410:. In some older universities it typically has precedence after Divinity, Laws or Civil Law, Medicine, and Letters, and above Music. The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship. A candidate for the degree will usually be required to submit a selection of their publications that follow a consistent theme to the board of the appropriate faculty, which will decide if the candidate merits this accolade. Quite often they will need to be a doctoral graduate of at least ten years standing and have a substantial research association with the awarding university.
2771:
1230:, which is not equivalent to the German Habilitation, since "Livre-Docência" is not a requisite to be a professor in Brazilian universities, and German Habilitation is a requisite to be a professor in German universities. However, "Live-Docencia" is a requisite to be promoted to Associate Professor / "full" Professor (Professor Titular) at several of those public research Universities.
340:. The Swiss Dr sc., like the DSc in the US, is equivalent to the PhD. It is earned with the approval of a committee on the basis of original research, publications, and extensive applied professional contributions and is awarded in doctoral level science and technology programs. Since 2004 the Dr sc. is the only doctoral degree awarded by the
439:
In the Czech
Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc behind the name), established in 1953, is equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Science in the sense in which the DSc is used in the Commonwealth. It is the highest academic qualification, different from both PhD and PhDr. titles. In the
1225:
This kind of doctorate is obtained in
Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense. This doctorate is comparable to a PhD program found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo, the doctorate title is the second highest academic title
602:
in 1872, when graduate studies first began at
Harvard, and where the PhD and ScD degrees were introduced in the same year. The Doctor of Science research degree is earned with the formal dissertation defense and approval of a committee on the basis of original research and publications, and it is
380:
in Polish) is the degree higher than PhD and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in teaching, research and service after getting the PhD degree (usually up to 8 years after PhD). It is very similar to the equivalent habilitation degree in
Germany and Austria. It is also very similar (in
133:
DSc or PhD degrees are awarded after dissertation and fulfilling the required publication number. In order to qualify for DSc, one is required to have attained a PhD. The higher education institutes in
Uzbekistan also grant DSc degrees. As an example, the National University of Uzbekistan and the
424:
In former times the doctorate in science was regarded as a greater distinction than a professorial chair and hence a professor who was also a DSc would be known as Doctor. The Doctor of
Science may also be awarded as an honorary degree, that is, given to individuals who have made extensive
74:
Some universities in these four Arab countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science. A "Doctorate of the State" is slightly higher in esteem than a regular doctorate, and is awarded after performing additional in-depth post-doctorate research or achievement.
555:) is the second and the highest science degree, awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. Since 2016, a PhD degree is one of the prerequisites for heading a university department in Ukraine.
797:
In Costa Rica, doctorates are the highest academic degrees awarded by a university. They are focused on research and accessible only after the study of an academic Master's degree (as opposed to a professional Master's degree, intended for practical subjects) . The
1226:
given by the state's universities (University of São Paulo (USP), State
University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and São Paulo State University (UNESP)) and most Federal Universities, such as the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). The highest academic title is the
96:
In India only a few prestigious universities offer ScD/DSc in science which is obtained in
Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence. The oldest institute to award a
458:
In
Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed DSc degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the term
759:
also offers both PhD and ScD in certain programs, with only minor differences in university administration of the degrees. In some institutions, the ScD has been converted to the PhD. For instance, the doctoral degree in
1799:
70:
In
Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to a PhD in the United Kingdom or United States.
755:, for example, requires four more graduate courses in the DSc program, which can be completed in one year in conjunction with research duties, while the PhD requires teaching assistance services. The
748:, School of Information Arts and Technologies offers an ScD degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program focused on usable design/user experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).
2223:
1891:
1378:
861:
would be attributed to different fields of the hard or soft sciences. To get into an Argentine PhD program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering,
728:, with identical requirements for obtaining either. Research programs that offer the formal research ScD but not the PhD degree for a given field include several doctoral programs at
1266:"O'zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi Huzuridagi Oliy Attestatsiya Komissiyasi Rayosatining Qarori – Ilmiy Darajalar Berish Tartibi To'g'risidagi Nizomni Tasdiqlash Haqida"
440:
Czech Republic, DrSc has not been awarded since 2001; instead, since 2006, a "Doctor of Sciences" degree (DSc behind the name) has been awarded, not by universities but by the
1590:
317:, for women). The academic degree after the successful habilitation is e.g. Dr. rer. nat. habil., by adding the suffix "habil." to the earlier received Doctors degree.
