Water supply and sanitation in the United States

517:(MCLs) allowed. EPA was charged with creating standards for drinking water for all public systems, defined as those that served more than 25 customers or 15 service connections. The new law required federal and state governments to closely monitor local drinking water utilities for safety and compliance with federal standards. The CWA set the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized massive expenditures of $ 24.6 billion in research and construction grants for municipal sewage treatment. The funds initially provided an incentive to build centralized wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure for municipalities, instead of decentralized systems. However, the 1977 amendments to the CWA required communities to consider alternatives to the conventional centralized sewer systems, and financial assistance was made available for such alternatives. In the mid-1990s decentralized systems served approximately 25 percent of the U.S. population, and approximately 37 percent of new housing developments. 1994:, residents claim that water is their biggest issue threatening their security and survival. Although they have water that is accessible, it is extremely contaminated therefore residents are forced to travel long distances to acquire suitable drinking water. There is a high cost that comes with attaining potable water which is why many in Central Valley have had no choice other than to relocate to different regions. Regarding the demographics of Central Valley, the population is a combination of migrants that settled in the 1900s. These migrants were Black, Latino, and Asian and the majority were low-income. This initial establishment set the tone for the current state of Central Valley today. More than 50% of all drinking water violations that are reported in California come from the Central Valley. In 2006, it was discovered that 20% of the public water in Central Valley violated the state's maximum contamination level. As a result, many are exposed to higher rates of 404: 297: 1927:

color, belong to tribal communities, and/or are immigrants. These groups often live in rural areas which are more susceptible to water quality violations than urban areas. Many of these violations are due to poor-quality sources of water and the lack of resources to maintain the current water infrastructure regulations. These violations are heightened in low-income minority communities because these communities were often disregarded when it came to drafting regulations and creating new infrastructure. A 2017 study utilized data from the Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) and discovered that a significant amount of water quality violations were associated with higher Hispanic and Black populations. In addition, low income people of color experienced more violations than low income White, non-Hispanic communities.

2179: 1954:, there has been this systemic failure to provide equal resources and services to all Americans regardless of their race or income. Individuals do not choose to have incomplete plumbing, but rather, it is a result of government policy that intentionally excluded those communities. In the 1930s, the U.S. government relocated many American Indians to rural and isolated areas. These areas lacked the resources to not only create proper water infrastructure but also employ proper sanitation techniques. In addition to this mistreatment, the passing of new laws and regulations made it difficult for Native Americans to voice their concerns which only furthered their decay regarding their access to clean water. 439:

and storm water sewer systems, thus facilitating wastewater treatment, because there was no need for large capacities to accommodate wet weather flows. Furthermore, there was a belief that the diluted combined wastewater was not harmful to receiving waters, due to the natural dilution and self-purifying capacity of rivers, lakes and the sea. In the early 20th century a debate evolved between those who thought it was in the best interest of public health to construct wastewater treatment facilities and those who believed building them was unnecessary. Nevertheless, many cities began to opt for separate sewer systems, creating favorable conditions for adding wastewater treatment plants in the future.

1568: 1858:(ASCE) gave both the U.S. drinking water and wastewater infrastructure a grade of D− in 2005, down from D in 2001. According to the report, "the nation's drinking water system faces a staggering public investment need to replace aging facilities, comply with safe drinking water regulations and meet future needs." Investment needs are about $ 19 billion/year for sanitation and $ 14 billion/year for drinking water, totaling $ 33 billion/year. State and local governments invested $ 35.1 billion in water supply and sanitation in 2008, including 16.3 billion for drinking water supply and 18.8 billion for sanitation. 2171:

to climate change, this approach now is in many cases not feasible any more. Still, supply-side management is often being pursued tapping into non-conventional water resources, in particular seawater desalination in coastal areas with high population growth. California alone had plans to build 21 desalination plants in 2006 with a total capacity of 450 million US gallons (1,700,000 m) per day, which would represent a massive 70-fold increase over current seawater desalination capacity in the state. In 2007 the largest desalination plant in the United States is the one at

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Factory 21, which used RO and high lime to clean the water (production capacity of 19,000 m per day). This plant was de-commissioned in 2004 and has since made place for a new project with a higher capacity (265,000 m per day with an ultimate capacity of 492,000 m per day), under the name of Groundwater Replenishment System. This newer scheme uses the newer technological combination of RO, MF, and ultraviolet light with hydrogen peroxide. Plans are also underway to further increase the capacity of the system, which already provides up to 20% of the water used by the country.

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committee noted that a portfolio of treatment options is available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water. The report also includes a risk analysis that suggests the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water is not any higher than the risk from drinking water from current water treatment systems—and in some cases, may be orders of magnitude lower. The report concludes that adjustments to the federal regulatory framework could enhance public health protection and increase public confidence in

1983: 12607: 466: 875: 2696:. This program exceeded previous levels of financing, since Congress approved only US$ 1.5 billion of federal funding for State Revolving Funds in 2008. This was much below the historical average of US$ 3 billion/year for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (1987–2006) and US$ 1.2 billion/year for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (1997–2005). The share of federal funding for sanitation has declined from almost 50% in the early 1980s to about 20% in the early 1990s. A May 2016 article asserted that there has been "a 212:(SDWA). Eleven percent of Americans receive water from private (so-called "investor-owned") utilities. In rural areas, cooperatives often provide drinking water. Finally, over 13 million households are served by their own wells. The accessibility of water not only depends on geographical location, but on the communities that belong to those regions. Of the millions who lack access to clean water, the majority are low-income minority individuals. Wastewater systems are also regulated by EPA and state governments under the 2475:, USA, the Colorado River Municipal Water District implemented a project to capture treated municipal effluent from the City of Big Spring, and provide additional advanced treatment prior to blending into their raw surface water delivery system (2012). Advanced treatment of the municipal effluent consisted of MF, RO, and ultraviolet oxidation, producing very high quality water, which is blended with surface water from Lake E.V. Spence for distribution to their member and customer cities (production of 6,700 m per day). 2711:

Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center in 2015 to help local governments and municipal utilities design innovative financing mechanisms, including public-private partnerships. It is part of the federal government's Build American Investment Initiative. Congress amended the WIFIA program in 2015 and 2016. One of the envisaged instruments to boost financing in water infrastructure are Qualified Public Infrastructure Bonds (QPIBs), tax-exempt municipal bonds that can be used by private companies.

565: 1165: 2099:– excluding sewer tariffs – was $ 2.72 per 1,000 gallons ($ 0.72 per cubic meter) in 2000, with significant variations between localities. Average residential water tariffs for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meters varied between $ 0.35 per cubic meter in Chicago and $ 3.01 in Atlanta in 2007. The combined water and sewer tariff was $ 0.64 in Chicago and $ 3.01 in Atlanta, with Atlanta not charging separately for sewer services. Annual combined water and sewer bills vary between $ 228 in 1771:, EPA published a revised LCR on January 15, 2021, addressing testing, pipe replacement and related issues. The rule mandates additional requirements for sampling tap water, corrosion control, public outreach and testing water in schools. The rule continues the requirement for replacement of lead service lines when the "action level" for lead is exceeded, but requires that a utility replace at least 3 percent of its lines annually, compared to 7 percent under the prior regulation. 1846:(EPA) to create a national program that would prevent underground injection activities that would endanger underground drinking sources. The EPA must regulate underground injection of fluids and wastes through wells that discharge or may release such material into or above an underground reservoir of drinkable water. The EPA has promoted several Underground Injection Control (UCI) regulations in order to protect underground reservoirs of drinkable water from being contaminated. 1934:(ACS), race was established as the biggest factor in determining people's access to clean water. In the United States, 0.3 percent of White households lack complete plumbing. When looking at this same variable under different ethnic groups, 0.5 percent of African-American and Latino households and 5.8 percent of Native-American households lack complete plumbing. The ACS highlights the disparities in access to clean water that come alongside different racial and ethnic groups. 1938:

were below the poverty line, an increase from 0% to 80% of the population being Hispanic resulted in a change in the number of violations reported from 0.10 to 0.11. However, when looking at communities where 40% were below the poverty line, the same increase in the Hispanic population resulted in a change from 0.09 to 0.17. This study concluded that these ethnic disparities in access to clean water are prominent when incorporating low-income communities as well.

