131:
1440:
135:
133:
138:
137:
132:
139:
1544:
In contemporary prose writing, Doric occurs usually as quoted speech, although this is less and less often the case. As is usually the case with marginalised languages, local loyalties prevail in the written form, showing how the variety "deviates" from standard ("British") English as opposed to a
1540:
period writing from the North East of
Scotland adhered to the literary conventions of the time; indications of particular "Doric" pronunciations were very rare. The 18th-century literary revival also brought forth writers from the North East but, again, local dialect features were rare, the extant
136:
1635:
and has been the basis of a successful play and television series. It is very popular throughout
Scotland and tells the story of Chris, an independent-minded woman, mainly in a form of English strongly influenced by the rhythms of local speech.
1923:
in Doric. She said "I want to advance the cause of Doric and show there's a strong and important culture in the North East." She was required to take an oath in
English beforehand. There was some debate as to whether the oath was "gweed Doric"
1560:, a genre that paints a sentimental, melodramatic picture of the old rural life, and is currently unfashionable. This negative association still plagues Doric literature to a degree, as well as Scottish literature in general.
2168:
2142:
134:
169:. There is an extensive body of literature, mostly poetry, ballads, and songs, written in Doric. In some literary works, Doric is used as the language of conversation while the rest of the work is in
1665:
and peppers her humour column with "Doricisms" and Doric words. Doric has also featured in stage, radio and television, notably in the sketches and songs of the
Aberdeen-based comedy groups
215:, and other more rural areas, and were alleged by the ancient Greeks to have spoken laconically and in a language thought harsher in tone and more phonetically conservative than the
2172:
1553:. These local loyalties, waning knowledge of the older literary tradition and relative distance from the Central Lowlands ensure that the Doric scene has a degree of semi-autonomy.
2146:
2356:
1928:) or not, and notably it is, to a certain extent, written phonetically and contains certain anglicised forms such as "I" rather than "A", and "and" instead of "an":
1932:"I depone aat I wull be leal and bear ae full alleadgance tae her majesty Queen Elizabeth her airs an ony fa come aifter her anent the law. Sae help me God."
1942:, the character Young MacGuffin speaks the Doric dialect, and a running joke involves no one else understanding him. This was a choice by the voice actor,
1572:
2463:
2242:
2537:
2274:
2073:
236:
1646:
The North East has been claimed as the "real home of the ballad" and, according to Les
Wheeler, "91 out of a grand total of (Child's)
1504:
1457:
2484:
1476:
117:
1960:
In August 2012, Gordon Hay, an
Aberdeenshire author, successfully completed what is believed to be the first translation of the
2449:
794:
1650:
came from the North East – in fact from
Aberdeenshire", which makes the usual name of "Border Ballad" a misnomer put about by
1483:
2469:
2333:
1920:
1490:
2458:
1541:
literary Scots conventions being preferred. In later times, a more deliberately regional literature began to emerge.
1523:
1472:
2513:
2099:
1461:
2474:
2381:
31:
2300:
2557:
1550:
110:
1925:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1382:
1378:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1308:
1304:
1254:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1135:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1005:
1001:
969:
965:
961:
915:
911:
887:
883:
879:
875:
796:
790:
786:
782:
710:
706:
640:
636:
632:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
508:
504:
465:
461:
415:
411:
372:
368:
327:
323:
1545:
general literary Scots "norm". This shows itself in the local media presentation of the language, e.g.,
2246:
2115:
283:
justified their use of Scots (instead of
English) by comparing it to the use of Ancient Greek Doric by
173:
or
British English. A number of 20th and 21st century poets have written poetry in the Doric dialect.
1497:
1536:
North East Scots has an extensive body of literature, mostly poetry, ballads and songs. During the
208:
2552:
1913:
1450:
103:
2033:
McClure, J. Derrick (1 January 1987). "'Lallans' and 'Doric' in North-Eastern
Scottish Poetry".
