1224:(not to be confused with the similarly named Cueva de RĂo El Duende), which lies just southwest of the El Duende pyramid. A 2 meter deep midden was discovered in this cave showing heavy use during the Preclassic and Classic periods. A ceramic vessel bearing the earliest dynastic text yet recovered from Dos Pilas was found in this midden. A thick cap of sterile yellow clay covers much of the floor of the main chamber, it appears to have been deliberately deposited in order to cover the entrance to the cave's longest tunnel, which passes underneath the El Duende pyramid and connects with the Cueva de RĂo El Duende. In the entrance of the cave were found large quantities of rubble, much of it consisting of finely dressed stone that had been stripped from nearby buildings and used to block the cave entrance. James E. Brady believes that the blocking of this sacred cave was a part of a termination ritual carried out by the conquerors of Dos Pilas, who also blocked the entrances of the Cueva de Sangre (Cave of Blood) and possibly the western entrance of the Cueva de RĂo El Duende, suggesting that the caves were enormously important.
1169:, Spanish for "bat") lies halfway between the site core and the El Duende group, being 0.5 km to the east of the main plaza and 0.5 km to the west of the El Duende pyramid. The Bat Palace was the political centre of Dos Pilas from AD 725 until the city was abandoned in AD 761. Excavations of the Bat Palace revealed that it was an exclusive, closed elite compound with ritual significance, with a cave entrance emerging within the palace and being marked by a shrine with offerings over the buried entrance. The Bat Palace is believed to have been the most important elite area of Dos Pilas during the reigns of the last two rulers of the city. The entrance to the palace complex was flanked by two small temples built of masonry, leading to two courtyards. The courtyards were enclosed by masonry buildings with perishable roofs. A smashed royal throne was found in the Bat Palace, evidence of the violent conquest of the city in the Late Classic.
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1082: 1 and 2 are located in the centre of the plaza. Stela 1 depicts an elaborately attired Itzamnaaj K'awiil and dates to AD 706. It records the defeat of a Tikal lord and contains the last known reference to that city so far recovered from inscriptions at Dos Pilas. Stela 2 is badly damaged and depicts the defeat of Yich'aak B'alam of Seibal by "Master of Sun Jaguar". The plaza is enclosed on all four sides by structures; at least two of the surrounding structures were accessed via hieroglyphic stairways. South of the main plaza are a series of smaller elevated plazas with more restricted access, bordered by multi-roomed buildings. A further two hieroglyphic stairways have been found in this area.
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1105:(also referred to as L5-49) is a large pyramid to the south of the plaza and is topped by three temple sanctuaries. The pyramid is the largest structure in the site core and rises about 20 meters over the plaza. This pyramid's main stairway (known as Hieroglyphic Stairway 2) contains at least eighteen hieroglyphic steps, describing the arrival and life of B'alaj Chan K'awiil. The discovery of eight new hieroglyphic steps in 2001–2002 and their interpretation lead to a complete reevaluation of the early history of the site, throwing light upon the wider Maya politics involved with the break from Tikal, formerly seen as an internal affair. The steps currently
1231:(Cave of Blood) is located about 2 km east of the El Duende group, it has more than 3 km of tunnel running underneath a small hill. The cave has four entrances, two of which had been blocked with rubble as at Cueva de El Duende. The west entrance appears to have been the principal entrance used by the ancient inhabitants of Dos Pilas. A small building was built above this entrance, the function of this building must have been linked to the use of the cave itself. A stone wall enclosed both the cave entrance and the building itself. Preclassic ceramic fragments were found inside the Cueva de Sangre.
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labour and wealth, resulting in the rapid expansion of the city. At this time
Itzamnaaj K'awiil ordered the building of the El Duende group centred on a sizeable temple on a hilltop east of the Main Group. Victories over unknown, presumably minor, enemies are recorded to have taken place in AD 717 and 721. Itzamnaaj K'awiil raised five stelae in the El Duende group to celebrate his military victories. Itzamnaaj K'awiil's died in 726 and was buried four days later, as recorded on Stela 8. A royal tomb excavated under Structure 5-1 is probably that of this ruler.
1213:(Cueva de RĂo MurciĂ©lagos) lies 75 meters to the northwest of the Bat Palace. Although relatively dry in the dry season, after rainfall water can pour out through the cave mouth at a rate of 8mÂł/second, creating enough noise to be heard in the main plaza 500 meters away. Although the seasonal flow of water has washed away almost all archaeological remains from the cave, archaeologists consider that the Cave of Bats was of ceremonial importance to the inhabitants of Dos Pilas due to the dramatic torrent that flows through it in the wet season.
602:("Yuknoom the Great") of Calakmul attacked and defeated Dos Pilas, capturing Balaj Chan K’awiil. At about the same time, the king of Tikal was killed. Yuknoom Che'en II then reinstated Balaj Chan K'awiil upon the throne of Dos Pilas as his vassal. In an extraordinary act of treachery for someone claiming to be of the Tikal royal family, he thereafter served as a loyal ally of Calakmul, Tikal's sworn enemy. The exact methods used by Calakmul to induce Balaj Chan K'awiil to switch sides are unknown.