1262:. Overall, about 33.5 million Americans (11% of the population) get water from a privately owned drinking water utility. In addition, 20% of all wastewater utilities in the U.S. are privately owned, many of them relatively small. About 3% of Americans get wastewater service from private wastewater utilities. In addition, more than 1,300 government entities (typically municipalities) contract with private companies to provide water and/or wastewater services. 2655: 644: 1313: 1151:. According to a non-representative survey conducted among 216 parents (173 Latinos and 43 non-Latinos), 63 (29%) never drank tap water. The share is much higher among Latinos (34%) than among non-Latinos (12%). The study concluded that many Latino families avoid drinking tap water because they fear it causes illness, resulting in greater cost for the purchase of bottled and filtered water. This notion is also repeated among Asians. 2018:(formerly the General Accounting Office) published a study examining the relationship between the location of hazardous waste sites and the racial and economic status of the surrounding residents. It was discovered that race was the greatest predictor of the location of a contamination site. Close proximity to toxic landfills and long term exposure to wastewater results in a myriad of health implications. A 2017 study performed by 2208:

and Las Vegas have also launched water conservation programs that are somewhat less comprehensive than the one in Seattle concerning indoor water use. However, Las Vegas has intentionally focused on curbing outdoor water demand, which accounts for 70% of residential water use in the city, through reductions in turf area and incentives for the use of rains sensors, irrigation controllers and pool covers. At the federal level, the

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United States Geological Survey estimates that "About 242 million people depended on water from public suppliers" in 2000. Four thousand systems provide water in localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, and the remaining 50,000 systems provide water in localities with less than 10,000 inhabitants. In 2000, 15% of Americans (43.5 million people) relied on their own water source, usually a well, for drinking water.

788: 2677:(SRF), credits from commercial Banks or – in the case of large utilities – from bonds issued directly in the capital market. In the case of water supply (i.e. excluding sanitation), 42% of investments were financed by private sector borrowing, 39% by current revenues, 13% by government loans including the Drinking Water SRF, 5% by government grants and 1% from other sources. There are two SRFs: The larger 1672:

of residents surveyed tested positive for hookworm. These contaminated bodies of water also directly affect drinking water supplies, habitats and recreational sites, creating more issues for the environment. Overall, the cost to replace failed sewer systems and remove fecal waste from the water is typically higher than placing alternative infrastructure and maintaining adequate functioning systems.

2234:(UFW) – which includes system losses, water used for firefighting and water used in the treatment process – was estimated to be only 8% in systems with more than 500,000 connections in 2000. In comparison, the level of water losses is 7% in Germany, 19% in England and Wales, and 26% in France. Together with Germany water losses in the U.S. are thus among the lowest in 16 industrial countries. 493:, which provided for comprehensive planning, technical services, research, and financial assistance by the federal government to state and local governments for sanitary infrastructure. The Act was amended in 1965, establishing a uniform set of water quality standards and creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration authorized to set standards where states failed to do so. 2238:

unit tariff is independent of the level of consumption), 12% were increasing-block tariffs (the unit rate increases with consumption) and 19% were decreasing-block tariffs. The use of decreasing-block tariffs declined sharply from 45% of all tariff structures in 1992. Sewer rates are often flat rates that are not linked to consumption, thus offering no incentive to conserve water.

2320:(IRWD) was the first water district in California to receive an unrestricted use permit from the state for its recycled water; such a permit means that water can be used for any purpose except drinking. IRWD maintains one of the largest recycled water systems in the nation with more than 400 miles serving more than 4,500 metered connections. The Irvine Ranch Water District and 1559:; concerns about combined sewer overflows and drinking water quality; as well as concerns about a gap between investment needs and actual investments. Other issues are concerns about a swiftly retiring workforce, the affordability of water bills for the poor during a recession, and water fluoridation, which is opposed by some mainly on ethical and safety grounds. 1653:(NAS) to study the issue. The NAS found that there really was not a lot of information available on drinking water quality. Perhaps the most important part of the study, according to senior EPA officials responsible for implementing the 1974 law, was that it described some methodologies for doing risk assessments for chemicals that were suspected carcinogens. 2681:, created in 1987, and the smaller Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, created in 1997. They receive federal and state contributions and issue bonds. In turn, they provide soft loans to utilities in their respective states, with average interest rates at 2% for up to 20 years in the case of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund. In addition to the SRFs, the 1779:

specific locality comes from and what's in it. Consumers can find out about these local reports on a map provided by EPA. 29% of Americans are reading their water quality reports. A 2003 survey found that customers were generally satisfied with the information they are receiving from their water companies and their local or state environmental offices.

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started in 1976 with Water Factory 21, which used RO and high lime to clean the water (production capacity of 19,000 m per day). This plant was decommissioned in 2004 and has since made place for a new project with a higher capacity (265,000 m per day with an ultimate capacity of 492,000 m per day), under the name of Groundwater Replenishment System.

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in Maine to 148-US-gallon (560 L) per day in Arizona and 167-US-gallon (630 L) per day in Utah. According to a 1999 study, on average all over the U.S. 58% of domestic water use is outdoors for gardening, swimming pools etc. and 42% is used indoors. A 2016 update of the 1999 study measured the average quantities and percent shares of seven

1547:(AWE), which was created in 2007 with seed funding from the EPA to "advocate for water efficiency research, evaluation, and education" at the national level. Its Board members "represent water utilities, environmental organizations, plumbing and appliance associations, irrigation manufacturers, the academic community, government, and others." 549:(CWSRF). The intention at the time was to completely phase out federal funding after a few years. Funding peaked in 1991 and continued at high levels thereafter, despite the original intentions. New challenges arose, such as the need to address combined sewer overflows for which EPA issued a policy in 1994. In 1996 Congress established the 609:), and 1.8 million miles of distribution lines. Depending on the location and quality of the water source, all or some of these elements may be present in a particular water supply system. In addition to this infrastructure for centralized network distribution, over 13 million households rely on their own water sources, usually wells. 2030:, a parasite linked to wastewater. In addition, 73% of the participants in the study reported exposure to raw sewage inside of their homes. The establishment of contamination sites is directly linked to the location of certain racial groups, emphasizing how the accessibility of clean water disproportionately affects people of color. 2060:

method may be sustainable for a large majority of communities, groups that are located in impoverished areas do not have the financial resources to embark on large water projects. In the last several years, local and state governments have been forced to increase their spending to compensate for the withdrawal of federal funds.

513:. It was motivated by a resurgence in concern about the safety of drinking water due to breakthroughs in chemistry that revealed organic chemicals in water that were tentatively linked with cancer. This law specified a number of contaminants that must be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the 2463:. In order to increase groundwater levels, the El Paso Water Utilities injects advanced treated reclaimed water into the aquifer. The advanced treatment facilities use two-stage powdered activated carbon (PAC), addition of lime, two-stage recarbonation, sand filtration, ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC), and 2187:

water as water source. The contracted capacity corresponds to 2.4% of total municipal and industrial water use in the country in 2000. The actual share of desalinated water is lower, because some of the contracted capacity was never built or never operated, was closed down or is not operated at full capacity.

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consideration when crafting certain infrastructure. These communities were not accounted for and had to resort to decentralized water sources and poor sanitation techniques. The lack of inclusion of certain groups in California in water policy contributed to the overall deterioration of these regions.

