filial piety" (身體髮膚,受之父母,不敢毀傷,孝之始也). Prior to the Qing dynasty, adult Han Chinese men customarily did not cut their hair, but instead wore it in a
1631:
Dorgon is usually considered a good, devoted politician but he is also blamed for "Six Bad Policies (六大弊政)". These were policies designed to bolster the rule of the Qing conquerors, but which caused considerable disturbance and bloodshed in China, and included:
1515:
a long memorial listing a series of crimes committed by Dorgon, which included: possession of yellow robes, which were strictly for use only by the emperor; plotting to seize the throne from the Shunzhi Emperor by calling himself "Emperor's Father"; killing
1372:
His death also took place when Emperor Shunzhi was about 13, an appropriate age for removing the regency over his head. That is, if Dorgon had died any earlier, Shunzhi would still need a regent to supervise the empire on his behalf.
646:
from 1643 to 1650, throughout the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign. In 1645, he was given the honorary title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父攝政王); the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父攝政王) in 1649.
3066:, p. 647 ("From the Manchus' perspective, the command to cut one's hair or lose one's head not only brought rulers and subjects together into a single physical resemblance; it also provided them with a perfect loyalty test").
897:
had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October. A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the
1002:
Under the reign of Dorgon – whom historians have called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest" and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise" – the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist
1043:
had established a regime loyal to the Ming. Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance. Several Qing armies swept south, taking the key city of
1103:
On 21 July 1645, after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in
956:圈) and given to Qing troops. Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords. This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."
757:
On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but appeared uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon. After an alleged plot by
1164:
sent Prince Lu's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian. Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October. His adoptive son
638:, over the succession to the throne. Both of them eventually came to a compromise by backing out and letting Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, become the emperor; Fulin was installed on the throne as the
3098:, p. 650 ("the rulers' effort to make Manchus and Han one unified 'body' initially had the effect of unifying upper- and lower-class natives in central and south China against the interlopers").
1661:
According to the account of Japanese travellers, Dorgon was a 34- or 35-year-old man with slightly dark skin complexion and sharp eyes. He was handsome, tall and slim, and had a shiny and beautiful
1275:). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong (丁國棟). Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital
863:. In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace (武英殿), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the
1227:
court had to purchase from local theatre troupes. The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, killed the
1267:
in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647. Also late in 1646 but further north, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin (米喇印) revolted against Qing rule in
711:
was one of his half-brothers. Dorgon was one of the most influential among Nurhaci's sons, and his role was instrumental to the Qing occupation of Beijing, the capital of the fallen
1091:
around 1900. The old Chinese habit of wearing a queue came from Dorgon's July 1645 edict ordering all men to shave the front half of their head and wear the rest of their hair in a
744:, and even secretly married her, but there are also refutations. Whether they secretly married, had a secret affair or kept their distance remains a controversy in Chinese history.
1279:. These rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion. Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by
1160:, Prince of Lu. But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were. In July 1646, a new southern campaign led by
1117:. Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest. The defiant population of
650:
Under Dorgon's regency, Qing forces occupied Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, and gradually conquered the rest of the Ming in a series of battles against
1133:
also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city walls were finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army led by the previous Ming defector
994:, ordered this massacre to scare other southern Chinese cities into submission. By the late 19th century, the massacre was used by anti-Qing revolutionaries to arouse
879:
Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644. On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the
3894:
Millward, James A.; et al., eds. (2004b), "Qianlong's inscription on the founding of the Temple of the Happiness and Longevity of Mt Sumeru (Xumifushou miao)",
928:
To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the
1199:
generals the Qing government relied on to conquer and administer southern China. Entrenched in the south, he eventually took part in the anti-Qing rebellion of the
731:, over the succession to the throne. The conflict was resolved with a compromise – both backed out, and Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, ascended the throne as the
4373:
4268:
4190:
876:. He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.
906:. During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" (叔父攝政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (
715:, in 1644. During Hong Taiji's reign, Dorgon participated in many military campaigns, including the conquests of Mongolia and Korea. He fought against the
826:
on 27 May. Li Zicheng and his defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until they left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth they could carry.
2739:
1636:
Forced head-shaving (剃发) and adopting Manchu clothing (易服): Chinese men were compelled to shave the front half of their heads and tie their hair in
3771:(1975), "Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin", in Frederic Wakeman, Jr.; Carolyn Grant (eds.),
2200:
1280:
2350:
1640:
after the Manchu fashion, on pain of death. Massacres occurred in southern Chinese cities whose inhabitants resisted the imposition of the law.
1361:, Hebei), after sustaining injuries despite the presence of imperial doctors. He was posthumously granted the title "Emperor Yi" (義皇帝) and the
1134:
1126:
822:
rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry, the Qing army won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the
4195:
2229:
According to Manchu custom, a widowed woman can marry her brother-in-law. However, according to Han Chinese custom, such a marriage was taboo.
4123:
623:
dynasty, which was the predecessor of the Qing), Dorgon started his career in military campaigns against the Mongols, the Koreans, and the
1031:
From newly captured Xi'an, in early April 1645, the Qing forces mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of
4433:
3576:
3469:
794:(范文程; 1597–1666) urged the prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming Empire and claim the
4175:
1140:
After the fall of Nanjing, two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes: one centred in coastal
4215:
917:
Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan, who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu
1244:), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650. The Yongli Emperor had to flee again. Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by
3571:
3464:
4453:
4114:
3957:
3161:, pp. 667–669 (for their failure to cooperate), 669–674 (for the deep financial and tactical problems that beset both regimes).
