1209:
1081:). Under this policy, the entrance exam for high school was abolished, and a lottery system for entrance was introduced. Yet there were restrictions for chances to enter this lottery; middle school graduates could apply for admission to high schools only near their homes. These policies prompted enthusiastic Korean parents, who wanted their children to get admission to renowned high schools by municipal lottery, to move to the Gangnam region, thus decreasing demand for housing inside Downtown Seoul. Also, this project eventually supplied vacant space available for commercial development, which were left by relocated secondary schools. The total space created by this project was approximately 27 hectares, and most of the lots were filled by high-rise office building developments. For example, the empty site left by
1678:
1235:
1274:
1124:
1255:
1144:
from mixture of pre-modern residential and commercial area into a relatively homogeneous central business district. For instance, its settlement population continued to decline dramatically. Jongno
District's number of residents was 265,342 in 1985. It dropped to 154,043 in 2005, recording approximately a 42% decline. The same thing happened to Jung District, as it declined from 208,085 in 1985 to 126,679 in 2005. Policy measures kept promoting the supply of large office buildings through the '90s, when the height restriction law was not as rigorous as today. Major examples of office buildings constructed in this period include
777:
74:
116:
1912:, 40 out of 55 banks, 29 out of 54 insurance companies, and 7 out of 8 credit card issuers among entire nation have its headquarters in Downtown Seoul. Also, most of foreign financial firms are located around Gwanghwamun. This continued agglomeration of financial industry inside Downtown Seoul stems from its unparalleled centrality across almost every fields. For instance, while Yeouido is a specialized business district mostly dedicated to financial industry, Downtown Seoul is concentrated with various largest companies, governmental regulators (such as the
4605:
854: Northern village) where most of influential Koreans were living in. Despite the actual geographic dissociation between Japanese and Korean were getting mitigated over time, this geographic stereotype later encouraged local government of Keijō-fu to divide area of Downtown Seoul into Jongno District and Jung District, according to natural boundary of the Cheonggyecheon. Most of Keijō's influential economic institutions were newly constructed in southside of the Cheonggyecheon, even famous in the current names of
910:
2144:
2060:
1856:
2035:
become much important, which was only available in
Downtown Seoul. So while South Korean law firms having relative competency in ordinary day-to-day litigations are headquartered in Gangnam region near Seoul Central District Court, other firms pursuing market portion in corporate legal advice and government relations are headquartered back in Downtown Seoul. For example, one of Big 4, Bae, Kim & Lee chose turning back to
1008:
123:
762:, Japanese colonial officials began to drive cityscape reconstruction. Spatial reorganization in this early colonial period was targeting subordination of Korean Empire's royal government and advancing authority of colonial government. Some of notable tough reforms during this period includes reconstructing royal palaces into public parks and zoo, and modernizing city roads.
1105:, as it was Seoul's only and the most long-established city center. This continued economic growth of Downtown Seoul is often explained as it was the only place which could satisfy face-to-face contacts among traditional governmental and economic elites in Seoul. Core regions in Downtown Seoul, such as Myeong-dong of Jung District and
2159:
Downtown Seoul suffers most heavy traffic in Seoul. Back in 1970, when
Downtown Seoul was only business district in Seoul, its measured average road speed was only 12 kilometers per hour. To mitigate this high traffic congestion in downtown area, Seoul Metropolitan Government continuously put efforts
1892:
was originally established at Myeong-dong in 1956, which was following former 'Gyeongseong Stock Market' opened at same place during
Colonial Korea. For its unmatched symbolic status, Myeong-dong was still the most prominent financial district in South Korea until early 1990s, even after the national
2108:
Yet it is notifiable that South Korean broadcasting companies almost never headquartered inside
Downtown Seoul. While newspapers with long history beginning from Colonial era started their business from Downtown Seoul, younger media companies were not able to enter the downtown area due to high rent
984:
visited Seoul in the 1960s. Koreans were upset when their traditional heart of the Seoul city was projected in foreign TV screens as outdated old town, and this public discontent propelled redevelopment of
Downtown Seoul as national initiative. Several laws for urban redevelopment to overcome severe
1187:
in front of it, are two symbolic projects implemented to rediscover
Downtown Seoul's cultural sceneries in the '90s. Completed in 2005, Cheonggyecheon stream is another unique example for projects rediscovering sceneries of Downtown Seoul. The historic stream was blocked in the 1950s, and it flowed
725:, meaning 'City of the Emperor'. Structural modernization in cityscape of Hwangseong's downtown area was started during initial decade of the Korean Empire, when the empire sustained political autonomy. For example, from 1898 to 1904, when the Korean Empire maintained autonomy in state governance,
1143:
Downtown Seoul in the late 20th century experienced apparent change in its function, as planned by urban regeneration policies in the 1970s and '80s. Decentralization policy made in those days successfully suppressed high demand for living in downtown area, thus
Downtown Seoul successfully turned
883:
Yet it is remarkable that the colonial government's reconstruction of Keijō was not solely driven by interests of
Japanese people living in Colonial Korea, because the colonial government sincerely wanted to assimilate entire Joseon's geographic culturescape under modern Japanese influence. While
2034:
Yet as South Korean legal industry began advancing towards more lucrative business area such as government relations for chaebols and multinational companies, distance to local trial court became less important for Big Laws. Rather, proximity of large native business groups and foreign companies
1360:
Another major reason of the term's variability in social usage comes from a longtime lack of an official zoning plan that defines the exact boundary of
Downtown Seoul until the 2000s. Early stages of modern urban planning in Downtown Seoul came not from a zoning plan specifically targeting the
1058:
A priority target of urban regeneration during this period was turning Downtown Seoul from a disorganized mixture of residential and commercial districts into a homogenous central business district. Thus, one of its main goals was discouraging settlement populations in Downtown Seoul. Forced
952:(Korean unit of neighborhood) suffered huge destruction, major areas of Downtown Seoul could evade bombardments during the Korean War. Eight neighborhoods (among approximately 400 neighborhoods) were redeveloped into modern grid patterned city blocks, due to heavy destruction during the war.
2022:
is still seated in Downtown Seoul since its establishment in 1988. This concentration of highest courts and biggest law firms in Downtown Seoul stopped for a moment, when the Supreme Court and central trial court moved to Seocho District in 1995. For example, Bae, Kim & Lee moved from
1365:, starting in the 1960s. In this early stage, city planning in Downtown Seoul had two consistent, yet sometimes contradicting goals: regenerating low-density old towns into modernized high-density business districts, while limiting the eventual output of such redevelopment to suppress
1831:. Also, these two districts have regional GDP per capita as 480 million won and 230 million won respectively, which is the first and second highest in Seoul. This high concentration of economic power is driving up average income of workers in the downtown area. According to
1178:
in the late 1990s, are clear examples of such recognitions, indicating South Korea was becoming a globally preferred tourist destination. This changing environment pushed social demand to develop tourism for Downtown Seoul by rediscovering cultural legacies. Restoration of
892:, built right in front of Gyeongbokgung, which is northern part of Cheonggyecheon. This building, constructed during 1912 to 1926, was directly targeting reorganization of traditional integrated downtown space from main palace Gyeongbokgung to government buildings of
2090:
Downtown Seoul naturally became national core area of newspapers and news agencies as it was sole city-centre of Seoul until late 1970s. Its central status as capital of newspapers and news agencies, is symbolized in modern high-rise building, 'Press Center'
1823:(YBD), and is traditional heart of the South Korean economy. Among these three major business districts in Seoul, the downtown area shows most diversified industry composition, while having relatively strong position in finance, legal, and media industry.