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One of the most important elements of water security is early and accurate contamination detection. The EPA has issued advisory material and guidelines for contamination warning systems to be implemented in water utilities and supplies. The security challenges that utilities frequently revolve around

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is located in Southern California, USA, and houses a classic example in IPR. A large-scale artificial groundwater recharge scheme exists in the area, providing a much-needed freshwater barrier to intruding seawater. Part of the injected water consists of recycled water, starting as of 1976 with Water

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Low water tariffs and inappropriate tariff structures do not encourage water conservation. For example, decreasing-block rates, under which the unit rate decreases with consumption, offer hardly any incentive for water conservation. In 2000 about 51% of water tariffs in the U.S.were uniform (i.e. the

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In 2017, the U.S. Global Water Strategy was passed, where the U.S. Government will work with countries in order to achieve four objectives: increase access to safe drinking water, while promoting hygienes and sanitation services, protect freshwater resources, promote cooperation on shared waters, and

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which resulted in a variety of negative health effects. The city of Flint is composed of low income African Americans who experienced a shift in their water supply due to financial limitations. Their water supply was switched from the City of Detroit's Huron Water Supply to water from the Flint River

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According to the 2015 US census, one-fifth of all households are not connected to a community sewer system. Furthermore, many households have wastewater disposal systems that have inadequate treatment, such as sewage systems directly piped to nearby bodies of water and septic systems leading to fecal

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These standards are incorporated into the permits, which may include additional treatment requirements for individual plants developed on a case-by-case basis. NPDES permits must be renewed every five years. EPA has authorized 47 state agencies to issue and enforce NPDES permits. EPA regional offices

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One of the reasons for the high domestic water use in the U.S. is the high share of outdoor water use. For example, the arid West has some of the highest per capita domestic water use, largely because of landscape irrigation. Per capita domestic water use varied from 51-US-gallon (190 L) per day

628:(POTW). EPA estimated that there were at least 16,583 POTWs operating in 2004, serving a population of 222.8 million. About 860 communities in the U.S. have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. In addition, at least 17% of Americans are served by on-site sanitation systems such as 2710:

Congress passed the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA) to provide an expanded credit program for water and wastewater infrastructure projects, with broader eligibility criteria than the previously authorized revolving funds. Pursuant to the act, EPA established its Water

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Historically the predominant response to increasing water demand in the U.S. has been to tap into ever more distant sources of conventional water supply, in particular rivers. Because of environmental concerns and limitations in the availability of water resources, including droughts that may be due

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and other bacterial contaminants can be found in the public water and are responsible for a number of waterborne diseases. This situation is a direct result of these communities being continuously disregarded when it comes to the implementation of policy. The combination of racial discrimination and

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discriminated against African American residents by limiting their access to water lines. When constructing these water lines, the city specifically ignored entire neighborhoods that were home to African-Americans. This incident highlights the discrimination that many disadvantaged communities faced

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Seasonal supply reductions. Many utilities depend on winter snowpack to store water and then gradually release it through snowmelt during spring and summer. Warmer temperatures will accelerate snowmelt, causing the bulk of the runoff to occur earlier and potentially increasing water storage needs in

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It was estimated that in 2002 a total of 1.7 billion US gallons (6,400,000 m) per day, or almost 3% of public water supply, were being directly reused. California reused 0.6 and Florida 0.5 billion US gallons (1,900,000 m) per day respectively. Twenty-five states had regulations

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beyond the standards set by the Energy Policy Act through the use of a special label on consumer products. The Obama administration further tightened the 2.5-gallons-per-minute rule so that fixtures with multiple showerheads could only use that amount collectively. The Trump administration loosened

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has reduced per capita water use from 152 US gallons (580 L) per day in 1990 to 97 US gallons (370 L) per day in 2007 through a comprehensive water conservation program including pricing policies, education, regulations and rebates for water-saving appliances. Other cities such as Atlanta

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However, more than 1.6 million people in the United States, in 630,000 households, still lacked basic plumbing facilities as of 2014. This includes access to a toilet, shower, or running water. Of the millions who lack access to clean water, the majority are low-income individuals who are people of

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Concerning drinking water supply, EPA estimated in 2003 that $ 276.8 billion would have to be invested between 2003 and 2023. Concerning sanitation, EPA estimated in 2007 that investment of $ 202.5 billion is needed over the next 20 years to control wastewater pollution. This includes $ 134 billion

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This pollution of water is contributed to several health concerns in the US, especially for minorities and low-income individuals. In Lowes County, Alabama, hookworm is affecting people today due to unsanitary waste disposal. 73% of residents reported to have sewage running into their homes and 34%

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About half of American drinking water utilities, or about 26,700, are privately owned, providing water to 11% of Americans served by public water systems. Most of the private utilities are small, but a few are large and are traded on the stock exchange. The largest private water company in the U.S.

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facilities were constructed in the late 19th century to treat combined wastewater because of the associated difficulties. There were only 27 U.S. cities with wastewater treatment works by 1892, most of them "treating" wastewater through land application. Of these 27 cities, 26 had separate sanitary

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in 1848. The fast-growing cities did not have sewers and relied on contaminated wells within the city confines for drinking water supply. In the mid-19th century many cities built centralized water supply systems. However, initially these systems provided raw river water without any treatment. Only

2627:, specifying a number of contaminants that had to be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maximum contaminant levels. The CWA included substantial federal grant funding to improve sewage treatment infrastructure in the form of construction grants to local governments. 2071:

With low income minority communities already being disproportionately affected by water access issues, the cut in federal spending only furthers the disparities that these groups face. These communities lack the resources to solve this issue on their own and look towards the federal government for

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discovered that the water in the Flint River was highly corrosive due to the inflated levels of lead found in the water. The decision to switch water sources was made on the state level and completely disregarded the potential impacts it could have had on the communities living in Flint, Michigan.

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These disparities in access to clean water are most pronounced when viewing certain minority groups that are also poor. The previous 2017 SDWIS study examined the number of violations reported when looking at different ethnic groups and their level of poverty. When looking at communities where 10%

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and California, with Irvine Ranch Water District as one of the leading developers. They were the first district to approve the use of reclaimed water for in-building piping and use in flushing toilets. In places like Florida, where it is necessary to avoid nutrient overload of sensitive receiving

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set standards for water-efficient appliances, replacing the 3.5 US gallons (13 L) per flush (gpf) toilet with a new 1.6 gpf/6 litres per flush maximum standard for all new toilets. By 1994, federal law mandated that showerheads and faucets sold in the U.S. release no more than 2.5 and 2.2 US

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performed a study and determined that in order for New York to maintain and update current water infrastructure, it would require $ 36.2 billion, a number much greater than the EPA's estimate of $ 21.8 billion. By reallocating funds to meet water infrastructure needs, the estimated gain in annual

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Water consumption in the United States is more than double that in Central Europe, with large variations among the states. In 2002 the average American family spent $ 474 on water and sewerage charges, which is about the same level as in Europe. The median household spent about 1.1 percent of its

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In a January 2012 U.S. National Research Council report, a committee of independent experts found that expanding the reuse of municipal wastewater for irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation could significantly increase the United States' total available water resources. The

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In 2005 over 2,000 desalination plants with a capacity of more than 100m3/day had been installed or contracted in every state in the U.S. with a total capacity of more than 6 million m3/day. Only 7% of that capacity was for seawater desalination, while 51% used brackish water and 26% used river

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of 1998 requires most public water suppliers to provide consumer confidence reports, also known as annual water quality reports, to their customers. Each year by July 1 anyone connected to a public water system should receive in the mail an annual water quality report that tells where water in a

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systems, serving about 40 million people, mostly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes Region. CSO discharges during heavy storms can cause serious water pollution. A 2004 EPA report to Congress estimated that there are 9,348 CSO outflows in the U.S., discharging about 850 billion US gallons

