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440:. Emerson defended himself by making the case that such lifesaving devices should be freely available to all. Emerson also demonstrated that every aspect of Drinker's patents had been published or used by others at earlier times. Since an invention must be novel to be patentable, prior publication/use of the invention meant it was not novel and therefore unpatentable. Emerson won the case, and Drinker's patents were declared invalid.
49:
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Visiting London in 1938 during another polio epidemic, Both produced additional respirators there which attracted the attention of
William Morris (Lord Nuffield), a British motor manufacturer and philanthropist. Nuffield, intrigued by the design, financed the production of approximately 1700 machines
587:
The positive pressure ventilator has the asset that the patient's airways can be cleared and the patient can be in a semi-seated position in the acute phase of polio. The fatality rate on using iron lungs on respiratory paralysis patients could be as high as 80% to 90%, most patients either drowning
431:
In 1931, John Haven
Emerson (1906–1997) introduced an improved and less expensive iron lung. The Emerson iron lung had a bed that could slide in and out of the cylinder as needed, and the tank had portal windows which allowed attendants to reach in and adjust limbs, sheets, or hot packs. Drinker and
259:
Examples of the device include the
Drinker respirator, the Emerson respirator, and the Both respirator. Iron lungs can be either manually or mechanically powered, but are normally powered by an electric motor linked to a flexible pumping diaphragm (commonly opposite the end of the cylinder from the
519:
and donated them to hospitals throughout all parts of
Britain and the British Empire. Soon, the Both–Nuffield respirators were able to be produced by the thousand at about one-thirteenth the cost of the American design. By the early 1950s, there were over 700 Both-Nuffield iron lungs in the United
494:
designed and developed a cabinet respirator made of plywood that worked similarly to the
Drinker device, with the addition of a bi-valved design which allowed temporary access to the patient's body. Far cheaper to make (only £100) than the Drinker machine, the Both Respirator also weighed less and
255:
To cause the patient to inhale, air is pumped out of the cylinder, causing a slight vacuum, which causes the patient's chest and abdomen to expand (drawing air from outside the cylinder, through the patient's exposed nose or mouth, into their lungs). Then, for the patient to exhale, the air inside
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systems, which blow air into the patient's lungs via intubation, have become more common than negative pressure systems like iron lungs. However, negative pressure ventilation is more similar to normal physiological breathing and may be preferable in rare conditions. As of 2024, after the death of
162:
The iron lung is a large horizontal cylinder designed to stimulate breathing in patients who have lost control of their respiratory muscles. The patient's head is exposed outside the cylinder, while the body is sealed inside. Air pressure inside the cylinder is cycled to facilitate inhalation and
390:
The first of these devices to be widely used however was developed in 1928 by
Phillip Drinker and Louis Shaw of the United States. The iron lung, often referred to in the early days as the "Drinker respirator", was invented by Philip Drinker (1894–1972) and Louis Agassiz Shaw Jr., professors of
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in bloodstream due to clogged airways. By using the positive pressure ventilators instead of iron lungs, the
Copenhagen hospital team was able to decrease the fatality rate eventually down to 11%. The first patient treated this way was a 12-year-old girl named Vivi Ebert, who had bulbar polio.
478:
The Both respirator, a negative pressure ventilator, was invented in 1937 when
Australia's epidemic of poliomyelitis created an immediate need for more ventilating machines to compensate for respiratory paralysis. Although the Drinker model was effective and saved lives, its widespread use was
427:
in 1931 from a visit to New York where he saw the
Drinker machine in use, constructed the first Danish respirator designed for clinical purposes. Krogh's device differed from Drinker's in that its motor was powered by water from the city pipelines. Krogh also made an infant respirator version.
399:. The machine was powered by an electric motor with air pumps from two vacuum cleaners. The air pumps changed the pressure inside a rectangular, airtight metal box, pulling air in and out of the lungs. The first clinical use of the Drinker respirator on a human was on October 12, 1928, at the
251:
The iron lung is typically a large horizontal cylinder in which a person is laid, with their head protruding from a hole in the end of the cylinder, so that their full head (down to their voice box) is outside the cylinder, exposed to ambient air, and the rest of their body sealed inside the
243:
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Rows of iron lungs filled hospital wards at the height of the polio outbreaks of the 1940s and 1950s, helping children, and some adults, with bulbar polio and bulbospinal polio. A polio patient with a paralyzed diaphragm would typically spend two weeks inside an iron lung while recovering.
2535:"Via @NireBryce – we've got a nice old lady running out of collars for her iron lung. Lot of 💩 going on in the world we can't do anything about – but this seems 100% doable. @hackaday, @make, textile tech folks – any ideas? From https://gizmodo.com/the-last-of-the-iron-lungs-1819079169 …"
682:(PHI) organizations estimated that only six to eight iron lung users were in the United States; as of 2017, its executive director knew of none. Press reports then emerged, however, of at least three (perhaps the last three) users of such devices, sparking interest amongst those in the
365:
to pull in and expel air. The first negative pressure ventilator was described by
British physician John Dalziel in 1832. Successful use of similar devices was described a few years later. Early prototypes included a hand-operated bellows-driven "Spirophore" designed by Dr Woillez of
709:
gave a report on Martha Lillard, one of the last remaining Americans depending on the daily use of an iron lung, which she had been using since 1953. In her audio interview, she reported that she was having problems obtaining replacement parts to keep her machine working properly.
415:
Boston manufacturer Warren E. Collins began production of the iron lung that year. Although it was initially developed for the treatment of victims of coal gas poisoning, it was most famously used in the mid-20th century for the treatment of respiratory failure caused by polio.