208:
751:
There are programs where the ScD and PhD have different degree requirements, though the two degrees are officially considered equivalent. The Engineering school at
2121:
1960:
1803:
296:, universities in East Germany also awarded the Dr Sc. However, the East German Dr Sc was not equivalent to the PhD since it was adopted to replace the German
504:
In Bulgaria, "Doctor" (PhD) is the highest education level and first science degree. Doctor of Sciences (DrSc) is the second and the highest science degree.
390:), which is called a scientific title of professor. "Habilitation" has been a mandatory requirement for many years to apply for full professorship in Poland.
1770:
1532:
1655:
1518:
703:
300:
and therefore was equivalent to this higher-level qualification. After reunification the Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in Eastern Germany.
2215:
1883:
1249:
1222:
In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (DSc) category is recognized as a higher doctorate, generally followed by the concentration area (program field).
2568:
2530:
2493:
2456:
2390:
1375:
1327:
325:
1367:
1298:
347:
2050:
670:
329:
1684:
1627:
595:
degree awarded by research universities. The academic research ScD (or DSc) is not higher than a PhD as is the case in some European countries.
2744:
1939:
2021:
1561:
2096:
524:(literally "doctor of science") is used in a much broader sense than DSc, simply referring to a field of academic study – from art history (
2360:
321:
778:
In Mexico the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to the doctorate degrees in Canada and the United States. The
479:(FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually awarded only in general sciences, not in specializations like engineering, economics or medicine.
2429:
2254:
1833:
1737:
1713:
1351:
425:
contributions to a particular field and not for specific academic accomplishments. It is usual to signify this by adding DSc h.c. (for
2279:
1496:
194:: Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Doctor of Engineering), awarded by German universities in areas of technology and engineering.
764:
at Harvard recently converted from ScD to PhD, even though the doctoral degree structure and requirements have remained identical.
1854:
88:
Similarly to in the US and most of Europe, Japanese universities offer both the PhD and the ScD as initial doctorates in science.
1598:
403:
125:
can grant both PhD and DSc Doctoral students in Faculty of Science are always awarded PhD, but some other programs award DSc.
2194:
1915:
1440:
725:
634:
1989:
2075:
444:
mostly for research in the field of natural or formal science. In Slovakia, "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc) is awarded by the
1432:
854:
307:
is normally required to receive officially the "venia docendi", which entitles the candidate to lecture at universities (
2125:
1968:
1386:
811:
752:
680:
117:
Higher education institutes in Thailand generally grant PhD as a doctoral research degree, some universities including
1469:
848:
834:(literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a higher scientific degree. The equivalent to PhD is "Candidat Nauk"
814:), and a few other doctorate programs on applied sciences (for example, in Agricultural Sciences or Informatics) .
720:
A few university doctoral research programs offer both the ScD and PhD degrees in the same academic field, such as
713:
2483:
1778:
624:
1540:
603:
awarded predominantly in doctoral-level science programs, such as engineering, medical and health sciences, and
2422:
2151:
773:
2334:
1246:
737:
694:
640:
567:
452:
2710:
2386:
1648:
1320:
233:
1677:"Doctor of Science in Information Technology (DScIT) General Information: Middle Georgia State University"
610:
Although rarer than the Doctor of Philosophy, the Doctor of Science is awarded by institutions including:
282:
Dr rer. pol.: Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor of economics, business administration, or political science
2479:
2097:"357th Commencement: Harvard confers 6,966 degrees and 104 certificates — the Harvard University Gazette"
1364:
185:
148:
2791:
2761:
2072:"GW Graduate Programs Near You - Programs - Doctor of Science in Computer Science - Program Curriculum"
1990:"Public Health Doctoral Program | Public Health | Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences | UMass Lowell"
1006:
920:
875:
475:
may be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degrees are equivalent to
445:
2415:
2042:
1676:
1619:
441:
102:
1931:
2548:
2013:
1569:
799:
756:
721:
629:
215:
In these countries there are some related doctoral degrees with very similar names, these are the:
118:
1290:
2475:
2100:
745:
741:
660:
399:
2372:
716:(although as of 2011 the university decided to offer only the more widely recognized PhD degree)
551:) is the highest education level and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc Ukrainian:
2521:
2308:
645:
333:
106:
17:
1461:
2582:
451:
In Hungary, "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc) is a higher doctorate degree and it is awarded by the
292:
All of these doctoral degrees are equivalent to the PhD or ScD of the American system. Until
2246:
1829:
1745:
1705:
2696:
2652:
2558:
2544:
2502:
2447:
2287:
698:
665:
571:
414:
337:
293:
220:
198:
516:, (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia), title
8:
2687:
2672:
862:
619:
239:
1884:"University of Baltimore Doctor of Science in Information and Interaction Design (D.S.)"
