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no longer alive. This correspondence stated that the initial game took place between 1839 and 1841. Although Graves was unable to provide further evidence to back his claims, Spalding supported his version of events. The members of the Mills
Commission received the available evidence in October 1907, and Mills wrote a report to Sullivan summarizing the findings on December 30. His report gave Doubleday credit for inventing the game of baseball and said that the sport was American in origin, listing 1839 as the year of its creation. Mills said that he understood why Doubleday would make changes to town ball, reducing the number of players in an effort to decrease the risk of injury. He noted that the number of players per team was higher than the nine in modern baseball, but explained this by indicating that he had taken part in games with 11 players per side. Additionally, Mills wrote that he thought Doubleday might have created the modern defensive
820:
played in the game, as a "Green
College" student. No university of that name in Cooperstown is known to have been in existence. Graves was possibly referencing Major Duff's Classical and Military Academy, an elementary school whose pupils were nicknamed "Duff's Greens", which could have been the source for Graves' previous identification of "Green's Select" school. The college claim contradicted a previous letter in which he said he had been at Frog Hollow School, another elementary school, when baseball was created by Doubleday. The reporter did not question Graves' account, which included a statement that the 78-year-old was preparing to play in a local exhibition game. Graves again claimed to have taken part in the first game in a 1916 letter published in
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the commission, including Mills. Spalding chose the committee's members, picking men who supported his theory and excluding supporters of the rounders claim, such as
Chadwick. The committee sought information on the beginnings of the sport from members of the public, soliciting feedback in publications. It received numerous letters, primarily from former players. Many of the details they provided pertained to early variations of baseball, but evidence supporting Spalding's theory was lacking. On April 1, 1905, the
22:
971:, in which he published the report from the Mills Commission and critiqued it. Among other comments, he wrote that a reference had been made to a drawing by Doubleday, which had not been known to exist. Another point he raised regarded a link between Doubleday and Mills. Despite having been around Doubleday during the Civil War and later, Mills mentioned no personal involvement in baseball by Doubleday before Graves' testimony was released. Menke's views were given publicity by New York City newspaper reporter
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1040:
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Graves did not claim to have attended the first game in his initial letter, but stated that he learned of it having been in
Cooperstown. Although Spalding referred to Doubleday and Graves as "playmates" in his submission of evidence to the Mills Commission, Doubleday was more than a decade older than Graves, turning 20 in 1839. Ryczek describes Graves as an unreliable witness. One of his other claims, which he made to reporters, was that he was a deliveryman for the
1031:. Elias cites Doubleday's history with the U.S. military, as well as the sense that "having a homegrown sport was important for America's national identity." Historian David Block wrote that Americans had been eager to accept the Doubleday story when it came out, at a time when the U.S. was growing in influence. While calling the Doubleday legend "amusingly fraudulent", Alexander Cartwright biographer Harold Peterson said that it had "obstinate durability."
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his life. A theory expressed by historian David Block is that Graves had actually known one of
Doubleday's cousins, Abner Demas or John—both Cooperstown residents—and eventually the more famous Abner was whom he remembered. While denying that the Doubleday family factored into baseball's creation, fellow historian Peter Morris noted that it is "conceivable that Graves's recollections had some slim basis in fact." Historian
922:, the belief that Doubleday had invented baseball "gained currency among the general public" in the U.S., according to author Brian Martin. Textbooks recorded the Civil War veteran's creation of the game, as many Americans accepted the idea that it had originated in their country. By 1909, critiques of the report began to appear in the media. In the May 1909 edition of the magazine
674:, a native of Britain who noted common factors between rounders and baseball in a 1903 article. Like baseball, rounders features nine-player teams, fields with four bases, and clubs alternately batting during a selected number of innings. In contrast to baseball, in which bags are used for bases, rounders games utilize sticks; another key difference between the games is that
646:, a game played in Great Britain and Ireland. The game had found increasing popularity in the U.S. after the rise of professional baseball during the 1860s and 1870s, and immigrants were composing a higher percentage of players, in particular those of Irish descent. The theory that the sport was created in the U.S. was backed by
810:. Graves' name did not appear in the book; Spalding said that the Doubleday content had come from "a circumstantial statement by a reputable gentleman", quoting Mills, and that he had "nothing to add to report." In his book, Spalding expressed delight that an American Army general had been found to be baseball's creator.