971:
could be preserved as cultural heritages. However, it also meant that even severely outdated old towns outside of Japanese modernization survived to modern day South Korea. This excessive long history of Downtown Seoul's old town area discouraged
1826:
In year 2021, the Downtown Seoul area's two major administrative component, Jung District and Jongno District's regional GDP hit 61.36 trillion won and 35.72 trillion won, respectively, ranking second and fifth among Seoul city's
1871:
In early contemporary history of South Korea, Downtown Seoul was a sole financial district in entire nation, since most of modern financial institutions introduced in late Joseon were established inside it. For example, the
888:), colonial government intentionally pursued absorbing iconic Korean spaces outside of Honmachi into modernized Japanese architecture. Clear example of what Chōsen's colonial government intended is found in construction of
1758:), since it is a famous swing state in South Korea. By its unpredictable potential power of swing voters, Jongno as constituency raised numerous political big shots who won elections from close match. Former president
1195:, who sought his own mayoral legacy with eco-friendly spirit. After overpass roads were torn down and the waterway was reopened, Cheonggyecheon became a famous tourist attraction, and nearby air quality also improved.
2191:
However, though those efforts have succeeded at mitigating traffic congestions in the downtown, it is still suffering the heaviest traffic congestion in Seoul. In 2023 report from Seoul Metropolitan Government,
1659:, the term 'Downtown Region' in Seoul means areas surrounding Downtown Seoul, usually referring to three autonomous districts in central part of the Seoul; Jongno District, Jung District and Yongsan District.
614: Mainstreet of the Vermilion Bird). However, Joseon could not place the official marketplace behind Gyeongbokgung, because the main palace Gyeongbokgung was built almost right in front of the mountain
1096:
It is notable that even though government-led redevelopment of all of Seoul in the 1970s and '80s was trying to decentralize Downtown Seoul's unrivaled function of central business district to Gangnam and
2160:
on public transportation. For example, most of Seoul's subway lines crossing downtown area are built in this time around 1970s and 1980s, which today show dense concentration of subway stations along
1546:, the Seoul Metropolitan Government still uses some of existing administrative dongs as proxy to estimate approximate number of population living in Downtown Seoul. Additional 6 administrative dongs (
2102:
1027:
Urban regeneration occurred in the 1970s and '80s, when South Korea got developed enough to attract capital investments for such a program. The excited national atmosphere of preparing for the
993:
by designated private developers. Yet since South Korea in the 1960s were still emerging and developing country, redevelopment program for Downtown Seoul could not draw enough resources.
1170:
However, demand for more fundamental change was standing before Downtown Seoul in the dawn of the 21st century. One of such pivotal momentum came from growing worldwide recognition of
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However, above scope of Downtown Seoul's boundary was a lot narrow understanding than historic and cultural root of the whole downtown area inside the City Wall, originally called as
4275:
1769:
Downtown Seoul's incomparable status as historic and political center of the Seoul, can also be found by most of symbolic protests happened in contemporary history of South Korea.
1908:
after late 1990s, Downtown Seoul still operates as important financial district, as most of banking, insurance and credit card firms are left inside it. In 2022 survey of
1325:) (or its English translation 'downtown'), because the word is sometimes regarded as having merely denotative meaning of 'inside city', compatible to another Korean word
925:
Even though the Japanese colonial government intentionally divided Keijō's downtown area into Jongno District and Jung District, its 600-years old spatial integration as
1309:
mainly referring to several areas including Gwanghwamun of Jongno District and Myeong-dong of Jung District. One of reasons comes from various denotation of Korean word
818:
Abrupt partition of Downtown Seoul's urban structure by Japanese colonial government was influenced by ethnic distribution inside the area. During the early periods of
147:
799:
Although the area of Downtown Seoul inside the city wall had maintained a single integrated urban sphere for about 600 years through Joseon dynasty and Korean Empire,
1208:
583:. Government buildings and official residences for the Six Ministries were built on both sides of the road just outside of the Gwanghwamun, and the road was called
2284:
1369:. The scope of Downtown Seoul in 2000 was established in a relatively narrow sense under these agendas, usually referring to areas surrounded by six major roads:
1789:
in Downtown Seoul are famous place where those historically important protests were held. Though the South Korean presidential palace has been moved from the
1071:
region was a symbolic project to achieve this goal. The national government strongly supported such a relocation project through a bundle of policies called '
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3747:
1538:
to the west. This renewed boundary in year 2016 (See Figure 3. on the right) intends to include almost every areas of Jongno and Jung District inside the
1035:
provided chances for investors. Lots of landmark office and hotel buildings in the cityscape of Downtown Seoul were built around this period, such as the
1964:
1183:
mountain's scenic landscape by demolishing disorderly piles of buildings around it, and restoration of Gyeongbokgung's cultural landscape by dismantling
1741:
was built in the 1970s. This concentration of political power in Downtown Seoul until 1990s led most of prominent media and law firms to settle in it.
1072:
73:
884:
Japanese people in Keijō demanded reconstruction of the city to be centered in their main residential area alongside of the 'Honmachi' (present-day
1797:
of Yongsan District in 2023, Downtown Seoul is still an unmatched symbolic place where most of significant social protests in South Korea happens.
654:
584:
3231:
2959:
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2063:
Ivory colored high-rise building in the left side of photo, the 'Press Center' (한국프레스센터) is symbol of South Korean journalists and news agencies.
1981:
2008:
in 1973, followed by Lee & Ko (1977), Bae, Kim & Lee (1980), and Shin & Kim (1983). During this early days from 1970s to 1980s, the
2397:
2392:
2216:
2211:, ranked top 2 among the most congested major roads in Seoul, hitting average weekday speed to 17.5 and 18.0 kilometers per hour respectively.
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is one of such neighborhood. Former head of South Korean delegation to Japan in 1950, Kim Yong-ju (金龍周) claims that he was the one who advised
1947:
1439:, it was difficult to calculate how many people were living in Downtown Seoul. So, the Seoul Metropolitan Government used the following nine
1435:
to the west. Because this administrative boundary in 2000 (See Figure 2. on the right) did not exactly match with any boundaries of existing
1145:
3298:
1414:
2279:
2087:, 18 out of 27 South Korean mass media companies having history longer than 30 years, were located in Jongno District and Jung District.
1913:
1542:
under scope of development restriction. However, as this renewed area from year 2016 still did not match with any boundaries of existing
1528:
1425:
1392:
1381:
674:
673:). This traditional cityscape of Hanyang city's downtown area is still continued even in present-day Seoul, even through two major wars (
1835:, as of April 2023, average income of workers in Jongno District (4.26 million won) ranked first in all around South Korea, followed by
3859:
1517:
1403:
1370:
880:, created from 1910s to 1930s during the colonial period, is one of symbolic space showing such ethnic disparity inside modern Keijō.
2983:
Kim, Kwang-Joong; Yoon, Il-Sung (2003). "Chapter 10: Urban Renewal and Change of the 20th Century Seoul". In Kim, Kwang-Joong (ed.).
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1921:
3620:
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Meanwhile, Downtown Seoul's major component Jongno District has tremendous symbolic influence over entire South Korean politics as
626:
1184:
889:
1969:
1738:
961:
508:
4067:[It turns out that Gwanghwamun was the 'Gold'-hwamun... Big 4 law firms in South Korea are moving back to Gwanghwamun].
3328:['Fundamental plan for the Downtown Seoul' is recently under rectification, then, what is the meaning of 'downtown'?].
2291:
1677:
815:. This abrupt division explains why it is hard to explain pre-modern history of Jongno District and Jung District separately.
1794:
870:. In contrast, native Korean people lived in relative squalor in Bukchon, an area to the north of Cheonggyecheon. The famous
747:, and introduced modern railway transportation. These reforms led to strategic expansion of roads connecting Gyeongbokgung,
115:
1749:
967:
As Downtown Seoul survived harsh bombardments during the Korean War, its valuable historic sites such as Gyeongbokgung and
2306:
1997:) - all are located in Downtown Seoul currently in 2020s, and it is where all these big 4 started each of their history.