2614:
2539:
1862:
823:
729:
614:
599:
471:) would be translated as DSc (Econ). When conversing or writing in English, the prefix
407:
277:
244:
Dr sc. inf. biomed.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum biomedicæ, Doctor of Science in
177:
Dr sc. ETH: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by
122:
28:
2706:
2470:
1512:
1465:
1454:
1436:
1345:
733:
655:
650:
467:) would be DSc (Tech), whereas a doctorate in economics and business administration (
1365:
Ordinance on the doctorate conferred by the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
2775:
2736:
2692:
2609:
2465:
675:
604:
491:
172:
152:
2186:
188:
instead of Dr rer. nat; Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by Swiss universities.
2731:
2715:
2677:
2662:
2629:
2439:
1919:
1382:
1371:
1253:
463:
to Finnish. For example, the proper translation for the doctorate in technology (
286:
238:
Dr sc. inf. med.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum medicæ, Doctor of Science in
2071:
1912:
393:
384:
The highest scientific degree in Poland is "professorship" or "full professor" (
2701:
2657:
2624:
2507:
707:
1402:
494:
in the fields of experimental and natural sciences, superseded in 1984 by the
2785:
761:
684:
427:
159:
2407:
2619:
688:
495:
418:
309:
304:
297:
1247:
https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol29_1_6_SCGhosh.pdf
2682:
1210:
1192:
1169:
1142:
1116:
1105:
1089:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1020:
978:
951:
932:
909:
902:
895:
830:
252:
245:
168:
Dr. sc. med.: Doctor scientiarum medicarum, Doctor of science in medicine
2172:
The Doctor of Science (DSc) degree is offered in Information Assurance.
320:
In Switzerland, the Dr sc. is a doctoral degree awarded only by the two
204:
Dr techn.: Doctor technicae, awarded by Austrian technical universities.
1484:
513:
341:
265:
226:
178:
2216:"D.S. in Information and Interaction Design - University of Baltimore"
566:) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD. Is awarded by
2577:
1830:"Information Technology Doctor of Science(D.Sc.) - Towson University"
1188:
1013:
592:
271:
232:
Dr sc. inf.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum, Doctor of Science in
162:: Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor of the things of nature"
54:
1533:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees"
1499:. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016
207:
Dr nat. techn.: Doctor rerum naturalium technicarum, awarded by the
1203:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1077:
1034:
1027:
999:
985:
974:
970:
966:
947:
943:
928:
913:
891:
879:
413:
The first University to admit an individual to this degree was the
258:
191:
1566:
Harvard and Radcliffe and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
1265:
165:
Dr rer. medic.: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medical sciences
1403:"Higher Doctorates Procedure - University of Southern Queensland"
1199:
1176:
1157:
1153:
1130:
1123:
1112:
1085:
1081:
1073:
992:
962:
939:
924:
887:
883:
559:
544:
1792:
2770:
2667:
2634:
2553:
2147:
1435:. Published by Continuum International Publishing Group, 1990
406:), the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is one of the
1429:
The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986
394:
United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and the Commonwealth
98:
2187:"Dakota State University D.Sc. Program: Information Systems"
810:
degree for students of Engineering (in cooperation with the
134:
Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences offer DSc in various fields.
955:
421:(née Ogilvie), was the first woman to receive this degree.
381:
terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure.