2205:
663:
remains to be exhumed and flogged in public. Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated and restored of his honorary titles by the
4428:
3925:
3505:
3364:
2772:
2724:
2699:
2631:
2332:
4418:
3977:
929:
552:
1283:(孟喬芳; 1595–1654) in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties.·
3404:
940:
Examination rooms in Beijing. In order to enhance their legitimacy among the Chinese elite, the Qing reestablished the
948:
One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to
3903:
3855:
3836:
3780:
3758:
3737:
3718:
3699:
3680:
3661:
3639:
3607:
3590:
3549:
3527:
3442:
3423:
3383:
1601:
1494:
1344:
1076:; by early July 1645, the frontier between the Qing Empire and the Southern Ming regime had been pushed south to the
132:
113:
2297:
1583:
1476:
1326:
1173:
with his fleet. Finally in November, the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing.
1690:
clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏; d. January 1650), personal name Batema (巴特瑪), posthumously honoured as Empress Jingxiaoyi (敬孝義皇后)
85:
2649:, pp. 858, 860 ("According to the emperor's speechwriter, who was probably Fan Wencheng, Dorgon even 'surpassed' (
1248:
captured Guangzhou and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people. Although Dutch traveler
1113:
directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their
3433:
Elman, Benjamin A. (2002), "The Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch'ing", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
2905:, p. 483 (Li reestablished headquarters in Xi'an) and 501 (Hebei and Shandong revolts, new campaigns against Li).
264:
1060:, who refused to surrender, Yangzhou fell to Qing artillery on 20 May after a one-week siege. Dorgon's brother,
4463:
4448:
3690:
Rossabi, Morris (1979), "Muslim and Central Asian Revolts", in Spence, Jonathan D.; Wills, John E. Jr. (eds.),
3094:, p. 56 ("the hair-cutting order, more than any other act, engendered the Kiangnan resistance of 1645");
2520:, p. 314 (were all expecting Wu Sangui and the heir apparent) and 315 (reaction to seeing Dorgon instead).
1628:
officials would be re-employed and the restoration of the civil service system to look for talents nationwide.
1579:
1472:
1322:
431:
70:
92:
4443:
4423:
445:
3561:
548:
3728:
Struve, Lynn (1988), "The Southern Ming", in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.),
1088:
4458:
2584:, pp. 420–422 (which explains these matters and claims that the order was repealed by edict on 25 June).
770:, peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing. On 24 April of that year, rebel forces led by
4438:
3865:
Zarrow, Peter (2004a), "Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China",
727:
After Hong Taiji died in 1643, Dorgon became involved in a power struggle with Hong Taiji's eldest son,
99:
4107:
3950:
3935:
3584:
2175:
741:
634:
After Hong Taiji's death in 1643, he was involved in a power struggle against Hong Taiji's eldest son,
580:
3454:
358:
Emperor Maode Xiudao Guangye Dinggong Anmin Lizheng Chengjing Yi (懋德修道廣業定功安民立政誠敬義皇帝) (revoked in 1651)
2210:
1401:
1083:
973:
921:
was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the
688:
620:
2347:
3996:
3392:
1564:
1457:
1307:
81:
2269:
1575:
1568:
1468:
1461:
1318:
1311:
1157:
66:
59:
1701:
4006:
3775:, Berkeley, CA: Center of Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 43–85,
2307:
1007:" resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China. After repressing anti-Qing revolts in
910:) represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince. Three days later Dorgon's co-regent,
823:
3751:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
2765:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
2717:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
2692:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
2624:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
2325:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
1176:
4100:
4051:
3991:
3943:
3917:, edited by Ronald R. Gray and Mark S. Ferrara, translated by Liangmei Bao and Kyongsook Park
1406:
995:
31:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
4413:
4408:
4074:
4001:
3566:
3459:
2162:
960:
941:
612:
386:
36:
8:
4153:
3790:
Wakeman, Frederic (1984), "Romantics, Stoics, and Martyrs in Seventeenth-Century China",
654:
and other opposing forces around China. Dorgon also introduced the policy of forcing all
3709:
Roth Li, Gertraude (2002), "State Building Before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
163:
3882:
3815:
3807:
3560:
3480:(1993), "Yangzhou: A Central Place in the Qing Empire", in Cooke Johnson, Linda (ed.),
2195:
1424:
1122:
735:. Since the Shunzhi Emperor was only six years old at that time, Dorgon and his cousin
214:
3898:, translated by Zarrow, Peter, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 185–87,
2250:, p. 657). The prince had been crowned as the Hongguang Emperor on 19 June 1644 (
3921:
3899:
3886:
3851:
3832:
3819:
3776:
3754:
3733:
3714:
3695:
3676:
3657:
3635:
3617:
3603:
3545:
3523:
3501:
3438:
3419:
3400:
3379:
3360:
2991:
2768:
2720:
2695:
2627:
2328:
2149:
1739:
1725:
1649:
1637:
1200:
1105:
1092:
1065:
1056:, the main city on the Southern Ming's northern line of defence. Bravely defended by
987:
918:
873:
851:
846:
conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed
817:
Battle of Shanhai Pass in 1644; Dorgon was the commander of Qing army in this battle.
795:
775:
659:
327:
1715:
1708:
1687:
1680:
106:
4347:
4293:
4225:
3874:
3799:
3768:
3746:
1533:
1517:
1268:
1256:
1212:
1118:
880:
847:
839:
759:
728:
664:
635:
468:
3692:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China
3042:, p. 87 (which calls this edict "the most untimely promulgation of career.)"
3022:, p. 580 (capture of the emperor around 17 June, and later death in Beijing).