167:
respirators are examples of iron lungs, which can be manually or mechanically powered. Smaller versions, like the cuirass ventilator and jacket ventilator, enclose only the patient's torso. Breathing in humans occurs through negative pressure, where the rib cage expands and the
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financed the production of the Both–Nuffield respirators, donating them to hospitals throughout Britain and the British Empire. During the polio outbreaks of the 1940s and 1950s, iron lungs filled hospital wards, assisting patients with paralyzed diaphragms in their recovery.
256:
the cylinder is compressed slightly (or allowed to equalize to ambient room pressure), causing the patient's chest and abdomen to partially collapse, forcing air out of the lungs, as the patient exhales the breath through their exposed mouth and nose, outside the cylinder.
617:
Despite the advantages of positive ventilation systems, negative pressure ventilation is a truer approximation of normal physiological breathing and results in a more normal distribution of air in the lungs. It may also be preferable in certain rare conditions, such as
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doctor. Henderson had seen a demonstration of the Drinker respirator in the early 1930s and built a device of his own upon his return to Scotland. Four weeks after its construction, the Henderson respirator was used to save the life of a 10-year-old boy from
1062:"Bioengineers build modern 'iron lung' for COVID-19 in dire environments: Scientists build a prototype 'iron lung' for COVID-19 patients in crisis environments. The machine is a last resort for patients when hospital ventilators are not available,"
260:
patient's head). Larger "room-sized" iron lungs were also developed, allowing for simultaneous ventilation of several patients (each with their heads protruding from sealed openings in the outer wall), with sufficient space inside for a
565:, the iron lung has mostly disappeared from modern medicine. In 1959, 1,200 people were using tank respirators in the United States, but by 2004 that number had decreased to just 39. By 2014, only 10 people were left with an iron lung.
608:
that push air into the airway with positive pressure. These are generally efficacious and have the advantage of not restricting patients' movements or caregivers' ability to examine the patients as significantly as an iron lung does.
1407:
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Iron lung cylinder (black), patient head exposed through sealed opening. Diaphragm (yellow) mechanically extends/retracts, varying cylinder air pressure, causing patient chest to expand (inhale) (top) and contract (exhaling)
283:). The cuirass ventilator encloses only the patient's torso, or chest and abdomen, but otherwise operates essentially the same as the original, full-sized iron lung. A lightweight variation on the cuirass ventilator is the
370:(1876), and an airtight wooden box designed specifically for the treatment of polio by Dr Stueart of South Africa (1918). Stueart's box was sealed at the waist and shoulders with clay and powered by motor-driven bellows.
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of Dallas, Texas, United States, died at the age of 78. He had been confined to an iron lung for 72 years from the age of six, longer than anyone, and was the last man living in an iron lung. With his death,
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expand to fill the space. This, in turn, causes the pressure of the air inside the lungs to decrease (it becomes negative, relative to the atmosphere), and air flows into the lungs from the atmosphere:
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hindered by the fact that the machines were very large, heavy (about 750 lbs or 340 kg), bulky, and expensive. In the US, an adult machine cost about $ 2,000 in 1930, and £2,000 delivered to
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is still using and iron lung. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the shortage of modern ventilators, some enterprises developed prototypes of new, easily producible versions of the iron lung.
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introduced an improved and more affordable version in 1931. The Both respirator, a cheaper and lighter alternative to the Drinker model, was invented in Australia in 1937. British philanthropist
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1933:
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Jackson, Christopher D., MD, Dept. of Internal Medicine, and Muthiah P Muthiah, MD, FCCP, D-ABSM, Assoc. Prof. of Medicine, Div. of Pulmonary / Critical Care / Sleep Medicine,
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could be constructed and transported more quickly. Such was the demand for the machines that they were often used by patients within an hour of production.
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Corrado, A.; Ginanni, R.; Villella, G.; Gorini, M.; Augustynen, A.; Tozzi, D.; Peris, A.; Grifoni, S.; Messori, A.; Nozzoli, C.; Berni, G. (March 2004).
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In early 2020, reacting to the COVID-19 pandemic, to address the urgent global shortage of modern ventilators (needed for patients with advanced, severe
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In 1670, English scientist John Mayow came up with the idea of external negative pressure ventilation. Mayow built a model consisting of bellows and a
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ventilator, which uses a flexible, impermeable material (such as plastic or rubber) stretched over a metal or plastic frame over the patient's torso.
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At least a few patients today still use the older machines, often in their homes, despite the occasional difficulty of finding replacement parts.
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in 1936. The cost in Europe in the mid-1950s was around £1,500. Consequently, there were few of the Drinker devices in Australia and Europe.
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584:, Copenhagen, Denmark, during a polio outbreak in 1952. It proved a success and by 1953 it had superseded the iron lung throughout Europe.
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systems are now more common than negative pressure systems. Positive pressure ventilators work by blowing air into the patient's lungs via
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which encloses most of a person's body and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when
2534:
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shares a fictionalization of the true story of Pat Raming, the first woman to give birth to a baby while in an iron lung, in her book,
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who had poliomyelitis. Despite this success, Henderson was reprimanded for secretly using hospital facilities to build the machine.
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The use of iron lungs is largely obsolete in modern medicine as more modern breathing therapies have been developed and due to the
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control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. Need for this treatment may result from diseases including
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due to polio. Her dramatic recovery within less than a minute of being placed in the chamber helped popularize the new device.
1498:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Harvard Education and Research Center for Occupational Safety and Health. 2010. Archived from
900:
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said that as of May 28, 2008, about 30 patients in the US were still using an iron lung. That figure may be inaccurately low;
1971:
1798:
1692:
1640:
1401:
1372:
1295:
751:
196:
734:), some enterprises developed prototypes of new, readily-producible versions of the iron lung. These developments included:
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747:
336:. If a person loses part or all of the ability to control the muscles involved, breathing becomes difficult or impossible.
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as the person who spent the longest time in an iron lung, died aged 83, having spent more than 60 years in her iron lung.
