978:"We are very far, then, from being able to pose specific questions for the geneticist; but I believe that the wider implications of what I have been saying modify somewhat the philosophy of genetics. Our approach to the problems of schizophrenia by way of a theory of levels or logical types has disclosed first that the problems of adaptation and learning and their pathologies must be considered in terms of a hierarchic system in which stochastic change occurs at the boundary points between the segments of the hierarchy. We have considered three such regions of stochastic change—the level of genetic mutation, the level of learning, and the level of change in family organization. We have disclosed the possibility of a relationship of these levels which orthodox genetics would deny, and we have disclosed that at least in human societies the evolutionary system consists not merely in the selective survival of those persons who happen to select appropriate environments but also in the modification of family environment in a direction which might enhance the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the individual members."
1086:(both of whom had personal contact with Bateson and Erickson) asserted that a message could be constructed with multiple messages, whereby the recipient of the message is given the impression of choice—although both options have the same outcome at a higher level of intention. This is called a "double bind" in NLP terminology, and has applications in both sales and therapy. In therapy, the practitioner may seek to challenge destructive double binds that limit the client in some way and may also construct double binds in which both options have therapeutic consequences. In a sales context, the speaker may give the respondent the illusion of choice between two possibilities. For example, a salesperson might ask: "Would you like to pay cash or by credit card?", with both outcomes presupposing that the person will make the purchase; whereas the third option (that of not buying) is intentionally excluded from the spoken choices.
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but his mother will not know the difference and will default to punishing him. He may be under the impression that if he argues with his mother, he may be punished.One possibility for the son to escape this double bind is to realize that his sister only antagonizes him to make him feel anxious (if indeed it is the reason behind his sister's behavior). If he were not bothered about punishment, his sister might not bother him. He could also leave the situation entirely, avoiding both the mother and the sister. The sister cannot claim to be bothered by a non-present brother, and the mother cannot punish (or scapegoat) a non-present son. Other solutions exist too, which are based on the creative application of logic and reasoning. An apt reply would be: "Please tell my sister the same". If mother wants to 'scapegoat' him, her response will be negative. The command has a negative undertone towards the son.
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authority) exclaim in a variety of accents, "Imitate us!" "Imitate me!" "I bear the secret of life, of true being!" The more attentive the child is to these seductive words, and the more earnestly he responds to the suggestions emanating from all sides, the more devastating will be the eventual conflicts. The child possesses no perspective that will allow him to see things as they are. He has no basis for reasoned judgements, no means of foreseeing the metamorphosis of his model into a rival. This model's opposition reverberates in his mind like a terrible condemnation; he can only regard it as an act of excommunication. The future orientation of his desires—that is, the choice of his future models—will be significantly affected by the dichotomies of his childhood. In fact, these models will determine the shape of his personality.
1053:
have, then, a self-perpetuating process, constantly increasing in simplicity and fervor. Whenever the disciple borrows from his model what he believes to be the "true" object, he tries to possess that truth by desiring precisely what this model desires. Whenever he sees himself closest to the supreme goal, he comes into violent conflict with a rival. By a mental shortcut that is both eminently logical and self-defeating, he convinces himself that the violence itself is the most distinctive attribute of this supreme goal! Ever afterward, violence will invariably awaken desire...
571:. A person could be subpoenaed to testify in a federal case and given Fifth Amendment immunity for testimony in that case. However, since the immunity did not apply to a state prosecution, the person could refuse to testify at the Federal level despite being given immunity, thus subjecting the person to imprisonment for contempt of court, or the person could testify, and the information they were forced to give in the Federal proceeding could then be used to convict the person in a state proceeding.
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affected them. At that time, 18 years before Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder was officially recognized, the veterans had been saddled with the catch-all diagnosis of schizophrenia. Bateson didn't challenge the diagnosis but he did maintain that the seeming nonsense the patients said at times did make sense within context, and he gives numerous examples in section III of
964:) to illustrate the double bind in terms of natural selection. The gnat points out that the insect would be doomed if he found his food (which would dissolve his own head, since this insect's head is made of sugar, and his only food is tea), and starve if he did not. Alice suggests that this must happen quite often, to which the gnat replies: "It always happens."