1357:
Dorgon died on 31 December 1650, during a hunting trip in Kharahotun (present-day
1207:
In late 1646, two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of
893:
and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title
4342:
4278:
4205:
3477:
3018:, p. 660 (capture of Suzhou and Hangzhou by early July 1645; new frontier);
2354:
1512:
1260:
1061:
991:
922:
843:
732:
704:
639:
568:
556:
542:
501:
493:
351:
3374:
Dennerline, Jerry (2002), "The Shun-chih Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
2873:, p. 7, Table 1.1 (number of graduates per session under each Qing reign);
766:
In early 1644, just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the
4027:
3537:
2926:
For examples of the factional struggles that weakened the Hongguang court, see
2238:
Dorgon's brother Dodo received the command to lead this "southern expedition" (
1721:
1264:
1259:
reached Sichuan, where their mission was to destroy the regime of bandit chief
1149:
1077:
888:
864:
787:
783:
320:
3600:
The Class of 1761: Examinations, State, and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China
3520:
The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368–1911
4402:
4352:
4319:
4283:
4210:
2143:
1428:
1249:
1220:
1192:
1180:
1161:
1096:
1036:
1028:
rampant banditry – in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces.
1004:
977:
949:
894:
860:
779:
676:
651:
643:
604:
206:
4158:
3829:
Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K'ang-hsi, 1666–1687
3397:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3967:
3896:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
3649:
1252:
who witnessed the event happened claimed only 8000 people were slaughtered
1110:
936:
903:
899:
803:
791:
767:
712:
692:
684:
624:
608:
475:
3878:
3453:
1536:'s reign. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor granted Dorgon a posthumous name
4069:
2074:
1362:
1196:
1040:
813:
696:
655:
406:
365:
175:
20:
3965:
4303:
4235:
4163:
3811:
1393:
1245:
1184:
1145:
1049:
1016:
807:
771:
708:
628:
24:
3435:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
3376:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
1652:
of people harbouring escaped slaves and hanging for repeated escapees.
798:
for the Qing Empire. The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was
4383:
4332:
4288:
4263:
4220:
4185:
3915:
Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber
3753:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
3711:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
3675:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
3654:
Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669
2274:
2134:
1774:
1508:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1188:
911:
884:
799:
736:
193:
4327:
4248:
4148:
3803:
3732:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–725,
3437:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 360–427,
1553:
1446:
1296:
982:
48:
3500:] (in Chinese (China)), Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe 紫禁城出版社 ,
3378:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119,
3357:
The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing
2986:, p. 657 (purpose of the massacre was to terrorise Jiangnan);
1694:
1153:
1130:
1114:
1073:
1057:
1053:
1032:
1020:
1012:
774:
breached the walls of the Ming capital. The last Ming emperor, the
850:. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the
4133:
4063:
4057:
4045:
3730:
Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
3713:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72,
3673:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
1855:
1507:
In 1651, Dorgon's political enemies, led by his former co-regent
1358:
1276:
1232:
1166:
1024:
716:
680:
616:
396:
381:
286:
32:
3694:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 167–99,
3149:, pp. 665 (on the Prince of Tang) and 666 (on the Prince of Lu).
3090:, pp. 662–663 ("broke the momentum of the Qing conquest");
834:
4378:
4253:
4170:
4092:
4085:
Asterisk (*) denotes that regent was part of a regency council.
4039:
3416:
A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China
2758:
2756:
1170:
1141:
1069:
1045:
1015:
in the summer and fall of 1644, Dorgon sent armies to root out
268:
2318:
2316:
4368:
4258:
4180:
1800:
1662:
1272:
1241:
1237:
1008:
763:
was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.
700:
3848:
Passage to Power: K'ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661–1722
3634:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
3418:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
3078:, pp. 648–649 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men).
2753:
1129:(李成東; d. 1649), respectively on 24 August and 22 September.
360:
Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank (和碩睿忠親王) (granted in 1778)
4033:
2313:
2129:
1543:
658:
men to shave the front of the heads and wear their hair in
3831:, Cambridge (Mass.) and London: Harvard University Press,
1532:
However, Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated during the
2157:
2246:, p. 521). He set out from Xi'an on that very day (
1263:. Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near
3327:, p. 572 (Meng Qiaofang, death of rebel leaders);
3359:, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press,
2201:
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty#Male members
2173:
Portrayed by Qu Chuxiao in the 2017 Chinese TV Series
1436:
2930:, pp. 523–543. Some defections are explained in
986:
A late Qing dynasty woodblock print representing the
480:
3656:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,
2762:
2714:
2689:
2673:
2671:
2621:
2322:
2166:, he is heavily-mentioned throughout the series as
1745:
First daughter (b. 1638), personal name Donggo (東莪)
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
786:. Hearing the news, Dorgon's Han Chinese advisors
2767:. University of California Press. pp. 478–.
2719:. University of California Press. pp. 868–.
2694:. University of California Press. pp. 872–.
631:(his eighth brother) who succeeded their father.
4400:
2668:
1728:(義順公主 全州李氏; 1635–1662), personal name Aesuk (愛淑)
868:should be executed along with their supporters.
168:Portrait of Dorgon as regent in imperial regalia
3542:Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768
2626:. University of California Press. p. 858.
2327:. University of California Press. p. 860.
1255:Meanwhile, in October 1646, Qing armies led by
747:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3237:
3235:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3130:
3128:
944:almost as soon as they seized Beijing in 1644.
603:; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), was a
4108:
3951:
3181:
3179:
2829:
2827:
2825:
695:). His mother was Nurhaci's primary consort,
450:
436:
3558:
3324:
2877:, p. 954 (reason for the high quotas);
572:
3850:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
3773:Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China
3602:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
3544:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
3522:, New York, NY: Columbia University Press,
3399:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
3301:
3232:
3191:
3125:
1582:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1325:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
859:of his head shaved, present himself as the
588:
4115:
4101:
3958:
3944:
3597:
3373:
3176:
3039:
2997:
2870:
2822:
2429:
2389:
2181:Portryaed by Geng Le in Chinese TV Series
1392:
1152:, the Ming dynasty's founder – and one in
1148:, – a ninth-generation descendant of the
829:
3893:
3624:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
3484:, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 117–50
3482:Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China
1602:Learn how and when to remove this message
1495:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:Learn how and when to remove this message
1066:slaughter of Yangzhou's entire population
1052:in early May 1645 and soon converging on
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
3632:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
3577:United States Government Printing Office
3470:United States Government Printing Office
2206:Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
1544:Myths about direct descendants of Dorgon
1175:
1082:
981:
935:
833:
812:
16:Prince regent of Qing China (r. 1643–50)
3864:
3789:
3767:
3745:
3708:
3689:
3476:
3391:
3328:
3312:
3253:
3241:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3134:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3075:
3063:
3031:
3019:
2987:
2971:
2950:, p. 657; converging on Yangzhou).
2943:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2874:
2792:
2677:
2662:
2646:
2609:
2597:
2588:, p. 84 gives the date as 28 June.
2581:
2565:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2425:
2401:
2377:
2365:
2303:
2251:
2243:
2128:Portrayed by Yoo Jong-keun in the 1981
1231:, and sent the Yongli court fleeing to
967:
553:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4401:
3727:
3670:
3629:
3489:
3185:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3087:
3035:
3015:
3003:
2983:
2959:
2947:
2833:
2816:
2788:
2585:
2541:
2255:
2247:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1872:
1765:
1761:
1656:
959:In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the
4096:
3939:
3826:
3648:
3559:Larsen, E. S.; Numata, Tomoo (1943).
3432:
3413:
2881:, p. 169 (lower quotas in 1660).
2878:
2858:
2845:
2804:
2740:Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.
2665:, pp. 860–861, & p. 861, note 31.
2156:While he does not appear in the 2024
2122:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2022:
2012:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1964:
1954:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1916:
1913:
1903:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1125:was massacred by former Ming general
802:, a former Ming general guarding the
3978:List of emperors of the Qing dynasty
3912:
3616:
3572:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3536:
3465:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3451:
3274:《"庚寅之劫"——1650年广州大屠杀》,大洋網,2010年7月13日。
3051:
2569:
2553:
2493:
2413:
1580:adding citations to reliable sources
1547:
1473:adding citations to reliable sources
1440:
1323:adding citations to reliable sources
1290:
679:Aisin-Gioro clan as the 14th son of
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
3354:
3295:
3283:
1622:
1437:Posthumous demotion and restoration
961:imperial civil service examinations
942:imperial civil service examinations
13:
4434:Deliberative Princes and Ministers
3845:
3517:
887:'s descendants who held the title
752:
14:
4475:
2946:, p. 522 (taking of Xuzhou;
998:among the Han Chinese population.
4122:
2990:, passim (late-Qing uses of the
1552:
1445:
1295:
722:
533:
372:Chengzong (成宗) (revoked in 1651)
162:
47:
3334:
3318:
3289:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3247:
3220:
3208:
3164:
3152:
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3113:
3101:
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3069:
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3045:
3025:
3009:
2977:
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2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2864:
2851:
2839:
2810:
2798:
2781:
2744:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2656:
2640:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2575:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2419:
2261:
2232:
1707:Fourth primary consort, of the
1693:Second primary consort, of the
1223:. Short of official robes, the
990:of May 1645. Dorgon's brother,
883:. The southern cadet branch of
872:wear the rest of their hair in
607:prince and regent of the early
265:Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County
58:needs additional citations for
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2341:
2223:
1714:Fifth primary consort, of the
1700:Third primary consort, of the
1686:First primary consort, of the
691:dynasty (the precursor to the
481:
451:
437:
1:
4454:Qing dynasty imperial princes
3589:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2285:
670:
346:Aisin-Gioro Dorgon (愛新覺羅 多爾袞)
4429:Manchu Plain White Bannermen
3966:Imperial regents during the
3920:, New York, NY: Peter Lang,
3598:Man-Cheong, Iona D. (2004),
2763:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
2715:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
2690:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
2622:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
2323:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
2290:
1144:around the “Longwu Emperor”
748:Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)
707:were his full brothers, and
215:Prince Rui of the First Rank
156:Prince Rui of the First Rank
7:
4419:17th-century Chinese people
3498:Events of the Shunzhi reign
3414:Elman, Benjamin A. (2001),
2750:Walthall 2008, pp. 140–141.
2189:
1751:
1195:in 1650. He was one of the
1019:from the important city of
10:
4480:
3671:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998),
3347:
1979:
1866:
1763:
1738:Secondary consort, of the
1146:Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang
971:
902:, a revered regent of the
838:The circular mound of the
806:at the eastern end of the
742:Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
573:
18:
4361:
4316:
4302:
4234:
4132:
4083:
4015:
3984:
3975:
3490:Gong 宫, Baoli 宝利 (2010),
2211:Qing conquest of the Ming
2183:The Legend of Xiao Zhuang
2057:
2039:
2031:
2006:
1987:
1983:
1948:
1930:
1922:
1897:
1878:
1874:
1838:
1819:
1811:
1783:
1767:
1668:
1420:
1412:
1400:
1391:
1378:
1089:San Francisco's Chinatown
1039:, where in June 1644 the
974:Qing conquest of the Ming
525:
517:
512:
500:
492:
474:
467:
462:
458:
444:
430:
425:
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402:
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371:
364:
357:
350:
345:
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326:
293:
275:
250:
246:
238:
228:
220:
213:
200:
189:
181:
173:
161:
154:
149:
3846:Wu, Silas H. L. (1979),
3792:Journal of Asian Studies
3622:Imperial China, 900–1800
3562:"Mêng Ch'iao-fang"
3452:Fang, Chao-ying (1943).