1089:, which banned baseball from being played within 80 yards of a meeting house in the city; this implies that the game already existed at the time. The theory that activities such as rounders led to modern baseball remains common among modern historians, and older bat-and-ball games have been cited as well.
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by a jury and committed to a psychiatric hospital. Graves also expressed anti-English sentiments in a letter to the Mills
Commission, writing, "Just in my present mood I would rather have Uncle Sam declare war on England and clean her up rather than have one of her citizens beat us out of Base Ball."
981:
called
Henderson's work "a regular bomb on the big baseball program" that was scheduled for Cooperstown, but suggested that the 1839 origin story had "been accepted for centennial celebration by common agreement among peace loving citizens." Skepticism of the Doubleday myth took hold by the middle of
623:
The claim initially received a favorable reception from
Americans, but eventually garnered criticism from various writers. Modern baseball historians generally consider the myth to be false. Graves' testimony has been critiqued in various regards, as the details of his story and his reliability as a
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to honor the purported inventor of baseball. A motel in
Cooperstown is also named after Doubleday, but unlike Cartwright, Doubleday was never inducted into the Hall. Nonetheless, the Hall supported the Doubleday myth for many years. More recently, the Hall has taken a small step away from the myth;
1084:
While
Chadwick biographer Andrew Schiff noted that "there is no clear inventor of the game", further research has been done on the origins of baseball. In 2004, a document was found that dated a sport called baseball to at least 1791, almost 50 years before Doubleday's supposed invention. It was an
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Doubleday himself made only one mention of baseball in his letters or diaries before his 1893 death; the only time the sport appears in his papers dates from 1871, when he penned a request for equipment. One obituary of Doubleday noted that he had displayed no real interest in outdoor sports during
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Author Brian Martin adds that Graves' account was tweaked by the Mills report in multiple ways. Information on fielders throwing at runners was removed, which Martin considers an attempt to show similarity to the baseball being played at the time. In addition, 1839 was called the year of the game's
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The Doubleday story is widely discredited among modern baseball historians. The recollections of Graves have been criticized because Graves was five years old in 1839, and 71 when he first made the Doubleday claims, leading to the possibility of inaccurate memories. Author William Ryczek notes that
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marked the anniversary by releasing a commemorative stamp, which did not feature an image of Doubleday. The Hall's day honoring Cartwright was held in the summer of 1939. By this time, Cartwright was a member of the Hall; in 1938, the Centennial Committee had elected him. The honor came weeks after
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newspaper later in 1905. Spalding wrote a letter to Graves asking for evidence to back up his claim; Graves responded by sending a diagram matching the one he said Doubleday had drawn, along with a letter stating that the original had not been preserved and that most of the players at the time were
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In 1905, Spalding called for an investigation into how the sport was invented. Chadwick supported the idea, and later in the year a commission was formed. Spalding instructed the commission to decide between the American game of "Old Cat" and rounders as baseball's predecessor. Seven men served on
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The Hall states that Cooperstown is "representative" of the location of baseball's birthplace, although Doubleday Field has a plaque and sign that repeat the myth's claims. In the Hall's museum, the Doubleday ball's modern display rejects the Doubleday myth, with writings that call it "a thriving
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traveled to Cooperstown in 1937, and its subsequent report declared that the town was "the birthplace of baseball" and recommended a 100th anniversary celebration in 1939; events that were held included the dedication of the Hall and an all-star game. Prior to the ceremonies, the Doubleday claims
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interviewed Graves for a 1912 article, which contained a version of the Doubleday story that varied from what had been given to the Mills Commission in several respects. Graves placed the year of the first game as 1840, one year later than Mills had reported. In the interview, he said that he had
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standing in a six-foot ring. According to Graves, the first game had matched players from "Otesego academy and Green's Select school". In his letter, Graves claimed that he and Doubleday were both students at Green's school. Graves' description of Doubleday's game indicated that each team had 11
619:
was formed in 1905 to seek out evidence. Mining engineer Abner Graves authored a letter claiming that Doubleday invented baseball. The letter was published in a newspaper and eventually used by the Mills Commission to support its finding that the game was of American origin. In 1908, it named
1100:
An extension of the legend developed later involving the growth of baseball in Mexico. Doubleday, who was in the country as part of the Mexican–American War, was alleged to have organized games for military camps, which drew interest from Mexican spectators.