774:" the child, giving little concessions, or gifts or privileges to them, thus the primary injunction is: "You should like what you are getting from me!" When the child begins to go along (i.e. begins to like what they are receiving from the person), then the interaction goes to the next level and small
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Mother to son: "Leave your sister alone!", while the son knows his sister will approach and antagonize him to get him into trouble. The primary injunction is the command, which he will be punished for breaking. The secondary injunction is the knowledge that his sister will get into conflict with him,
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For a double bind to be effective, the subject must be unable to confront or resolve the conflict between the demand placed by the primary injunction and that of the secondary injunction. In this sense, the double bind differentiates itself from a simple contradiction to a more inexpressible internal
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Note that in the NLP context, the use of the phrase "double bind" does not carry the primary definition of two conflicting messages; it is about creating a false sense of choice which ultimately binds to the intended outcome. In the "cash or credit card?" example, this is not a "Bateson double bind"
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occurs, with the secondary injunction being: "I am punishing you! (for whatever reason the child-abuser is coming up with, e.g. "because you were bad/naughty/messy", or "because you deserve it", or "because you made me do it", etc.).If child shows any resistance (or tries to escape) from the abuser,
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below). Their findings indicated that the tangles in communication often diagnosed as schizophrenia are not necessarily the result of an organic brain dysfunction. Instead, they found that destructive double binds were a frequent pattern of communication among families of patients, and they proposed
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Far from being restricted to a limited number of pathological cases, as
American theoreticians suggest, the double bind—a contradictory double imperative, or rather a whole network of contradictory imperatives—is an extremely common phenomenon. In fact, it is so common that it might be said to form
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It is helpful to remember the context in which these ideas were developed. Bateson and his colleagues were working in the
Veteran's Administration Hospital (1949–1962) with World War II veterans. As soldiers they'd been able to function well in combat, but the effects of life-threatening stress had
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Another example is when one is commanded to "be spontaneous". The very command contradicts spontaneity, but it only becomes a double bind when one can neither ignore the command nor comment on the contradiction. Often, the contradiction in communication is not apparent to bystanders unfamiliar with
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A double bind generally includes different levels of abstraction in the order of messages and these messages can either be stated explicitly or implicitly within the context of the situation, or they can be conveyed by tone of voice or body language. Further complications arise when frequent double
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Human communication is complex, and context is an essential part of it. Communication consists of the words said, tone of voice, and body language. It also includes how these relate to what has been said in the past; what is not said, but is implied; how these are modified by other nonverbal cues,
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Bateson also surmised that people habitually caught in double binds in childhood would have greater problems—that in the case of the person with schizophrenia, the double bind is presented continually and habitually within the family context from infancy on. By the time the child is old enough to
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as discipline: the words are socially acceptable; the body language is in conflict with it. The child does not know how to respond to the conflict between the words and the body language and, because the child is dependent on the mother for basic needs, they are in a quandary. Small children have
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If desire is allowed its own bent, its mimetic nature will almost always lead it into a double bind. The unchanneled mimetic impulse hurls itself blindly against the obstacle of a conflicting desire. It invites its own rebuffs and these rebuffs will in turn strengthen the mimetic inclination. We
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Bateson is undoubtedly correct in believing that the effects of the double bind on the child are particularly devastating. All the grown-up voices around him, beginning with those of the father and mother (voices which, in our society at least, speak for the culture with the force of established
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in which an individual (or group) receives two or more reciprocally conflicting messages. In some scenarios (e.g. within families or romantic relationships) this can be emotionally distressing, creating a situation in which a successful response to one message results in a failed response to the
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Most significant here is
Bateson's exploration of what he later came to call "the pattern that connects"—that problems of communication which span more than one level (e.g., the relationship between the individual and the family) should also be expected to be found spanning other pairs of