3325:Larsen & Numata 1943
2380:, p. 300, note 231.
2216:
1286:
1095:similar to those of the
432:Traditional Chinese
307:(died 1650)
285:Kharahotun (present-day
3913:Zhou, Ruchang (2009),
3827:Wills, John E. (1984),
2270:Classic of Filial Piety
830:Settling in the capital
675:Dorgon was born in the
446:Simplified Chinese
3630:Naquin, Susan (2000),
3355:Dai, Yingcong (2009),
1914:Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
1416:Your Imperial Highness
1204:
1169:fled to the island of
1100:
999:
945:
855:
824:Battle of Shanhai Pass
818:
541:This article contains
4464:Posthumous executions
4449:Qing dynasty generals
3879:10.1353/ham.2004.0013
3567:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3460:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1407:His Imperial Highness
1211:, reigning under the
1179:
1086:
996:anti-Manchu sentiment
985:
939:
837:
816:
204:Jirgalang (1644–1647)
174:Prince Regent of the
4444:Qing dynasty regents
4424:17th-century regents
3518:Ho, Ping-ti (1962),
2353:1 March 2014 at the
2348:清朝秘史:孝庄太后到底嫁没嫁多尔衮(图)
2163:Captivating the King
1576:improve this section
1469:improve this section
1319:improve this section
1193:Ming loyalist forces
968:Conquest of the Ming
778:, hanged himself at
627:during the reign of
619:(the founder of the
613:House of Aisin-Gioro
263:Yenden (present-day
67:improve this article
4070:Yixin (Prince Gong)
3256:, pp. 767–768.
3229:, pp. 765–766.
2934:, pp. 543–545.
2917:, pp. 501–507.
2861:, pp. 389–390.
2819:, pp. 289–291.
2480:, pp. 311–312.
1702:Zha'ermang Borjigit
1657:Physical appearance
1511:, submitted to the
1064:, then ordered the
1035:south of the lower
642:. Dorgon served as
615:as the 14th son of
3867:History and Memory
3618:Mote, Frederick W.
2791:, p. 356 and
2123:In popular culture
1965:Dorgon (1612–1650)
1650:summary executions
1385:Dorgon, Prince Rui
1205:
1101:
1000:
946:
856:
819:
719:in 1628 and 1635.
513:Transcription name
271:, Liaoning, China)
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4090:
4089:
4016:Appointed regents
3985:Empresses dowager
3927:978-1-4331-0407-7
3769:Wakeman, Frederic
3764:. In two volumes.
3747:Wakeman, Frederic
3585:cite encyclopedia
3507:978-7-5134-0018-3
3366:978-0-295-98952-5
2992:Yangzhou massacre
2774:978-0-520-04804-1
2726:978-0-520-04804-1
2701:978-0-520-04804-1
2633:978-0-520-04804-1
2334:978-0-520-04804-1
2150:War of the Arrows
2147:in the 2011 film
2119:
2118:
2075:Empress Xiaoliewu
1740:Yi clan of Jeonju
1733:Secondary Consort
1726:Yi clan of Jeonju
1718:clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏)
1716:Khorchin Borjigit
1711:clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏)
1709:Khorchin Borjigit
1704:clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏)
1688:Khorchin Borjigit
1683:clan (嫡福晉 博爾濟吉特氏)
1681:Khorchin Borjigit
1612:
1611:
1604:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1434:
1433:
1421:Alternative style
1355:
1354:
1347:
1201:Three Feudatories
1187:, who recaptured
988:Yangzhou massacre
852:Mandate of Heaven
796:Mandate of Heaven
776:Chongzhen Emperor
549:rendering support
529:
528:
488:
487:
469:Standard Mandarin
412:
411:
407:Empress Xiaoliewu
376:
375:
201:Assistant-Regents
143:
142:
135:
117:
4471:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4242:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4094:
4093:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3908:
3889:
3860:
3841:
3822:
3785:
3763:
3742:
3723:
3704:
3685:
3666:
3650:Oxnam, Robert B.
3644:
3625:
3612:
3594:
3588:
3580:
3564:
3554:
3532:
3511:
3492:Shunzhi Shidian
3485:
3478:Finnane, Antonia
3473:
3457:
3447:
3428:
3409:
3393:Elliott, Mark C.
3388:
3369:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3029:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2760:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2311:
2301:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2242:南征) on 1 April (
2236:
2230:
2227:
2023:Mantai (d. 1596)
1757:
1756:
1679:Consort, of the
1623:Legacy of Dorgon
1607:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1556:
1548:
1534:Qianlong Emperor
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1449:
1441:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1299:
1291:
1156:around "Regent"
930:Board of Revenue
848:Emperor of China
665:Qianlong Emperor
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
578:
577:
576:
555: instead of
537:
536:
508:
484:
483:
460:
459:
454:
453:
440:
439:
414:
413:
338:
337:
308:
282:
279:31 December 1650
261:17 November 1612
260:
258:
166:
147:
146:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4388:
4357:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4240:
4239:
4230:
4128:
4121:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4011:
3980:
3971:
3964:
3934:
3928:
3906:
3858:
3839:
3804:10.2307/2057148
3783:
3761:
3740:
3721:
3702:
3683:
3664:
3642:
3610:
3582:
3581:
3552:
3538:Kuhn, Philip A.