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the consolidation of its kingdom and the failure of Tikal to crush its splinter state before it gained a foothold. The hieroglyphic texts at Dos Pilas describe the victory in graphic terms, recording "pools of blood" and "piles of heads" as the result of a major battle between the two cities, with Dos Pilas very likely having received military aid from
Calakmul. B'alaj Chan K'awiil consolidated his power with marriage alliances. He took at least two wives; his main wife was a noblewoman from
507:(Ruler 2) (698–726), another son of B'alaj Chan Kawiil, was born in AD 673, probably in Calakmul during his family's exile after Dos Pilas was defeated by Tikal. His birth abroad seems to have been cause for embarrassment, with discrepancies in the calendar dates recorded on monuments likely to be the result of attempts to show that he was born in Dos Pilas itself. He reigned for 28 years. He died on October 726. A
517:(Ruler 3, "Master of Sun Jaguar") (727–741) seems not to have been a direct heir to the throne but rather a regent providing strong leadership while the heir was still a child. Twenty years before his rise to the throne he was already a prominent figure in Dos Pilas, responsible for the capture of the lord of Tikal in AD 705 and being closely involved in rituals performed by the previous king. Ucha'an K'in B'alam took a
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468:(Ruler 1) (c. 648–692+) was born on 15 October AD 625. He claimed to be a member of the Tikal royal line. On Dos Pilas Panel 6 he names a king of Tikal as his father. He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne and defected from Tikal in AD 648 to found Dos Pilas as a rival kingdom under the overlordship of Calakmul. B'alaj Chan K'awiil is known to have taken two wives,
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of a single massive structure. The terraces supported five stelae and altar pairs, commissioned by
Itzamnaaj K'awiil in the early 8th century AD. During excavations in 1991, a sinkhole near the western limit of the El Duende complex discovered a 1.5 km long cave that passes directly under the temple, which was named
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pottery. The strong
Preclassic traces found in the caves would imply that the caves were important long before the warlike Dos Pilas state was founded in the Late Classic. All the major architecture at Dos Pilas dates from the Late Classic and is aligned with important cave systems, showing
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Tikal and Dos Pilas went to battle again in AD 679 and Tikal suffered a humiliating defeat by its smaller rival. Although Dos Pilas celebrated this as the victorious conclusion of the war, neither side had gained any real advantage over the other. For Dos Pilas, this battle represented
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During excavations, a total of 22 caves were located in the immediate vicinity of the Dos Pilas, totaling over 11 km in length. There are five major caves; Cueva de El Duende, Cueva de RĂo El Duende, Cueva de RĂo MurciĂ©lagos, Cueva de Sangre and Cueva de Kaxon Pec.
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of B'alaj Chan K’awiil was torn down by the last inhabitants of Dos Pilas in order to build defensive walls immediately prior to the abandonment of the city. It lies about 100 meters south of the plaza, behind
Structure LD-49. Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 is located on the east side of the
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In AD 629, the Tikal king K'inich Muwaan Jol II installed his son Balaj Chan K’awiil, aged four, as ruler of Dos Pilas. With the establishment of the new kingdom, Dos Pilas advertised its origin by adopting the emblem glyph of Tikal as its own. For the next two decades he fought loyally for his
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Investigation of the various caves at Dos Pilas revealed that all of the larger caves were part of a single drainage system and that the Cave of Bats is the drainage outlet for the system, this cave therefore being connected to the Cueva de RĂo El Duende. A continuation of the Cave of Bats was
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On the hill forming the base of the El Duende group were erected several stelae containing toponym glyphs. One of these glyphs refers to water and the cave contains an underground lake directly underneath the hill, making it likely that the toponym is referring to this particular body of water. The
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The El Duende group lies about 1 km to the east of the site core. This group was built by
Itzamnaaj K'awiil after his victory over Tikal in 705. El Duende is the largest pyramid in the city, built by enlarging and terracing a natural hill some way from the site core, giving the impression
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is a ruined building on the east side of the plaza containing a vaulted crypt 9 meters beneath its summit. Inside were found the remains of an individual wearing a heavy jade collar and wristlets accompanied by offerings of fine painted ceramics and almost 400 pieces of shell mosaic that
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The war with Tikal continued under the new king and in AD 705 Tikal was again defeated and its lord captured. This victory was overseen by
Itzamnaaj K'aawiil's general Ucha'an K'in B'alam, who would later become king himself. After this victory Dos Pilas benefitted from tribute in the form of
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A small group of refugees occupied Dos Pilas after its abandonment, throwing up hastily built defensive walls constructed from stone stripped from the deserted temples and palaces. These palisaded walls formed concentric patterns with no regard for the pre-existing architecture at the site. This
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Ongoing conflict in the Maya region soon destabilised the whole area following the defeat of Dos Pilas' patron
Calakmul and in 761 the city was dramatically abandoned after Tamarindito and other PetexbatĂşn centres rebelled against their Dos Pilas overlord. A hieroglyphic stairway at
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Calakmul and its allies suffered after the defeat of
Calakmul by Tikal in 695, shifting the balance of power in the Maya lowlands. Around this time Balaj Chan K'awiil died and was succeeded by one of his sons, Itzamnaaj Balam, although the exact year is not clear from the hieroglyphic texts.
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are replicas put in place after looters stole a section of Step 6 containing four glyphs in
January 2003. The original steps were removed to a secure location. Flanking the stairway at the east and west ends are Panel 6 and Panel 7, both bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions. The
1051:. The general preservation of the site is poor due to the desperate stripping of stone from the principal buildings in order to build defensive walls immediately prior to the complete abandonment of the site. Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the site have been identified as belonging to the
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535:(Ruler 4) (741–761+) was installed on the throne of Dos Pilas in June of AD 741, 26 days after the death of "Master of Sun Jaguar". It is not known when he died but he was forced to flee Dos Pilas in AD 761 and was never mentioned again after that.