251:
Dr sc. math.: Doctor scientiarum mathematicarum, Doctor of
184:
Dr phil. nat.: Doctor philosophiae naturalis, used only by
2339:
Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica
2280:"HSPH Department of Biostatistics Now Offering PhD Degree"
587:
In the United States, the formally recognized traditional
2148:"Graduate Academics | Capitol Technology University"
2043:"Spertus Institute's Doctor of Science in Jewish Studies"
817:
806:
degree for students of all natural and exact sciences, a
270:
Dr sc. oec.: Doctor scientiarum oeconomicarum, Doctor of
209:
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
2387:"Doutor é quem faz Doutorado :: Notícias JusBrasil"
2006:
1497:"Урядовий портал - найновіші надходження документів КМУ"
540:). It is therefore formally recognized as a PhD degree.
398:
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the countries of the
2035:
276:
Dr sc. pol.: Doctor scientiarum politicarum, Doctor of
171:
Dr sc. nat.: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor of
57:
awarded in a number of countries throughout the world.
1451:
219:
Dr sc. agr.: Doctor scientiarum agrariarum, Doctor of
2759:
1876:
1855:"Tulane University Executive Doctor of Science (ScD)"
225:
Dr sc. hum.: Doctor scientiarum humanarum, Doctor of
2122:"Information Assurance (DSC) | Capitol College"
1732:
1730:
1409:. University of Southern Queensland. 18 January 2022
704:
Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership
142:
740:, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and
257:Dr scient. med.: Doctor scientiæ medicæ, Doctor of
2274:
2272:
1453:
1452:Haines, Catharine M. C.; Helen M. Stevens (2001).
1012:Doctorate of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (
368:In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" or "Habilitation" (
285:Dr sc. soc.: Doctor scientiae socialis, Doctor of
197:Dr mont.: Doctor rerum montanarum, awarded by the
1727:
1389:, 1 September 2008 (page visited on 5 July 2017).
434:
264:Dr sc. mus.: Doctor scientiae musicae, Doctor of
2783:
1847:
1517:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
598:The first North American ScD was inaugurated by
2269:
2251:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1936:Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions
1641:
671:Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions
2745:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
2309:"General information about university degrees"
1612:
1554:
908:Doctorate of Sciences in Material Technology (
536:) to hard sciences such as molecular biology (
501:In Denmark, Dr Scient. is a higher doctorate.
2437:
2423:
1913:http://marymount.smartcatalogiq.com/2019-2020
1765:
1763:
901:Doctorate of Sciences in Lacteal Technology (
1953:
1111:Doctorate of Biological Chemistry Sciences (
385:
375:
369:
345:
538:doktor znanosti/nauka molekularne biologije
507:
387:tytuł naukowy profesora, profesor tytularny
2430:
2416:
2179:
2064:
1961:"Doctorate of Science in Computer Science"
1924:
1823:Information Technology Doctor of Science.
1760:
1698:
1583:
1291:"News: ETH Life - das tägliche Webjournal"
526:doktor znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti
482:In France, the Doctor of Sciences degree (
1122:Doctorate of Molecular Biology Sciences (
336:and the Department of Informatics of the
1932:"Doctorate of Science in Health Science"
348:École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
1800:"Doctor Of Science in Computer Science"
1649:"Doctoral Degrees: Eng.Sc.D. and Ph.D."
1525:
562:"Doctor of Sciences" (DSc, Belarusian:
14:
2784:
2226:from the original on 28 September 2017
1350:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
818:Russia and other post-communist states
547:Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ukrainian:
404:Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
402:, such as Australia and India (in the
322:Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology
151:, the most common doctoral degrees in
65:
2411:
1397:
1395:
998:Doctorate of Science and Technology (
991:Doctorate of Basic Sciences Applied (
726:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
635:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
149:German-speaking region of Switzerland
676:Aspen University in Computer Science
572:President of the Republic of Belarus
360:and translated into English as PhD.
2389:(in Portuguese). Jusbrasil.com.br.