3530:
3508:
3455:"Šarhûda"
3445:
3426:
3407:
3386:
3367:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3040:Dennerline 2002
3038:, p. 662;
3034:, p. 647;
3030:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2871:Man-Cheong 2004
2869:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2576:
2568:, p. 416;
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:, p. 313;
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2430:Dennerline 2002
2428:, p. 304;
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2390:Dennerline 2002
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2355:Wayback Machine
2346:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2258:, p. 644).
2254:, p. 346;
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2192:
2125:
2120:
1754:
1674:Primary Consort
1671:
1659:
1625:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1573:
1557:
1546:
1513:Shunzhi Emperor
1501:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1466:
1450:
1439:
1402:Reference style
1384:
1382:
1379:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1316:
1300:
1289:
1261:Zhang Xianzhong
1183:'s portrait of
1167:Zheng Chenggong
980:
972:Main articles:
970:
923:Manchu language
919:queue hairstyle
881:Altar of Heaven
844:Shunzhi Emperor
840:Altar of Heaven
832:
755:
753:A quasi-emperor
750:
733:Shunzhi Emperor
725:
673:
640:Shunzhi Emperor
600:
597:
594:
591:
574:
562:
561:
560:
557:Manchu alphabet
547:Without proper
538:
534:
506:
359:
352:Posthumous name
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
310:
306:
302:
301:Borjigit Batema
298:
289:, Hebei, China)
284:
280:
262:
256:
254:
205:
169:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:Prince Rui (睿)
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Nurhaci's sons
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4311:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4139:
4137:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3904:
3891:
3862:
3856:
3843:
3837:
3824:
3787:
3781:
3765:
3759:
3743:
3738:
3725:
3719:
3706:
3700:
3687:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3608:
3595:
3579:. p. 572.
3556:
3550:
3534:
3528:
3515:
3506:
3487:
3474:
3472:. p. 632.
3449:
3443:
3430:
3424:
3411:
3406:0-8047-4 684-2
3405:
3389:
3384:
3371:
3365:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3331:, p. 192.
3317:
3315:, p. 191.
3300:
3288:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3246:
3244:, p. 767.
3231:
3219:
3217:, p. 738.
3207:
3205:, p. 737.
3190:
3188:, p. 676.
3175:
3173:, p. 675.
3163:
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. 674.
3124:
3112:
3100:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3024:
3008:
3006:, p. 660.
2996:
2976:
2974:, p. 131.
2964:
2962:, p. 657.
2952:
2936:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2863:
2850:
2848:, p. 389.
2838:
2836:, p. 291.
2821:
2809:
2807:, p. 170.
2797:
2780:
2773:
2752:
2743:
2732:
2725:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2680:, p. 861.
2667:
2655:
2639:
2632:
2614:
2612:, p. 858.
2602:
2600:, p. 857.
2590:
2574:
2572:, p. 828.
2558:
2556:, p. 818.
2546:
2544:, p. 289.
2534:
2532:, p. 315.
2522:
2510:
2508:, p. 313.
2498:
2496:, p. 817.
2482:
2470:
2468:, p. 308.
2458:
2456:, p. 304.
2446:
2444:, p. 290.
2434:
2418:
2416:, p. 809.
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2368:, p. 299.
2358:
2340:
2333:
2312:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Prince Rui (睿)
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2176:Rule the World
2171:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1722:Princess Uisun
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1697:clan (嫡福晉 佟佳氏)
1691:
1684:
1670:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1624:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1592:September 2020
1560:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1503:
1502:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1353:
1352:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1229:Shaowu Emperor
1150:Hongwu Emperor
1078:Qiantang River
969:
966:
865:Forbidden City
831:
828:
788:Hong Chengchou
784:Forbidden City
754:
751:
749:
746:
724:
721:
717:Chahar Mongols
672:
669:
652:Ming loyalists
611:. Born in the
551:, you may see
539:
532:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
498:
497:
490:
489:
486:
485:
478:
472:
471:
465:
464:
463:Transcriptions
456:
455:
448:
442:
441:
434:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
418:
410:
409:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
362:
361:
355:
354:
348:
347:
343:
342:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
321:Princess Uisun
304:
300:
299:
295:
291:
290:
283:(aged 38)
277:
273:
272:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
152:
151:
141:
140:
55:
53:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4476:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:commanders of
4315:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4241:(before 1636)
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3905:0-415-32006-2
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:(2): 67–107,
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:0-674-65625-3
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3838:0-674-24776-0
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:(4): 631–65,
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3782:0-520-02597-0
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3760:0-520-04804-0
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:0-521-24332-7
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3720:0-521-24334-3
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3701:0-300-02672-2
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3682:0-520-22837-5
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3663:0-226-64244-5
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:0-520-21991-0
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3609:0-8047-4146-8
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3551:0-674-82152-1
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3529:0-231-05161-1
3525:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3444:0-521-24334-3
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3425:0-520-21509-5
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:0-521-24334-3
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3286:, p. 17.
3285:
3280:
3271:
3265:《广东通志》、《广州市志》
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3122:, p. 83.
3121:
3116:
3110:, p. 78.
3109:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3054:, p. 12.
3053:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2432:, p. 81.
2431:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2404:, p. 71.
2403:
2398:
2392:, p. 79.