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to refound its obliterated dynasty. Balaj Chan K'awiil is known to have made several further visits to Calakmul; in 682 he celebrated a period ending ceremony there under Yuknoom the Great and in 686 he attended the enthroning of his successor, Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'.
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The ruins of Dos Pilas were first reported in 1953–4 by two brothers from Sayaxché, José and Lisandro Flores, but local residents probably already knew of their existence. Pierre Ivanoff lead an expedition to the site in 1960. He described the ruins, which he called
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Dos Pilas gives an important glimpse into the great rivalries and political strife that characterised the Late Classic. Much of the history of Dos Pilas can now be reconstructed, with a level of detail which is almost unparalleled in the Maya area.
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is a temple pyramid built by K'awiil Chan K'inich. Hieroglyphic Stairway 3 is located 120 meters south of the southeast corner of the plaza, it is a part of this structure and describes some of this king's victories in AD 743 and
345:, a town on the banks of the PasiĂłn River. Dos Pilas lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of the border with Mexico, 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the southwest of the Maya ruins of Tikal, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of
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lies at the northeast corner of the plaza. The structures forming its sides are designated as L4-16 and L4-17. These structures bear the heavily eroded Panel 11 and Panel 12, both of which show a standing lord wielding a
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well-preserved Panel 10 is located part of the way up the east side of the pyramid. Panel 10 was originally a stela at Arroyo de Piedra, it was moved and re-erected here after Dos Pilas conquered its neighbour.
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once formed a headdress. Due to the nearby Stela 8, positioned in front of this structure and containing a text relating the life, death and burial of king Itzamnaaj K'awiil, the tomb is presumed to be that of this king.
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Dos Pilas is a modest sized site, covering about 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi). It was founded in an area with little previous occupation at a distance of only 4 km from the pre-existing settlement at
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The interactions between Classic Period Maya city-states were deeply linked to the long-running power struggle between the two Maya "superpowers", Tikal and Calakmul, and the history of Dos Pilas is no exception.
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started excavations at Dos Pilas in 1989. Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 was discovered in 1990 and a year later the tomb of Itzamnaaj K'awiil was excavated. The project continued through to 1994, supported by the
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destroyed palace and was discovered when the defensive wall that crosses it was being excavated. Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 details the history of B'alaj Chan K’awiil and the founding of the Dos Pilas dynasty.
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A series of concentric rubble walls were built immediately before the city's abandonment, surrounding the Main Group and the El Duende Group. These hastily built fortifications were topped with a wooden palisade.
630:, another city in the PasiĂłn drainage. Their marriage produced Balaj Chan K'awiil's heirs, Itzamnaaj Balam and Itzamnaaj K'awiil. Balaj Chan K'awiil had a famous daughter with a second wife, this daughter was
970:, which lies only 10 km to the southeast. The violent end of Dos Pilas is evident from the smashed remains of a royal throne recovered from the Bat Palace. The entire PetexbatĂşn region was engulfed by
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Dos Pilas continued to exert control over Seibal even after the death of "Master of Sun Jaguar", with his successor K'awiil Chan Kinich presiding over rituals performed at the vassal site in AD 745–7.
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erected by his successor records that he was buried four days later, at night and within Dos Pilas. A tomb believed to be that of this king was found under Structure L5-1 in the site core.
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Demarest, Arthur; Kim Morgan; Claudia Wolley; Héctor Escobedo (2003). "The Political Acquisition of Sacred Geography: The Murciélagos Complex at Dos Pilas". In Jessica Joyce Christie (ed.).
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fact that the El Duende group were originally named after this subterranean water source demonstrates how important this cave was to the ancient inhabitants of Dos Pilas.
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This exile was only ended in AD 677, on the same day that Calakmul celebrated a success over Tikal, revealing B'alaj Chan K'awiil's obvious dependency on his foreign overlord.
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Tamarindito mentions the enforced flight of K'awiil Chan K'inich, who was never mentioned again. The Dos Pilas royal family probably transported itself to the more defensible
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Ucha'an K'in B'alam was enthroned in 727, probably as regent for K'awiil Chan K'inich, Itzamnaaj K'awiil's young son and heir. By the 8th century AD, Dos Pilas was powerful enough
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in the central Petén lakes region bear some hieroglyphic texts that closely resemble texts from Dos Pilas, suggesting that the lords of Ixlú may have been refugees from the
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The early history of the Dos Pilas site is unclear; there are traces of an earlier indigenous dynasty predating the arrival of B'alaj Chan K'awiil from Tikal. From the
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525:, a city that controlled the upper reaches of the PasiĂłn River. "Master of Sun Jaguar" died in May 741, his death is recorded on Stela 1 at his twin capital of
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was raised in front of Structure L5-1. Its text describes the principal events of king Itzamnaaj K'awiil's life, and mentions his death and burial in AD 726.
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XVI Simposio de Investigaciones ArqueolĂłgicas en Guatemala, 2002 (edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo, H. Escobedo and H. MejĂa), pp. 679–692.
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is a structure located on the west side of the plaza. At its base is Hieroglyphic Stairway 1, which records events during the life of Itzamnaaj K'awiil.
1157:(River Cave of El Duende) by archaeologists. Within the cave were found abundant artifacts and human bones. Smaller buildings flank the main platform.