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Theaters of truth and competence. Intermittent positive pressure respiration during the 1952 polio-epidemic in Copenhagen
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poisoning treatment, the iron lung gained fame for treating respiratory failure caused by polio in the mid-20th century.
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programs and the development of modern ventilators have nearly eradicated the use of iron lungs in the developed world.
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17:
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2719:
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2594:"Decades after polio, Martha is among the last to still rely on an iron lung to breathe (includes audio interview)"
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159:, which were feared to be outnumbered by patients potentially needing temporary artificially assisted respiration.
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1963:
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622:, in which failure of the medullary respiratory centers at the base of the brain results in patients having no
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April 11, 2019, Medscape, retrieved April 12, 2020 (short summary of iron history and technology, with photo)
854:
573:
400:
207:
861:, retrieved April 11, 2020 (historical background and images, explanatory diagrams, and live demonstrations)
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2562:"A woman on an iron lung is running out of the spare parts she needs to live. Cue the maker community..."
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A Both cabinet respirator being used to treat a patient at the 110th Australian Military Hospital in 1943
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Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery, Vol. 6: 1900–1950
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31:
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asked Adelaide brothers Edward and Don Both to create an inexpensive "iron lung". Biomedical engineer
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1928:
754:, along with teams of medical clinicians, academics, manufacturers, engineers and citizen scientists;
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2503:
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83:
2156:"The Danish anaesthesiologist Björn Ibsen a pioneer of long-term ventilation on the upper airways"
1854:"Notable Australian contributions to the management of ventilatory failure of acute poliomyelitis"
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in their own saliva as their swallowing muscles had been paralyzed, or from organ shutdown due to
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a compact, torso-sized "exovent" developed by a team in the United Kingdom, which included the
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122:
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a full-size iron lung developed in the United States by a team led by Hess Services, Inc., of
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new cases of poliomyelitis in the developed world. Because of this, the development of modern
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hospital examine a patient in an iron lung tank respirator during a polio epidemic in 1960.
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1987:
8:
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601:
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357:. In Germany, fewer than a dozen of these breathing machines are available to the public.
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cylinder, where air pressure is continuously cycled up and down to stimulate breathing.
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1190:"How Does Iron Lung Work?: Polio Survivor, 82, Among Last to Use Breathing Equipment,"
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in the US. The subject was an eight-year-old girl who was nearly dead as a result of
203:
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71:
59:
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1737:
928:"Iron lung versus conventional mechanical ventilation in acute exacerbation of COPD"
3155:
2565:
2023:
1865:
1717:
1441:
1177:, (illustrated description of the device and its history), retrieved April 11, 2020
1086:
939:
819:
464:
443:
The United Kingdom's first iron lung was designed in 1934 by Robert Henderson, an
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revived some interest in the device as a cheap, readily-producible substitute for
4127:
3844:
3816:
3719:
2442:"Polio Survivor, 82, Is One of the Last 3 People in the U.S. to Use an Iron Lung"
2354:"Emergency officials struggle to find those on life-support during power outages"
1666:
1620:
1394:
Breath of Life: The Role of the Ventilator in Managing Life-Threatening Illnesses
1244:(picture of jacket ventilator , and other information.), retrieved April 12, 2020
1221:
1196:
1174:
1167:
1143:
1138:
1108:
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981:
977:"America's last iron lung users on their lives spent inside obsolete ventilators"
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89:
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3084:
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1390:"Ventilator users, home care, and independent living: a historical perspective"
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2295:"60 years in an iron lung: US polio survivor worries about new global threat"
1445:
1037:"Alberta team building modern 'iron lung' for COVID-19 in dire environments,"
953:
699:
630:, had a spinal deformity that caused the use of mechanical ventilators to be
512:
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437:
2381:"Martha Mason, Who Wrote Book About Her Decades in an Iron Lung, Dies at 71"
1721:
1233:
783:
227:
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3623:
3618:
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2239:"How a Polio Outbreak in Copenhagen Led to the Invention of the Ventilator"
2213:"How a Polio Outbreak in Copenhagen Led to the Invention of the Ventilator"
2035:
1879:
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134:
881:"What is the background of the iron lung form of mechanical ventilation?,"
662:, died on May 4, 2009, after spending 61 of her 72 years in an iron lung.
349:
3928:
3808:
3795:
3785:
3753:
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3404:
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3145:
3140:
3135:
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968:
808:"Non-invasive and domiciliary ventilation: negative pressure techniques,"
690:
in the manufacture of the obsolete components, particularly the gaskets.
562:
491:
156:
64:
2012:
Lawrence, Ghislaine (February 23, 2002). "The Smith-Clarke Respirator".
864:
271:
Smaller, single-patient versions of the iron lung include the so-called
175:
The concept of external negative pressure ventilation was introduced by
99:
3918:
3800:
3701:
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3394:
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2014:
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333:
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2659:"Exovent iron lung concept offers alternative to Covid-19 ventilators"
1102:"One Kansas company is switching gears to make iron lung ventilators,"
1008:
1006:
1004:
179:
in 1670. The first widely used device was the iron lung, developed by
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3714:
3633:
3342:
3282:
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1571:. Washington, DC: National Museum of American History. Archived from
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1154:
480:
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1126:
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378:
323:. This causes the pressure in the chest cavity to decrease, and the
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1201:
1077:
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604:. Most patients with paralysis of the breathing muscles use modern
589:
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188:
130:
2697:
The evolution of iron lungs: respirators of the body-encasing type
2098:"What America Looked Like: Polio Children Paralyzed in Iron Lungs"
1151:
3895:
3530:
2546:
1121:
1113:
1046:, (video & text), March 25, 2020, as updated March 26, 2020,
858:
332:. When the diaphragm relaxes, the reverse happens and the person
276:
1208:
1029:
48:
4071:
3768:
3748:
3610:
1619:
1527:
P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science (2011).