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In 2007, there were about 155,000 PWSs in the United States, of which 52,000 CWSs. PWSs are either publicly owned, cooperatives or privately owned, serving a total of about 242 million people in 2000. EPA estimates the number of beneficiaries of community water systems at 288 million in 2007 The

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before distributing it to the public. Before efforts to clean drinking water were implemented at the turn of the 20th century, mortality among 1- to 5-year-olds in the United States in some major river cities was nearly one in five. Clean water is estimated to have reduced about three-fourths of

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is located in Southern California, USA, and houses a classic example in indirect potable reuse. A large-scale artificial groundwater recharge scheme exists in the area, providing a much-needed freshwater barrier to intruding seawater. Part of the injected water consists of recycled water, which

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The water community in the US is faced with a swiftly retiring workforce and a tightening market place for new workers. In 2008, approximately one third of executives and managers were expected to retire in the following five years. Water and sanitation utilities in the United States had 41,922

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for water accessibility had dropped nearly 70% since the 1980s. In addition, federal spending declined from $ 76 per person in 1977 to just $ 11 per person in 2014. The responsibility of funding water and sanitation projects has moved from the federal government to local governments. While this

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Between 1950 and 2000, several water infrastructure initiatives were debuted in California, but they were exclusive in the communities that they protected. During this time period, California took measures to prevent the integration of the Hispanic/Latino community which resulted in the lack of

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In 2015, 9% of 500-person-or-larger community water systems monitored by the EPA, covering approximately 21 million people, violated at least one health standard. Between 1984 and 2018, between 4 and 28% of the American population received contaminated water in any given year. There are several

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in Yosemite National Park. However, to supplement the imported water supply, and to help maintain delivery of drinking water in the event of a major earthquake, drought or decline in the snowpack, San Francisco considers the use of alternative locally produced, sustainable water sources such as

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In the 1840s and 1850s the largest cities in the U.S. built pipelines to supply drinking water from rivers or lakes. However, the drinking water was initially not treated, since the link between waterborne pathogens and diseases was not yet well known. In 1842 New York City was one of the first

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are employed prior to groundwater replenishment with the treated effluents (CDPH, 2013). In San Diego, the effort to increase the share of recycled water was rekindled with an extensive study in 2006. MF provides substantial removal of the dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM), while dEfOM

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is projected to be a problem in the future since future population growth will most likely occur in areas that are currently water stressed. Ensuring that the United States remains water secure will require policies that will ensure fair distribution of existing water sources, protecting water

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is an increasingly common response to water scarcity in many parts of the United States. Reclaimed water is being reused directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protection;

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EPA published a proposed rule for perchlorate on June 26, 2019, with a proposed MCL of 0.056 mg/L for public water systems. On July 21, 2020, EPA announced that it was withdrawing its 2019 proposal, stating that it had taken "proactive steps" with state and local governments to address

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In some parts of the country water supplies are dangerously low due to drought and depletion of the aquifers, particularly in the West and the South East region of the U.S. Many of the dry, desert areas in the U.S. have this problem. According to AZCentral, "Arizona's groundwater levels are

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Numerous efforts have been undertaken in the United States to control the pollution of water resources and to make drinking water safe. The most comprehensive federal regulations and standards for the water treatment industry were implemented in the 1970s, in reaction to a huge increase in

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commercial uses such as vehicle washing; industrial reuse such as cooling water, boiler water and process water; environmental and recreational uses such as the creation or restoration of wetlands; as well as agricultural irrigation. In some cases, such as in Irvine Ranch Water District in

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When examining specific aspects of water policy, the majority tends to focus on protecting drinking water from over extraction by businesses for commercial purposes rather than outlining local requirements for drinking water. While the rest of the United States began to benefit from closer

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invested in the clean tech industry goes to water technologies. Federal support is also on the decline. The membranes that today enable desalinization and water reuse, for example, were the fruits of R&D undertaken during the Kennedy administration. We now spend ten times less on that

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at 29.4 billion US gallons (111,000,000 m) per day in 2005, and 27.4 billion US gallons (104,000,000 m) per day in 2010 (7 percent lower). The bulk of domestic water is provided through public networks. 13% or 3.6 billion US gallons (14,000,000 m) of water is

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The average annual increase in typical residential water bills was approximately 5.3 percent from 2001 through 2009, while the increase in typical residential sewer bills was approximately 5.5 percent according to data from the 50 Largest Cities Water and Wastewater Rate Survey by

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established the link between contaminated water and disease in 1854 and after authorities became gradually convinced of that link, water treatment plants were added and public health improved. Sewers were built since the 1850s, initially based on the erroneous belief that bad air

1335:. Twenty-six cities and water districts serving 18 million people are members of MWD. The Central Arizona Water Conservation district supplies water from the Colorado River to 80 municipal, industrial, agricultural and Indian customers in Central and Southern Arizona through the 1146:

Only a very small share of public water supply is used for drinking. According to one 2002 survey of 1,000 households, an estimated 56% of Americans drank water straight from the tap and an additional 37% drank tap water after filtering it. 74% of Americans said they bought

1209:. Utilities can either be in charge of only water supply and/or sanitation, or they can also be in charge of providing other services, in particular electricity and gas. In the latter case they are called multi-utilities. Bulk water suppliers are entities that manage large 2047:

Residents argue that this issue was a result of Michigan's economic history and political decision-making that often left Flint in the dark. The water crisis in Flint highlights the racial disparities that are evident when examining certain regions' access to clean water.

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therefore the average drinking water consumption is 126 liter per inhabitant per day". The calculation is based on total water production by all utilities in 2004 divided by the number of people served by the same utilities. The figure includes small commercial water use

14287: 2553:, Texas (USA), became one of the first in the United States to use treated wastewater directly in its drinking water supply (production of 45,000–60,000 m per day). Treated wastewater is disinfected and pumped to the Cypress Water Treatment Plant where it goes through 1696:

10 m) of untreated wastewater and storm water to the environment. EPA estimates that between 23,000 and 75,000 sanitary sewer overflows occur each year, resulting in releases of between 3 and 10 billion US gallons (38,000,000 m) of untreated wastewater.

184:

Cities, utilities, state governments and the federal government have addressed the above issues in various ways. To keep pace with demand from an increasing population, utilities traditionally have augmented supplies. However, faced with increasing costs and droughts,

1193:

Non-Transient Non-Community Water System (NTNCWS): a PWS that regularly supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least six months per year, but not year-round. Some examples are schools, factories, office buildings, and hospitals which have their own water

1052:

from the watershed. Now, residential good owners who meet certain criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080). Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09–1129). The main factor in persuading the

427:) was a belief that combined sewer systems were cheaper to build than separate systems. Also, there was no European precedent for successful separate sewer systems at the time. The first large-scale sewer systems in the United States were constructed in Chicago and 1787:

filed suit against EPA for its failure to regulate perchlorate, and stated that 26 million people may be affected by perchlorate in their drinking water. Under a court order, EPA agreed to publish a proposed perchlorate rule in 2025 and issue a final rule in 2027.

2091:

The median household in the U.S. spent about 1.1% of its income on water and sewerage in 2002. However, poor households face a different situation: In 1997 18% of U.S. households, many of them poor, paid more than 4% of their income on their water and sewer bill.

2157:, is used for about two-thirds of the U.S. population on public water systems. Almost all major public health and dental organizations support water fluoridation, or consider it safe. Nevertheless, it is contentious for ethical, safety, and efficacy reasons. 379:

In the arid American Southwest, the water demand of rapidly growing cities such as Los Angeles exceeded local water availability, requiring the construction of large pipelines to bring in water from far-away sources. The most spectacular example is the first

2645:

Today cities make significant investments in the control of combined sewer overflows, including through the construction of storage facilities in the sewerage system in order to allow for the subsequent controlled release of sewage into treatment plants.