890:'s Chamber of Commerce sent Hall promoter Alexander Cleland a letter that questioned Graves' account. In response, Cleland promised that a "Cartwright Day" would be included in the anniversary events at Cooperstown, which went ahead as scheduled.
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do not occur in rounders. Chadwick said in his piece that "There is no doubt whatever as to base ball having originated from the two-centuries-old English game of rounders." Spalding disputed Chadwick's article in the next version of his
703:, who was responsible for compiling information and presenting it to the commission. Spalding called the rounders theory "pap" and wrote that he would "refuse to swallow any more of it without some substantial proof sauce with it."
932:
offered multiple criticisms. First, he expressed the belief that, prior to both Doubleday's purported invention and the existence of rounders, Britain had a sport with the baseball name. In addition, he noted that Doubleday was in
1069:." It was written about in numerous publications, and became well known among baseball fans. Thorn described Doubleday as "the man who did not invent baseball but instead was invented by it." The myth has received the backing of
804:, had died. The surviving commission members were sent the letter by Mills, which was signed by each of them. Spalding later used the report's acceptance of the Doubleday myth to claim U.S. origins in his baseball history book,
864:, who suggested that a Hall of Fame be created in connection with it. The Hall was subsequently built in Cooperstown. Clark's purchase came to be known as the "Doubleday ball", as the belief arose that it was used by him.
966:
More stories critical of the Doubleday claims were published in 1939, the 100th anniversary of the supposed invention in 1839. Sportswriter Frank Menke, who believed that baseball evolved from cricket, authored the book
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restaurant in New York City, Mills declared that baseball was strictly American, which he said was determined through "patriotism and research"; his audience of about 300 responded by shouting "No rounders!"
1117:
On June 12, 1939, the National Baseball Museum opened its doors for the first time, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the mythical "first game" that allegedly was played in Cooperstown on June 12, 1839.
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852:
offered his backing for Cooperstown's efforts to purchase the grounds where Doubleday was said to have created baseball. In 1923, the village succeeded in buying the property. A baseball stadium—
662:. In 1889, Mills gave a speech during a banquet to honor the Chicago team and a group of NL all-stars, both of which had participated in a world tour to promote the game. During his remarks at
328:
860:, a powerful figure in Cooperstown who created an exhibit in what became the National Baseball Museum around it. The concept of a baseball museum was supported by new NL president
642:
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a dispute arose about the origins of baseball and whether it had been invented in the United States or developed as a variation of
2100:
2045:
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system, which replaced the town ball method in which fielders could hit baserunners with thrown balls to record outs, even though Graves' testimony did not make this claim.
101:
2074:
1113:
when it announced special events in conjunction with its 75th year of operation in 2013–14, it made the following statement in its official press release:
2142:
995:. Graves said that he had worked for the service in 1852, eight years before it was founded. Late in his life, he shot and killed his wife; he was found
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106:
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199:
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was built in the village that served as the location of Doubleday's alleged first game, Cooperstown. An article in the 1920 edition of the
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creation by Mills when 1841 was also a possibility according to Graves, who had written that the invention occurred before or after the
841:
625:
365:
91:
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included the first story that described Graves' Doubleday claims, with a headline that read, "Abner Doubleday Invented Base Ball".
189:
876:'s son Bruce reported that his father had invented the sport. (Some sources have reported that fourteen years later, in 1953, the
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was built in the town where Graves said the game was created, Cooperstown. The legend is well known among fans of the sport.