1082:
1053:
1432:
Sherwood, RJ (1973). "Obituaries: Philip Drinker 1894–1972".
367:
261:
126:
1781:
Scottish Firsts: A Celebration of Innovation and Achievement
1708:
Geddes, LA (2007). "The history of artificial respiration".
1595:"Today in History: Iron Lung Used for the First Time (1928)"
1535:. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University. Archived from
1396:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 161–201.
925:
1960:
Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 17 1981–1990 A–K
1013:"Modern iron lung designed to address ventilator shortage,"
324:
2744:– about the Thunberg "barospirator" built by John Emerson.
2464:
853:, video (8 minutes), January 11, 2016, OPENPediatrics and
722:
is the only person in the U.S. known to use an iron lung.
506:, Leeds. Pictures show assembly at the Morris motor works.
1562:
580:
through the airway; they were used for the first time in
648:
alone had 19 iron lung patients living at home in 2008.
172:
contracts, causing air to flow in and out of the lungs.
2495:
2153:
2061:"NMAH | Polio: The Iron Lung and Other Equipment"
1533:
Distinguished Alumni: Great Talents & Bright Minds
1462:
Gorham, J (1979). "A medical triumph: the iron lung".
1326:(7): 577. Archived from the original on March 24, 2006
1227:
307:
An iron lung ward, as mocked-up for a film, circa 1953
268:
to be inside the sealed room, attending the patients.
4111:
2830:
1313:"Some Reflections on Iron Lungs and Other Inventions"
802:
Shneerson, Dr. John M., Newmarket General Hospital, (
669:
of Melbourne, Australia, who had been entered in the
27:
Negative-pressure mechanically functioning respirator
2872:
247:
1939 Dutch newsreel on the function of the iron lung
626:of breathing. At least one reported polio patient,
163:exhalation. Devices like the Drinker, Emerson, and
3180:
2710:, a polio survivor, penned a best-selling memoir,
1924:"Memories of polio and those who wrestled with it"
1778:
899:Grum, Cyril M., MD, and Melvin L. Morganroth, MD,
2703:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: J.H. Emerson Company.
2592:Kelly, Erin; Escarce, Alissa (October 25, 2021).
2129:"North Texan one of 10 still living in iron lung"
1900:. South Australian Medical Heritage Society Inc.
1710:IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine
600:The iron lung now has a marginal place in modern
4147:
2351:
1344:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3023:
2635:. Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin. March 12, 2024.
1427:
1425:
1215:"The 'iron lung' and the modern 'ventilation',"
544:
382:A Drinker iron lung displayed at the chapel of
3262:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1669:photo of earliest production units from Boston
4002:
3506:
2803:
2690:
2345:
1656:"Artificial Lung on Wheels Prove Life Saver"
1631:. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p.
1487:
1485:
1457:
1455:
2591:
1422:
1286:. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale. p.
1273:
148:in most of the world. However, in 2020, the
2174:
2147:
1953:
1951:
1851:
1840:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1381:
744:Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital
436:sued Emerson, claiming he had infringed on
3513:
3499:
3473:
2810:
2796:
2403:
2327:"Woman dies after life spent in iron lung"
2257:
2131:. The Washington Times. Associated Press.
1701:
1613:
1482:
1452:
549:Polio vaccination programs have virtually
339:
47:
2439:
1891:
1889:
1869:
1744:
1522:
1520:
943:
2532:
2011:
1957:
1948:
1551:
1431:
1361:A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors
1279:
974:
824:1991;46:131–35, retrieved April 12, 2020
527:
497:
463:
377:
373:
348:
315:breathing: the rib cage expands and the
302:
235:
226:
2817:
2372:
2319:
2180:
2095:
2055:
2053:
1898:"The Both Brothers and the 'Iron Lung'"
1754:. National Museum of American History.
1410:from the original on September 24, 2021
1310:
1247:
817:#5 of series "Assisted ventilation" in
502:Both–Nuffield iron lung display at the
14:
4148:
2772:Claude Moore Health Sciences Library,
2714:, about her life inside an iron lung.
2514:from the original on November 25, 2017
2483:from the original on November 20, 2017
2162:from the original on November 22, 2023
2126:
1895:
1886:
1814:Thomas, Campbell (February 15, 2000).
1813:
1807:
1707:
1517:
1461:
1387:
975:Buncombe, Andrew (November 22, 2017).
520:Kingdom, but only 50 Drinker devices.
344:
311:Humans, like most mammals, breathe by
222:
3494:
3306:
3261:
3179:
3022:
2871:
2829:
2791:
2612:(Written transcript of audio episode)
2610:from the original on March 13, 2024.
2573:from the original on October 26, 2021
2559:
2501:
2471:Brown, Jennings (November 20, 2017).
2470:
2452:from the original on January 13, 2019
2421:from the original on February 5, 2010
2352:Lauran Neergaard (January 13, 2009).
2307:from the original on October 29, 2019
1776:
1770:
1678:
1672:
1358:
1352:
1132:"Hess offers iron lung for COVID-19,"
916:1988;3:6–20, retrieved April 12, 2020
879:College of Medicine-Memphis, et.al.,
752:Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
3461:
2440:Mazziotta, Julie (August 21, 2018).
2265:"Power failure kills iron lung lady"
2135:from the original on August 16, 2015
2077:from the original on August 16, 2015
2050:
1601:from the original on August 15, 2011
1111:(video & text), April 10, 2020,
901:"Initiating Mechanical Ventilation,"
748:Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group
725:
3863:High-resolution computed tomography
3521:Tests and procedures involving the
3323:Breathing performance of regulators
3046:Continuous positive airway pressure
2639:from the original on March 12, 2024
2560:Kobie, Nicole (November 28, 2017).