1917:
1778:
1774:
1752:. Mostly well-known nickname for this little constituency is 'Number One Politics' or 'Nation's No. 1 political avenue' (
2113:, which was business district newly developed in the 1970s. However, when national government promoted redevelopment of
1188:
under overpass roads in the 1970s. Restoring such traditional stream inside the downtown area was the right project for
1986:
1952:
2226:, is another symbolic place for traffic congestion in Downtown Seoul. Since this road is where commuters working near
701:), and headquarters of largest companies around Jongno are clear examples of such time-honored history and tradition.
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2734:
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One of the industries that characterize Downtown Seoul is mass media, symbolized by largest newspaper companies like
1570:
of Jung District) are added to 9 proxy dongs in year 2000, making a total of 15 dongs as renewed proxy as following;
1273:
1234:
19:
This article is about the original city center of Seoul. For other two sub-centers later developed in the 1970s, see
648:
This adjusted city planning in early Joseon created continuous commercial area in form of east-west axis around the
4168:
4139:
3950:
2188:. Also through the same time, Seoul Metropolitan Government eliminated out trams and expanded bus transportations.
2084:
548:
4093:
2101:, is constructed in 1985 and still serves as hub for journalists and reporters in South Korea, also including the
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1730:
1522:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1123:
4311:
4251:[Average speed on weekdays hit 17.5 kilometers per hour... Which is the most congested road in Seoul?].
4010:[It is the 'Era of Gwanghwamun' again, as Big Laws started to expand business in government relations].
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1440:
1436:
947:
759:
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4363:
4137:[Why Seoul's Jongno District and Jung District became 'Mecca' of South Korean mass media companies].
2343:
2264:
2259:
2019:
1722:
1706:
800:
4604:
3835:[Workers in Jongno District earn 4.26 million won per month on average... 'No. 1 in South Korea'].
1701:
in 2010s, Downtown Seoul was center of the old Seoul with full of powerful government executives, such as
1048:
4007:
4660:
1504:, thus led to expanding administrative boundary under city masterplan in 2016 as following; Some part of
1486:
in Joseon dynasty. From 1990s, the Metropolitan Government started to recognize importance of preserving
3194:"A Study on the Changes in Urban Space Centrality and Its Influences in Seoul: Focused on 2011 and 2019"
1443:
as a proxy to estimate the approximate number of people living in Downtown Seoul between 2000 and 2015:
4432:
4368:
3775:"Seoul Office Market: Occupancy Characteristics and Their Impact on Market Stability at a Global Level"
3359:
Investigation of Residential Conditions and Proposals for Preserving Residential Uses in Downtown Seoul
3193:
2412:
1713:. Also, other branches of the national government were all located in Downtown Seoul. For example, the
1175:
986:
977:
4224:
Two thousand years of Seoul's history, Vol. 36., Transportion and Communications in contemporary Seoul
3832:
3646:
1345: inside city). However, despite occasional misuses, it is certain that both 'Downtown Seoul' and
378:. For its time-honored and unique geographic status in Seoul, the downtown is usually just called the
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2121:(DMC), many broadcasting companies moved from Yeouido to DMC. Also, one of Big 3 newspaper company
1925:
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1702:
1020:
893:
690:
576:
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3402:"Change of Seoul's Downtown Planning: Focusing on Urban Conservation from the 1960s to the 1990s"
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price. This pricey huddle led broadcasting companies later established in the 1980s to settle in
1690:
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1302:
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five years after Korea's liberation, United States army sent to Korea began to call this area as
776:
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2755:"Blurring Boundaries: Mixed Residence, Extraterritoriality, and Citizenship in Seoul, 1876-1910"
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Restored in 2004, walled by high-rise office buildings on both side, standing as a eco-friendly
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Assimilating Seoul: Japanese rule and the politics of public space in colonial Korea, 1910–1945
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2009:
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To achieve development of financial industry, Seoul needs to look for various policy measures
2535:
1745:
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for a memorial of Lee Han-yeol, who died fighting for South Korea's democratization from the
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300:
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736:(1900) were first introduced to Downtown Seoul's cityscape. Also, the Korean Empire's first
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still demanded a broad term encompassing two administrative divisions together. During the
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in the '90s. Jongmyo and Changdeokgung, both located in Jongno District and designated as
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579:, cabinet of the Joseon government was placed right in front of Gyeongbokgung's main gate
484: inside the capital city wall) area inside the city wall, and peripheral areas named
8:
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divided Keijō's downtown area into two modern administrative divisions of Keijō in 1943;
512:
3122:"The School Equalization Policy of Korea: Past Failures and Proposed Measure for Reform"
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two thousand years of Seoul's history, Vol. 35., Urban development in contemporary Seoul
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two thousand years of Seoul's history, Vol. 26., City management and society of Keijō-fu
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31:
3808:[In 2021, Seoul's regional GDP per capita pass over 40,000 USD... 3.4% YoY↑].
3722:"Seoul's education chief begins protest against abolition of student rights ordinance"
755:, creating another important cityscape in downtown Seoul as form of north-south axis.
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4094:"Twitter in Place: Examining Seoul's Gwanghwamun Plaza through Social Media Activism"
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4037:[History of 'Big 6' leading growth of South Korean legal service industry].
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History of urban planning in Seoul, Vol. 4., Urban planning in age of local autonomy
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in traditional Seoul. These changing trend encouraged rediscovering function of the
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History of urban planning in Seoul, Vol. 1., Urban planning before contemporary age
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2125:, chose moving to DMC in 2020, to accelerate growth of its broadcasting company,
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Schools in Sadaemun-An goes to Gangnam (Oral History Research of Seoul, Vol. 4.)
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Seoul's autonomous districts are grouped into 5 regions under city's masterplan.
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2919:"The Location and Characteristics of Urban Hanok Area in the Downtown of Seoul"
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The Downtown Seoul area (Seoul CBD) rules topmost position among Seoul's major
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1285:, as name of place, English term 'Downtown Seoul' and its matching Korean term
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35:
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3980:[The reason why foreign stock brokers prefer Gwanghwamun to Yeouido].
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3156:"Downtown office location dynamics and transformation of central Seoul, Korea"
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980:. Turning point for urban redevelopment came when the United States president
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are renowned examples who grew their career in Jongno as magnate politician.
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were legislated starting from 1960s, including forceful institutions such as
752:
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620:
572:
537:
485:
450:. By the Seoul City Wall, Hanseong-bu was divided into two regions; an urban
408:
363:
163:
149:
1651:) in present day Seoul's urban planning. Like relationship between terms of
743:
relocated substantial parts of main palace's function from Gyeongbokgung to
535:) should follow several Confucian principles on city planning. For example,
515:. The cityscape of Hanseong-bu's downtown area was also created by adaptive
426:(or by official name of its administrative division and governing authority
43:
City Centre and Central business district in Seoul Special City, South Korea
2854:김, 백영; 서, 현주; 정, 태헌; 김, 제정; 김, 종근; 염, 복규; 소, 현숙; 김, 정인 (20 December 2015).
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and the Seoul's central trial court (present Seoul Central District Court,
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3590:"Geography of Protest: Places of Demonstration in Buenos Aires and Seoul"
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1464:
1444:
1128:
1109:
of Jongno District, are the uppermost central part of Seoul still today.
1106:
1040:
953:
934:
859:
855:
792:
788:
580:
560:
443:
431:
391:
355:
343:
60:
2754:
2230:
takes bus, it usually shows surge of crowds when commuters come and go.
2143:
4191:
3702:"Conservative activists hold rally in downtown Seoul on Liberation Day"
3274:
3096:] (in Korean). Seoul: City History Compilation Committee of Seoul.