2467:

for purifying the water. The Hueco Bolson Recharge Project, which initially began in 1985, currently recharges 1,700 acre-feet per year of reclaimed water at 10 injection wells and 800 acre-feet per year at an infiltration basin for groundwater recharge.

12595: 488:

In the first half of the 20th century water supply and sanitation were a local government responsibility with regulation at the state level; the federal government played almost no role in the sector at that time. This changed with the enactment of the

2014:" is 54% Black. These residents lack proper plumbing systems and access to proper sanitation. These contamination sites are often placed around communities that are composed of minorities, specifically Black and Hispanic individuals. In 1983 the 1753:(LCR) does not set an MCL, but requires a utility to take action when the lead level at a customer location reaches 0.015 mg/L. A typical utility action is to adjust the chemistry of the drinking water with anti-corrosive additives, but replacement of 1186:(PWS) as one that provides water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances to at least 15 service connections or serves an average of at least 25 people for at least 60 days a year. The agency has defined three types of PWS: 1355:). However, while all investor-owned utilities are subject to tariff regulation, only few public utilities are subjected to the same regulation. In fact, only 12 states have laws restricting pricing practices by public water and sanitation utilities. 1861:

In 2013 the ASCE rating remained at the "D" level, and a 2013 paper from Stanford University's Center for Reinventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) describes why "water infrastructure is systemically resistant to innovation":

1069:. Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment. Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable purposes. Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for rainwater and 14297: 14267: 14130: 12657: 696:

are among the large cities in the U.S. that do not need to treat most of their surface water sources beyond disinfection, because their water sources are located in the upper reaches of protected watersheds and thus are naturally very pure.

14292: 4906:. The EPA figures are more recent, while the USGS data are more consistent, because they show both the number of people connected to public systems and those self-supplied, with both figures adding up to the total population of the U.S. 7733: 524:

standard or better. There have been a few disagreements between EPA and some local governments about the appropriate level of treatment, with the former arguing for more stringent standards. For example, in the late 1980s, the city of

2217:

established a clearinghouse for water conservation, efficiency, and demand management, called WaterWiser, to assist water conservation professionals and the general public in using water more efficiently. In 2006 the EPA launched its

14207: 1580:

With water use in the United States increasing every year, many regions are starting to feel the pressure. At least 36 states are anticipating local, regional, or statewide water shortages by 2013, even under non-drought conditions.

14272: 1978:

Today, there are still communities around the United States that do not have access to clean water. While some regions have developed alternatives to deal with this inaccessibility, others are still struggling with this issue.

1486:(WEF) geared mainly at wastewater professionals. The geographical scope of both is greater than the U.S.: AWWA has members in 100 countries, with a focus on the U.S. and Canada, and WEF has member associations in 30 countries. 14120: 533:

to secondary treatment standards. The city prevailed, saying that it saved ratepayers an estimated $ 3 billion and that process had proved successful in maintaining a healthy ocean environment. The Point Loma plant uses an

14222: 12970: 279:

only became widespread after the introduction of federal funding in 1948 and especially after an increase in environmental consciousness and the upscaling of financing in the 1970s. From 1948 to 1987 federal funding for

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basin in a typical year, contributing to a severe water shortage. Most of the Colorado River basin water used by humans is used to grow feed for livestock—more than four times the amount used for crops for direct human

14262: 14212: 13062: 1268:

Some utilities in the U.S. provide only water and/or sewer services, while others are multi-utilities that also provide power and gas services. Examples of utilities that provide only water and sewer services are the

496:

Comprehensive federal regulations for water supply and sanitation were introduced in the 1970s, in reaction to increased public awareness of environmental degradation nationwide. In 1970 EPA was established by the

13011: 1608:

plummeting in many areas... The water levels in more than 2,000 wells have dropped more than 100 feet since they were first drilled." That sample size is approximately a fourth of Arizona's drinking-water wells.

14315: 13127: 14277: 14320: 14310: 14257: 14227: 14282: 14252: 14125: 13995: 13187: 12945: 12682: 1700:

The increased frequency and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change will result in additional water pollution from wastewater treatment, storage, and conveyance systems." For the most part,

14247: 14242: 14237: 13001: 12890: 12880: 2026:— a region where 73% of its residents are Black and 31.4% of residents live below the poverty line. It was discovered that 34.5% of individuals living in this high-risk environment tested positive for 1086:

self-supplied. The average domestic water use per person in the U.S. was 98-US-gallon (370 L) per day in 2005, and 88-US-gallon (330 L) per day in 2010. This is about 2.2 times as high as in

14217: 275:

was still discharged without any treatment, because wastewater was not believed to be harmful to receiving waters due to the natural dilution and self-purifying capacity of rivers, lakes and the sea.

14232: 13413: 13117: 12950: 368:(and not without controversy). Cities also began to construct sewers in the late 19th century. As a result of water treatment and sanitation, the incidence of cholera and typhoid rapidly decreased. 288:

amended the CWA in 1987 and changed the funding system for sewage treatment to loans through revolving funds. Congress added a state revolving fund for drinking water utilities to the SDWA in 1996.

14187: 14135: 14045: 14000: 13172: 13167: 13052: 12667: 12652: 12632: 1205:

Utilities in charge of public water supply and sanitation systems can be owned, financed, operated and maintained by a public entity, a private company or both can share responsibilities through a

17: 14202: 14197: 13197: 13157: 13102: 13097: 13077: 13072: 13057: 13037: 13032: 13027: 12647: 1866:

Despite a growing sense that water will be as important a global issue as energy in the coming century, capital deployed for water resources "pales in comparison to that for renewable energy."...

13182: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13112: 12707: 10065: 1668:

For example, in Barry-Easton District, Michigan 10% of the state's 1.3 million on-site wastewater treatment systems are malfunctioning, causing sewage to be running into the lakes and streams.

1347:

The economic regulation of water and sanitation service providers in the U.S. (in particular in relation to the setting of user water rates) is usually the responsibility of regulators such as

799:, supplying about 40% of Phoenix's water supply. 50% comes from the watersheds of the Verde and Salt Rivers, according to the official website of the City of Phoenix Water Services Department. 673:, including the implementation of a watershed control program. The water system of New York City has repeatedly fulfilled these criteria for most of the water processed through its facilities. 2792:

More recently, under the Drinking Water Security Act of 2009, the EPA is now required to establish risk-based performance standards for community water systems serving more than 3,300 people.

763:

receives its water almost entirely from mountain snowmelt in a number of highly protected watersheds in more than 9 counties. Its water is stored in 14 reservoirs, the largest of which is the

14192: 4977:

The 89% figures is calculated based on the 11% figure for the population served by private utilities, given that there are three types of ownership of assets: public, private and cooperative.

1599:. Scientific evidence suggests that rising temperatures in the southwestern United States will reduce river flows and contribute to an increased severity, frequency, and duration of droughts. 419:(carrying both storm water and sewerage). They discharged into rivers, lakes and the sea without any treatment. The main reason for choosing combined sewers over separate systems (separating 2623:(CWA), with the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized expenditures of $ 24.6 billion in research and construction grants. In 1974, Congress passed the 10785: 1374: 561:

This section provides a brief overview of the water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the U.S., water sources of some of the main cities, and the main types of residential water use.

2685:

provides grants, loans and loan guarantees for water supply and sanitation in small communities (those with less than 10,000 inhabitants), together with technical assistance and training.

1592:

Rising water demands. Hotter summers mean thirstier people and plants. In addition, more evaporation from reservoirs and irrigated farmland will lead to faster depletion of water supplies.

635:

In the United States over 75 percent of the population is served by over 16,000 municipal sewage treatment plants. Most plants are required to meet national secondary treatment standards.