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:Park Ki-woong
2141:Portrayed by
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:This section
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:This section
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:Prince Regent
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:This section
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1281:Meng Qiaofang
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:Johan Nieuhof
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:(present-day
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Johan Nieuhof
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:north of the
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:Yangtze River
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Southern Ming
997:
993:
989:
984:
979:
978:Southern Ming
975:
965:
962:
957:
955:
951:
943:
938:
934:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
895:Duke Yansheng
892:
891:
886:
882:
877:
875:
869:
866:
862:
861:Prince-Regent
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
827:
825:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
761:
745:
743:
738:
734:
730:
723:Rise to power
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
644:Prince-Regent
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
586:
582:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
524:
520:
518:Transcription
516:
511:
505:
503:
502:Manchu script
499:
495:
494:Manchu script
491:
479:
477:
473:
470:
466:
461:
457:
449:
447:
443:
435:
433:
429:
424:
420:
415:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
391:
388:
385:
383:
379:
370:
367:
363:
356:
353:
349:
344:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
322:
318:Lady Borjigit
316:Lady Borjigit
314:Lady Borjigit
312:Lady Tunggiya
297:Lady Borjigit
296:
292:
288:
278:
274:
270:
266:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
172:
165:
160:
157:
153:
148:
145:
137:
134:
126:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84: –
83:
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
39:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4337:
4309:(since 1636)
4273:
4200:
4143:
4142:Four Senior
4125:Yizheng wang
4124:
4022:
3968:Qing dynasty
3918:
3914:
3895:
3870:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3795:
3791:
3772:
3750:
3729:
3710:
3691:
3672:
3653:
3631:
3621:
3599:
3570:
3541:
3519:
3512:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3463:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3375:
3356:
3340:阎崇年,《清十二帝疑案》
3336:
3329:Rossabi 1979
3320:
3313:Rossabi 1979
3298:, pp. 17–18.
3291:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3254:Wakeman 1985
3249:
3242:Wakeman 1985
3227:Wakeman 1985
3222:
3215:Wakeman 1985
3210:
3203:Wakeman 1985
3166:
3154:
3142:
3135:Wakeman 1985
3120:Wakeman 1975
3115:
3108:Wakeman 1975
3103:
3096:Wakeman 1985
3092:Wakeman 1975
3083:
3076:Wakeman 1985
3071:
3064:Wakeman 1985
3059:
3047:
3032:Wakeman 1985
3027:
3020:Wakeman 1985
3011:
2999:
2988:Zarrow 2004a
2979:
2972:Finnane 1993
2967:
2955:
2944:Wakeman 1985
2939:
2932:Wakeman 1985
2928:Wakeman 1985
2922:
2915:Wakeman 1985
2910:
2903:Wakeman 1985
2898:
2891:Zarrow 2004a
2886:
2875:Wakeman 1985
2866:
2853:
2841:
2812:
2800:
2793:Elliott 2001
2787:See maps in
2783:
2764:
2746:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2678:Wakeman 1985
2663:Wakeman 1985
2658:
2650:
2647:Wakeman 1985
2642:
2623:
2617:
2610:Wakeman 1985
2605:
2598:Wakeman 1985
2593:
2582:Wakeman 1985
2577:
2566:Wakeman 1985
2561:
2549:
2537:
2530:Wakeman 1985
2525:
2518:Wakeman 1985
2513:
2506:Wakeman 1985
2501:
2490:Wakeman 1985
2485:
2478:Wakeman 1985
2473:
2466:Wakeman 1985
2461:
2454:Wakeman 1985
2449:
2442:Wakeman 1985
2437:
2426:Wakeman 1985
2421:
2409:
2402:Roth Li 2002
2397:
2385:
2378:Wakeman 1985
2373:
2366:Wakeman 1985
2361:
2343:
2324:
2304:Elliott 2001
2299:
2268:
2263:
2252:Wakeman 1985
2244:Wakeman 1985
2239:
2234:
2225:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2133:
1732:
1731:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1598:
1589:
1574:Please help
1562:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1491:
1482:
1467:Please help
1455:
1413:Spoken style
1383:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1341:
1332:
1317:Please help
1305:
1254:
1206:
1139:
1135:Liu Liangzuo
1127:Li Chengdong
1102:
1041:Prince of Fu
1030:
1001:
958:
953:
947:
927:
916:
907:
904:Zhou dynasty
900:Duke of Zhou
890:wujing boshi
889:
878:
870:
857:
842:, where the
820:
804:Shanhai Pass
792:Fan Wencheng
765:
756:
726:
713:Ming dynasty
693:Qing dynasty
674:
649:
633:
625:Ming dynasty
609:Qing dynasty
584:
564:
563:
540:
476:Hanyu Pinyin
426:Chinese name
281:(1650-12-31)
232:
155:
144:
129:
123:January 2013
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
35:
28:
4414:1650 deaths
4409:1612 births
3970:(1636–1912)
3186:Struve 1988
3171:Struve 1988
3159:Struve 1988
3147:Struve 1988
3088:Struve 1988
3036:Struve 1988
3016:Struve 1988
3004:Struve 1988
2984:Struve 1988
2960:Struve 1988
2948:Struve 1988
2834:Naquin 2000
2817:Naquin 2000
2789:Naquin 2000
2586:Gong 宫 2010
2542:Naquin 2000
2256:Struve 1988
2248:Struve 1988
2077:(1590–1626)
1858:(1559–1626)
1803:(1543–1583)
1777:(1526–1583)
1742:(側福晉 全州李氏)
1485:August 2021
1363:temple name
1335:August 2021
1197:Han Chinese
782:behind the
768:Ming Empire
697:Lady Abahai
656:Han Chinese
581:Möllendorff
387:Aisin-Gioro
366:Temple name
229:Predecessor
209:(1647–1649)
196:(1643–1644)
176:Qing Empire
37:Aisin Gioro
21:Manchu name
4403:Categories
4164:Hong Taiji
4159:Manggūltai
2879:Elman 2001
2859:Elman 2002
2846:Elman 2002
2805:Oxnam 1975
2306:, p.