380:
217:
880:
formally recognized Cartwright as the inventor of modern baseball, but no documentation of such a declaration exists in the
278:
247:
836:
The National Baseball Hall of Fame is located in Cooperstown, the town where Doubleday was said to have invented baseball.
750:, in approximately 1839. The letter, dated April 3, stated that Doubleday had invented baseball as a modified version of
405:
975:. Later in 1939, Henderson wrote that the sport had been detailed in documents dating back to the mid-1830s. A story in
611:. In response to a dispute over whether baseball originated in the United States or was a variation of the British game
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779:. It listed the names of seven players from an early game that Graves claimed to have seen. The April 4 edition of the
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257:
144:
111:
567:
232:
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wrote, "Some sports columnists pointed out the discrepancy; others got around it as gracefully as possible." The
262:
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were criticized by multiple parties: author Robert Henderson wrote that rounders and baseball were related, and
938:
273:
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newspaper published an article by Spalding that asked for details on the beginnings of the game to be sent to
732:
252:
242:
227:
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the century, though. Clark himself eventually expressed doubt that a single person had created the sport.
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No one else on the committee sent any material to Sullivan after receiving the documentation; one member,
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witness have been questioned, and the Mills Commission made departures from his letter in its report. The
955:, received a letter from sportswriter William M. Rankin, which called the Doubleday claims false, citing
268:
237:
169:
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856:—was erected there. Around 1934, a baseball said to be from Graves' family was found and purchased by
2481:
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1047:
Long after the Doubleday myth was declared false by historians, it remains an object of fascination.
905:
Clark had investigated Doubleday's role in baseball's origins in response to the Cartwright reports.
375:
96:
56:
2284:
The Empire Strikes Out: How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad
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283:
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159:
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had invented baseball in 1845. The articles did little to change popular sentiment at the time.
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wrote that the story "has taken a position in the pantheon of great American myths, alongside
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335:
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2346:
2139:"Hall of Fame to Mark 75th Year with Special Events, Commemorations for Diamond Celebration"
1081:" At one time, the state of New York made similar statements in promotions for Cooperstown.
832:
1021:
941:(USMA) plebe. It is unlikely that Doubleday traveled to Cooperstown in 1839, as first-year
934:
882:
873:
691:
355:
76:
1077:, who said in 2010 that "I really believe that Abner Doubleday is the 'Father of Baseball.
918:
After the release of Mills' report, which was published in the 1908 version of Spalding's
8:
2141:(Press release). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. June 12, 2013. Archived from
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637:
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61:
51:
37:
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by the bases, two further infielders who covered the areas between the bases, and four
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The main entrance to Doubleday Field, with a sign that reads "Birthplace of Baseball"
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But Didn't We Have Fun?: An Informal History of Baseball's Pioneer Era, 1843–1870
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21:
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Baseball's First Inning: A History of the National Pastime Through the Civil War
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Author Robert Elias credits the Doubleday myth for contributing to the idea of
1020:
said that Spalding had a connection to Doubleday: he financially supported the
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755:
663:
288:
2475:
2242:
Induction Day at Cooperstown: A History of the Baseball Hall of Fame Ceremony
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437:
2326:
Baseball's Creation Myth: Adam Ford, Abner Graves and the Cooperstown Story
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supported the idea of a monument to Doubleday in Cooperstown. NL president
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In response to Spalding's request for information on early baseball in the
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340:
2263:
Baseball Myths: Debating, Debunking, and Disproving Tales from the Diamond
2016:
2014:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1169:"Today in Baseball History: A lie about how baseball was invented is born"
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1136:
1134:
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1062:
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According to Graves' letter, Doubleday set up the first baseball game in
727:
create a diagram of a baseball field. Doubleday (1819–1893) was a career
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432:
1796:
2454:
Weird Sports and Wacky Games Around the World: From Buzkashi to Zorbing
2011:
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such as Doubleday were rarely given leave at the time. Also in 1909,
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675:
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81:
71:
16:
Debunked claim that US Army general Abner Doubleday invented baseball
2433:
Baseball in the Garden of Eden: The Secret History of the Early Game
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643:
612:
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legend that reflects Americans' desire to make the game our own."