2010:, many experience issues with wastewater, specifically due to the development of contamination sites and hazardous waste sites. Spanning all the way from Delaware to Texas, the southern " 1831:

supplied by ground water would be vulnerable to contamination from harmful microorganisms, including fecal matter. The objective of the regulation, promulgated under the authority of the

505:(CWA), requiring industrial plants and municipal sewage plants to improve their waste treatment practices in order to limit the effect of contaminants on freshwater sources. In 1974, the 220:

or public service commissions regulate tariffs charged by private utilities. In some states they also regulate tariffs by public utilities. EPA also provides funding to utilities through

13533: 11277: 469: 2670:

One way to address the funding needs of utilities to respond to the various challenges they face without increasing the burden of water bills on users is federal financial assistance.

2452:) following the membrane steps, results in the mitigation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), as well as in the improvement of the effluent quality with respect to its organic content. 364:

infant mortality, and two-thirds of child mortality. By 1900, sand filtration was widely used. In 1908, the first continuous application of chlorination to drinking U.S. water was in

157:, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of 1705:

plants and CSO control programs have been designed on the basis of the historic hydrologic record, taking no account of prospective changes in flow conditions due to climate change.

8026::Urban Water-Use Efficiencies:Lessons from United States Citites, in: Peter H. Gleick:The World's Water 2008–2009 – The Biennial Report of Freshwater Resources, Island Press, 2009, 7249:

McKenna, Megan; McAtee, Shannon; Hotez, Peter; Bryan, Patricia; Jeun, Rebecca; Bottazzi, Maria; Flowers, Catherine; Ward, Tabitha; Kraus, Jacob; Mejia, Rojelio (September 5, 2017).

2692:

of February 17, 2009, provided $ 4 billion for the Clean Water SRF, $ 2 billion for the Drinking Water SRF and, among others, $ 126 million for water recycling projects through the

1397:

must obtain surface water discharge permits through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Point sources include industrial facilities, municipal governments (

3427: 2063:

The main reason for this redistribution of money is due to the federal government's shift in focus onto other projects such as transportation, research, and education. In 2008 the

12559: 2259:

regarding the use of reclaimed water in 2002. Planned direct reuse of reclaimed water was initiated in 1932 with the construction of a reclaimed water facility at San Francisco's

1923:. More than 99% of the U.S. population has access to "complete plumbing facilities" which is defined as having hot and cold piped water, a bathtub or shower, and a flush toilet. 376:. As a result of the water purification efforts, mortality among black infants declined in particular, leading to a 13 percent reduction in the black-white infant mortality gap. 11150: 7301:

Callihan, Amanda (2017). "The Drinking Water Supply Crisis in Flint, Michigan: What It Exposes About Enforcement of Water Supply Law and Public Health in the United States".

5811: 355:

In 1854, the British physician John Snow found that cholera was spread through contaminated water. As a result of his findings, several cities began to treat all water with

9593: 7687:, the average household bill in 2008–09 for water and sewerage in England and Wales was £330, corresponding to $ 466 at the exchange rate of 1 Pound Sterling = US$ 1.4138, 723:, do not have filtration. The Catskill watershed is in one of the largest protected wilderness areas in the United States. Water from the two systems has been treated with 538:. The requirement to perform secondary treatment on wastewater before ocean discharge was waived by the EPA in 1995, "taking into account the city's unique circumstances". 453:

Sanitary sewers were not the only sanitation solution applied. They were particularly useful in high-density urban areas. However, in some newly built lower-density areas,

2591:

will build a plant to replenish their groundwater aquifer with purified water in order to deal with the shortage of rain and snow fall, restricted water imports and local

2275:

water, reuse of treated or reclaimed water can be more economically feasible than meeting the higher standards for surface water disposal mandated by the Clean Water Act.

2230:

Distributional losses in the U.S. are typically 10–15% of total withdrawals, although they can exceed 25% of total water use in older systems. According to another source

1197:

Transient Non-Community Water System (TNCWS): a PWS that provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time.

10867: 1879:

The Stanford paper notes that innovations occur when utilities see opportunities for "short-term benefits and immediate savings," when there are water shortages, and in

8177: 4277: 197:

for non-potable uses is also becoming increasingly common. Pollution through wastewater discharges, a major issue in the 1960s, has been brought largely under control.

10872: 7756: 1302: 14357: 10967: 10307: 10177: 8299: 1775: 8556: 6636: 1620:

sources from becoming depleted, maintaining good wastewater disposal, and maintaining existing water infrastructure. Currently there are no national limits for US

8058: 3029: 457:

were built. They were attractive because they reduced capital expenditures and had fewer operation and maintenance costs compared to wastewater treatment plants.

11557: 10437: 7901: 4688: 2064: 1359: 6813: 13638: 13152: 12316: 11044: 10812: 10646: 10302: 9035: 8997: 2290:'s sanitation districts have provided treated wastewater for landscape irrigation in parks and golf courses since 1929. The first reclaimed water facility in 9051:"Reuse of water in the EU and the Mediterranean", by Bill McCann, Water 21, Journal of the International Water Association, April 2008, p. 42-44, quoting the 5712: 1497:

The National Association of Water Companies (NAWC), founded in 1895, which represents the interests of small and large private water and wastewater utilities;

14050: 13543: 13483: 13255: 13047: 12920: 11333: 10900: 10790: 9180: 6187: 5973: 12552: 12389: 10668: 5375: 3870: 1501: 1278: 9063: 7702: 5476: 4533: 4199: 12477: 12311: 10705: 8695: 8382: 2673:

Centralized water and sanitation infrastructure is typically financed through utilities' own revenue or debt. Debt can be in the form of soft loans from

5498: 4445: 2719:

In 2007 EPA stated, "Improving the security of our nation's drinking water and wastewater infrastructures has become a top priority since the events of

1514:

The Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA), founded in 1981, which represents the interests of large publicly owned drinking water utilities.

14140: 13868: 13361: 11245: 11103: 8160: 4741: 3652: 1328: 1091: 666:-supplied systems (as of 2009). Most groundwater systems are in small communities, and comprise 90% of the overall population of public water systems. 6213: 2517:

plant discharges its highly treated output to supply roughly 20% of the inflow into the Occoquan Reservoir, which provides drinking water used by the

13893: 13202: 12590: 12580: 10807: 10594: 1757:(pipes that connect the water main to the home) is also an option. Most communities have avoided lead service line replacement due to the high cost. 1219:

Eighty-nine percent of Americans served by a public water system are served by a public or cooperative entity. Usually public systems are managed by

670: 1903:

and $ 9 billion for stormwater management. The EPA needs surveys do not capture all investment needs, in particular concerning capital replacement.

1293:, provide power in addition to water and sewer services. Other multi-utilities provide power and water services, but no sewer services, such as the 831:, 250 mi (400 km) north of the city straddling the Utah border and other areas, pumping it to Las Vegas through a US$ 2 billion pipeline. 553:, building on the success of the CWSRF, in order to finance investments to improve compliance with more stringent drinking water quality standards. 13573: 13207: 11299: 11272: 8206: 6938: 6437: 6088: 5855: 4623: 2630:

The 1987 Water Quality Act amended the CWA, replacing the sewage treatment construction grant program with a system of subsidized loans, using the

1087: 2739:, and the ability to take fast action when there is a water problem. If contamination is detected early enough, it can be prevented from reaching 13212: 12545: 11647: 11607: 9943: 9744: 8316:"Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation's Water Supply through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater (2012): Division on Earth and Life Studies" 7197:

Bullard, Robert D. (2008). "Differential Vulnerabilities: Environmental and Economic Inequality and Government Response to Unnatural Disasters".