2504:"A Callout: Parts for an Iron Lung"
2391:from the original on April 13, 2019
2378:
2245:from the original on March 15, 2024
2219:from the original on March 15, 2024
2108:from the original on March 15, 2017
2096:Resnick, Brian (January 10, 2012).
2066:National Museum of American History
1936:from the original on March 26, 2013
1916:
1565:"The iron lung and other equipment"
24:
2920:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2855:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
2748:"A medical triumph: The iron lung"
2684:
2669:from the original on July 23, 2020
2411:"Dead after 60 years in iron lung"
2275:from the original on July 21, 2018
2127:Conlon, Shelly (August 24, 2014).
1904:from the original on April 9, 2013
1758:from the original on June 30, 2011
1563:Kenneth E. Behring Center (2011).
1434:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1224:Oxy.gen, retrieved April 11, 2020
1089:, Canada, retrieved April 23, 2020
459:
133:and certain poisons (for example,
25:
4182:
3213:Surface-supplied diving equipment
2925:Self-contained self-rescue device
2832:High altitude breathing apparatus
2763:
989:from the original on May 25, 2022
523:
488:South Australia Health Department
298:
4133:
4121:
3472:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3373:Respiratory protective equipment
3358:Open circuit breathing apparatus
2947:Powered air-purifying respirator
2873:Occupational breathing apparatus
2545:on October 13, 2022 – via
2502:Lewin, Day (November 25, 2017).
1992:collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk
1828:from the original on May 4, 2013
932:The European Respiratory Journal
620:central hypoventilation syndrome
612:
353:Iron lung from the 1950s in the
215:, only one patient in the U.S.,
2756:, 9(1):71–73, on PubMed, NCBI,
2625:
2585:
2553:
2533:Naomi Wu (November 23, 2017).
2433:
2287:
2231:
2205:
2154:Louise Reisner-Sénélar (2009).
2120:
2089:
2005:
1980:
1964:Melbourne University Publishing
1858:Critical Care and Resuscitation
1852:Trubuhovich, Ronald V. (2006).
1649:
1587:
1304:
1236:by medical device manufacturer
680:Post-Polio Health International
642:Post-Polio Health International
397:Harvard School of Public Health
3641:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
3182:Underwater breathing apparatus
3109:Respiratory gas humidification
2883:
2379:Fox, Margalit (May 10, 2009).
2329:. May 28, 2008. Archived from
1988:"113.001 | Collections Online"
1392:. In Gilgoff, Irene S. (ed.).
1071:(video only), March 25, 2020,
919:
568:
13:
1:
4032:Positive pressure ventilation
2758:National Institutes of Health
2742:Respiration Without Breathing
2028:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07819-4
1958:Langmore, Diane, ed. (2009).
1871:10.1016/S1441-2772(23)02078-1
1311:Emerson, John H (July 1998).
1060:, Canada – also broadcast as
777:
574:Positive pressure ventilation
410:
208:Positive pressure ventilation
4027:Negative pressure ventilator
2843:Aviation breathing apparatus
2473:"The Last of the Iron Lungs"
1493:"2010-2011 Student Handbook"
1035:Laderas, Crystal, reporter:
945:10.1183/09031936.04.00029304
545:Modern development and usage
187:in 1928. Initially used for
115:negative pressure ventilator
7:
4171:Medical breathing apparatus
3368:Positive pressure breathing
3353:Negative pressure breathing
3307:
3025:Medical breathing apparatus
1623:; Daniel J. Wilson (2007).
1569:Whatever happened to polio?
765:
504:Thackray Museum of Medicine
10:
4187:
4017:Surgical airway management
3873:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3673:Tracheoesophageal puncture
3338:Escape breathing apparatus
3264:User respiratory interface
3002:GB2626 (China), and others
1679:Kirby, Richard R. (1985).
1137:February 25, 2021, at the
855:Boston Children's Hospital
844:"The Iron Lung and Polio,"
471:
401:Boston Children's Hospital
29:
4042:
3995:
3975:
3947:
3904:
3881:
3843:
3836:
3743:
3649:
3538:
3529:
3444:
3400:Closed circuit rebreather
3313:
3302:
3270:
3257:
3188:
3175:
3095:Built-in breathing system
3031:
3018:
2997:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
2985:42 CFR 84 (United States)
2977:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2838:
2825:
2415:The Sydney Morning Herald
2269:The Sydney Morning Herald
1929:The Sydney Morning Herald
1107:October 15, 2022, at the
1042:October 13, 2022, at the
319:contracts, expanding the
96:
82:
70:
58:
46:
41:
4097:Pulmonary rehabilitation
3924:Bronchial challenge test
3891:Pneumonia severity index
3883:Clinical prediction rule
3104:Positive airway pressure
3078:Non-invasive ventilation
2750:, January–February 1979
1665:August 15, 2020, at the
1255:"Gas Exchange in Humans"
1205:retrieved April 11, 2020
1148:retrieved April 11, 2020
1118:retrieved April 11, 2020
1026:retrieved April 11, 2020
804:Newmarket, Suffolk, U.K.
672:Guinness Book of Records
557:, and widespread use of
3415:Carbon dioxide scrubber
3383:Constant flow regulator
3235:Atmospheric diving suit
3151:Partial rebreather mask
2915:Supplied-air respirator
2848:Emergency oxygen system
2729:We are All Welcome Here
2071:Smithsonian Institution
1777:Wills, Elspeth (2002).
1722:10.1109/EMB.2007.907081
1280:Schlager, Neil (2000).