2503:
2380:
2355:
2249:
1790:
1726:
1710:
1595:
1555:
1361:
downtown area but rather as a part of citywide establishment of strict
930:
885:
748:
744:
686:
2059:
758:
However, as the Korean Empire lost substantial autonomy after signing
291:
3117:
2560:
2508:
2498:
2375:
1301:) have no solid boundary in public usage, since they are not a fixed
1052:
501:
447:
83:
4216:정, 재정; 원, 제무; 조, 창현; 박, 진서; 김, 민철; 이, 기열; 이, 종화 (20 December 2016).
3774:
3438:김, 광중; 정, 희윤; 김, 도년; 김, 세훈; 배, 정한; 장, 영희; 이, 광훈 (30 November 2021).
2820:김, 기호; 김, 웅호; 염, 복규; 김, 영심; 김, 도연; 유, 승희; 박, 준형 (30 November 2021).
2493:
2471:
2387:
2365:
1855:
1627:
1567:
1505:
1156:
1047:(built in 1977 along Toegye-ro), and the headquarters building for
649:
615:
568:
451:
1260:
Figure 3. Administrative boundary of Downtown Seoul (Seoul Dosim,
1240:
Figure 2. Administrative boundary of Downtown Seoul (Sadaemun-An,
771:
519:
of Confucianism. According to Confucian classics, construction of
4633:
4627:
4276:"Seoul abandons failed measure to ease downtown's bus stop chaos"
2986:
Seoul, twentieth century, growth and change of the last 100 years
2570:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2110:
2043:
2001:
1905:
1898:
1867:
of Jung District, composing financial district of Downtown Seoul.
1820:
1816:
1357:
in limited sense, for both English speakers and Korean speakers.
1349:
have primary meaning of place name referring to areas inside the
1112:
1098:
1068:
968:
642:
564:
375:
24:
20:
976:
in the 1950s as there were too many stakeholders left, creating
780:
In 1928, local government of Keijō designated the front yard of
4317:
Media briefing for new city plan for Downtown Seoul (in Korean)
3299:"Discover Seoul's five best hiking trails with an expert guide"
2595:
2590:
2488:
2000:
South Korean legal industry's history of agglomeration towards
1840:
1509:
1214:
Figure 1. Scope of areas under Seoul's downtown redevelopment (
1180:
1132:
1007:
417:
247:
4166:[Brief history of 25 Taepyeong-ro, the Press Center].
3232:"The restored Cheonggyecheon and the quality of life in Seoul"
2147:
Seoul's subway stations are found densely concentrated inside
624:, by building the only licensed-official market in Seoul, the
4352:
3055:김, 광중; 최, 상철; 워, 제무; 안, 창모; 김, 성홍; 박, 철수 (20 December 2016).
2642:
2097:). This building, standing along the Sejong-daero behind the
1904:
Although many of South Korean stock brokerage firms moved to
872:
645:), which was southeast side (front side) of the main palace.
413:
351:
263:
3674:"Counting 1 million crowds at anti-president rally in Seoul"
3406:
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society
1019:'s headquarters building is a landmark symbolizing 1970s of
2126:
904:
726:
4312:
Travel guide for Downtown Seoul on VisitKorea (in English)
4226:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Historiography Institute.
3448:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Historiography Institute.
3065:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Historiography Institute.
2864:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Historiography Institute.
2830:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Historiography Institute.
1633:
Further notable point is usage of term 'Downtown Region' (
822:, most of Japanese people were living in southside of the
563:(市) to the behind'. Following this Confucian instruction,
3479:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Metropolitan Government.
2729:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Metropolitan Government.
2695:] (in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Metropolitan Government.
1876:, which is the central bank of South Korea following the
571:
were placed on the left and the right of the main palace
305:
4321:
3951:"Overseas Financial Firms Change Face of Downtown Seoul"
2954:
2312:
3532:"Political heavyweights to face off in Jongno district"
2967:(Map). 1:14,120. L852. U.S. Army Map Service, Far East.
1781:
in 2017 are some of leading example for such protests.
997:'70s and '80s: Urban redevelopment and decentralization
3748:"Top 3 Major Business Districts (CBD) in Seoul, Korea"
3621:"Downtown Seoul is calmer, but a crisis mood prevails"
1697:
Before relocating some of executive ministries to the
765:
2693:
Fundamental Plan for Historical City Center of Seoul
1646:
1198:
547:), which means 'With the main palace at the center,
3887:"Korea Exchange witnesses economy's ebbs and flows"
3672:Tong-hyung, Kim; Youkyung, Lee (26 November 2016).
3561:"Why Jongno is known as Seoul's center of politics"
2042:Further information on the corporate law firm:
4274:Moon, Hee-chul; Cho, Jung-wool (15 January 2024).
3671:
1059:relocation of prestigious secondary schools (i.e.
826:inside the City Wall, an area named by Koreans as
2989:. Seoul Development Institute. pp. 543–596.
2896:(in Korean). Seoul: Seoul Development Institute.
2849:
2847:
2155:, which are the main components of Downtown Seoul
1089:was developed into the headquarters building for
4647:
4307:Official tourist guidebook on Seoul (in English)
2430:
2018:) were both seated in Downtown Seoul. Also, the
2004:started in the 1970s, with establishment of the
16:Historic and social center of Seoul, South Korea
2083:, standing near Gwanghwamun. In 2020 survey of
1135:between Jongno District and Jung District, the
3014:[Korean War and Damage of Seoul (1)].
2844:
2398:National Museum of Korean Contemporary History
2393:National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
1113:'90s and '00s: Renaissance of Seoul's old soul
4337:
3230:Lee, Jong Youl; Anderson, Chad David (2013).
2893:Toward a spatial plan for downtown Seoul 2030
2684:
1839:(4.15 million won), Jung (4.04 million won),
964:, not to bomb major areas in Downtown Seoul.
2890:Kim, Sun-Wung; Kim, Sang-Il (14 July 2008).
2718:
2529:
2092:
2013:
1992:
1975:
1958:
1941:
1888:and still operates in same place. Also, the
1779:protests around impeachment of Park Geun-hye
1753:
1640:
1634:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1215:
1076:
845:
831:
720:
714:
618:. So Joseon had to detour instructions from
605:
595:
542:
530:
524:
495:
489:
475:
465:
459:
327:
269:
253:
4249:"평일 평균 시속 17.5km... 서울 시내 교통체증 가장 극심한 도로는?"
3858:Lee, Hoo-nam; Choi, Joon-ho (14 May 2009).
3385:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3272:[There is only one 'city-centre'].
3229:
2978:
2976:
2974:
1342:
851:
837:
611:
601:
511:of the Joseon, as geographic embodiment of
481:
4344:
4330:
3587:
2285:Personal Information Protection Commission
862:. Key examples of these buildings include
3806:"2021년 서울 1인당 GRDP 4만달러 돌파... 전년대비 3.4%↑"
3296:
2297:National Human Rights Commission of Korea
1139:is a soul of 21st-century Downtown Seoul.
3922:] (in Korean). The Seoul Institute.
3754:. Pearson & Partners. 25 August 2020
3618:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
2971:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2714:
2712:
2680:
2678:
2142:
2058:
1936:South Korea's top 4 biggest law firms -
1854:
1676:
1662:
1272:
1122:
1006:
908:
905:'50s and '60s: Liberation and Korean War
775:
504:(Korean mile) outside of the City Wall.
4273:
4128:
4126:
4091:
4065:"알고보니 광화문이 '돈'화문... 수익 좇는 로펌 빅4 줄줄이 이사"
3857:
3505:"Beginners guide to Seoul office lease"
3498:
3496:
3191:
2982:
2916:
2727:Fundamental Plan for the Downtown Seoul
2668:
2243:
2215:, a road connected to south end of the
1920:), and foreign embassies influenced by
1800:
1739:Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall
604: Street for the Six Ministries or
4648:
4058:
4056:
4001:
3999:
3912:주, 재욱; 김, 진하; 윤, 종진 (31 August 2022).