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village was overrun and itself abandoned in the early years of the 9th century AD, at which point the history of Dos Pilas as a settlement ends.
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ridges interspersed with low lying wetlands, rivers and lakes. The area is subject to high annual rainfall, averaging 2,500 mm (98.4 in).
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The site is laid out around three monumental complexes aligned upon an east-west axis, in a form that is reminiscent of the Preclassic layouts at
918:, its king. The captive king was not executed but rather became a vassal under the lord of Dos Pilas. At about this time, the nearby site at
309:(or water containers), and this is the generally accepted meaning of the name, even though early investigator Pierre Ivanoff stated that it meant
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279:, eventually became the twin capitals of a single ruling dynasty. The kingdom as a whole has been named as the Petexbatun Kingdom, after Lake
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O'Mansky, Matt; Nicholas P. Dunning (2005). "Settlement and Late Classic Political Disintegration in the Petexbatun Region, Guatemala". In
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2414:(1991). "Prehistoric polities of the Pasion region: hieroglyphic texts and their archaeological settings". In T. Patrick Culbert (ed.).
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in the far north of Petén. The Main Group is the westernmost of the monumental complexes, while the El Duende group is the easternmost.
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rivers. The site has an elevation of 160 metres (525 ft) above mean sea level. Dos Pilas falls within the municipality of
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on the PasiĂłn River. In AD 735 the Lord of Dos Pilas (Ruler 3, "Master of Sun Jaguar") attacked the city, capturing
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of Tikal attacked and captured Dos Pilas in AD 672, driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into a five-year exile, probably in Calakmul.
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in the late 8th century AD until almost all the settlements of the former Dos Pilas kingdom were abandoned. The monuments of
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On June 12, 1970, the site was declared a National Monument according to Article 1210 of the Guatemalan Ministry of Education.
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became a twin capital of the Dos Pilas kingdom, with victory monuments being erected simultaneously in both cities.
953:. The capture of the lords of both cities, and also the lord of El Chorro, is depicted on Hieroglyphic Stairway 3.
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Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002. Martin & Grube 2000, p. 108. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387.
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The collapse of the Dos Pilas state seems to have benefited other sites in the region, such as Itzan, Cancuén and
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Only these major caves were excavated and the offerings recovered from these caves included a sizeable amount of
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that the builders of the city incorporated a thousand-year-old sacred landscape into the design of their city.
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2027:. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York:
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Brady, James E. (September 1997). "Settlement Configuration and Cosmology: The Role of Caves at Dos Pilas".
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1038:(IDAEH - Institute of Anthropology and History), Vanderbilt University and several other organisations.
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At the height of its power the kingdom covered an area of some 1,500 square miles (3,885 square km).
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Itzamnaaj Balam did not reign for long and he was replaced by his brother Itzamnaaj K'awiil in 698.
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2128:"Rescuing the Origins of Dos Pilas Dynasty: A Salvage of Hieroglyphic Stairway #2, Structure L5-49"
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An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador
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The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Maya Collapse
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501:(c. 697) had a short reign. He was the son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and his wife from Itzan.
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that was moved to Dos Pilas and re-erected after Dos Pilas conquered that city.
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Fahsen, Federico; Jorge Mario Ortiz; Jeannette Castellanos; Luis Fernando Luin (2003).
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Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation
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the PetexbatĂşn region had been dominated by a Maya kingdom centred on the sites of
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where it is believed that he was buried, although his tomb has not yet been found.
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2160:(in Spanish). Museo Nacional de ArqueologĂa y EtnologĂa, Guatemala. Archived from
2061:. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology series, vol. 1. Nashville, TN:
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2530:"Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world"
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Master of Sun Jaguar, Ruler 3, Scroll-head God K, Spangle-head, Jewelled Head
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found to emerge inside the Bat Palace, where it was marked by a shrine.
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Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya
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The Main Group was laid out around a central plaza by B'alaj Chan K'awiil.
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Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 September 2002).
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Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence
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that Tikal did. It was a predator state from the beginning, conquering
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The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse
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Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.384-5. Martin & Grube 2000 pp.56-60.
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Ruler 1, Flint Sky, Flint Sky God K, Lightning Sky, Malah Chan K'awil
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3456:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3090:
2987:
2903:
2480:
732:
235:, and was founded by an offshoot of the dynasty of the great city of
228:
3671:
3616:
3516:
2878:
2185:"The Inscriptions of Dos Pilas Associated with B'ajlaj Chan K'awiil"
2136:
Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)
3581:
3576:
3421:
3416:
3355:
3335:
3305:
3205:
3135:
3010:
2995:
2933:
2883:
2868:
2823:
967:
919:
526:
276:
256:
251:. In AD 648 Dos Pilas broke away from Tikal and became a
3363:
2418:. School of American Research advanced seminar series. Cambridge:
3733:
3661:
3551:
3536:
3401:
3386:
3340:
3295:
3225:
3220:
3120:
3095:
3065:
2958:
2938:
2913:
2888:
2843:
2537:
Exploration: The Online Research Journal of Vanderbilt University
1600:
Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387. Martin & Grube 2000, p. 58.