1220:April 11, 2020, at the
1195:April 11, 2020, at the
1018:March 22, 2023, at the
913:Intensive Care Medicine
813:March 16, 2023, at the
340:Invention and early use
4166:Mechanical ventilation
4087:Hyperinflation therapy
4052:Artificial respiration
4022:Mechanical ventilation
3957:Bronchoalveolar lavage
3858:CT pulmonary angiogram
2967:Elastomeric respirator
2932:Particulate respirator
2774:University of Virginia
1681:Mechanical Ventilation
1446:10.1093/annhyg/16.1.93
1067:June 20, 2021, at the
906:June 22, 2022, at the
849:April 9, 2023, at the
606:mechanical ventilators
537:
507:
469:
387:
358:
308:
248:
233:
4067:Decompression chamber
3735:Heart–lung transplant
3245:Helium reclaim system
3223:Helicopter escape set
3208:Full-face diving mask
2694:; Loynes, JA (1978).
2604:National Public Radio
2599:All Things Considered
2360:on September 19, 2022
2303:. November 30, 2013.
2181:Wackers, Ger (1994).
1962:. Carlton, Victoria:
1896:Healey, John (1998).
1816:"Dr Robert Henderson"
1787:Mainstream Publishing
1685:Churchill Livingstone
1388:Laurie, Gini (2002).
1365:Yale University Press
1166:May 13, 2023, at the
886:July 2, 2022, at the
842:Rockoff, Mark, M.D.,
740:University of Warwick
706:All Things Considered
695:National Public Radio
665:On October 30, 2009,
531:
501:
467:
381:
374:Drinker and Shaw tank
355:Gütersloh Town Museum
352:
306:
266:respiratory therapist
246:
230:
119:mechanical respirator
3939:Impulse oscillometry
3914:Body plethysmography
3333:Emergency gas supply
3228:Submarine escape set
2417:. November 1, 2009.
2193:on December 23, 2007
1932:. December 7, 2004.
1529:"Philip Drinker '17"
1359:Gould, Tony (1997).
1171:Science Museum Group
423:, upon returning to
419:Danish physiologist
146:eradication of polio
53:An Emerson iron lung
30:For other uses, see
4156:Respiratory therapy
4062:Hyperbaric medicine
4044:Respiratory therapy
3962:Nasopharyngeal swab
3587:Acoustic rhinometry
3420:Semi-closed circuit
3363:Oxygen concentrator
3131:Non-rebreather mask
3114:Supplemental oxygen
3090:Hyperbaric medicine
3036:Anaesthetic machine
2819:Breathing apparatus
2333:on October 22, 2008
1464:Respiratory Therapy
713:On March 11, 2024,
602:respiratory therapy
592:due to accumulated
559:tracheal intubation
405:respiratory failure
345:Initial development
279:, a torso-covering
223:Design and function
4161:1928 introductions
3934:Diffusion capacity
3906:Lung function test
3523:respiratory system
3378:Pressure regulator
3193:Open-circuit scuba
2954:Chemical cartridge
2385:The New York Times
1505:on January 2, 2011
877:Univ. of Tennessee
686:community such as
538:
508:
470:
434:Harvard University
393:industrial hygiene
388:
359:
309:
273:cuirass ventilator
249:
234:
193:John Haven Emerson
18:Drinker respirator
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4092:Pulmonary hygiene
4082:Postural drainage
3991:
3990:
3832:
3831:
3488:
3487:
3440:
3439:
3432:Escape respirator
3427:Work of breathing
3410:Oxygen rebreather
3298:
3297:
3253:
3252:
3203:Diving rebreather
3171:
3170:
3124:Reservoir cannula
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2863:
2862:
2783:Powerhouse Museum
2665:. April 2, 2020.
2541:). Archived from
1973:978-0-522-85382-7
1800:978-1-84018-611-6
1694:978-0-443-08063-0
1658:Popular Mechanics
1642:978-0-275-99492-1
1403:978-0-8108-3488-0
1374:978-0-300-07276-1
1297:978-0-7876-3938-9
1261:on April 23, 2009
1199:August 21, 2018,
1130:Allen, Margaret,
1058:Edmonton, Alberta
1022:, April 6, 2020,
726:COVID-19 pandemic
624:autonomic control
582:Blegdams Hospital
313:negative pressure
285:jacket ventilator
244:
204:Polio vaccination
154:positive-pressure
150:COVID-19 pandemic
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4178:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4000:
3999:
3996:Other procedures
3841:
3840:
3536:
3535:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3304:
3303:
3259:
3258:
3177:
3176:
3156:Simple face mask
3020:
3019:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2827:
2826:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2704:
2702:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2356:. Archived from
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:. May 29, 2008.
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:on June 15, 2011
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1320:Respiratory Care
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1251:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1187:
1178:
1161:"The Iron Lung,"
1158:
1149:
1128:
1119:
1099:
1090:
1087:Calgary, Alberta
1033:
1027:
1010:
999:
998:
996:
994:
972:
966:
965:
947:
923:
917:
897:
891:
873:
862:
840:
825:
800:
640:Joan Headley of
245:
100:edit on Wikidata
92:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4038:
3987:
3971:
3943:
3900:
3877:
3845:Medical imaging
3828:
3817:Mediastinoscopy
3757:
3752:
3739:
3725:Transplantation
3720:Wedge resection
3645:
3525:
3519:
3489:
3484:
3436:
3309:
3294:
3274:Breathing mask
3266:
3249:
3184:
3167:
3027:
3006:
2990:ANSI K13.1-1973
2973:
2887:
2874:
2859:
2834:
2821:
2816:
2779:Both respirator
2766:
2700:
2687:
2685:Further reading
2682:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2446:People Magazine
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
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2222:
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2211:
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2196:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2165:
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2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:. p. 129.