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may be unexpressed in its immediate context and therefore invisible to external observers, only becoming evident when a prior communication is considered. Typically, a demand is imposed upon the subject by someone whom they respect (such as a parent, teacher, or doctor) but the demand itself is
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psychoanalytic theory, a precursor to mimetic desire. "The individual who 'adjusts' has managed to relegate the two contradictory injunctions of the double bind—to imitate and not to imitate—to two different domains of application. This is, he divides reality in such a way as to neutralize the
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The double bind is often misunderstood to be a simple contradictory situation, where the subject is trapped by two conflicting demands. While it is true that the core of the double bind is two conflicting demands, the difference lies in how they are imposed upon the subject, what the subject's
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One solution to a double bind is to place the problem in a larger context, a state
Bateson identified as Learning III, a step up from Learning II (which requires only learned responses to reward/consequence situations). In Learning III, the double bind is contextualized and understood as an
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in a non-family situation: "I suggest you find someone who you feel is more capable in this role". This requires the recipient to either confirm that the current incumbent in the role is sufficiently capable, or accept that they choose someone else based on their feelings – not an objective
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Child-abuser to child: "You should have escaped from me earlier, now it's too late—because now, nobody will believe that you didn't want what I have done", while at the same time blocking all of the child's attempts to escape.Child-abusers often start the double-bind relationship by
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systems. Gregory
Bateson and Lawrence S. Bale describe double binds that have arisen in science that have caused decades-long delays of progress in science because the scientific community had defined something as outside of its scope (or as "not science")—see Bateson in his
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Bateson suggested that all evolution is driven by the double bind, whenever circumstances change: If any environment becomes toxic to any species, that species will die out unless it transforms into another species, in which case, the species becomes extinct anyway.
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communication about the communication. Sometimes, asking for clarification is impossible. Communication difficulties in ordinary life often occur when meta-communication and feedback systems are lacking or inadequate or there is not enough time for clarification.
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Adult telling their child: "You must love me". The primary injunction here is the command itself: "you must"; the secondary injunction is the unspoken reality that love is spontaneous, that for the child to love the parent genuinely, it can only be of their own
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Finally, Bateson states that the complete list of the previous requirements may be unnecessary, in the event that the subject is already viewing their world in double bind patterns. Bateson goes on to give the general characteristics of such a relationship:
547:, neither of which can be ignored or escaped. This leaves the subject torn both ways, so that whichever demand they try to meet, the other demand cannot be met. "I must do it, but I can't do it" is a typical description of the double-bind experience.
952:. Bateson emphasized that any communicative system characterized by different logical levels might be subject to double bind problems. Especially including the communication of characteristics from one generation to another (genetics and evolution).
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other (and vice versa), such that the person responding will automatically be perceived as in the wrong, no matter how they respond. This double bind prevents the person from either resolving the underlying dilemma or opting out of the situation.
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The situation involves two or more people, one of whom (for the purpose of the definition), is designated as the "subject". The others are people who are considered the subject's superiors: figures of authority (such as parents), whom the subject
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have identified the double bind situation, it has already been internalized, and the child is unable to confront it. The solution then is to create an escape from the conflicting logical demands of the double bind, in the world of the
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with its path of spiritual growth, and the use of therapeutic double binds by psychiatrists to confront their patients with the contradictions in their life in such a way that would help them heal. One of
Bateson's consultants,
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to meet the demands of the primary injunction, but fails each time through an inability to address the situation's incompatibility with the demands of the secondary injunction. Thus, subjects may express feelings of extreme
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Double binds can be extremely stressful and become destructive when one is trapped in a dilemma and punished for finding a way out; however, making the effort to find the way out of the trap can lead to emotional growth.