2562:
2132:
Aitken A.J. 'How to Pronounce Older Scots' in 'Bards and Makars'. Glasgow University Press 1977
1954:
1670:
2528:
185:, but during the twentieth century it became increasingly associated with Mid Northern Scots.
1983:
1685:
1588:
1624:
1568:
86:
8:
2567:
2492:
1917:
1666:
1546:
280:
2059:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 116
2087:
1580:
2095:
1938:
1640:
312:
259:
2446:
2357:"Aberdeen University launches new undergraduate class in Doric and north-east Scots"
2524:
2488:
2217:
2068:
2042:
1978:
1658:
1651:
1618:
1598:
2532:
2503:
2479:
2441:
2307:
1957:
launched a term-long Doric course, offering it to all its undergraduate students.
2453:
2413:
1947:
1632:
1557:
568:
268:
2572:
628:
182:
162:
81:
71:
24:
2546:
2419:
2405:
1988:
1961:
1647:
564:
469:
197:
76:
66:
2508:
252:, “Doric" came to mean “rustic" in English, and was applied particularly to
1973:
1943:
1909:
1584:
1564:
1537:
300:
272:
224:
50:
45:
2046:
2498:
2281:
1614:
1592:
1576:
264:
255:
216:
193:
40:
2436:
1606:
1464: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
296:
284:
2382:"BBC News - Bible's New Testament translated into Doric by Gordon Hay"
698:
1643:
has been published in Doric, as well as some sections of the Bible.
1439:
968:
along the coast and in Moray and Nairn. The realisation may also be
1890:
1886:
166:
144:
2466:, and compare with other accents from the UK and around the World.
1377:
in dialect writing. In Moray and Nairn the realisation is usually
2518:
1610:
245:
228:
204:
170:
2514:'Fit Like, Yer Majesty?' a book of Doric poems published in 2008
1661:, a poet who writes in Doric, and Mo Simpson, who writes in the
1353:
from the spelling of Standard English cognates, in for example,
2519:
Doric language and area stories from the North East of Scotland
1602:
308:
249:
220:
212:
201:
181:
The term "Doric" was formerly used to refer to all dialects of
560:
223:. Doric Greek was used for some of the verses spoken by the
189:
1166:
and occasionally after other consonants in, for example,
2334:"Say What? How Kevin McKidd Brought Scotland to 'Brave'"
2218:"Doric Dialects and Doric Poets of North-East Scotland"
1609:, he is commonly considered one of the fathers of the
567:
dialects. The vowel numbers are from Aitken. See also
800:
and occasionally after other consonants, for example
1409:
in dialect writing. The realisation also occurs in
2523:David Jack reads Doric passages from the works of
2094:(New ed.). Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing.
1838:Look over and watch how things were going beneath.
1865:Admit my mistake, and once I'd cleared the board,
1832:Tired of the flocking angels hoarse with singing,
1829:Deafened by the harps and hymns unending ringing,
1718:Deaved wi' the harps an' hymns oonendin' ringin',
697:in dialect writing. In Buchan, in some words the
2544:
1835:To some cloud edge I'd saunter forth and, faith,
1739:Look ower an' watch hoo things were gyaun aneth.
1725:Tired o' the flockin' angels hairse wi' singin',
1222:after Standard English also occur, is generally
2538:Scotland's little-known fourth "language" (BBC)
1732:To some clood-edge I'd daunder furth an', feth,
2485:Anglic Language Varieties of Northern Scotland
2447:Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster
1893:. Phrases said by the lift include "Gyaun Up"
1850:Of my fine spinning Earth—a whole week's work—
1795:Droon oot the hale hypothec, dicht the sklate,
1556:Doric dialogue was used in a lot of so-called
713:glide before the preceding vowel, for example
1889:hotel decided to use a Doric voice for their
1802:Own my mistak', an, aince I cleared the brod,
1767:O' my braw birlin' Earth,—a hale week's wark—
1563:Poets who wrote in the Doric dialect include
111:
2499:List of Doric Words and English Translations
2442:Technical description of Doric pronunciation
2116:"Scotslanguage.com - A Little Doric History"
2080:
1964:into Doric. The project took him six years.