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1850:
1841:
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1808:
1801:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1677:
1673:
1667:Wayback Machine
1660:, December 1930
1654:
1650:
1643:
1621:Julie K. Silver
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:on June 4, 2011
1561:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1525:
1518:
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1264:
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1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:Dima Italia Srl
1232:
1228:
1222:Wayback Machine
1213:
1209:
1197:Wayback Machine
1188:
1181:
1175:London, England
1168:Wayback Machine
1159:
1152:
1144:Hays Daily News
1141:April 9, 2020,
1139:Wayback Machine
1129:
1122:
1109:Wayback Machine
1100:
1093:
1069:Wayback Machine
1044:Wayback Machine
1034:
1030:
1020:Wayback Machine
1011:
1002:
992:
990:
982:The Independent
973:
969:
924:
920:
908:Wayback Machine
898:
894:
888:Wayback Machine
874:
865:
851:Wayback Machine
841:
828:
815:Wayback Machine
801:
784:
780:
768:
728:
632:contraindicated
615:
571:
547:
526:
476:
474:Both respirator
462:
460:Both respirator
413:
384:Netley Hospital
376:
347:
342:
301:
275:(named for the
236:
225:
103:
88:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4184:
4174:
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4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4004:Oxygen therapy
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3983:Blood gas test
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3967:Sputum culture
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3824:Nuss procedure
3820:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3773:pleural cavity
3764:
3762:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Cricothyrotomy
3665:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3582:Rhinomanometry
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Full facepiece
3271:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3085:Oxygen therapy
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3056:Bag valve mask
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:N95 respirator
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2765:
2764:External links
2762:
2761:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2725:Elizabeth Berg
2722:
2705:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2650:
2624:
2584:
2552:
2525:
2494:
2463:
2432:
2402:
2371:
2344:
2318:
2286:
2256:
2230:
2204:
2173:
2146:
2119:
2088:
2049:
2004:
1979:
1972:
1947:
1915:
1885:
1839:
1806:
1799:
1769:
1743:
1700:
1693:
1671:
1648:
1641:
1612:
1597:. Tebyan.net.
1586:
1550:
1516:
1481:
1451:
1421:
1402:
1380:
1373:
1367:. p. 90.
1351:
1303:
1296:
1272:
1246:
1242:Bologna, Italy
1226:
1207:
1179:
1173:, Kensington,
1150:
1120:
1091:
1028:
1000:
967:
918:
892:
863:
826:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
767:
764:
763:
762:
755:
727:
724:
720:Martha Lillard
715:Paul Alexander
667:June Middleton
660:North Carolina
614:
611:
594:carbon dioxide
570:
567:
546:
543:
525:
524:Polio epidemic
522:
472:Main article:
461:
458:
412:
409:
375:
372:
346:
343:
341:
338:
300:
299:Method and use
297:
224:
221:
217:Martha Lillard
213:Paul Alexander
197:William Morris
181:Philip Drinker
105:
104:
97:
94:
93:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4183:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Bronchography
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Thoracentesis
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Decortication
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Pneumonectomy
3708:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Breathing gas
3316:
3315:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3288:orinasal mask
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Diving helmet
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:Nasal cannula
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:Regulated by
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:9780099499527
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:9781608191192
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2633:"Langer Atem"
2628:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:(9307): 716.
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1864:(4): 383–85.
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:. Edinburgh:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1687:. p. 9.
1686:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1363:. New Haven:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1005:
988:
984:
983:
978:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
938:(3): 419–24.
937:
933:
929:
922:
915:
914:
909:
905:
902:
896:
889:
885:
882:
878:
872:
870:
868:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
823:
821:
816:
812:
809:
805:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
782:
773:
770:
769:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
735:
733:
723:
721:
716:
711:
708:
707:
702:
701:
700:Radio Diaries
696:
693:In 2021, the
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:In 2013, the
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
647:
643:
638:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:Continued use
610:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
542:
535:
530:
521:
518:
514:
505:
500:
496:
493:
489:
484:
482:
475:
466:
457:
455:
454:Aberdeenshire
451:
446:
441:
439:
438:patent rights
435:
429:
426:
422:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
385:
380:
371:
369:
364:
356:
351:
337:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
257:
253:
229:
220:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
166:
160:
158:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:is a type of
112:
101:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3807:
3791:Thoracoscopy
3767:
3700:
3694:Bronchoscopy
3684:
3658:
3624:Laryngectomy
3619:Laryngoscopy
3609:
3593:
3547:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3388:Demand valve
3240:Gas extender
3161:Venturi mask
3072:
3051:Resuscitator
2770:"Iron Lung."
2753:Respir Ther.
2751:
2728:
2711:
2708:Martha Mason
2696:
2671:. Retrieved
2663:The Engineer
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:the original
2528:
2518:November 25,
2516:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2487:November 25,
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2186:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2102:The Atlantic
2101:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2064:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1959:
1938:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1861:
1857:
1830:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1780:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1746:
1716:(6): 38–41.
1713:
1709:
1703:
1683:. New York:
1680:
1674:
1657:
1651:
1627:Polio Voices
1626:
1615:
1605:November 14,
1603:. Retrieved
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1532:
1507:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1470:(1): 71–73.
1467:
1463:
1440:(1): 93–94.
1437:
1433:
1412:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1360:
1354:
1340:cite journal
1328:. Retrieved
1323:
1319:
1306:
1282:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1249:
1229:
1210:
1200:
1142:
1112:
1076:
1072:
1047:
1031:
1023:
991:. Retrieved
980:
970:
935:
931:
921:
911:
895:
818:
759:Hays, Kansas
729:
712:
704:
698:
692:
677:
670:
664:
652:Martha Mason
650:
639:
636:
628:Dianne Odell
616:
599:
586:
572:
548:
539:
534:Rhode Island
509:
485:
477:
442:
430:
421:August Krogh
418:
414:
389:
360:
321:chest cavity
312:
310:
292:
288:
284:
272:
270:
258:
254:
250:
202:
174:
161:
143:
139:tubocurarine
135:barbiturates
110:
108:
36:
3929:Capnography
3809:mediastinum
3796:Thoracotomy
3786:Pleurodesis
3754:mediastinum
3678:Tracheotomy
3629:Laryngotomy
3567:Somnoplasty
3562:Septoplasty
3557:Rhinoplasty
3405:Counterlung
3348:Hazmat suit
3146:Oxygen tent
3141:Oxygen mask
3136:Oxygen hood
3061:Pocket mask
3041:Bubble CPAP
2978:Regulations
2958:Facepieces
2692:Emerson, JH
2617:October 26,
2577:October 26,
2456:January 12,
2183:"Chapter 4"
1789:. pp.