1024:, a group in which Doubleday served as a chapter vice president.
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539:
2220:
Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game
827:
1412:
1542:
1540:
670:
The rounders theory was supported by prominent sportswriter
1594:"Myth of Baseball's Creation Endures, With a Prominent Fan"
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2020:
1951:
1849:
1843:
1825:
1802:
1767:
1738:
1726:
1708:
1537:
1525:
1471:
1189:
1142:
886:.) As part of Bruce Cartwright's efforts, the manager of
2305:
Wrigleyville: A Magical History Tour of the Chicago Cubs
1881:
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723:, wrote a letter to the editor stating that he had seen
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1939:
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1217:
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2217:
2119:
2046:"Pittsfield Bylaw Lends Credence To Early Origins"
1424:
2181:"Henderson, Cartwright, and the 1953 US Congress"
2473:
2409:Seymour, Harold; Seymour Mills, Dorothy (1990).
2388:Seymour, Harold; Seymour Mills, Dorothy (1989).
107:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
568:
1236:
1234:
1232:
828:Creation of the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown
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1585:
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1581:
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959:and West Point records, and said that the
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842:National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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626:National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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1744:
1720:
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20:
2308:. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin.
2103:. Minor League Baseball. Archived from
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2343:
2322:
2163:
2005:
1993:
1969:
1957:
1933:
1921:
1897:
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1394:
1370:
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1278:
1266:
1223:
371:Society for American Baseball Research
2429:
2412:Baseball: The People's Game, Volume 3
2280:
2259:
2215:
2125:
2064:
2032:
1981:
1945:
1909:
1634:
1483:
1459:
1435:
1418:
1406:
1343:
1302:
218:World Baseball Softball Confederation
1661:
1243:"The Man Who Didn't Invent Baseball"
1241:Salvatore, Victor (June–July 1983).
279:European Baseball Championship Women
248:South American Baseball Championship
1314:
1167:Calcaterra, Craig (April 2, 2020).
786:The topic received coverage in the
762:who attempted to hit tosses from a
620:Doubleday the creator of baseball.
13:
1108:franchise changed its name to the
985:
715:, mining engineer Abner Graves of
258:Baseball at the Pan American Games
14:
2503:
1592:Arango, Tim (November 12, 2010).
731:officer who attained the rank of
2224:. University of Nebraska Press.
233:Africa Cup Baseball Championship
2172:
2131:
2093:
2038:
1308:
1059:George Washington's cherry tree
957:United States Department of War
937:, in 1839. That year, he was a
591:is the claim that the sport of
2079:Toledo Blade. Orlando Sentinel
2021:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
1844:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
1803:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1990
1709:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
1472:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
1195:
1190:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
1160:
1143:Seymour and Seymour Mills 1989
939:United States Military Academy
274:European Baseball Championship
1:
2185:The Baseball Research Journal
1662:Wulf, Steve (June 12, 1989).
1125:
631:
381:Major League Baseball seasons
253:Oceania Baseball Championship
2179:Berenbak, Adam (Fall 2014).
1012:, during the spring months.
908:
902:United States Postal Service
324:Nippon Professional Baseball
7:
2451:Williams, Victoria (2015).
2415:. Oxford University Press.
2394:. Oxford University Press.
2373:. McFarland & Company.
2367:Ryczek, William J. (2009).
2329:. McFarland & Company.
2245:. McFarland & Company.
2081:. June 17, 1984. p. D3
1104:In 1996, the Auburn Astros
238:Asian Baseball Championship
10:
2508:
1006:1840 presidential campaign
869:New York State Legislature
635:
243:Women's Baseball Asian Cup
228:Women's Baseball World Cup
212:International competitions
2391:Baseball: The Early Years
2302:Golenbock, Peter (2007).
2239:Corcoran, Dennis (2011).
1087:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
1034:
2436:. Simon & Schuster.