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When the subject is involved in an intense relationship; that is, a relationship in which he feels it is vitally important that he discriminate accurately what sort of message is being communicated so that he may respond
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Bateson's double bind theory has not yet been followed up with any known published research, as to whether family systems imposing systematic double binds might be a cause of schizophrenia. The current understanding of
643:, and the context in which it is said. It may be a declaration of passion or a serene reaffirmation, insincere and/or manipulative, an implied demand for a response, a joke, its public or private context may affect its
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The Double Bind Theory was first articulated in relationship to schizophrenia when
Bateson and his colleagues hypothesized that schizophrenic thinking was not necessarily an inborn mental disorder but a pattern of
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emphasizes the robust scientific evidence for a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Psychosocial stressors, including dysfunctional family interaction, are secondary causative factors in some instances.
1268:, 378 U.S. 52 (1964) ("One jurisdiction in our federal system may not, absent an immunity provision, compel a witness to give testimony which might incriminate him under the laws of another jurisdiction.")
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For example, a patient misses an appointment, and when
Bateson finds him later the patient says "the judge disapproves"; Bateson responds, "You need a defense lawyer". See following (pp. 195–6).
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then the words: "You should have escaped from me earlier " serve as the third level or tertiary injunction. The loop then starts to feed on itself, allowing for ever worse victimization to occur.
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The pressures that drive evolution therefore represent a genuine double bind. And there is truly no escape: "It always happens." No species can escape natural selection, including our own.
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Popovic, David; Schmitt, Andrea; Kaurani, Lalit; Senner, Fanny; Papiol, Sergi; Malchow, Berend; Fischer, Andre; Schulze, Thomas G.; Koutsouleris, Nikolaos; Falkai, Peter (21 March 2019).
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who demonstrates an object of desire and yet, in possessing that object, becomes a rival who obstructs fulfillment of the desire. According to Girard, the "internal mediation" of this
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After many years of research into schizophrenia, Bateson continued to explore problems of communication and learning, first with dolphins, and then with the more abstract processes of
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955:"...evolution always followed the pathways of viability. As Lewis Carroll has pointed out, the theory explains quite satisfactorily why there are no bread-and-butter-flies today."
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The classic example given of a negative double bind is of a mother telling her child that she loves them, while at the same time turning away in disgust, or inflicting
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The punishment may include the withdrawing of love, the expression of hate and anger, or abandonment resulting from the authority figure's expression of helplessness.
801:(5 volumes, edited by Rossi) eloquently demonstrated the productive possibilities of double binds through his own life, showing the technique in a brighter light.
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And, the subject is unable to comment on the messages being expressed to correct his discrimination of what order of message to respond to: i.e., he cannot make a
1355:
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And, the subject is caught in a situation in which the other person in the relationship is expressing two orders of message and one of these denies the other;
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Repeated experience: the double bind is a recurrent theme in the experience of the subject, and as such, cannot be resolved as a single traumatic experience.
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If necessary, a 'tertiary injunction' is imposed on the subject to prevent them from escaping the dilemma. See phrase examples below for clarification.
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Double binds are often utilized as a form of control without open coercion—the use of confusion makes them difficult both to respond to and to resist.
1094:, it could perhaps be a "Bateson double bind" if the buyer happened to believe that commerce was evil, yet felt compelled or obliged to buy the book.
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such as the environment in which it is said, and so forth. For example, if someone says "I love you", one takes into account who is saying it, their
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390:
606:. Bateson made clear that such complexities are common in normal circumstances, especially in "play, humour, poetry, ritual and fiction" (see
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A 'secondary injunction' is imposed on the subject, conflicting with the first at a higher and more abstract level. For example: "You must do
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inherently impossible to fulfill because some broader context forbids it. For example, this situation arises when a person in a position of
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in such a situation, as they attempt to fulfill the demands of the primary injunction albeit with obvious contradictions in their actions.
826:(esp. pp. 1–8) on the paradigm of classical science vs. that of systems theory/cybernetics. (See also Bateson's description in his
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Conflicts in communication are common and often individuals ask "What do you mean?" or seek clarification in other ways. This is called
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Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1981) Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic
Programming and the Transformation of Meaning Real People Press.
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Zysk, Wolfgang (2004), "Körpersprache – Eine neue Sicht", Doctoral Dissertation 2004, University Duisburg-Essen (Germany).