2286:References
2168:Prince Rui
2160:TV Series
2132:TV Series
1832:Empress Yi
1425:Prince Rui
1246:Shang Kexi
1185:Shang Kexi
1050:Huai River
1017:Li Zicheng
808:Great Wall
772:Li Zicheng
709:Hong Taiji
671:Early life
629:Hong Taiji
257:1612-11-17
190:Co-Regents
93:newspapers
25:given name
4384:Sahaliyan
4333:Jirgalang
4289:Sahaliyan
4264:Jirgalang
4221:Sahaliyan
4196:Jaisanggū
4186:Jirgalang
3992:Zhaosheng
3887:161270740
3820:163314256
3052:Kuhn 1990
2893:, passim.
2857:Cited in
2795:, p. 103.
2570:Mote 1999
2554:Mote 1999
2494:Mote 1999
2414:Mote 1999
2291:Citations
2275:Confucius
2240:nan zheng
2135:Daemyeong
1775:Giocangga
1724:, of the
1563:does not
1509:Jirgalang
1456:does not
1380:Styles of
1306:does not
1213:era names
1209:Guangzhou
1189:Guangzhou
1158:Zhu Yihai
1123:Songjiang
1111:Confucian
1087:A man in
950:Bannermen
912:Jirgalang
885:Confucius
800:Wu Sangui
737:Jirgalang
689:Later Jin
667:in 1778.
621:Later Jin
482:Duō'ěrgǔn
239:Successor
224:1636–1650
194:Jirgalang
185:1643–1650
33:clan name
4236:Tiancong
4134:Tianming
3749:(1985),
3652:(1975),
3620:(1999),
3540:(1990),
3395:(2001),
3296:Dai 2009
3284:Dai 2009
2351:Archived
2278:topknot.
2190:See also
1752:Ancestry
1695:Tunggiya
1203:in 1673.
1154:Zhejiang
1131:Jiangyin
1115:virility
1074:Hangzhou
1058:Shi Kefa
1054:Yangzhou
1033:Jiangnan
1013:Shandong
579:,
294:Consorts
242:Chunying
82:"Dorgon"
19:In this
4304:Chongde
4176:Degelei
4075:Zaifeng
4064:Zaiyuan
4058:Duanhua
4046:Suksaha
3812:2057148
3569:(ed.).
3462:(ed.).
3348:Sources
2267:In the
1856:Nurhaci
1584:removed
1569:sources
1477:removed
1462:sources
1359:Chengde
1327:removed
1312:sources
1277:Lanzhou
1269:Ganzhou
1265:Xichong
1233:Nanning
1119:Jiading
1097:Manchus
1025:Shaanxi
687:of the
681:Nurhaci
617:Nurhaci
592:
397:Nurhaci
309:
305:
287:Chengde
107:scholar
4379:Abatai
4362:Others
4338:Dorgon
4328:Daišan
4320:Banner
4274:Dorgon
4254:Abatai
4249:Daišan
4201:Dorgon
4171:Abatai
4149:Daišan
4144:Beiles
4052:Sushun
4040:Ebilun
4023:Dorgon
4007:Longyu
3924:
3902:
3885:
3854:
3835:
3818:
3810:
3779:
3757:
3736:
3717:
3698:
3679:
3660:
3638:
3606:
3548:
3526:
3504:
3441:
3422:
3403:
3382:
3363:
2771:
2723:
2698:
2630:
2331:
1669:Family
1644:force.
1638:queues
1225:Shaowu
1221:Yongli
1217:Shaowu
1171:Taiwan
1142:Fujian
1106:queues
1070:Suzhou
1046:Xuzhou
874:queues
780:a hill
683:, the
677:Manchu
660:queues
605:Manchu
598:badger
585:dorgon
575:ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ
571::
569:Manchu
565:Dorgon
543:Manchu
521:Dorgon
507:ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ
417:Dorgon
403:Mother
393:Father
332:Donggo
269:Fushun
150:Dorgon
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
29:Dorgon
23:, the
4369:Ajige
4348:Hooge
4294:Hooge
4259:Ajige
4226:Hooge
4181:Ajige
4028:Sonin
3997:Ci'an
3883:S2CID
3816:S2CID
3808:JSTOR
3565:. In
3496:[
3458:. In
2217:Notes
2000:Bugan
1801:Taksi
1663:beard
1538:zhong
1518:Hooge
1287:Death
1273:Gansu
1257:Hooge
1242:Hunan
1238:Hubei
1191:from
1093:queue
1021:Xi'an
1009:Hebei
908:ecike
760:Hooge
729:Hooge
701:Ajige
636:Hooge
545:text.
382:House
341:Names
328:Issue
303:
221:Reign
182:Reign
114:JSTOR
100:books
4374:Dudu
4353:Yoto
4343:Dodo
4284:Yoto
4279:Dodo
4269:Dudu
4216:Šoto
4211:Yoto
4206:Dodo
4191:Dudu
4154:Amin
4034:Oboi
4002:Cixi
3922:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3591:link
3546:ISBN
3524:ISBN
3502:ISBN
3494:顺治事典
3439:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3361:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2130:KBS1
1567:any
1565:cite
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