2244:
1433:Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson
1129:Doctorate of Mathematics Sciences (
1058:Doctorate of Chemical Engineering (
984:Doctorate of Informatics Sciences (
938:Doctorate of Engineering Sciences (
868:
24:
1392:
1387:Federal Chancellery of Switzerland
1301:from the original on 25 April 2012
1072:Doctorate of Biological Sciences (
1005:Doctorate of Geological Sciences (
961:Doctorate of Geological Sciences (
812:Costa Rica Institute of Technology
782:degree is instead recognized as a
753:Washington University in St. Louis
681:University of Massachusetts Lowell
534:doktor znanosti/nauka književnosti
25:
2803:
2257:from the original on 18 June 2012
2174:Capitol College 2012—2013 Catalog
1738:"Doctoral Degree - MIT AeroAstro"
1706:"Doctoral programs at the school"
1148:Doctorate of Chemistry Sciences (
1066:
1026:Doctorate of Economics Sciences (
874:Doctorate of Agronomic Sciences (
849:List of universities in Argentina
828:In Russia, the status of Russian
568:The Higher Attestation Commission
143:Austria, Germany, and Switzerland
34:Doctoral academic research degree
2769:
919:Doctorate of Computer Sciences (
837:
802:, for example, offers a general
714:The George Washington University
582:
577:
530:doktor znanosti/nauka filozofije
2484:Certificate of Higher Education
2393:from the original on 2011-07-21
2379:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2284:Harvard School of Public Health
2238:
2208:
2197:from the original on 2011-11-09
2166:
2154:from the original on 2017-07-24
2139:
2114:
2089:
2078:from the original on 2013-06-20
2053:from the original on 2017-09-25
2024:from the original on 2017-09-25
1982:
1942:from the original on 2017-11-13
1905:
1894:from the original on 2015-04-18
1836:from the original on 2013-09-21
1817:
1716:from the original on 2007-11-02
1687:from the original on 2021-09-03
1669:
1658:from the original on 2012-08-31
1630:from the original on 2015-10-30
1489:
1333:from the original on 2013-10-29
1198:Doctorate of Natural Sciences (
1175:Doctorate of Physics Sciences (
625:Middle Georgia State University
2361:"Doctorate in Sciences at the
2145:Capitol Technology University
1478:
1456:International Women in Science
1445:
1421:
1358:
1313:
1283:
1258:
1240:
1019:Doctorate of Systems Control (
774:List of universities in Mexico
435:Other European Union countries
13:
1:
2018:Jacksonville State University
2014:"DSc in Emergency Management"
1591:"Research Doctorate Programs"
1233:
792:
738:Capitol Technology University
695:Jacksonville State University
641:Capitol Technology University
453:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
147:In Germany, Austria, and the
128:
1595:U.S. Department of Education
1537:U.S. Department of Education
842:
45:; most commonly abbreviated
7:
2480:Diploma of Higher Education
186:Goethe University Frankfurt
112:
10:
2808:
1562:"History and Organization"
1007:University of Buenos Aires
921:University of Buenos Aires
876:University of Buenos Aires
846:
821:
771:
446:Slovak Academy of Sciences
26:
2724:
2643:
2602:
2595:
2567:
2529:
2520:
2492:
2455:
2446:
1217:
1209:Doctorate of Philosophy (
767:
563:
552:
548:
532:), and literary studies (
442:Czech Academy of Sciences
363:
346:
137:
121:award DSc. In exception,
103:Rajabazar Science College
60:
1710:Johns Hopkins University
1044:Doctorate of Geography (
800:University of Costa Rica
757:Johns Hopkins University
722:Johns Hopkins University
630:Johns Hopkins University
591:is an academic research
508:Other European countries
119:Chulalongkorn University
91:
83:
27:Not to be confused with
2476:Higher National Diploma
2191:Dakota State University
2163:. Accessed 2017 July 2.
1888:University of Baltimore
746:University of Baltimore
742:Dakota State University
661:University of Baltimore
570:under the aegis of the
469:kauppatieteiden tohtori
78:
1620:"Degree Abbreviations"
1427:Pages xiii and xiv of
1295:archiv.ethlife.ethz.ch
1051:Doctorate of History (
1033:Doctorate of Economy (
646:Bowie State University
386:
376:
370:
334:University of Fribourg
107:University of Calcutta
42:
2583:Candidate of Sciences
1911:" Catalog 2019-2020"
808:Doctor of Engineering
543:Starting in 2016, in
2653:Academic certificate
2545:Postgraduate diploma
2363:Latin American docta
1460:. ABC-CLIO. p.
865:or master's degree:
699:emergency management
666:Marymount University
484:doctorat ès sciences
415:University of London
338:University of Zurich
294:German Reunification
221:Agricultural science
211:instead of Dr techn.
201:instead of Dr techn.