3653:. London, United Kingdom. 11 June 2008
3326:"서울도심기본계획을 재수립한다는데, 도심(downtown)이 뭐지?"
2889:
2482:
2292:Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
1721:of Jung District until 1990s, and the
1353:in a broad sense, or areas around the
122:
4325:
3198:Journal of Korea Planning Association
3041:
2878:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2748:
2746:
2709:
2675:
2313:Cultural heritages and public museums
1880:in Colonial Korea, is established at
1685:, millions of people gathered around
1185:Government-General of Chōsen Building
890:Government-General of Chōsen Building
840: Southern village), compared to
397:
4215:
4192:"Seoul Foreign Correspondents' Club"
4123:
3884:
3529:
3493:
3437:
3399:
3153:
3054:
2917:Song, In-Ho; Kim, Mee-Joung (2014).
2853:
2819:
2238:
2172:, including famous stations such as
2079:, or the only national news agency,
1305:, but variable terms under changing
1073:Equalization policy for high schools
1023:. It is now named as 'Seoul Square'.
1003:Gangnam § State-led development
713:, the name of Seoul was Hwangseong (
652:, starting from southern end of the
541:instructs principle of '左祖右社 面朝後市' (
500:) which was a ring-shaped region 10
4053:
3996:
3911:
3833:"서울 종로구 직장인 월급... 평균 426만원 '전국 1위'"
3772:
3720:Yoo, Cheong-mo (13 December 2023).
3719:
3699:
3558:
3502:
3350:
3116:
2752:
2307:Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation
1918:Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation
1602:of Jongno District (8 dongs), plus
13:
4133:최, 승영; 강, 아영 (29 September 2020).
4132:
3860:"Myeong-dong, yesterday and today"
3441:서울도시계획사 4 지방자치시대의 도시계획 (서울역사총서 12)
3297:McKechnie, Ben (1 February 2024).
2777:
2743:
2103:Seoul Foreign Correspondents’ Club
1101:, it continuously kept growing as
933:, a tragic civil war initiated by
766:Colonial Korea under Japanese rule
212:17.9 km (6.9 sq mi)
14:
4682:
4300:
4246:
4161:
4062:
4032:
4005:
3975:
3885:Park, Anna J. (2 November 2020).
3830:
3803:
3530:Kang, Hyun-kyung (5 March 2012).
3468:
3323:
3267:
3089:사대문 안 학교들, 강남으로 가다 (서울역사구술자료집 4권)
3085:
3016:The Korea Spatial Planning Review
3009:
2823:서울도시계획사 1 현대 이전의 도시계획 (서울역사총서 12)
2233:
2132:
1775:protest against import of US beef
1199:Planning, boundary and denotation
1043:), the headquarters building for
94:Seoul Central Business District,
4624:(Central Business District, CBD)
4603:
4169:Journalists Association of Korea
4140:Journalists Association of Korea
4008:"對官 업무로 영역 넓히는 로펌들, 다시 '광화문 시대'"
3700:Kim, Eun-jung (15 August 2022).
3619:Haberman, Clyde (17 June 1987).
2923:Journal of Architectural History
2085:Journalists Association of Korea
1253:
1233:
1207:
704:
549:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
121:
114:
72:
4267:
4240:
4209:
4184:
4155:
4092:Collins, Samuel Gerald (2017).
4085:
4026:
3969:
3943:
3905:
3878:
3851:
3824:
3797:
3766:
3740:
3692:
3665:
3639:
3612:
3581:
3552:
3523:
3462:
3431:
3393:
3344:
3317:
3290:
3261:
3223:
3192:Lee, Su-Bin; Nahm, Jin (2021).
3185:
3147:
3110:
3079:
3003:
2789:Henry, Todd A. (October 2016).
2339:National Palace Museum of Korea
334:Seoul Central Business District
4035:"법률서비스산업 성장 견인... '6대 로펌' 역사는"
3915:서울시, 금융산업 발전 위해 다양한 정책수단 모색 필요
2948:
2910:
2813:
2797:University of California Press
2093:
2014:
1993:
1976:
1959:
1942:
1754:
1641:
1635:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1297:
1291:
1262:
1242:
1222:
1216:
1077:
899:
846:
832:
721:
715:
606:
596:
543:
531:
525:
496:
490:
476:
466:
460:
328:
270:
254:
104:Boundary of the Downtown Seoul
1:
4098:Digital Culture & Society
3477:2040 Seoul Comprehensive Plan
3351:양, 1재섭; 이, 재수; 이, 호석 (2001).
3210:10.17208/jkpa.2021.11.56.6.22
2759:The Journal of Korean Studies
2431:Private galleries and museums
2344:National Folk Museum of Korea
2280:Financial Services Commission
2265:Board of Audit and Inspection
2260:Constitutional Court of Korea
1914:Financial Services Commission
1750:South Korean general election
1729:of Jongno District. Even the
1723:Constitutional Court of Korea
1707:Board of Audit and Inspection
1494:as cultural boundary between
1067:) from Downtown Seoul to the
388:Gwanghwamun Business District
3978:"외국계 증권사, 여의도보다 광화문 좋아하는 이유"
3248:10.1080/10630732.2013.855511
2207:, which are both located in
1737:of Jung District before the
1630:of Jung District (7 dongs).
1512:to the South (including the
1049:Kyobo Life Insurance Company
946:Fortunately, though some of
685:of Japanese Empire, and the
233:5,900/km (15,000/sq mi)
7:
4135:"서울 중구·종로구는 왜 언론사 '메카'가 됐나"
3773:Ryu, Jongpil (4 May 2018).
3647:"A beef with the president"
3363:Seoul Development Institute
3236:Journal of Urban Technology
2636:
2275:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1922:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1647:
1508:to the North, some part of
1176:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1011:Built 1977 in front of the
801:Japanese Government-General
306:
292:
10:
4687:
3804:김, 기훈 (21 December 2023).
3779:Cornell Real Estate Review
3606:10.2747/0272-3638.30.3.239
3559:Kim, Arin (4 March 2024).
3503:Lee, Sue (18 March 2011).
3361:] (in Korean). Seoul:
3324:이, 제선 (12 November 2022).
3086:김, 현숙 (10 February 1992).
2413:Bank of Korea Money Museum
2136:
2052:
2041:
2039:of Jung District in 2020.
1850:
1804:
1666:
1116:
1021:South Korea's rapid growth
1000:
987:tragedy of the anticommons
978:tragedy of the anticommons
769:
669:(located near present-day
406:
164:37.5722099°N 126.9768146°E
29:
18:
4612:
4601:
4525:
4440:
4431:
4359:
4351:
4247:박, 기현 (23 October 2023).
3831:이, 호 (26 February 2024).
3698:For recent examples, see
3627:. New York, United States
3588:Salmenkari, Taru (2009).
3418:10.5762/KAIS.2020.21.9.39
3268:이, 진원 (12 January 2009).
2935:10.7738/JAH.2014.23.2.065
2608:National Theater of Korea
2530:Other tourist attractions
2477:The Museum of Agriculture
2055:Mass media in South Korea
1562:of Jongno District, plus
1459:of Jongno District, plus
402:
380:Central Business District
348:central business district
313:
299:
285:
262:
246:
241:
237:
229:
221:
216:
208:
203:
195:
187:
143:
109:
102:
91:
71:
65:Central business district
58:
48:
4219:서울2천년사 제36 현대 서울의 교통과 통신
4162:장, 우성 (16 August 2007).