1421:, pp. 278, 280–281.
767:players: the pitcher, a
682:Spalding Base Ball Guide
57:1845 to 1868 in baseball
1205:. Major League Baseball
1096:Plaque on main entrance
1029:American exceptionalism
961:New York Knickerbockers
846:Spalding Baseball Guide
807:America's National Game
284:European Cup (baseball)
32:Part of a series on the
2344:Morris, Peter (2008).
2323:Martin, Brian (2013).
2281:Elias, Robert (2010).
2075:"Great American Myths"
1305:, pp. 7, 274–275.
1119:
1097:
1044:
1010:William Henry Harrison
969:Encyclopedia of Sports
914:Contemporary reactions
878:United States Congress
837:
707:Letter by Abner Graves
697:Amateur Athletic Union
599:in 1839 by the future
223:World Baseball Classic
26:
2216:Block, David (2005).
1664:"The Stuff of Legend"
1462:, pp. 10, 12–13.
1115:
1106:Minor League Baseball
1095:
1071:Major League Baseball
1042:
898:Dorothy Seymour Mills
867:A committee from the
858:Stephen Carlton Clark
835:
822:The Freeman's Journal
748:Cooperstown, New York
609:Cooperstown, New York
366:Baseball Hall of Fame
336:Negro league baseball
312:Major League Baseball
24:
2430:Thorn, John (2011).
2260:Deane, Bill (2012).
2203:on September 3, 2017
1561:, pp. 117, 120.
1022:Theosophical Society
935:West Point, New York
883:Congressional Record
874:Alexander Cartwright
692:Akron Beacon Journal
360:(documentary series)
77:Alexander Cartwright
2487:History of baseball
2266:. Scarecrow Press.
2050:The Washington Post
1960:, pp. 227–228.
1858:, pp. 139–140.
1834:, pp. 138–139.
1776:, pp. 108–109.
1735:, pp. 136–137.
1549:, pp. 118–119.
1534:, pp. 117–120.
930:William Henry Irwin
638:Origins of baseball
351:Baseball color line
62:Knickerbocker Rules
38:History of baseball
2145:on October 5, 2013
1668:Sports Illustrated
1598:The New York Times
1397:, pp. 5, 163.
1317:"Doubleday, Abner"
1098:
1054:The New York Times
1045:
978:The New York Times
953:Alfred Henry Spink
838:
741:American Civil War
729:United States Army
601:American Civil War
265:(1992–2008, 2020–)
145:Dominican Republic
67:Massachusetts Game
27:
2464:978-1-61069-640-1
2443:978-0-7432-9403-4
2422:978-0-19-802096-7
2401:978-0-19-503890-3
2380:978-0-7864-4194-5
2359:978-1-56663-849-4
2336:978-0-7864-7199-7
2315:978-1-4299-0480-3
2294:978-1-59558-528-8
2287:. The New Press.
2273:978-0-8108-8546-2
2252:978-0-7864-4416-8
2231:978-0-8032-6255-3
2101:"Abner Doubleday"
2008:, pp. 16–17.
1912:, pp. 60–61.
1747:, pp. 14–16.
1522:, pp. 23–24.
1510:, pp. 14–15.
1498:, pp. 22–23.
1450:, pp. 12–13.
1321:Handbook of Texas
1315:Carlson, Paul H.
1269:, pp. 20–21.
1247:American Heritage
1110:Auburn Doubledays
948:The Sporting News
802:Arthur Pue Gorman
758:on the field and
585:
584:
428:Vintage base ball
361:
346:Women in baseball
2499:
2482:American legends
2468:
2447:
2426:
2405:
2384:
2363:
2351:
2340:
2319:
2298:
2277:
2256:
2235:
2223:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:on April 5, 2015
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:, pp. 9–10.
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1080:
1067:Johnny Appleseed
660:Abraham G. Mills
617:Mills Commission
577:
570:
563:
418:British baseball
376:Baseball by year
359:
294:Caribbean Series
102:First pro league
29:
28:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2444:
2423:
2402:
2381:
2360:
2352:. Ivan R. Dee.