1188:
635:
375:
Panel 10 from Dos Pilas was originally a stela from neighbouring
2731:
Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach
2250:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3546:
3501:
3378:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3270:
3140:
3110:
3105:
2963:
2923:
2863:
2848:
2810:
2611:
911:
252:
3791:
2406:
2132:
The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI
1093:
543:
200:
3646:
3631:
3626:
3611:
3566:
3541:
3526:
3506:
3486:
3411:
3330:
3290:
3215:
3210:
3150:
3125:
3115:
2771:
1439:
1437:
1220:
A plaza group directly overlies the principal chamber of the
1063:
627:
508:
473:
314:
264:
236:
2650:
Vinson, George L. (1960). "Las ruinas mayas de PetexbatĂşn".
1591:
Webster 2002, p. 276. Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 42, 57–8.
371:
3676:
3636:
3466:
3130:
2151:"La Escalinata 2 de Dos Pilas, Petén: Los nuevos escalones"
975:
2573:
2366:
1434:
1165:
The Bat Palace (also known as the Murciélagos Group, from
3396:
2557:
2189:
2166:
3838:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
2581:
A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya
2265:. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.
3858:
8th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1578:
1576:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
642:
3863:
States and territories established in the 7th century
3756:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
2198:. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures.
1014:, in which he claimed to have discovered the ruins.
3843:
7th-century establishments in the Maya civilization
3688:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
2216:
2053:
1635:
1621:
1612:
1573:
1420:
2728:
2616:
2578:
2490:
2444:
2092:
1339:
283:, a body of water draining into the PasiĂłn River.
2684:
2662:Instituto de AntropologĂa e Historia de Guatemala
2649:
2182:
1270:Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002.
3804:
2125:
551:emblem glyph shared by Dos Pilas and Tikal.
2543:Office of Science and Research Communications.
2304:
2260:"The Dynastic Sequence of Dos Pilas, Guatemala"
2019:
1990:
1706:Schele & Freidel 1990, pp. 389–390, 505n20.
555:
2623:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
996:
472:of them from the nearby PetexbatĂşn kingdom of
2787:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
887:
575:
2335:
1762:
1760:
1411:
617:
491:, left Dos Pilas to found a dynasty at
2087:
1973:
1971:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
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1841:
1822:
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1814:
1783:
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960:
593:
2794:
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1714:
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1301:
894:
880:
660:
605:
1882:
1880:
1804:
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1757:
1684:
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1968:
1927:
1911:
1889:
1838:
1811:
1778:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1187:
1092:
584:
542:
370:
359:The local landscape consists of heavily
199:
3848:7th-century establishments in Guatemala
1874:Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 405-406.
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1709:
1609:Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.387, 389.
1548:
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1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
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3805:
1877:
1799:
1745:Houston 1993, p. 15; Vinson 1960, p. 4
1677:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1097:Stela 5, Detail showing a Jaguar Skin.
651:
2775:
2095:The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings
1488:Sharer &Traxler 2006, pp.383-384.
1285:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1027:University of San Carlos of Guatemala
3828:Former populated places in Guatemala
2653:AntropologĂa e Historia de Guatemala
2005:American Anthropological Association
1852:
1829:
1541:
1527:
1500:
1497:Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 57, 74.
1464:
1455:
1036:Instituto de AntropologĂa e Historia
434:24 March 698 – 22 October 726
275:. Dos Pilas and a nearby city,
1674:O'Mansky & Dunning 2005, p. 94.
1417:Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–67.
1388:
1336:Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–55.
929:, went to war against the sites of
643:695: Victory of Tikal over Calakmul
239:in AD 629 in order to control
13:
2719:
1261:
1147:
14:
3874:
3823:Archaeological sites in Guatemala
2767:
1775:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.130.
1656:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.406.
1632:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.405.
1618:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.403.
1582:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.387.
1431:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.383.
1376:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.386.
1160:
1012:Monuments of a Civilization: Maya
445:6 January 727 – 28 May 741
3790:
3778:
3766:
2977:
861:
686:
2307:Monuments of civilization: Maya
2272:from the original on 2022-10-09
2205:from the original on 2022-10-09
1959:
1950:
1941:
1868:
1865:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 54.
1835:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 59.
1790:
1769:
1748:
1739:
1736:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 65.
1730:
1721:
1700:
1691:
1668:
1659:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1564:
1561:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 19.
1555:
1552:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 63.
1538:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 62.
1524:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 61.
1518:
1515:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 58.
1491:
1482:
1479:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 57.
1461:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 56.
1446:
1385:Martin & Grube 2000, p. 55.
1025:and Juan Antonio Valdés of the
590:brother and overlord at Tikal.
385:List of the rulers of Dos Pilas
366:
204:The Central Plaza of Dos Pilas.
3818:Maya sites in Petén Department
2801:
1402:
1379:
1252:
908:to attack the much larger city
1:
1983:
1241:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
1073:
1010:in Spanish) in his 1973 book
459:Ruler 4, God K Sky, Mahk'ina
163:• Conquered by Calakmul
2499:University Press of Colorado
2342:University of Oklahoma Press
1192:Cave entrance near El Duende
1172:
825:Spanish conquest of the Maya
556:Early history (pre-A.D. 629)
325:Dos Pilas is located in the
293:
7:
2489:; Don Stephen Rice (eds.).
2063:Vanderbilt University Press
1999:(3). Oxford/Arlington, VA:
1443:Demarest 2006, pp. 139–140.
1399:Fahsen et al. 2003, p. 680.
1258:Houston & Mathews 1985.
1234:
1155:Cueva de RĂo El Duende
1041:
1032:National Geographic Society
997:Rediscovery and exploration
320:
219:located in what is now the
10:
3879:
3744:
2685:Webster, David L. (2002).