199:University of Leoben
2688:Professional degree
2247:"Doctoral Programs"
1652:Columbia University
1601:on November 7, 2007
1543:on January 27, 2012
1376:English translation
620:Columbia University
371:doktor habilitowany
354:Docteur ès sciences
240:Medical Informatics
155:are the following:
101:degree in India is
66:Algeria and Morocco
2615:Doctor of Sciences
2375:on April 21, 2010.
2367:Doctorado Ciencias
1918:2022-09-23 at the
1825:Towson University.
1771:"Doctoral degrees"
1624:Harvard University
1381:2018-04-28 at the
1370:2018-01-14 at the
1252:2020-03-24 at the
824:Doctor of Sciences
804:Doctor of Sciences
780:Doctor of Sciences
730:Harvard University
615:Harvard University
600:Harvard University
477:filosofian tohtori
352:awards the degree
278:Political Sciences
123:Mahidol University
29:Doctor of Sciences
2792:Higher doctorates
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2707:Specialist degree
2591:
2590:
2559:Engineer's degree
2516:
2515:
2503:Bachelor's degree
2471:Foundation degree
2245:Ballena, Carlos.
2047:Spertus Institute
1859:Tulane University
1748:on 3 October 2017
1742:aeroastro.mit.edu
1441:978-1-85285-032-6
1407:policy.usq.edu.au
859:Doctor of Science
857:the formal title
734:Boston University
656:Tulane University
651:Towson University
589:Doctor of Science
465:tekniikan tohtori
461:Doctor of Science
417:in 1860. In 1893
408:Higher Doctorates
303:The procedure of
39:Doctor of Science
16:(Redirected from
2799:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2693:Graduate diploma
2610:Higher doctorate
2600:
2599:
2527:
2526:
2466:Associate degree
2453:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:. Archived from
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2099:. Archived from
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
1965:Aspen University
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1861:. Archived from
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1802:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:. Archived from
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1597:. Archived from
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1390:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1244:
869:Applied sciences
786:(Grado Propio).
605:health economics
565:
554:
550:
549:Доктор філософії
492:higher doctorate
389:
379:
373:
351:
350:
173:Natural Sciences
153:Natural Sciences
43:Scientiae Doctor
21:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2732:Honorary degree
2720:
2716:Terminal degree
2678:Magister degree
2663:External degree
2645:
2639:
2587:
2563:
2540:Master's degree
2512:
2488:
2442:
2440:academic degree
2436:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:Wayback Machine
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1781:on June 4, 2011
1769:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1450:
1446:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1383:Wayback Machine
1372:Wayback Machine
1363:
1359:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:"Archived copy"
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:Wayback Machine
1245:
1241:
1236:
1220:
1069:
871:
851:
845:
840:
826:
820:
795:
789:
776:
770:
585:
580:
528:), philosophy (
522:doktor znanosti
510:
488:doctorat d'État
437:
396:
366:
287:Social Sciences
145:
140:
131:
115:
94:
86:
81:
68:
63:
53:) is a science
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2704:
2702:Higher diploma
2699:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Artist diploma
2655:
2649:
2647:
2646:classification
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:Honours degree
2505:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2378:
2352:
2326:
2300:
2268:
2237:
2207:
2178:
2165:
2138:
2113:
2088:
2063:
2034:
2005:
1981:
1952:
1923:
1904:
1875:
1846:
1816:
1791:
1759:
1726:
1697:
1668:
1640:
1611:
1582:
1553:
1524:
1488:
1477:
1470:
1444:
1420:
1391:
1357:
1312:
1282:
1257:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:Livre-Docência
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1196:
1173:
1146:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1068:
1067:Basic sciences
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
959:
936:
917:
906:
899:
870:
867:
844:
841:
839:
836:
822:Main article:
819:
816:
794:
791:
769:
766:
718:
717:
711:
708:Jewish studies
701:
692:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
627:
622:
617:
584:
581:
579:
576:
512:In the former
509:
506:
436:
433:
395:
392:
365:
362:
356:, abbreviated
315:Privatdozentin
313:, for men, or
290:
289:
283:
280:
274:
268:
262:
255:
249:
242:
236:
230:
223:
213:
212:
205:
202:
195:
189:
182:
181:, Switzerland.