2337:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2232:
2206:
2204:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:, pp. 4–5.
1633:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
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1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1346:, pp. 7–8.
1342:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:, pp. 6–9.
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:, pp. 8–9.
1141:
1132:
1128:
1085:ordinance from
1078:
1037:
988:
986:Modern analysis
916:
911:
854:Doubleday Field
830:
816:The Denver Post
813:A reporter for
725:Abner Doubleday
709:
658:(NL) president
656:National League
652:Albert Spalding
640:
634:
605:Abner Doubleday
581:
551:Baseball portal
545:
544:
505:Danish longball
396:
386:
385:
307:
299:
298:
263:Summer Olympics
213:
205:
204:
125:
117:
116:
47:
25:Abner Doubleday
17:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2492:Misconceptions
2489:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2213:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2166:, p. 144.
2156:
2130:
2118:
2092:
2063:
2052:. May 12, 2004
2037:
2035:, p. 223.
2025:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1900:, p. 128.
1890:
1888:, p. 142.
1875:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1807:
1805:, p. 361.
1795:
1793:, p. 227.
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. 108.
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1692:
1680:
1651:
1649:, p. 133.
1639:
1622:
1620:, p. 112.
1610:
1575:
1573:, p. 121.
1563:
1551:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1383:Golenbock 2007
1375:
1373:, p. 190.
1363:
1348:
1333:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1228:
1216:
1194:
1182:
1159:
1157:, p. 248.
1147:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1036:
1033:
987:
984:
915:
912:
910:
907:
894:Harold Seymour
829:
826:
781:Beacon Journal
713:Beacon Journal
708:
705:
701:James Sullivan
672:Henry Chadwick
633:
630:
589:Doubleday myth
583:
582:
580:
579:
572:
565:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
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343:
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333:
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321:
320:
319:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
291:
289:WBSC Premier12
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
255:
250:
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177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
112:Team nicknames
109:
104:
99:
97:First pro team
94:
89:
87:Doubleday myth
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
45:
44:
41:
40:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2504:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
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2466:
2460:
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2455:
2449:
2445:
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2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
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2407:
2403:
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2386:
2382:
2376:
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2365:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2023:, p. 12.
2022:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1996:, p. 16.
1995:
1990:
1984:, p. 48.
1983:
1978:
1972:, p. 26.
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 58.
1947:
1942:
1936:, p. 16.
1935:
1930:
1924:, p. 13.
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1873:, p. 25.
1872:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 10.
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1822:, p. 24.
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:Corcoran 2011
1741:
1734:
1729:
1723:, p. 34.
1722:
1721:Berenbak 2014
1717:
1711:, p. 11.
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1690:, p. 12.
1689:
1688:Corcoran 2011
1684:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1603:September 20,
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1486:, p. 15.
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1409:, p. 51.
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 92.
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1281:, p. 12.
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1226:, p. 11.
1225:
1220:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1155:Williams 2015
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:commissioner
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
983:
980:
979:
974:
973:Bob Considine
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
926:
921:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:
879:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
834:
825:
823:
818:
817:
811:
809:
808:
803:
798:
796:
791:
790:
789:Sporting Life
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:major general
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
686:
684:
683:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
629:
627:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
558:
556:
555:
552:
549:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:Over-the-line
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:Related games
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
352:
349:
347:
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339:
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326:
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322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:United States
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
43:
42:
39:
36:
35:
31:
30:
23:
19:
2457:. ABC-CLIO.
2453:
2432:
2411:
2390:
2369:
2347:
2325:
2304:
2283:
2262:
2241:
2219:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2191:(2): 34–35.
2188:
2184:
2173:Bibliography
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2133:
2128:, p. 5.
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2054:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2028:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1798:
1769:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1642:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1566:
1554:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1438:, p. 3.
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1361:, p. 5.
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1219:
1209:November 30,
1207:. Retrieved
1197:
1192:, p. 9.