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Koopmans, Matthijs (1998) Schizophrenia and the Family II: Paradox and Absurdity in Human Communication Reconsidered.
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since there is no contradiction, although it still is an "NLP double bind". Similarly if a salesman were selling a
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imposes two contradictory conditions but there exists an unspoken rule that one must never question authority.
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understanding of the situation is, and who (or what) imposes these demands upon the subject. Unlike the usual
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dynamic "operates along the same lines as what Gregory Bateson called the 'double bind'." Girard found in
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Double bind communication has since been described by Mark L. Ruffalo as occurring within the context of
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difficulty articulating contradictions verbally and can neither ignore them nor leave the relationship.
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128:
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Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology
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Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology
507:, but only do it because you want to." It is unnecessary for this injunction to be expressed verbally.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110706111135/http://www.psychotherapy.com.au/TheDoubleBindTheory.pdf
1741:. University of Chicago Press, 1999, originally published, San Francisco: Chandler Pub. Co., 1972.
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Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J. & Weakland, J., 1956, Toward a theory of schizophrenia.
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1078:, a pseudoscientific approach to communication, also makes use of the expression "double bind".
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Gibney, Paul (May 2006) The Double Bind Theory: Still Crazy-Making After All These Years. in
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Women in leadership roles may be viewed as likeable or competent, but typically not both.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080215124155/http://laingsociety.org/cetera/pguillaume.htm
1356:"Kamala Harris is embracing 'brat summer.' It could be cool or cringe. It's a fine line"
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levels in the hierarchy (e.g. the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype):
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602:) in the mid-1950s in their discussions on complexity of communication in relation to
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Gregory Bateson and his colleagues defined the double bind as follows (paraphrased):
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binds are part of an ongoing relationship to which the person or group is committed.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080211090234/http://www.mri.org/dondjackson/brp.htm
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1483:
Bateson, Gregory (1960). "Minimal Requirements for a Theory of Schizophrenia*".
1382:"Childhood Trauma in Schizophrenia: Current Findings and Research Perspectives"
1280:"A Double Bind: Communication in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder"
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Double-bind loop feeding on itself, an illustration by chart (and a poem)
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Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia – Illustrations from Clinical Data
483:' is imposed on the subject by the others generally in one of two forms:
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873: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1315:"Meta-communication: What I Said Isn't What I Meant | Psych Central"
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Deceit, Desire, and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure
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Bateson also described positive double binds, both in relation to
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451:, the subject has difficulty in defining the exact nature of the
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impossible no-win scenario so that ways around it can be found.
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824:
Gregory Bateson, Cybernetics and the Social/Behavioral Sciences
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This was a problem in United States legal circles prior to the
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Thus, the essence of a double bind is two conflicting demands,
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and his colleagues in the 1950s, in a theory on the origins of
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322:
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that growing up amidst perpetual double binds could lead to
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1065:: "From Mimetic Desire to the Monstrous Double", pp.156–157
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desire, to serve as prototypes for his own analysis of the
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Schizophrenia and the Family: Double Bind Theory Revisited
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in response to cognitive double-binds externally imposed.
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Bateson, Gregory (April 1967). "Cybernetic Explanation".
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http://www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/1998/KoopmansPaper.htm
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Bateson used the fictional Bread and Butter Fly (from
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Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There
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of how the double bind hypothesis fell into place).
822:(1972, 2000), pp. xv–xxvi; and Bale in his article,
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809:One of the causes of double binds is the loss of
565:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1816:
1637:. Continuum Impacts. pp. 187–188, 156–157.
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1766:Double Bind-Communication as a Cause of Burnout
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997:, proposes what he calls a "model-obstacle", a
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762:assessment of whether the incumbent is capable.
1611:"A Triangle of Thoughts: Girard, Freud, Lacan"
1545:. Deceit, Desire, and the Novel. p. 101.
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1014:." While critical of Freud's doctrine of the
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1739:Part III: Form and Pathology in Relationship
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724:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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377:
1580:. Key Contemporary Thinkers. p. 20.