3982:The Korea Economic Daily
2857:서울2천년사 제26권 경성부 도시행정과 사회
2270:Government Complex Seoul
2048:
1931:
1926:Government Complex Seoul
1771:June Democratic Struggle
1703:Government Complex Seoul
691:Government Complex Seoul
438:made great influence on
307:Sŏul toshim, Sŏul shinae
293:Seoul dosim, Seoul sinae
52:
4636:Business District (YBD)
4630:Business District (GBD)
4110:10.25969/mediarep/13517
4063:김, 수민 (14 March 2020).
4006:김, 아사 (13 April 2019).
3976:박, 희진 (21 March 2014).
3172:10.1023/A:1007102912842
3058:서울2천년사 제35권 현대 서울의 도시건설
2546:Dongdaemun Design Plaza
2408:Seoul Museum of History
2139:Transportation in Seoul
1843:(3.92 million won) and
1829:25 autonomous districts
1363:height restriction laws
1303:administrative division
1246:) between 2000 and 2015
1033:Summer Olympics of 1988
896:around Yookcho Street.
553:Altar of Soil and grain
169:37.5722099; 126.9768146
3957:. Seoul. 26 April 2005
3400:Rhee, Bum-Hun (2014).
3354:서울 도심부 주거실태와 주거확보방향 연구
3154:Nahm, Kee-Bom (1999).
3010:손, 정목 (15 July 1996).
2685:서울특별시 역사도심재생과 (2015).
2423:Seoul Education Museum
2418:Seoul City Wall Museum
2371:Fortress Wall of Seoul
2156:
2064:
1868:
1793:of Jongno District to
1715:Supreme Court of Korea
1694:
1278:
1140:
1024:
922:
796:
665:to eastern end of the
559:(朝) to the front, and
551:(祖) goes to the left,
394:' at the heart of it.
4164:"프레스센터, 태평로 25번지의 小史"
4033:서, 영상 (3 July 2017).
2956:U.S. Army Map Service
2771:10.1353/jks.2016.0003
2719:서울특별시 도심재창조과 (2023).
2536:Bukchon Hanok Village
2146:
2137:Further information:
2062:
2053:Further information:
1895:Korean Stock Exchange
1893:government relocated
1890:Korean Stock Exchange
1858:
1680:
1669:Jongno (constituency)
1663:Politics and protests
1276:
1126:
1117:Further information:
1051:(built in 1980 along
1039:(built in 1971 along
1010:
1001:Further information:
912:
878:Bukchon Hanok Village
779:
770:Further information:
681:) in Joseon dynasty,
407:Further information:
135:Location within Seoul
4281:Korea Joongang Daily
3864:Korea Joongang Daily
3728:. Seoul, South Korea
3708:. Seoul, South Korea
3680:. Seoul, South Korea
2753:Lee, Sinwoo (2016).
2669:Notes and references
2658:Jung District, Seoul
2586:Myeongdong Cathedral
2244:Government buildings
2186:Euljiro 3-ga station
2027:of Jung District to
2020:Constitutional Court
1847:(3.90 million won).
1801:Economy and industry
1544:administrative dongs
1441:administrative dongs
1437:administrative dongs
1159:(built in 1999) and
440:imagined geographies
329:서울 도심, 서울 도심부, 서울 시내
287:Revised Romanization
230: • Density
3839:(in Korean). Sejong
2483:Streets and regions
2467:Kumho Museum of Art
2462:Ilmin Museum of Art
2403:Seoul Museum of Art
1910:The Seoul Institute
1795:Presidential Office
1725:is still seated in
1281:Like American term
1083:Whimoon High School
1065:Whimoon High School
1029:Asian Games of 1986
683:colonial governance
442:of Seoul, like the
159: /
4661:Geography of Seoul
4614:Business districts
4255:(in Korean). Seoul
4172:(in Korean). Seoul
4143:(in Korean). Seoul
4073:(in Korean). Seoul
4041:(in Korean). Seoul
4014:(in Korean). Seoul
3984:(in Korean). Seoul
3812:(in Korean). Seoul
3625:The New York Times
3332:(in Korean). Seoul
3278:(in Korean). Busan
3012:"한국전쟁과 서울의 피해 (상)"
2447:Bukchon Art Museum
2157:
2119:Digital Media City
2081:Yonhap News Agency
2065:
1965:Bae, Kim & Lee
1869:
1815:, compared to the
1813:business districts
1695:
1488:cultural landscape
1479:of Jung District.
1457:Jongno 5.6 ga-dong
1279:
1141:
1025:
974:urban regeneration
923:
797:
689:after liberation.
555:(社) to the right,
517:cultural diffusion
434:, presence of the
398:History and status
390:for the landmark '
354:, located through
222: • Total
209: • Total
199:Seoul Special City
32:The Mountain Goats
4643:
4642:
4599:
4598:
3472:2040 서울도시기본계획 (1)
2633:
2632:
2566:Jangchungdan Park
2556:Gwanghwamun Plaza
2551:Dongdaemun Market
1787:Gwanghwamun Plaza
1731:National Assembly
1580:Jongno 1.2.3.4-ga
1527:to the east, and
1453:Jongno 1.2.3.4-ga
1424:to the east, and
1167:(built in 1999).
1103:business district
982:Lyndon B. Johnson
868:Keijō Post Office
557:cabinet buildings
332:), also known as
317:
316:
301:McCune–Reischauer
4678:
4671:Regions of Korea
4666:History of Seoul
4607:
4438:
4437:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3955:The Chosun Daily
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3752:pearsonkorea.com
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3566:The Korea Herald
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3126:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2722:서울도심 기본계획, 본보고서1
2716:
2707:
2706:
2688:역사도심 기본계획, 본보고서1
2682:
2663:Economy of Seoul
2648:History of Seoul
2437:Art Sonje Center
2239:
2225:
2202:
2096:
2095:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1833:Statistics Korea
1807:Economy of Seoul
1757:
1756:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1616:Euljiro 3.4.5-ga
1537:
1526:
1473:Euljiro 3.4.5-ga
1434:
1423:
1412:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1367:overurbanization
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1154:
1080:
1079:
958:General McArthur
919:Army Map Service
853:
849:
848:
839:
835:
834:
724:
723:
718:
717:
709:In reign of the
663:
635:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
546:
545:
534:
533:
528:
527:
499:
498:
493:
492:
483:
479:
478:
469:
468:
463:
462:
386:), or sometimes
331:
330:
309:
295:
280:
279:
257:
256:
183:
182:
180:
179:
178:
176:
171:
170:
165:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
125:
124:
118:
92:Nicknames:
76:
46:
45:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4608:
4595:
4521:
4427:
4355:
4350:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4131:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4061:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4012:The Chosun Ilbo
4004:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3891:The Korea Times
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3711:
3709:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3594:Urban Geography
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3537:The Korea Times
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3509:The Korea Times
3501:
3494:
3487:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3398:
3394:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3152:
3148:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3053:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2888:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2787:
2778:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2653:Jongno District
2639:
2634:
2581:Marronnier Park
2532:
2485:
2442:Art Center Nabi
2433:
2351:Changgyeonggung
2315:
2255:Seoul City Hall
2246:
2236:
2219:
2209:Jongno District
2196:
2141:
2135:
2099:Seoul City Hall
2075:standing along
2073:The Dong-A Ilbo
2069:The Chosun Ilbo
2057:
2051:
2046:
2037:Gongpyeong-dong
2006:Kim & Chang
1984:
1967:
1950:
1938:Kim & Chang
1934:
1853:
1809:
1803:
1717:was located in
1675:
1665:
1531:
1520:
1492:Seoul City Wall
1428:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1355:Seoul City Hall
1351:Seoul City Wall
1283:Lower Manhattan
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1201:
1148:
1121:
1115:
1087:Jongno District
1005:
999:
907:
902:
809:Jongno District
774:
768:
707:
671:Wongaksa Pagoda
657:
629:
587:
509:planned capital
454:space named as
436:Seoul City Wall
430:). As it was a
411:
405:
400:
360:Jongno District
342:is traditional
281:
258:
174:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
105:
98:
87:
67:
54:
51:
44:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Downtown Seoul
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4622:Downtown Seoul
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4301:External links
4299:
4296:
4295:
4266:
4239:
4232:
4208:
4196:www.sfcc.or.kr
4183:
4154:
4122:
4084:
4052:
4025:
3995:
3968:
3942:
3928:
3904:
3877:
3850:
3823:
3796:
3765:
3739:
3691:
3664:
3638:
3611:
3600:(3): 239-260.