1868:Start everything over again, if I were God.
1862:Drown out the whole shebang, wipe the slate,
1856:And, ere they'd time to launch a second ark,
2019:Ana Deumert & Wim Vandenbussche (2003)
1901:(Going down), "atween fleers een an fower"
1844:Had started out to poison, shoot and kill ,
1826:Wearied no doubt, now all my work was done,
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1045:
1039:
1025:
987:
981:
845:
746:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
563:realisations differ markedly from those of
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
491:
485:
335:
2074:The Oxford Companion to English Literature
2021:Germanic standardizations: past to present
1859:Take back my word and send another flood ,
1753:Had startit in to pooshan, sheet an' fell,
643:as in Central Scots dialects, for example
511:as in Central Scots dialects, for example
237:The Oxford Companion to English Literature
118:
104:
16:Northeastern dialect of the Scots language
2215:
2193:Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921)
2086:
1853:I'd drop my coat again, roll up my shirt,
1788:Tak' back my word an' sen' anither spate,
1781:An' or they'd time to lench a second ark,
1760:To reive an' rape, an' fairly mak' a hell
1711:Weariet nae doot noo a' my darg was deen,
1524:Learn how and when to remove this message
2459:North East page at Scots Language Centre
2354:
2271:, Constable & Company Limited, p.11.
1847:To steal and rape and fairly make a hell
1809:Start a'thing ower again, gin I was God.
1774:I'd cast my coat again, rowe up my sark,
299:are usually pronounced much as in other
287:. English became associated with Attic.
129:
2464:'Hover & Hear' Doric pronunciations
2032:
1746:Syne, gin I saw hoo men I'd made mysel'
2545:
1880:
1823:IF I were God, sitting up there above,
1704:GIN I was God, sittin' up there abeen,
1657:Contemporary writers in Doric include
1605:used Doric in his novels. A friend of
1138:), but also in a few other words, and
2336:. Hollywoodreporter.com. 21 June 2012
2062:
1841:Then if I saw how men I'd made myself
1691:
1462:adding citations to reliable sources
1433:
248:were regarded as uncivilised by the
2355:Drysdale, Neil (1 September 2020).
2282:"Hotel lands uplifting Doric voice"
2197:. Cambridge, University Press. p.44
655:(brave, handsome, fine, splendid),
418:as in other dialects, for example:
330:as in other dialects, for example:
279:18th-century Scots writers such as
143:A Doric Scots speaker, recorded in
13:
2243:"Display KIST Information Example"
914:in Moray and Nairn but is usually
188:The name possibly originated as a
14:
2584:
2509:Hotel lands uplifting Doric voice
2430:
2308:"Doric oath as new MSPs sworn in"
2480:Scottish MSP takes oath in Doric
2010:Edinburgh University Press. p. 3
1438:
1349:, especially before nasals, and
964:, though the realisation may be
874:in dialect writing. A preceding
531:(wrought~worked), often written
2374:
2348:
2326:
2261:
2235:
2209:
2200:
2187:
2161:
1905:(between floors one and four).
1449:needs additional citations for
1150:. The realisation is generally
886:glide, with the vowel realised
785:(vowel 4 or 8) may be realised
176:
2135:
2126:
2108:
2053:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1676:
1551:The Aberdeen Press and Journal
402:In Buchan, towards the coast,
165:as spoken in the northeast of
1:
2529:Spikin' Scots wi' Dawvid Jack
2527:, with some annotated texts:
2504:Doric set to dae the business
2384:. Bbc.co.uk. 28 February 2011
1994:
1473:"Doric dialect" Scotland
1429:
1050:) in dialect writing. Before
918:in other areas, for example,
2245:. Abdn.ac.uk. Archived from
2006:Robert McColl Millar (2007)
290:
7:
2437:Doric A-Z words and phrases
2171:. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from
2145:. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from
1967:
1567:of Banffshire (1879–1949),
1303:in dialect writing. Before
1253:(vowel 14) may be realised
1142:generally occurring before
326:in some words, rather than
10:
2589:
2399:
2008:Northern and insular Scots
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1613:genre and an influence on
1897:(Going up), "Gyaun Doun"
2216:Henderson, John (1996).