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1397:
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1244:
1018:, Girard sees the ancient Greek tragedy,
889:Learn how and when to remove this message
744:Learn how and when to remove this message
1353:
1278:Mark L. Ruffalo, M. S. W. (2024-05-15).
787:
455:situation in which they are caught. The
1631:Girard, René; Gregory, Patrick (2005).
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1422:
419:Double bind theory was first stated by
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1535:
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1045:the basis of all human relationships.
1795:https://www.behavenet.com/double-bind
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1497:10.1001/archpsyc.1960.03590110001001
871:adding citations to reliable sources
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722:adding citations to reliable sources
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551:conflict, where the subject really
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1615:Journal of European Psychoanalysis
1521:. 5 November 2010. The hypothesis.
1354:Goldberg, Alyssa (July 23, 2024).
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685:
14:
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1577:René Girard: Violence and Mimesis
545:each on a different logical level
1805:Reference in Encyclopedia of NLP
1092:book about the evils of commerce
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838:
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344:Journal of Cognition and Culture
316:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
159:Society for Medical Anthropology
1733:Bateson, Gregory. (1972, 1999)
1524:Version française "L'hypothèse"
1511:
1476:
1451:
914:, "Pathology in Relationship".
858:needs additional citations for
624:borderline personality disorder
615:in thinking and communication.
28:Latest Record Project, Volume 1
26:For the Van Morrison song, see
1715:Psychotherapy: East & West
1485:Archives of General Psychiatry
1416:
1373:
1347:
1332:
1307:
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1255:. University Of Chicago Press.
1024:, and key elements of Freud's
590:and his colleagues (including
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429:post-traumatic stress disorder
330:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1:
1764:Kutz, Angelika (2023-02-27).
1679:
1425:American Behavioral Scientist
1165:Master suppression techniques
613:learned patterns of confusion
351:Anthropology of Consciousness
144:Critical medical anthropology
1076:Neuro-linguistic programming
1071:Neuro-linguistic programming
982:Girard's mimetic double bind
943:
7:
1825:Communication of falsehoods
1266:Murphy v. Waterfront Comm'n
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912:Steps to an Ecology of Mind
820:Steps to an Ecology of Mind
665:
630:Complexity in communication
154:Person-centered ethnography
10:
1861:
1746:Psychotherapy in Australia
1519:"Introduction—René Girard"
804:
574:
164:National character studies
129:Transpersonal anthropology
119:Psychological anthropology
25:
18:
1609:Meloni, Maurizio (2002).
1458:Bateson, Gregory (1979).
1386:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1251:Bateson, Gregory (1972).
1170:Mutually exclusive events
682:previous communications.
149:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1437:10.1177/0002764201000808
1399:10.3389/fnins.2019.00274
1216:
497:, or I will punish you."
490:, or I will punish you";
337:Transcultural Psychiatry
114:Nutritional anthropology
19:Not to be confused with
1634:Violence and the Sacred
1063:Violence and the Sacred
569:applied to state action
470:
1295:Cite journal requires
1068:
583:was first used by the
124:Cognitive anthropology
73:Culture-bound syndrome
1617:. Winter–Spring (14).
1042:
788:Positive double binds
620:personality pathology
367:cultural anthropology
222:Michael M. J. Fischer
16:Psychological dilemma
1574:Fleming, C. (2004).
1125:Cognitive dissonance
904:learned helplessness
867:improve this article
718:improve this section
267:Nancy Scheper-Hughes
139:Clinical ethnography
1768:. Springer Nature.
1338:Koopmans, Mathijs.
1038:mimetic double bind
672:corporal punishment
1845:1956 introductions
1835:Systems psychology
1748:. Vol. 12. No. 3.
1719:. Pantheon Books.
1693:. Pantheon Books.
1282:. Vol 41, Issue 5.
1238:, Vol. 1, 251–264.