2587:William Morrow and Company
2420:Cambridge University Press
982:of the PetexbatĂşn region.
576:Founding and consolidation
538:
382:
3742:
3699:
3377:
3354:
2986:
2975:
2809:
2737:University of Texas Press
2625:Stanford University Press
2615:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
2451:Maya Art and Architecture
2226:University of Texas Press
2126:Fahsen, Federico (2002).
2101:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
618:677: Restored to Calakmul
247:region, particularly the
194:
184:
171:
161:
151:
147:
137:
133:
121:
109:
97:
85:
81:
73:
65:
60:
53:
2577:; David Freidel (1990).
2305:Ivanoff, Pierre (1975).
2013:10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.602
1947:Brady 1997, pp. 604–605.
1796:Kelly 1996, pp. 162–163.
1766:Kelly 1996, pp. 164–166.
1246:
1183:
961:Collapse and abandonment
668:This article is part of
594:648: Aligned to Calakmul
456:23 June 741 – 761
2454:. London and New York:
2380:. London and New York:
2183:Guenter, Stanley Paul.
1993:American Anthropologist
1222:Cueva de El Duende
661:Campaigns of aggression
606:672: Recovered by Tikal
2292:Cite journal requires
1965:Brady 1997, pp. 608–9.
1193:
1098:
868:Mesoamerica portal
634:who was despatched to
552:
437:Ruler 2, Shield God K
380:
205:
186:• Site abandoned
3853:761 disestablishments
2819:Actun Tunichil Muknal
2660:(2). Guatemala City:
2541:Vanderbilt University
2336:Kelly, Joyce (1996).
1688:Webster 2002, p. 277.
1298:Webster 2002, p. 275.
1282:Webster 2002, p. 263.
1191:
1096:
1053:Ch'olan Maya language
1023:Vanderbilt University
816:Classic Maya collapse
598:In AD 648, king
585:629: Aligned to Tikal
546:
478:K'inich Muwaan Jol II
453:K'awiil Chan K'inich
374:
203:
37:16.44583°N 90.29583°W
3001:Altar de Sacrificios
2001:Blackwell Publishing
1754:Houston 1993, p. 15.
1408:Ivanoff 1975, p. 52.
1209:The entrance to the
927:K'awiil Chan K'inich
533:K'awiil Chan K'inich
442:Ucha'an K'in B'alam
403:B'alaj Chan K'awiil
128:K'awiil Chan K'inich
2693:Thames & Hudson
2560:online publication)
2456:Thames & Hudson
2382:Thames & Hudson
2252:Houston, Stephen D.
2218:Houston, Stephen D.
2192:online publication)
2169:online publication)
2055:Demarest, Arthur A.
2029:Thames & Hudson
1977:Brady 1997, p. 609.
1956:Brady 1997, p. 608.
1938:Brady 1997, p. 610.
1924:Brady 1997, p. 606.
1908:Brady 1997, p. 605.
1849:Kelly 1996, p. 164.
1826:Kelly 1996, p. 163.
1787:Kelly 1996, p. 162.
1727:Miller 1999, p. 35.
652:705: Tikal defeated
515:Ucha'an K'in B'alam
466:B'alaj Chan K'awiil
233:Late Classic Period
153:• Established
116:Ucha'an K'in B'alam
92:B'alaj Chan K'awiil
42:16.44583; -90.29583
33: /
3833:629 establishments
2562:on 2 November 2014
2483:Arthur A. Demarest
2446:Miller, Mary Ellen
2422:. pp. 30–71.
1697:Drew 1999, p. 284.
1194:
1099:
553:
431:Itzamnaaj K'awiil
398:Alternative Names
392:Name (or nickname)
381:
303:Guatemalan Spanish
231:. It dates to the
206:
3754:
3753:
3747:Pre-Columbian era
3692:
3201:Motul de San José
2834:Barton Creek Cave
2735:. Austin, Texas:
2613:Sharer, Robert J.
2539:. Nashville, TN:
2072:978-0-8265-1520-9
2003:on behalf of the
1886:Coe 1999, p. 209.
1718:Drew 1999, p. 283
1665:Coe 1999, p. 130.
947:Motul de San José
904:
903:
679:Maya civilization
600:Yuknoom Ch'een II
505:Itzamnaaj K'awiil
476:. His father was
463:
462:
417:Itzamnaaj B'alam
217:Maya civilization
198:
197:
175:Subjugated Seibal
104:Itzamnaaj K'awiil
3870:
3795:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3684:
3236:Punta de Chimino
3006:Arroyo de Piedra
2981:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2734:
2714:
2681:
2646:
2622:
2619:The Ancient Maya
2608:
2584:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2551:. Archived from
2534:
2524:
2496:
2487:Prudence M. Rice
2477:
2441:
2412:Gordon R. Willey
2403:
2363:
2332:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2247:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2196:Mesoweb articles
2193:
2179:
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2170:
2155:
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2143:
2142:
2122:
2098:
2084:
2050:
2016:
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1975:
1966:
1963:
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1397:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1337:
1334:
1299:
1296:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1049:Arroyo de Piedra
943:Usumacinta River
896:
889:
882:
866:
865:
864:
690:
680:
665:
664:
570:Arroyo de Piedra
499:Itzamnaaj B'alam
486:
409:. 648–695
389:
388:
377:Arroyo de Piedra
351:Usumacinta River
269:Arroyo de Piedra
51:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
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3738:
3695:
3373:
3350:
2982:
2973:
2805:
2800:
2770:
2765:
2751:
2722:
2720:Further reading
2717:
2703:
2635:
2597:
2565:
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2392:
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2236:
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2202:
2187:
2174:
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2153:
2140:
2138:
2111:
2073:
2039:
2021:Coe, Michael D.