175:
169:
166:
163:
144:
141:
139:
136:
130:
127:
114:
111:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
67:
64:
62:
59:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2804:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Diplom degree
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Undergraduate
2445:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2290:on 2007-08-16
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2220:www.ubalt.edu
2217:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2128:on 2011-11-30
2127:
2123:
2117:
2103:on 2009-01-20
2102:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1971:on 2017-09-09
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1865:on 2010-06-11
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1806:on 2020-10-24
1805:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1572:on 2007-07-27
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1471:1-57607-090-5
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
850:
838:South America
835:
833:
832:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
790:
787:
785:
784:Higher Degree
781:
775:
765:
763:
762:biostatistics
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:public health
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
601:
596:
594:
590:
583:United States
578:North America
575:
573:
569:
561:
556:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
502:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
432:
430:
429:
428:honoris causa
422:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
382:
378:
372:
361:
359:
355:
349:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
311:
306:
301:
299:
295:
288:
284:
281:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
228:
224:
222:
218:
217:
216:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:Dr. rer. nat.
158:
157:
156:
154:
150:
135:
126:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
89:
76:
72:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
30:
19:
2737:
2620:Habilitation
2603:Postdoctoral
2522:Postgraduate
2395:. Retrieved
2381:
2373:the original
2366:
2362:
2355:
2345:24 September
2343:. Retrieved
2341:(in Spanish)
2338:
2335:"Doctorados"
2329:
2319:24 September
2317:. Retrieved
2315:(in Spanish)
2312:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2283:
2259:. Retrieved
2250:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2026:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1964:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1858:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1824:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1774:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1741:
1718:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1594:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1536:
1527:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1480:
1455:
1447:
1428:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1406:
1360:
1335:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1242:
1227:
1224:
1221:
858:
852:
829:
827:
807:
803:
796:
788:
783:
779:
777:
750:
719:
689:epidemiology
609:
597:
588:
586:
564:Доктар навук
557:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:doktor nauka
517:
511:
503:
500:
496:habilitation
487:
486:also called
483:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
450:
438:
426:
423:
419:Maria Gordon
412:
400:Commonwealth
397:
383:
367:
357:
353:
319:
314:
310:Privatdozent
308:
305:habilitation
302:
298:Habilitation
291:
214:
146:
132:
116:
95:
87:
73:
69:
50:
46:
38:
36:
2697:certificate
2683:Microdegree
2644:No dominant
2549:certificate
1994:www.uml.edu
1681:www.mga.edu
1211:NU of the S
1193:NU of the S
1170:NU of the S
1143:NU of the S
1117:NU of the S
1106:NU of the S
1090:NU of the L
1060:NU of the S
1053:NU of the S
1046:NU of the S
1039:NU of the S
1021:NU of the S
979:NU of the S
952:NU of the S
933:NU of the S
910:NU of the S
903:NU of the L
896:NU of the S
831:Doktor Nauk
553:Доктор наук
253:Mathematics
248:Informatics
234:Informatics
2673:Licentiate
2438:Levels of
2397:2011-08-16
2294:2007-11-07
2201:2011-11-06
2158:2017-07-02
2132:2011-11-25
2107:2009-04-01
2082:2013-03-06
2057:2017-09-24
2028:2017-09-24
1999:2024-06-30
1975:2017-09-24
1946:2017-11-12
1898:2015-05-14
1869:2010-05-25
1840:2013-09-19
1810:2018-08-27
1785:2010-03-07
1720:2007-11-07
1691:2021-09-03
1662:2012-08-30
1634:2015-10-23
1605:2007-11-07
1576:2007-11-07
1547:2012-02-21
1485:Yugoslavia
1337:2012-04-03
1234:References
863:Licentiate
847:See also:
793:Costa Rica
772:See also:
514:Yugoslavia
342:ETH Zurich
266:Musicology
246:Biomedical
227:Humanistic
179:ETH Zurich
129:Uzbekistan
2776:Education
2738:Ad eundem
2709:/
2695:/
2578:Doctorate
2547:/
2482:/
2478:/
1189:NU of SAM
1014:NU of SAM
855:Argentina
843:Argentina
358:Dr ès sc.
272:Economics
55:doctorate
2786:Category
2725:Unearned
2391:Archived
2365:search:
2261:28 April
2255:Archived
2230:28 April
2224:Archived
2195:Archived
2176:, p. 56.