2092:Scots: The Mither Tongue
2023:. John Benjamins. p. 385
1663:Aberdeen Evening Express
1118:(vowel 2). Occasionally
434:(mother), often written
344:(nought), often written
2470:Hear Doric spoken aloud
2314:. London. 19 April 2006
1903:/əˈtwinfliːrzinənˈfʌur/
1307:the realisation may be
1299:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1080:(seven), often written
1076:
1058:the realisation may be
1046:
1040:
1026:
988:
982:
934:(stone), often written
846:
836:(belly), often written
747:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
492:
486:
336:
153:, the popular name for
2288:. London. 16 June 2006
2267:Charles Murray (1920)
2195:Manual of Modern Scots
1955:University of Aberdeen
1918:Scottish Parliamentary
1631:trilogy is set in the
1587:of Angus (1863–1946),
1571:of Angus (1886–1975),
1397:(ford), often written
1365:(good), often written
1325:(vowel 7) is realised
1178:(sway), often written
663:(snow), often written
616:(vowel 12), sometimes
472:dialects, for example
147:
2426:. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
2361:The Press and Journal
2269:In the Country Places
2120:www.scotslanguage.com
2077:(fifth edition, 1985)
2047:10.1075/eww.8.2.04mcc
960:(vowel 3) is usually
906:(naked). The cluster
496:) in dialect writing.
480:(who), often written
142:
2452:13 June 2020 at the
1953:In autumn 2020, the
1625:Lewis Grassic Gibbon
1569:Helen B. Cruickshank
1458:improve this article
260:Lowlands of Scotland
2558:Culture in Aberdeen
1881:Recent developments
1558:Kailyard literature
1547:Grampian Television
1319:in dialect writing.
1196:in dialect writing.
1110:(vowels 2 and 11),
1104:in dialect writing.
950:in dialect writing.
767:in dialect writing.
555:in dialect writing.
454:in dialect writing.
356:in dialect writing.
2493:original link down
2475:The Doric Festival
2035:English World-Wide
1936:In Disney/Pixar's
1667:Scotland the What?
1581:Sir Alexander Gray
578:(vowel 17) before
322:, may be realised
155:Mid Northern Scots
148:
2222:Electric Scotland
2069:Drabble, Margaret
1877:
1876:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1508:
1385:in, for example,
1311:in, for example,
1257:in, for example,
1130:generally before
1062:in, for example,
1008:in, for example,
972:in, for example,
192:reference to the
140:
128:
127:
2580:
2525:George MacDonald
2489:Internet Archive
2410:Spik O The Place
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2084:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1979:Shetland dialect
1927:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1659:Sheena Blackhall
1652:Sir Walter Scott
1619:J. R. R. Tolkien
1599:George MacDonald
1591:(1864–1941) and
1573:Alexander Fenton
1529:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1466:
1442:
1434:
1384:
1380:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1315:, often written
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1269:, often written
1256:
1226:in for example,
1225:
1209:
1205:
1202:(vowel 7 before
1195:
1189:
1183:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1137:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1029:
1012:, often written
1007:
1003:
991:
985:
971:
967:
963:
917:
913:
889:
885:
881:
877:
849:
798:
792:
788:
784:
750:
737:~ often written
712:
708:
705:may be realised
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
642:
638:
634:
625:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
510:
506:
503:may be realised
495:
489:
467:
463:
417:
413:
410:may be realised
374:
370:
339:
329:
325:
263:and also to the
254:the language of
161:, refers to the
141:
120:
113:
106:
21:
20:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2543:
2542:
2533:YouTube channel
2454:Wayback Machine
2433:
2414:Canongate Books
2402:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2249:on 1 March 2007
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1970:
1883:
1878:
1679:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1443:
1432:
1267:beauty and duty
709:, often with a
631:, are realised
623:
569:Cardinal vowels
293:
196:dialect of the
179:
159:Northeast Scots
130:
124:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Scots dialects
2541:
2540:
2535:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2431:External links
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:Harper, Norman
2417:
2406:Harper, Norman
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2373:
2347:
2325:
2299:
2273:
2260:
2234:
2208:
2199:
2186:
2175:on 3 July 2014
2160:
2149:on 3 July 2014
2134:
2125:
2107:
2100:
2079:
2061:
2052:
2041:(2): 215–234.