6561: 2302:

in 1932. The Water Replenishment District of Southern California was the first groundwater agency to obtain permitted use of recycled water for

9673: 6666: 6022: 4598:"82(R) H.B. No. 3391. An act relating to rainwater harvesting and other water conservation initiatives. † went into effect on September 1, 2011" 2634:(CWSRF). The loans use a combination of 80% federal funds and 20% matching funds from states. New challenges arose, such as the need to address 2055:

Since the late twentieth century, there has been a shift in money and resources allocated towards funding new water infrastructure. As of 2000,

395:. However they were only enforceable for interstate transportation carriers (such as railroads) at specific points where water was transferred. 13788: 13738: 13122: 12925: 11455: 10373: 9860: 6974:

Neumeyer, Hannah; Van de Lande, Laura (2014). "The importance of words: why equality should be key in water and sanitation service provision".

6952: 4497: 2811: 1745:

While lead in drinking water continues to persist as a public health problem in some communities, the source of the lead is generally from the

1224: 4706: 4471: 12264: 11669: 10905: 10112: 1843: 1437: 1386: 161:

is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from

7038:

Jones, Patricia A. (2012). "Complexity of Protections and Barriers in the Implementation of the Human Right to Water in the United States".

5190: 1543:

group created in 2005 which focuses on corporate and government accountability relating to food, water, and fishing. Another example is the

403: 14335: 14327: 12585: 11287: 10884: 10700: 10641: 10224: 10182: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 5674: 2993: 1099: 6267: 501:

administration, and authority for managing various environmental programs was transferred to the new agency. In 1972, Congress passed the

13828: 13818: 13808: 13493: 12935: 12752: 12747: 12642: 12411: 12254: 12149: 11894: 11632: 10752: 10663: 10405: 10390: 10272: 8883:

Rodriguez, Clemencia; Van Buynder, Paul; Lugg, Richard; Blair, Palenque; Devine, Brian; Cook, Angus; Weinstein, Philip (March 17, 2009).

8761:

Rodriguez, Clemencia; Van Buynder, Paul; Lugg, Richard; Blair, Palenque; Devine, Brian; Cook, Angus; Weinstein, Philip (March 17, 2009).

7664: 6232: 5792: 5102: 1714: 166: 5788: 3293: 2227:

that part of the rule to consider each showerhead individually. In 2021, the Biden administration proposed restoring the Obama version.

2072:

assistance. However, their lack of involvement and general disregard for these communities leads to the continuation of their troubles.

14060: 13833: 13743: 13558: 13423: 13260: 13006: 12803: 12757: 12237: 11752: 11747: 11737: 11110: 10839: 10087: 9350: 7959: 7875: 5084: 2897: 296: 7982:

According to that source total municipal and industrial water use in 2000 was 66 billion US gallons (250,000,000 m) per day.

4419: 14035: 13723: 13523: 13453: 13448: 13245: 12813: 12808: 12722: 12406: 12349: 12242: 12071: 11513: 10016: 7162:

Colquette, Kelly Michele; Robertson, Elizabeth A. Henry (1991). "Environmental Racism: The Causes, Consequences, and Commendations".

4041: 2588: 1951: 1842:

were a potential threat to groundwater quality when they passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974. This instructed the U.S.

1331:(MWD) sells treated water from the Colorado River and Northern California to its member utilities in Southern California through the 1294: 1290: 1228: 9625: 9424: 9016: 5214: 3972: 3064: 14155: 14100: 14070: 13990: 13975: 13960: 13908: 13823: 13768: 13748: 13623: 13598: 13443: 13438: 13371: 13316: 13290: 13265: 12996: 12940: 12850: 12828: 12453: 12249: 11742: 11230: 11170: 10730: 10385: 10277: 10127: 7876:"California Needs to Move Cautiously on Desalination. Economic, Environmental, and Social Costs Still Outweigh Technological Gains" 7018:"United States Government Consultation on Environmental Issues Relating to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review: A Summary" 4225: 312:

in Westchester County, New York, and built an aqueduct from the reservoir to the city. Also in 1842, construction was completed on

8937: 8614: 7501: 3904: 1764:

tightening the definition of "lead free" plumbing, in 2011. EPA published a final rule implementing the law on September 1, 2020.

1065:, never reached a stream—it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground. Rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in 1032:. Deep underground wells drilled into the Evangeline and Chicot aquifers provide the other 29 percent of the city's water supply. 14110: 14085: 14030: 13928: 13863: 13858: 13793: 13778: 13763: 13703: 13613: 13563: 13518: 13498: 13351: 13336: 13275: 13217: 13147: 12965: 12915: 12905: 12818: 12787: 12767: 12672: 12359: 12332: 12291: 12286: 12259: 12189: 12076: 11872: 11679: 11267: 11091: 10989: 10621: 9253: 8528: 6575: 4783: 4103: 2934: 2727:; to plan for and practice response to emergencies and incidents; and to develop new security technologies to detect and monitor 2682: 2137: 1532:, some of these trade associations also provide public education, as well as training and technical assistance to their members. 1286: 1236: 823:, which has been affected by drought. To supply a portion of the future water supply, Las Vegas plans to buy water rights in the 9450: 8957: 8448: 7558: 5044: 3688: 3460:(Report). Historic American Engineering Record. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. National Park Service. 1997. p. 2. Survey No. DC-54. 1649:

An important turning point in managing drinking water contamination occurred after passage of the 1974 SDWA, which required the

14150: 14090: 14065: 14055: 14010: 13913: 13903: 13873: 13813: 13753: 13728: 13718: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13653: 13593: 13578: 13548: 13538: 13478: 13458: 13428: 13366: 13341: 13321: 13280: 13087: 13067: 13042: 12975: 12900: 12840: 12772: 12742: 12732: 12727: 12717: 12697: 12692: 12622: 12460: 12169: 11852: 11757: 11587: 11535: 11496: 11063: 11058: 10912: 10849: 10802: 10780: 10745: 10400: 10256: 9135: 8248: 5067: 2689: 2573:

where it is blended with lake water (50:50). The blended water goes through a seven-step conventional surface water treatment.

2108: 1911:

In the U.S., in 2020, about 8.9 million people (about 2.68% of the population at that time) still lacked access to a household

1366: 1327:

There are also a few large bulk water suppliers in the arid Southwest of the United States, which sell water to utilities. The

241: 9315: 9289: 8838:"Dissolved effluent organic matter: Characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications" 8730: 8422: 8043: 5444: 4347: 3920: 807:

Cities that rely on more or less polluted surface water from the lower reaches of rivers have to rely on extensive and costly

14105: 14095: 14075: 14020: 14015: 14005: 13923: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13853: 13803: 13798: 13773: 13713: 13673: 13663: 13643: 13603: 13588: 13568: 13503: 13488: 13473: 13463: 13433: 13404: 13346: 13326: 13295: 13285: 13240: 13235: 13192: 13162: 13092: 13082: 12960: 12930: 12885: 12875: 12855: 12782: 12777: 12737: 12627: 12276: 12164: 12034: 11938: 11847: 11771: 11316: 11282: 10297: 10287: 10282: 10140: 10135: 9999: 9964: 8486: 8181: 7943: 7636: 5911: 5652: 4281: 3930: 3532: 3505: 3107: 2638:

for which EPA issued a policy in 1994, and which was codified into law by Congress in 2000. In 1996 Congress established the

1447:

Financial assistance for improvements to sewage treatment facilities is available to state and local governments through the

1177: 530: 7787: 4755: 2444:

reduction down to 0.5 mg/L (in terms of TOC) is achieved through RO application. The chemical oxidation treatment (UV/H

1998:

which can damage one's reproductive ability or even increase the likelihood of birth defects and miscarriages. In addition,

14080: 14025: 13918: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13733: 13698: 13668: 13658: 13648: 13618: 13608: 13583: 13553: 13513: 13508: 13468: 13331: 13270: 13177: 13107: 12980: 12955: 12870: 12845: 12833: 12823: 12762: 12702: 12687: 12677: 12662: 12637: 12472: 12369: 12306: 12296: 12179: 11970: 11933: 11862: 11694: 11659: 11210: 10940: 10673: 10444: 10395: 10368: 10292: 10251: 5538: 1970:

accessibility to water, these specific communities were ignored, evident through the creation of new laws and regulations.