1752:"Iron Lung"
1414:October 18,
1330:October 12,
569:Replacement
563:tracheotomy
555:ventilators
532:Staff in a
513:car factory
492:Edward Both
157:ventilators
65:Pulmonology
4150:Categories
4012:Intubation
3919:Spirometry
3801:Chest tube
3745:Chest wall
3603:Sinusotomy
3577:Rhinectomy
3572:Alarplasty
3395:Rebreather
3328:Dead space
3068:Ventilator
2962:Smoke hood
2896:and others
2885:Respirator
2673:August 17,
2364:January 1,
2311:October 7,
2015:The Lancet
1821:The Herald
1024:New Atlas,
778:References
772:Respirator
684:makerspace
578:intubation
551:eradicated
425:Copenhagen
411:Variations
330:inhalation
281:body armor
185:Louis Shaw
177:John Mayow
4077:Nebulizer
3868:Spiral CT
3760:diaphragm
3715:Lobectomy
3634:Thyrotomy
3343:Facepiece
3283:Half mask
3073:Iron lung
2942:Dust mask
2643:March 12,
2249:March 15,
2223:March 15,
2139:March 28,
2081:March 28,
1997:August 5,
1940:March 10,
1908:March 10,
1832:March 10,
1234:"Poncho,"
1049:City News
993:April 16,
954:0903-1936
697:programs
656:Lattimore
481:Melbourne
317:diaphragm
170:diaphragm
117:(NPV), a
111:iron lung
60:Specialty
42:Iron lung
32:Iron Lung
4128:Medicine
3949:Cytology
3686:bronchus
3651:Lower RT
3540:Upper RT
3479:Glossary
3455:Category
2908:Canister
2903:Gas mask
2731:. 2006.
2667:Archived
2637:Archived
2608:Archived
2571:Archived
2512:Archived
2508:Hackaday
2481:Archived
2450:Archived
2419:Archived
2389:Archived
2305:Archived
2300:NBC News
2273:Archived
2243:Archived
2217:Archived
2160:Archived
2133:Archived
2112:March 7,
2106:Archived
2075:Archived
2044:54283110
2036:11879908
1934:Archived
1902:Archived
1880:17227281
1826:Archived
1756:Archived
1738:24784291
1730:18189086
1663:Archived
1599:Archived
1476:10297356
1408:Archived
1218:Archived
1202:Newsweek
1193:Archived
1164:Archived
1135:Archived
1105:Archived
1078:CityNews
1073:660 News
1065:Archived
1040:Archived
1016:Archived
987:Archived
962:15065832
904:Archived
884:Archived
847:Archived
811:Archived
766:See also
732:COVID-19
688:Naomi Wu
590:acidosis
450:New Deer
445:Aberdeen
293:raincoat
232:(bottom)
189:coal gas
131:botulism
72:ICD-9-CM
4140:History
4114:Portals
3896:CURB-65
3660:trachea
3531:Surgery
3467:Commons
3308:General
3218:Snorkel
2781:at the
2547:Twitter
2477:Gizmodo
2425:July 1,
2395:July 1,
2337:July 1,
2279:July 1,
2197:July 1,
2166:July 1,
1762:July 1,
1579:July 2,
1543:July 1,
1509:July 2,
1265:July 1,
1114:KSNW-TV
859:YouTube
646:Houston
511:at his
395:at the
363:bladder
334:exhales
277:cuirass
90:D015919
4072:Heliox
3769:pleura
3749:pleura
3611:larynx
2735:
2718:
2712:Breath
2042:
2034:
1970:
1878:
1797:
1736:
1728:
1691:
1639:
1474:
1400:
1371:
1294:
1083:Citytv
1054:Citytv
960:
952:
820:Thorax
750:, the
746:, the
742:, the
517:Cowley
386:, 2018
289:poncho
123:muscle
3976:Other
3837:Tests
3595:sinus
2894:NIOSH
2701:(PDF)
2566:Wired
2539:Tweet
2040:S2CID
1791:51–52
1734:S2CID
1503:(PDF)
1496:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
368:Paris
325:lungs
264:or a
262:nurse
127:polio
98:[
77:93.99
3758:and
3702:lung
3549:nose
2733:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2675:2020
2645:2024
2619:2021
2579:2021
2520:2017
2489:2017
2458:2019
2427:2011
2397:2011
2366:2014
2339:2011
2313:2019
2281:2011
2251:2024
2225:2024
2199:2011
2168:2011
2141:2020
2114:2017
2083:2020
2032:PMID
1999:2024
1968:ISBN
1942:2013
1910:2013
1876:PMID
1834:2013
1795:ISBN
1764:2011
1726:PMID
1689:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1607:2013
1581:2011
1545:2011
1511:2011
1472:PMID
1416:2020
1398:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1346:link
1332:2016
1292:ISBN
1267:2011
995:2019
958:PMID
950:ISSN
703:and
561:and
486:The
183:and
165:Both
129:and
84:MeSH
4057:CPR
2024:doi
2020:359
1866:doi
1718:doi
1633:141
1442:doi
1288:348
1240:of
940:doi
910:in
857:on
806:),
654:of
515:in
291:or
287:or
141:).
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