1986:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1960:
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1257:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1229:Cueva de Sangre
1186:
1175:
1163:
1150:
1148:El Duende group
1076:
1044:
1019:Arthur Demarest
999:
963:
951:Lake Petén Itzá
916:Yich'aak B'alam
900:
862:
860:
853:
811:Preclassic Maya
678:
663:
654:
645:
620:
612:Nuun Ujol Chaak
608:
596:
587:
578:
558:
541:
489:Wak Chanil Ajaw
480:
387:
369:
323:
296:
187:
177:
164:
154:
124:
123:• 741–761
112:
111:• 727–741
100:
99:• 698–726
88:
87:• 648–692
56:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
16:Maya settlement
12:
11:
5:
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3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
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3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Plan de Ayutla
3584:
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3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
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3333:
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3288:
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3278:
3273:
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3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Piedras Negras
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
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3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
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3797:Architecture
3686:
3607:San Gervasio
3447:Chichen Itza
3392:Aguada FĂ©nix
3346:Zapote Bobal
3276:Takalik Abaj
3266:San Clemente
3055:
2919:Nim Li Punit
2730:
2687:
2657:
2651:
2618:
2585:. New York:
2580:
2564:. Retrieved
2553:the original
2536:
2492:
2450:
2415:
2376:
2337:
2306:
2285:cite journal
2274:. Retrieved
2221:
2207:. Retrieved
2195:
2173:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2157:
2139:. Retrieved
2131:
2094:
2058:
2024:
1996:
1992:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1870:
1831:
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1211:Cave of Bats
1210:
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1176:
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1129:
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1107:in situ
1106:
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738:Architecture
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632:Lady Six Sky
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367:Known rulers
358:
355:
324:
310:
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297:
289:
285:
261:emblem glyph
249:PasiĂłn River
241:trade routes
215:site of the
208:
207:
142:Late Classic
18:
3714:Casa Blanca
3701:El Salvador
3452:Chunchucmil
3407:Balankanche
3316:Wajxaklajun
3281:Tamarindito
3261:San Bartolo
3191:Mixco Viejo
3146:Kaminaljuyu
3081:El Porvenir
3026:Cerro Quiac
2969:Xunantunich
2944:San Estevan
2899:Lower Dover
2739:. pp.
2501:. pp.
2497:. Boulder:
2089:Drew, David
2007:: 602–618.
1808:Fahsen 2002
566:Tamarindito
481: [
347:Tamarindito
331:Petén Basin
273:Tamarindito
40: /
3813:Maya sites
3807:Categories
3745:See also:
3729:San Andrés
3709:Cara Sucia
3622:Tortuguero
3497:Hormiguero
3472:Comalcalco
3442:Chinkultic
3427:Chacchoben
3301:Tres Islas
3186:Machaquila
3176:La Joyanca
3086:El Temblor
3071:El Mirador
3046:Chutixtiox
3036:Chitinamit
2949:Santa Rita
2894:Louisville
2854:Chaa Creek
2839:Cahal Pech
2829:Baking Pot
2803:Maya sites
2691:. London:
2566:2008-03-03
2340:. Norman:
2309:. London:
2276:2011-08-14
2224:. Austin:
2209:2009-01-25
2175:2009-01-10
2141:2008-03-06
2099:. London:
1984:References
1199:Preclassic
1167:murciélago
1139:ball court
1120:Structure
1074:Main Group
1060:El Mirador
991:Machaquila
925:In AD 743
327:PetexbatĂşn
311:two stelae
281:PetexbatĂşn
245:PetexbatĂşn
221:department
74:Government
28:90°17′45″W
25:16°26′45″N
3667:Yaxchilan
3597:Punta Sur
3532:Kohunlich
3492:EkĘĽ Balam
3477:Dzibanche
3462:ChunlimĂłn
3457:Chunhuhub
3369:El Puente
3246:QĘĽumarkaj
3181:La Muerta
3171:La Corona
3166:La Blanca
3161:La Amelia
3091:El Tintal
3056:Dos Pilas
2988:Guatemala
2904:Lubaantun
2874:KaĘĽKabish
2759:469539994
2670:0003-6102
2329:314587253
1173:Monuments
941:, on the
939:Yaxchilán
935:El Chorro
844:Guatemala
743:Astronomy
728:Sacrifice
723:Mythology
708:Languages
307:two wells
299:Dos Pilas
294:Etymology
255:state of
229:Guatemala
209:Dos Pilas
69:Dos Pilas
55:Dos Pilas
3719:Cihuatán
3682:YoĘĽokop
3582:Palenque
3577:Oxkintok
3437:Chicanná
3422:Calakmul
3417:Bonampak
3356:Honduras
3336:Zacpeten
3306:Uaxactun
3251:RĂo Azul
3241:Quiriguá
3206:Naachtun
3156:KĘĽatepan
3136:Ixtonton
3011:Balberta
2996:Aguateca
2934:Pacbitun
2884:La Milpa
2869:El Pilar
2824:Altun Ha
2711:48753878
2643:57577446
2605:24501607
2549:50324967
2521:61719499
2474:41659173
2448:(1999).