2025:
2012:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1946:, a native of
1934:
1933:
1908:Also in 2006,
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1690:
1686:Charles Murray
1678:
1675:
1641:Aesop's Fables
1589:Charles Murray
1532:
1531:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1320:
1247:
1197:
1105:
951:
890:, for example
882:may produce a
770:In some areas
768:
635:, rather than
629:L-vocalisation
607:
557:
556:
507:, rather than
497:
464:, rather than
455:
414:, rather than
400:
395:(a clock) and
375:, for example
357:
303:dialects but:
292:
289:
277:
276:
178:
175:
163:Scots language
126:
125:
123:
122:
115:
108:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
82:Southern Scots
79:
74:
72:Northern Scots
69:
61:
60:
56:
55:
54:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
25:Scots language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2585:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Aberdeenshire
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2424:Spikkin Doric
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2143:"SND:A 2 (2)"
2138:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:Norn language
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1962:New Testament
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:/ɡwidˈdoːrɪk/
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:(1864–1941)
1687:
1683:
1682:Gin I was God
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1639:A version of
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:(1897–1962).
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:(1882–1968),
1582:
1579:(1900–2000),
1578:
1575:(1929–2012),
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475: –
1474:
1470:
1469:Find sources:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:This section
1445:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1214:), sometimes
1213:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
999:
995:
990:
984:
979:
975:
959:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
832:(choose) and
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
704:
700:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
630:
627:representing
626:
619:
615:
611:
608:
577:
574:
573:
572:
570:
566:
565:Central Scots
562:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
525:(wright) and
523:
518:
514:
502:
498:
494:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Central Scots
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:(gather) and
429:
425:
421:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
367:are realised
366:
362:
359:The clusters
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
333:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
257:
251:
247:
243:
242:
241:
239:
238:
234:According to
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
198:Ancient Greek
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:Lowland Scots
174:
172:
171:Lallans Scots
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
121:
116:
114:
109:
107:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
77:Central Scots
75:
73:
70:
68:
67:Insular Scots
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
2423:
2409:
2386:. Retrieved
2376:
2366:20 September
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:the original
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:the original
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2091:
2082:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1984:Ulster Scots
1974:Modern Scots
1959:
1952:
1944:Kevin McKidd
1937:
1935:
1910:Maureen Watt
1907:
1884:
1871:
1817:
1816:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1597:
1585:Violet Jacob
1565:John M. Caie
1562:
1555:
1543:
1538:Middle Scots
1535:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1468:
1456:Please help
1451:verification
1448:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:(floor) and
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:(ankle) and
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:(consonant)
1342:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1294:
1266:
1265:and also in
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
977:
973:
957:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
910:is realised
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
779:
778:(consonant)
775:
771:
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
702:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:rather than
575:
558:
516:
512:
500:
499:The cluster
481:
477:
473:
460:is realised
457:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
407:
406:followed by
403:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
364:
360:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:(might) and
334:(daughter),
331:
319:
315:
301:Modern Scots
294:
281:Allan Ramsay
278:
273:architecture
269:three orders
253:
235:
233:
211:, including
187:
180:
177:Nomenclature
158:
154:
150:
149:
91:
87:Ulster Scots
51:Modern Scots
46:Middle Scots
18:
2340:15 November
1885:In 2006 an
1818:Translation
1677:Sample text
1671:Flying Pigs
1648:305 ballads
1629:Scots Quair
1615:C. S. Lewis
1593:J. C. Milne
1577:Flora Garry
1421:(shoe) and
1249:Stem final
1242:(look) and
1174:(lift) and
1154:but may be
1114:(Consonant)
930:(bone) and
804:(clothes),
733:(snow) and
659:(fall) and
476:(what) and
422:(brother),
256:Northumbria
92:Doric Scots
41:Early Scots
2568:Banffshire
2547:Categories
2487:(from the
2253:8 November
2206:SND:U 2 4i
2179:8 November
2153:8 November
2101:1845960521
1995:References
1899:/ɡʲɑːndun/
1607:Mark Twain
1484:newspapers
1430:Literature
1234:(enough),
1170:(change),
1066:(heaven),
902:(nag) and
515:(wretch),
426:(father),
297:consonants
285:Theocritus
244:Since the
219:spoken in
200:language.