3580:
3551:
3522:
3492:
3485:
3469:김, 용학 (2023).
3461:
3454:
3430:
3392:
3371:
3343:
3316:
3289:
3260:
3222:
3184:
3166:(3): 289–299.
3146:
3135:(1): 221–234.
3109:
3102:
3078:
3071:
3040:
3002:
2995:
2970:
2947:
2909:
2902:
2877:
2870:
2843:
2836:
2812:
2805:
2776:
2742:
2735:
2708:
2701:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Cheonggyecheon
2538:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Samcheong-dong
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2319:Jongmyo Shrine
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2234:Notable places
2232:
2134:
2133:Transportation
2131:
2050:
2047:
1982:Shin & Kim
1933:
1930:
1878:Bank of Chōsen
1852:
1849:
1819:(GBD) and the
1802:
1799:
1733:was seated in
1691:Fifth Republic
1664:
1661:
1657:capital region
1600:Samcheong-dong
1560:Samcheong-dong
1402:to the south,
1391:to the north,
1259:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1172:Korean culture
1137:Cheonggyecheon
1119:Cheonggyecheon
1114:
1111:
998:
995:
991:eminent domain
940:Downtown Seoul
915:Downtown Seoul
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:Six Ministries
864:Bank of Chōsen
824:Cheonggyecheon
820:Colonial Korea
805:Colonial Korea
767:
764:
760:Treaty of 1905
706:
703:
699:Yookcho Street
655:Yookcho Street
650:Jonggak belfry
585:Yookcho Street
577:Six Ministries
416:in the age of
404:
401:
399:
396:
320:Downtown Seoul
315:
314:
311:
310:
303:
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
268:
266:
260:
259:
252:
250:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
175:Downtown Seoul
141:
140:
134:
129:Downtown Seoul
128:
127:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
80:Downtown Seoul
77:
69:
68:
59:
56:
55:
50:Downtown Seoul
49:
42:
36:Sweden (album)
30:For a song of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4683:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:South of the
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4441:North of the
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4233:9791160710090
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4104:(2): 99–121.
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4072:
4071:
4070:JoongAng Ilbo
4066:
4059:
4057:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3931:
3929:9791157006892
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3651:The Economist
3648:
3642:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3486:9791165998493
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3455:9791160711332
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:(in Korean).
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:(in Korean).
3199:
3195:
3188:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:Korea Journal
3123:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3103:9788994033426
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3072:9791160710083
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:(in Korean).
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2996:9788980523054
2992:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:(in Korean).
2924:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2903:9788980526475
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2871:9788994033891
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2837:9791160711301
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2806:9780520293151
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2765:(1): 71–100.
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2736:9791165998721
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2702:9791156214991
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2624:
2623:Seoul Station
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Sejong Center
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:N Seoul Tower
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
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2537:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Gyeonggyojang
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Gyeonghuigung
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:Gyeongbokgung
2327:
2325:
2324:Changdeokgung
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Bank of Korea
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2153:Jung District
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:JoongAng Ilbo
2120:
2116:
2115:Mapo District
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:Seosomun-dong
2021:
2011:
2010:Supreme Court
2007:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:Bank of Korea
1866:
1863:is seated in
1862:
1861:Bank of Korea
1857:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:in 2008, and
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1764:Lee Myung-bak
1761:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:Seosomun-dong
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:Seosomun-dong
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:June Struggle
1679:
1674:
1673:June Struggle
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Cheongunhyoja
1585:
1584:Jongno 5.6-ga
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Cheongunhyoja
1545:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:Seoul Station
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:Seongjeosimni
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:Hoehyeon-dong
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1256:
1236:
1210:
1196:
1194:
1193:Lee Myung-bak
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:Samsung Group
1162:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1091:Hyundai Group
1088:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Koreana Hotel
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:Seoul Station
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
944:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
920:
916:
911:
897:
895:
891:
887:
881:
879:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
843:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
813:Jung District
810:
806:
802:
794:
790:
787:
783:
778:
773:
763:
761:
756:
754:
753:Seoul Station
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
712:
711:Korean Empire
705:Korean Empire
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Qing invasion
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
656:
651:
646:
644:
643:Jongno street
640:
636:
633:
628:
623:
622:
621:Rites of Zhou
617:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Gyeongbokgung
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
539:
538:Rites of Zhou
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
487:
486:Seongjeosimni
473:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
410:
409:Seongjeosimni
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Jung District
365:
364:Seoul Station
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
325:
321:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
278:
274:
267:
265:
261:
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
144:Coordinates:
142:
117:
108:
101:
97:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
47:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
4621:
4591:Yeongdeungpo
4286:. Retrieved
4279:
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4252:
4242:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4167:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4138:
4113:. Retrieved
4101:
4097:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4068:
4043:. Retrieved
4038:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4011:
3986:. Retrieved
3981:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3919:
3914:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3863:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3836:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3782:
3778:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3751:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3725:
3710:. Retrieved
3705:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3677:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3624:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3564:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3535:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3508:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3412:(9): 39–48.
3409:
3405:
3395:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3334:. Retrieved
3329:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3302:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3273:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3239:
3235:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3204:(6): 22–35.
3201:
3197:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3163:
3159:
3149:
3132:
3128:
3112:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3062:
3057:
3031:. Retrieved
3019:
3015:
3005:
2985:
2960:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2929:(2): 65–80.
2926:
2922:
2912:
2892:
2861:
2856:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2795:. Berkeley:
2791:
2762:
2758:
2726:
2721:
2692:
2687:
2627:
2576:Jongno Tower
2452:Gahoe Museum
2217:Ujeongguk-ro
2213:Namdaemun-ro
2194:Ujeongguk-ro
2190:
2162:Sejong-daero
2158:
2107:
2089:
2077:Sejong-daero
2066:
2033:
2029:Yeoksam-dong
1999:
1948:Lee & Ko
1935:
1903:
1870:
1837:Yeongdeungpo
1825:
1810:
1768:
1760:Roh Moo-hyun
1746:constituency
1743:
1696:
1681:In the 1987
1653:capital city
1632:
1499:
1495:
1483:
1481:
1359:
1346:
1326:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1169:
1161:Jongno Tower
1142:
1095:
1057:
1045:Daewoo Group
1041:Taepyeong-ro
1026:
1017:Daewoo Group
966:
948:
945:
939:
938:
926:
924:
914:
882:
871:
841:
827:
817:
798:
791:(都心), where
757:
734:street light
708:
698:
695:Sejong-daero
666:
653:
647:
638:
637:, along the
625:
619:
536:
521:capital city
513:Confucianism
507:Seoul was a
506:
471:
455:
446:surrounding
427:
421:
412:
387:
383:
379:
372:Sejong-daero
338:
337:
333:
319:
318:
255:서울 도심, 서울 시내
95:
79:
40:
3843:27 February
3816:27 February
3810:Yonhap News
3758:27 February
3726:Yonhap News
3706:Yonhap News
3684:23 February
3515:27 February
3270:"'도심'은 하나뿐"
3242:(4): 3–22.
2961:SEOUL KOREA
2958:(c. 1950).