2438:20931118
2400:47358325
2374:(2000).
2360:34658843
2267:Archived
2244:25507968
2220:(1993).
2200:Archived
2119:43401096
2091:(1999).
2081:63178772
2057:(2006).
2047:59432778
2025:The Maya
2023:(1999).
1235:See also
1042:The site
980:collapse
968:Aguateca
920:Aguateca
783:Medicine
763:Textiles
748:Calendar
718:Religion
670:a series
527:Aguateca
361:forested
343:Sayaxché
337:and the
321:Location
277:Aguateca
257:Calakmul
77:Monarchy
3785:History
3759:Portals
3734:Tazumal
3662:Xtampak
3602:RĂo Bec
3572:OcomtĂşn
3552:Mayapan
3537:Komchen
3432:ChactĂşn
3402:Balamku
3387:Acanceh
3341:Zaculeu
3296:Topoxte
3286:Tayasal
3226:Pajaral
3221:Naranjo
3196:Montana
3121:Iximche
3101:Guaytán
3096:El Zotz
3076:El PerĂş
3066:El Chal
3061:El BaĂşl
3041:Chocolá
3021:Cancuén
3016:Bejucal
2959:Uxbenka
2939:Pusilha
2914:Minanha
2889:Lamanai
2844:Caracol
2678:2444876
2664:: 3–9.
2311:Cassell
1178:Stela 8
972:warfare
839:Chiapas
834:Yucatán
802:History
793:Warfare
788:Cuisine
713:Writing
703:Society
636:Naranjo
539:History
523:Cancuén
493:Naranjo
339:Salinas
243:in the
173:•
66:Capital
61:629–761
3672:Yaxuná
3657:Xpuhil
3652:Xlapak
3642:Xcaret
3617:Toniná
3592:Pomona
3547:La Mar
3517:JoljaĘĽ
3502:Izamal
3379:Mexico
3326:Xultun
3321:Witzna
3311:Ucanal
3271:Seibal
3141:Ixtutz
3111:Holtun
3106:Holmul
2964:Xnaheb
2924:Nohmul
2879:KĘĽaxob
2864:Cuello
2849:Cerros
2811:Belize
2757:
2747:
2743:–153.
2709:
2699:
2676:
2668:
2641:
2631:
2603:
2593:
2547:
2519:
2509:
2503:83–101
2472:
2462:
2436:
2426:
2398:
2388:
2358:
2348:
2327:
2317:
2242:
2232:
2117:
2107:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2035:
1143:spear.
1130:palace
1080:Stelae
1034:, the
945:, and
912:Seibal
753:Stelae
733:Cities
698:People
672:on the
423:. 695
335:PasiĂłn
253:vassal
3647:Xelha
3632:Uxmal
3627:Tulum
3612:Sayil
3567:Muyil
3542:Labna
3527:Kiuic
3522:Kabah
3512:Jaina
3507:Izapa
3487:Edzna
3412:Becan
3364:Copán
3331:Yaxha
3291:Tikal
3256:Sacul
3216:Nakum
3211:Nakbe
3151:Kinal
3126:Ixkun
3116:Itzan
3031:Chama
2859:Colha
2533:(PDF)
2270:(PDF)
2263:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
1247:Notes
1184:Caves
1114:LD-25
1103:LD-49
1087:L4-35
1064:Nakbe
931:Ahkul
849:Petén
778:Dance
773:Music
768:Trade
628:Itzan
610:King
549:Mutal
521:from
509:stele
485:]
474:Itzan
395:Ruled
315:Tikal
265:Itzan
237:Tikal
225:Petén
211:is a
3677:Yula
3637:Uxul
3557:ManĂ
3467:Coba
3131:Ixlu
2954:Tipu
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2707:OCLC
2697:ISBN
2674:OCLC
2666:ISSN
2639:OCLC
2629:ISBN
2601:OCLC
2591:ISBN
2545:OCLC
2517:OCLC
2507:ISBN
2470:OCLC
2460:ISBN
2434:OCLC
2424:ISBN
2396:OCLC
2386:ISBN
2356:OCLC
2346:ISBN
2325:OCLC
2315:ISBN
2298:help
2240:OCLC
2230:ISBN
2115:OCLC
2105:ISBN
2077:OCLC
2067:ISBN
2043:OCLC
2033:ISBN
1227:The
1128:The
1122:L5-1
1117:745.
1062:and
976:IxlĂş
933:and
568:and
547:The
519:wife
305:for
271:and
3397:Aké
2741:120
2558:PDF
2190:PDF
2167:PDF
2009:doi
1021:of
949:on
910:of
758:Art
470:one
301:is
223:of
190:761
180:735
167:648
157:629
3809::
2753:.
2705:.
2695:.
2672:.
2658:12
2637:.
2627:.
2599:.
2589:.
2535:.
2515:.
2505:.
2485:;
2468:.
2458:.
2432:.
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2370:;
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2283:{{
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2065:.
2041:.
2031:.
1997:99
1970:^
1929:^
1913:^
1891:^
1879:^
1854:^
1840:^
1813:^
1801:^
1780:^
1759:^
1711:^
1679:^
1637:^
1623:^
1575:^
1543:^
1529:^
1502:^
1466:^
1436:^
1422:^
1390:^
1341:^
1303:^
1287:^
1275:^
1263:^
1136:A
1055:.
495:.
483:id
353:.
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227:,
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