1236:Behavioral Science
799:Milton H. Erickson
759:Gerald M. Weinberg
653:meta-communication
1775:978-3-658-40780-3
1644:978-0-8264-7718-7
1587:978-0-7456-2947-6
1469:978-1-57273-434-0
1145:Expressed emotion
1140:Evaporating Cloud
899:
898:
891:
754:
753:
746:
532:metacommunicative
401:
400:
197:Charles L. Briggs
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1205:Zeno's Paradoxes
1175:No-win situation
1155:Four sides model
1120:Catch-22 (logic)
1115:Buridan's bridge
1066:
1016:unconscious mind
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851:
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757:An example from
749:
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735:
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698:
690:
647:, and so forth.
600:John H. Weakland
449:no-win situation
393:
386:
379:
292:Beatrice Whiting
262:Michelle Rosaldo
237:E. Thomas Lawson
232:Charles Laughlin
108:Related articles
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1195:Self and Others
1180:Procrastination
1160:Loaded question
1100:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1026:Oedipus complex
1007:Sigmund Freud's
991:literary theory
984:
946:
923:system (see in
915:
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834:Work by Bateson
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699:
688:
686:Phrase examples
668:
632:
622:, specifically
588:Gregory Bateson
577:
541:
538:
493:(b) "Do not do
444:
421:Gregory Bateson
397:
357:
356:
310:
302:
301:
272:Richard Shweder
227:Arthur Kleinman
207:George Devereux
187:Gregory Bateson
182:
181:Major theorists
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96:Navajo medicine
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1784:External links
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1150:False dilemma
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856:This section
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839:Schizophrenia
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713:
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703:This section
701:
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679:
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663:
659:
656:
654:
648:
646:
642:
641:body language
638:
637:tone of voice
627:
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621:
616:
614:
609:
608:Logical Types
605:
604:schizophrenia
601:
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457:contradiction
454:
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425:schizophrenia
422:
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413:communication
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287:Melford Spiro
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1537:Girard, René
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1431:(8): 29–32.
1428:
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1363:. Retrieved
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1323:. Retrieved
1321:. 2016-05-17
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865:Please help
860:verification
857:
827:
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816:Introduction
815:
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794:Zen Buddhism
791:
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731:
716:Please help
704:
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297:John Whiting
257:Marvin Opler
247:Ralph Linton
212:Cora Du Bois
90:Case studies
77:
54:anthropology
36:
21:Double-blind
1830:Cybernetics
1709:Watts, Alan
1687:Watts, Alan
1596:ocm56438393
1185:R. D. Laing
1135:Doublethink
1059:René Girard
1021:Oedipus Rex
1012:double bind
987:René Girard
879:August 2023
581:double bind
479:A 'primary
453:paradoxical
442:Explanation
405:double bind
282:Dan Sperber
217:Paul Farmer
78:Double bind
1819:Categories
1680:References
1325:2017-02-21
1034:incestuous
1030:patricidal
999:role model
921:delusional
534:statement.
481:injunction
1445:220678731
1360:USA TODAY
1130:Dialectic
1105:Ambiguity
989:, in his
950:evolution
944:Evolution
734:July 2023
705:does not
596:Jay Haley
579:The term
473:respects.
462:authority
202:Veena Das
1840:Dilemmas
1711:(1961).
1689:(1957).
1653:77004539
1561:65028582
1539:(1965).
1505:13797500
1210:Zugzwang
1098:See also
1056:—
811:feedback
772:grooming
666:Examples
486:(a) "Do
309:Journals
169:Syndemic
39:a series
37:Part of
1409:6448042
1365:23 July
1084:Bandler
1080:Grinder
1003:mimetic
828:Forward
805:Science
766:accord.
726:removed
711:sources
645:meaning
575:History
558:anxiety
409:dilemma
48:Medical
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567:being
363:Social
68:Health
1441:S2CID
1344:1997.
1217:Notes
553:wants
407:is a
323:Ethos
1770:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1649:LCCN
1639:ISBN
1592:LCCN
1582:ISBN
1557:LCCN
1547:ISBN
1501:PMID
1464:ISBN
1367:2024
1301:help
1082:and
1032:and
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598:and
427:and
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818:to
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411:in
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1647:.
1623:^
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