2618:Seoul Plaza
2524:Sogong-dong
2519:Myeong-dong
2334:Gwanghwamun
2228:Myeong-dong
2220: [
2197: [
2182:Jongno 3-ga
2174:Gwanghwamun
1985: [
1968: [
1951: [
1886:Myeong-dong
1882:Sogong-dong
1865:Sogong-dong
1783:Seoul Plaza
1699:Sejong City
1687:Seoul Plaza
1532: [
1521: [
1429: [
1418: [
1407: [
1396: [
1385: [
1374: [
1307:urban plans
1287:Seoul Dosim
1266:) from 2016
1149: [
1146:SK Building
1129:linear park
1107:Jongno-dong
1078:고등학교 평준화 정책
962:SCAP, Japan
954:Myeong-dong
935:Kim Il Sung
900:South Korea
860:Sogong-dong
856:Myeong-dong
793:Seoul Plaza
789:city center
729:(1899) and
658: [
630: [
588: [
581:Gwanghwamun
561:marketplace
444:London Wall
432:walled city
428:Hanseong-bu
420:was called
392:Gwanghwamun
356:Gwanghwamun
344:city center
339:Sadaemun-An
326::
242:Korean name
191:South Korea
167: /
154:126°58′37″E
96:Sadaemun-An
82:taken from
78:Picture of
61:City Centre
4650:Categories
4457:Dongdaemun
4364:Government
3837:Donga Ilbo
3732:15 January
3712:15 January
3657:15 January
3631:15 January
3423:15 January
3372:8980522304
3303:BBC Travel
3275:Busan Ilbo
3253:15 January
3215:6 February
3177:15 January
3160:GeoJournal
3118:Lee, Ju-Ho
3033:6 February
2940:15 January
2504:Jeong-dong
2381:Dongdaemun
2356:Deoksugung
2250:Blue House
1805:See also:
1791:Blue House
1727:Anguk-dong
1711:Blue House
1709:, and the
1667:See also:
1496:Doseong-an
1484:Doseong-an
1415:Wangsan-ro
931:Korean War
927:Doseong-an
886:Chungmu-ro
786:geographic
749:Deoksugung
745:Deoksugung
693:along the
687:Korean War
472:Doseong-an
456:Seong-jung
370:along the
217:Population
173: (
151:37°34′20″N
4586:Yangcheon
4561:Geumcheon
4528:Han River
4512:Seongdong
4502:Seodaemun
4462:Eunpyeong
4445:(Gangbuk)
4443:Han River
4433:Districts
4423:Transport
4379:City Hall
3381:cite book
3141:0023-3900
3028:1229-8638
3022:: 84–97.
2561:Inwangsan
2509:Insa-dong
2499:Daehangno
2376:Namdaemun
2178:City Hall
2031:in 1998.
1943:김·장 법률사무소
1901:in 1979.
1773:in 1987,
1648:Dosimgwon
1624:Jangchung
1564:Jangchung
1540:City Wall
1529:Tongil-ro
1426:Tongil-ro
1393:Toegye-ro
1382:Yulgok-ro
1226:) in 1987
1093:in 1986.
1053:Sejong-ro
795:is today.
782:City Hall
544:좌조우사 면조후시
448:Londinium
384:Seoul CBD
84:Inwangsan
4546:Gangdong
4507:Seongbuk
4487:Jungnang
4472:Gwangjin
4413:Shopping
4396:Timeline
4288:29 March
4259:29 March
4201:27 March
4176:29 March
4147:29 March
4115:28 March
4077:29 March
4045:28 March
4018:28 March
3988:14 March
3961:14 March
3935:22 March
3897:14 March
3870:14 March
3789:22 March
3120:(2004).
2637:See also
2494:Sejongno
2472:Presseum
2388:Bosingak
2366:Sajikdan
2015:서울중앙지방법원
1977:법무법인 태평양
1916:and the
1628:Pil-dong
1620:Hoehyeon
1604:Gwanghui
1568:Pil-dong
1518:Dasan-ro
1506:Bugaksan
1461:Gwanghui
1404:Dasan-ro
1371:Sajik-ro
1223:都心 再開發事業
1217:도심 재개발사업
1157:SK Group
917:made by
876:town in
751:and the
731:electric
697:(former
675:Japanese
667:Unjongga
639:Unjongga
616:Bugaksan
575:. Also,
569:Sajikdan
452:downtown
4634:Yeouido
4628:Gangnam
4556:Gangseo
4551:Gangnam
4541:Dongjak
4532:Gangnam
4517:Yongsan
4467:Gangbuk
4408:Economy
4403:Climate
4386:History
4369:Council
4284:. Seoul
3893:. Seoul
3866:. Seoul
3785:: 78–85
3678:AP News
3573:9 April
3569:. Seoul
3544:9 April
3540:. Seoul
3511:. Seoul
3336:9 April
3309:9 April
3305:. Seoul
3282:9 April
2571:Jogyesa
2205:Jong-ro
2170:Euljiro
2166:Jong-ro
2111:Yeouido
2044:Yulchon
2002:Big Law
1994:법무법인 세종
1960:법무법인 광장
1906:Yeouido
1899:Yeouido
1851:Finance
1845:Gangnam
1821:Yeouido
1817:Gangnam
1099:Yeouido
1069:Gangnam
1061:Kyunggi
969:Jongmyo
960:at the
921:in 1950
913:Map of
842:Bukchon
828:Namchon
784:as its
738:Emperor
565:Jongmyo
423:Hanyang
376:Jong-ro
225:106,162
188:Country
25:Yeouido
21:Gangnam
4581:Seocho
4576:Songpa
4571:Gwanak
4477:Jongno
4452:Dobong
4230:
3926:
3483:
3452:
3369:
3330:Etoday
3139:
3100:
3069:
3026:
2993:
2900:
2868:
2834:
2803:
2733:
2699:
2628:
2596:Namsan
2591:Naksan
2489:Jongno
2184:, and
2168:, and
2149:Jongno
1980:) and
1841:Seocho
1755:정치 1번지
1645:;
1639:;
1612:Sogong
1608:Myeong
1572:Gyonam
1510:Namsan
1475:, and
1469:Sogong
1465:Myeong
1445:Gyonam
1341:;
1335:;
1319:;
1295:;
1220:;
1181:Namsan
1133:stream
850:;
836:;
741:Gojong
719:;
627:Sijeon
610:;
600:;
529:;
494:;
480:;
464:;
418:Joseon
403:Joseon
324:Korean
248:Hangul
86:, 2015
34:, see
4497:Nowon
4418:Sport
4391:Names
4374:Mayor
4353:Seoul
4253:News1
4222:[
3918:[
3475:[
3444:[
3357:[
3125:(PDF)
3092:[
3061:[
2965:(JPG)
2860:[
2826:[
2725:[
2691:[
2643:Seoul
2224:]
2201:]
2117:into
2094:프레스센터
2049:Media
1989:]
1972:]
1955:]
1932:Legal
1884:near
1596:Gahoe
1576:Sajik
1556:Gahoe
1536:]
1525:]
1449:Sajik
1433:]
1422:]
1411:]
1400:]
1389:]
1378:]
1347:서울 도심
1327:sinae
1311:dosim
1298:서울 都心
1292:서울 도심
1263:서울 도심
1190:Mayor
1153:]
949:dongs
873:hanok
772:Keijō
662:]
641:(now
634:]
592:]
470:) or
414:Seoul
352:Seoul
275:, 서울
264:Hanja
53:서울 도심
4566:Guro
4492:Mapo
4482:Jung
4290:2024
4261:2024
4228:ISBN
4203:2024
4178:2024
4149:2024
4117:2024
4079:2024
4047:2024
4039:법률신문
4020:2024
3990:2024
3963:2024
3937:2024
3924:ISBN
3899:2024
3872:2024
3845:2024
3818:2024
3791:2024
3760:2024
3734:2024
3714:2024
3686:2024
3659:2024
3633:2024
3575:2024
3546:2024
3517:2024
3481:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3425:2024
3387:link
3367:ISBN
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