2388:30 August
2169:"SND W 6"
2088:Billy Kay
1916:took her
1895:/ɡʲɑːnʌp/
1425:(to~too).
1389:(board),
1357:(above),
992:(sweat),
986:(seven),
291:Phonology
250:Athenians
227:in Greek
207:lived in
2450:Archived
2312:BBC News
2286:BBC News
2090:(2006).
1968:See also
1887:Aberdeen
1669:and the
1514:May 2021
1238:(cook),
1230:(book),
980:(girl),
926:(once),
894:(card),
824:(weak),
721:(blow),
651:(cold),
399:(knoll).
265:simplest
258:and the
167:Scotland
145:Scotland
59:Dialects
2422:(2009)
2416:, 1998)
2400:Sources
2318:24 June
2292:24 June
2227:26 July
1912:of the
1611:fantasy
1498:scholar
1413:(ado),
1381:before
1379:/(j)uː/
1341:. Also
1331:/wi(ː)/
1246:(took).
1168:cheenge
1162:, dark
1004:before
753:snyaave
743:blyaave
717:(awe),
647:(all),
594:may be
436:bridder
428:gaither
424:faither
420:brither
332:dochter
318:, also
313:cluster
267:of the
246:Dorians
229:tragedy
209:Laconia
205:Dorians
190:jocular
32:History
2098:
2071:(ed.)
1872:
1633:Mearns
1603:Huntly
1549:&
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1417:(do),
1333:after
1327:/i(ː)/
1300:dyowty
1295:byowty
1232:eneuch
1181:chynge
1158:after
1152:/i(ː)/
1101:sivven
1095:sizzon
1089:rizzon
1083:hivven
1077:seiven
1072:season
1068:reason
1064:heiven
1000:, and
983:seiven
966:/e(ː)/
962:/i(ː)/
922:(one)
789:after
783:/e(ː)/
765:chaave
761:tyaave
757:tyauve
748:gnaave
701:final
604:/a(ː)/
552:vrocht
546:vricht
534:vratch
528:wrocht
522:wricht
513:wratch
468:as in
452:midder
448:gedder
444:gaider
440:fadder
432:mither
346:dother
309:Buchan
225:chorus
221:Athens
213:Sparta
2573:Moray
1948:Elgin
1939:Brave
1697:Doric
1601:from
1505:JSTOR
1491:books
1407:foord
1403:floor
1399:boord
1395:fuird
1391:fluir
1387:buird
1375:gweed
1371:queet
1367:abeen
1355:abuin
1255:/jʌu/
1172:heeze
1126:with
1027:swyte
1022:syven
1018:quine
1014:gryte
1010:speak
998:wheat
994:weave
989:sweit
978:quean
974:great
948:steen
940:eence
932:stane
904:nakit
892:caird
847:kwite
842:kwile
838:clyes
802:claes
795:dark
739:yaave
649:cauld
624:'
561:vowel
559:Some
540:vrath
517:wrath
397:knowe
393:knock
389:knife
342:nocht
337:micht
295:Most
217:Attic
202:Greek
194:Doric
151:Doric
2390:2012
2368:2020
2342:2012
2320:2009
2294:2009
2255:2010
2229:2012
2181:2010
2155:2010
2096:ISBN
1921:oath
1891:lift
1617:and
1477:news
1419:shae
1411:adae
1405:and
1373:and
1363:guid
1359:cuit
1337:and
1329:and
1317:wyke
1313:week
1297:and
1284:nyow