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1171:. NBC Sports
1162:
1150:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1083:
1052:
1046:
1026:
1014:
1002:
993:Pony Express
989:
976:
968:
965:
946:
923:
919:
917:
892:
881:
866:
850:John Heydler
845:
839:
821:
814:
812:
805:
799:
787:
785:
780:
754:, with four
745:
712:
710:
690:
687:
681:
669:
648:Chicago Cubs
641:
622:
588:
586:
515:Bat and trap
356:
341:Cuban League
306:Other topics
92:First league
86:
18:
2164:Martin 2013
2149:October 17,
2056:October 11,
2006:Martin 2013
1994:Martin 2013
1970:Ryczek 2009
1958:Morris 2008
1934:Ryczek 2009
1922:Martin 2013
1898:Martin 2013
1886:Martin 2013
1871:Ryczek 2009
1856:Martin 2013
1832:Martin 2013
1820:Ryczek 2009
1791:Morris 2008
1774:Martin 2013
1762:Martin 2013
1733:Martin 2013
1647:Martin 2013
1618:Martin 2013
1571:Martin 2013
1559:Martin 2013
1547:Martin 2013
1532:Martin 2013
1520:Ryczek 2009
1508:Martin 2013
1496:Ryczek 2009
1448:Martin 2013
1395:Martin 2013
1371:Martin 2013
1359:Martin 2013
1326:October 17,
1291:Martin 2013
1279:Martin 2013
1267:Ryczek 2009
1224:Martin 2013
1063:Paul Bunyan
951:' founder,
777:outfielders
739:during the
664:Delmonico's
463:Indian Ball
433:Wiffle ball
269:Asian Games
180:Puerto Rico
170:Netherlands
46:Early years
2476:Categories
2126:Deane 2012
2085:October 9,
2033:Thorn 2011
1982:Elias 2010
1946:Block 2005
1910:Block 2005
1673:October 3,
1635:Deane 2012
1484:Thorn 2011
1460:Thorn 2011
1436:Deane 2012
1419:Thorn 2011
1407:Block 2005
1344:Thorn 2011
1303:Thorn 2011
1203:"Rounders"
1126:References
1049:Tim Arango
1018:John Thorn
862:Ford Frick
773:infielders
737:Union Army
699:president
676:foul balls
650:president
636:See also:
632:Background
510:Schlagball
498:Comparison
493:Variations
406:Comparison
124:By country
2197:0734-6891
1075:Bud Selig
928:, writer
925:Collier's
909:Reception
752:town ball
530:Pesäpallo
520:Brännboll
478:Stoolball
468:Stickball
413:Baseball5
195:Venezuela
175:Nicaragua
130:Australia
82:Doc Adams
72:Town ball
888:Honolulu
771:, three
721:Colorado
644:rounders
613:rounders
603:general
597:invented
593:baseball
458:Fuzzball
453:Corkball
448:Tee-ball
423:Rounders
401:Softball
357:Baseball
2207:July 6,
2111:May 30,
1175:July 7,
769:catcher
764:pitcher
760:batters
735:in the
488:Cricket
483:Old cat
473:Vitilla
329:vs. MLB
52:Origins
2461:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2377:
2356:
2333:
2312:
2291:
2270:
2249:
2228:
2195:
1252:May 5,
1035:Legacy
997:insane
943:cadets
795:putout
717:Denver
615:, the
540:Palant
317:minors
185:Taiwan
165:Mexico
135:Canada
920:Guide
756:bases
535:Lapta
200:Other
160:Korea
155:Japan
150:Italy
2459:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2209:2017
2193:ISSN
2151:2019
2113:2020
2087:2012
2058:2019
1675:2019
1605:2012
1328:2019
1254:2019
1211:2019
1177:2024
1065:and
896:and
840:The
654:and
595:was
587:The
525:Oină
443:Elle
140:Cuba
1051:of
1008:of
607:in
2478::
2189:43
2187:.
2183:.
2077:.
2066:^
2048:.
2013:^
1878:^
1863:^
1810:^
1781:^
1752:^
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1666:.
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1596:.
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1231:^
1133:^
1061:,
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576:e
569:t
562:v
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