2152:Archived
2076:Archived
2051:Archived
2022:Archived
1940:Archived
1916:Archived
1892:Archived
1834:Archived
1752:28 April
1714:Archived
1685:Archived
1656:Archived
1628:Archived
1513:cite web
1503:28 April
1379:Archived
1368:Archived
1346:cite web
1328:Archived
1305:28 April
1299:Archived
1250:Archived
1204:NU of LP
1185:NU of MP
1181:NU of LP
1166:NU of MP
1162:NU of RC
1150:NU of LP
1139:NU of SL
1135:NU of LP
1102:NU of MP
1098:NU of RC
1094:NU of Cu
1078:NU of LP
1035:NU of LP
1028:NU of LM
1000:NU of GS
986:NU of LP
975:NU of SL
971:NU of SJ
967:NU of Cu
948:NU of RC
944:NU of Cu
929:NU of SL
914:NU of MP
892:NU of MP
880:NU of LP
593:doctoral
490:) was a
261:Sciences
229:Sciences
192:Dr.-Ing.
113:Thailand
41:(Latin:
2711:diploma
2571:level 8
2533:level 7
2496:level 6
2459:level 5
1413:1 March
1275:1 March
1200:U of BA
1177:U of BA
1158:NU of C
1154:NU of R
1131:U of BA
1124:U of BA
1113:U of BA
1086:NU of R
1082:NU of C
1074:U of BA
993:NU of Q
963:NU of C
940:NU of C
925:NU of C
888:NU of R
884:NU of C
560:Belarus
545:Ukraine
377:dr hab.
332:), the
259:Medical
2762:Portal
2740:degree
2668:Laurea
2635:Fellow
2630:Tenure
2625:Docent
2313:Conare
1468:
1439:
1270:lex.uz
1218:Brazil
768:Mexico
744:. The
364:Poland
344:. The
138:Europe
61:Africa
18:Dr.Sc.
2596:Other
2569:ISCED
2531:ISCED
2494:ISCED
2457:ISCED
1827:2013
1331:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
92:India
84:Japan
2347:2024
2321:2024
2263:2018
2232:2018
1754:2018
1519:link
1505:2018
1466:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1415:2024
1352:link
1307:2018
1277:2024
956:ITBA
724:and
330:ETHZ
328:and
326:EPFL
79:Asia
1775:MIT
1462:115
1431:by
1385:),
853:In
706:in
697:in
683:in
558:In
520:or
431:).
374:or
99:DSc
51:ScD
49:or
47:DSc
2788::
2337:.
2311:.
2282:.
2271:^
2253:.
2249:.
2222:.
2218:.
2193:.
2189:.
2150:.
2074:.
2049:.
2045:.
2020:.
2016:.
1992:.
1963:.
1938:.
1934:.
1890:.
1886:.
1857:.
1832:.
1773:.
1762:^
1740:.
1729:^
1712:.
1708:.
1683:.
1679:.
1654:.
1626:.
1622:.
1593:.
1564:.
1535:.
1515:}}
1511:{{
1464:.
1405:.
1394:^
1348:}}
1344:{{
1326:.
1297:.
1293:.
1268:.
1202:,
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1168:,
1164:,
1160:,
1156:,
1152:,
1141:,
1137:,
1133:,
1115:,
1104:,
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1080:,
1076:,
1037:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
965:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
931:,
927:,
923:,
912:,
894:,
890:,
886:,
882:,
878:,
736:,
732:,
607:.
574:.
498:.
473:Dr
455:.
448:.
109:.
105:,
37:A
2764::
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
2400:.
2369:"
2349:.
2323:.
2297:.
2265:.
2234:.
2204:.
2161:.
2135:.
2110:.
2085:.
2060:.
2031:.
2002:.
1978:.
1949:.
1901:.
1872:.
1843:.
1813:.
1788:.
1756:.
1723:.
1694:.
1665:.
1637:.
1608:.
1579:.
1550:.
1521:)
1507:.
1474:.
1417:.
1374:(
1354:)
1340:.
1309:.
1279:.
1213:)
1206:)
1195:)
1172:)
1145:)
1126:)
1119:)
1108:)
1062:)
1055:)
1048:)
1041:)
1030:)
1023:)
1016:)
1009:)
1002:)
995:)
988:)
981:)
958:)
935:)
916:)
905:)
898:)
710:.
691:)
687:(
637:,
324:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.