1272:fyow
1244:teuk
1240:leuk
1236:ceuk
1228:beuk
1224:/ju/
1218:and
1210:see
1206:and
1193:swye
1190:and
1187:hyse
1176:swee
1156:/əi/
1146:and
1122:and
1098:and
1074:and
1054:and
1041:spik
1038:and
1036:fyte
1032:wyve
996:and
970:/əi/
946:and
944:been
928:bane
924:ance
916:/in/
912:/en/
900:naig
896:cake
872:wyme
870:and
868:wyle
864:wyte
860:wyke
856:wyde
852:gype
834:wame
830:wale
826:wait
822:waik
818:wade
814:gape
810:coat
806:coal
787:/əi/
755:and
731:snaw
723:gnaw
719:blaw
699:stem
694:snaa
691:and
682:braa
670:caal
661:snaw
653:braw
641:/ɔː/
637:/ɑː/
633:/aː/
612:and
590:and
549:and
505:/vr/
484:and
474:whit
450:and
385:knee
381:gnap
377:gnaw
373:/kn/
371:and
369:/ɡn/
363:and
354:noth
352:and
350:mith
328:/xt/
311:the
2043:doi
1914:SNP
1684:by
1627:'s
1460:by
1423:tae
1415:dae
1383:/r/
1339:/k/
1335:/ɡ/
1309:/ɪ/
1305:/k/
1293:),
1281:),
1263:new
1259:few
1208:/x/
1204:/k/
1164:/l/
1160:/w/
1136:/x/
1060:/ɪ/
1056:/z/
1052:/v/
1006:/k/
1002:/ɪ/
936:een
920:ane
908:ane
888:/a/
884:/j/
880:/n/
878:or
876:/k/
797:/l/
791:/w/
774:or
735:taw
727:law
715:awe
711:/j/
707:/v/
688:faa
679:),
657:faw
639:or
620:or
600:/ʌ/
598:or
596:/ə/
592:/ŋ/
588:/m/
584:/ɡ/
580:/b/
509:/r/
482:fit
478:wha
466:/ʍ/
462:/f/
416:/ð/
412:/d/
324:/ð/
320:ght
316:cht
307:In
271:in
157:or
2549::
2531:,
2495:).
2491:-
2408:,
2359:.
2310:.
2284:.
2220:.
2118:.
2037:.
1950:.
1673:.
1654:.
1621:.
1401:,
1369:,
1351:oo
1323:ui
1261:,
1251:ew
1220:oo
1216:ui
1212:ui
1200:eu
1184:,
1140:ie
1132:ch
1128:ei
1124:ie
1120:ei
1108:ee
1092:,
1086:,
1070:,
1034:,
1030:,
1024:,
1020:,
1016:,
976:,
958:ei
956:,
954:ea
942:,
938:,
898:,
866:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
844:,
840:,
828:,
820:,
816:,
812:,
808:,
793:,
772:ai
751:,
745:,
741:,
729:,
725:,
685:,
667:,
665:aa
645:aw
614:au
610:aw
586:,
582:,
571:.
543:,
537:,
519:,
501:wr
487:fa
458:wh
442:,
438:,
408:er
404:th
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
365:kn
361:gn
348:,
240::
231:.
2412:(
2392:.
2370:.
2344:.
2322:.
2296:.
2257:.
2231:.
2183:.
2157:.
2122:.
2104:.
2049:.
2045::
2039:8
1924:(
1527:)
1521:(
1516:)
1512:(
1502:·
1495:·
1488:·
1481:·
1454:.
1347:e
1343:u
1290:e
1287:(
1278:e
1275:(
1148:v
1144:l
1134:(
1116:e
1112:e
1047:k
1044:(
780:e
776:a
763:~
759:~
703:w
676:d
673:(
622:a
618:a
606:.
576:a
493:a
490:(
446:~
275:.
119:e
112:t
105:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.