1644: 1406: 205: 165:. Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water. As for 154: 8296: 3603:

Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970. Message from the President of the United States to the House of Representatives

669:

For a surface water system to operate without filtration it has to fulfill certain criteria set by the EPA under its 2006

14115: 14040: 13783: 13758: 13708: 13678: 13633: 13628: 13528: 13356: 13250: 12910: 12895: 12865: 12860: 12712: 12428: 12416: 12354: 12111: 11602: 11501: 11098: 10757: 10653: 10537: 6640: 4806: 2693: 2639: 1855: 1739: 1475: 550: 392: 178: 8553: 6309:

EPA (September 1, 2020). "Use of Lead Free Pipes, Fittings, Fixtures, Solder, and Flux for Drinking Water; Final rule."

5012: 12401: 12342: 12227: 12222: 12159: 11921: 11882: 11842: 11689: 11642: 11622: 11235: 10862: 10857: 10762: 10710: 10239: 9994: 9853: 9236: 8221: 5758: 5290: 5257: 4251: 3946: 3859: 3718: 2801: 2203:, are other options that are being considered and, in some cases, also applied to address water scarcity. For example, 1628:

withdrawal. If limits are imposed, the people most impacted will be the largest water withdrawers from a water source.

772: 724: 7909: 6328:

EPA (January 15, 2021). "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions." Final rule. 86

3036: 12443: 12423: 12374: 12364: 12232: 12154: 12131: 12091: 11955: 11945: 11822: 11797: 11704: 11684: 11162: 10952: 10678: 10060: 9484: 9376: 8072:"National Efficiency Standards and Specifications for Residential and Commercial Water-Using Fixtures and Appliances" 8031: 5560: 3102:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2009. p. 11. EPA 816-K-009-002. 1919:, in 2020, around 5.7 million (about 1.74% of the population at that time) people did not have access to a household 1784: 1270: 1223:

that are owned by a city or county, but have a separate legal personality, management and finances. Examples are the

685: 681: 9032: 8994: 7233:

Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities

7017: 6713: 6604: 4393: 3401: 3320: 480:

The CWA construction grants program funded new sewage treatment plants and upgrading of existing plants to national

12448: 12394: 12379: 12281: 12116: 11592: 11545: 11540: 11442: 11369: 11069: 10834: 10363: 8836:

Michael-Kordatou, I.; Michael, C.; Duan, X.; He, X.; Dionysiou, D.D.; Mills, M.A.; Fatta-Kassinos, D. (June 2015).

8276: 8119: 8054: 7863: 5704: 5472: 3671: 2806: 2769:

supplying more than 3,300 people must take at least the following measures to ensure security of the water supply:

2678: 2631: 2214: 2015: 2011: 1585: 1508: 1479: 1448: 1336: 1049: 546: 9184: 6762: 5955:

EPA Alumni Association: Senior EPA officials discuss early implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974,

4376: 3360: 3207:

Patel, Anisha I; Hecht, Christina E.; Cradock, Angie; Edwards, Marc A.; Ritchie, Lorrene D. (September 23, 2020).

2175:, Florida, which began desalinating 25 million US gallons (95,000 m) of water per day in December 2007. 1517:

The Water Reuse Association, founded in 2000, which promotes water reclamation, recycling, reuse and desalination.

871:

imports nearly 90 percent of its water from other areas, specifically northern California and the Colorado River.

12482: 12271: 12212: 12121: 12012: 11987: 11484: 11474: 11039: 10957: 10895: 10879: 10725: 10720: 10484: 10464: 10454: 10449: 7992: 6191: 3999: 3777: 2898:"Statistical Abstract of the United States. State and Local Governments: Expenditures for Public Works 1995–2005" 2554: 2514: 2383: 1635:

power, public supply 11%, industrial was 4%, aquaculture 2%, mining 1%, domestic 1%, and livestock less than 1%.

1082: 890: 442:

Where wastewater was being treated it was typically discharged into rivers or lakes. However, in 1932, the first

8653: 6000: 316:'s first water works, with water mains made of cedar and a water intake located about 150 feet (46 m) into 12465: 12139: 12086: 12002: 11992: 11960: 11889: 11877: 11832: 11719: 11617: 11479: 11399: 11389: 11175: 11032: 10735: 10693: 10636: 10410: 10321: 8674: 8574: 8360: 7699: 5480: 4544: 4203: 3265: 2518: 2178: 1468: 689: 625: 8702: 8397: 5134: 4829: 4827: 3705: 3454: 2642:, in order to finance investments to improve compliance with more stringent drinking water quality standards. 1351:

at the state level, which are organized in the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. (see

12217: 12081: 11997: 11928: 11899: 11837: 11727: 11699: 11343: 10715: 10608: 9846: 8502: 6536: 5502: 4449: 1544: 1529: 1320:

supplies water to 80 municipal, industrial, agricultural and Indian customers in Central and Southern Arizona

1057:

to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in

612:

The centralized sanitation infrastructure in the U.S. consists of 1.2 million miles of sewers—including both

5160: 3648: 2540:(toilet-to-tap reuse as a temporary measure during drought conditions, 2014–2015; Indirect potable use 2015) 1567: 13953: 12512: 12505: 12438: 12301: 12184: 12106: 12096: 11950: 11911: 11867: 11827: 11784: 11732: 11664: 11637: 11597: 11575: 11384: 11198: 11145: 11078: 10935: 10891: 10819: 10740: 10658: 10469: 10333: 10162: 10070: 9878: 9160: 9079: 7504:. New York, NY: Infrastructure USA (Supported by FJC, a Foundation of Philanthropic Funds). August 26, 2020 5494: 4824: 2321: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1650: 1555:

Among the main issues facing water users and the water industry in the U.S. in 2009 are water scarcity and

1483: 1298: 9580: 9521: 9232: 6487:

EPA, Washington, DC (November 8, 2006). "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Ground Water Rule."

6297: 6248: 3773: 3279: 2347:

consists almost entirely of wastewater effluent under base flow conditions. In response to concerns about

2339:

in Texas is a representative example of an effluent-dominated surface water system where de facto potable

1417:. EPA sets basic national wastewater standards: The "Secondary Treatment Regulation" applies to municipal 12433: 12384: 12199: 12101: 12024: 11906: 11802: 11627: 11612: 11550: 11185: 11140: 10947: 10829: 10683: 9562: 6345: 5901: 2930: 2893: 2317: 1991: 1081:

Domestic water use (also called home or residential water use) in the United States was estimated by the

217: 9109: 6095: 4692: 4631: 4597: 3758: 2699:

huge federal retreat from helping cities fund water projects," stating that overall federal spending on

12337: 12207: 12039: 12019: 12007: 11817: 11807: 11489: 11394: 11007: 10997: 10524: 10519: 10509: 10504: 10026: 9568: 9550: 9509: 9220: 8812: 7814:"When public action undermines public health: A critical examination of antifluoridationist literature" 6285: 5336: 5323: 5310: 5277: 5244: 4875: 3921:

Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy, National Research Council (2000).

3797: 3761: 3208: 2019: 1206: 977: 824: 246:

In the 19th century numerous American cities were afflicted with major outbreaks of disease, including

228:

income on water and sewage. By 2018, 87% of the American population receives water from publicly owned

9822: 9766: 9752: 9719: 7092:

Pannu, Camille (2012). "Drinking Water and Exclusion: A Case Study from California's Central Valley".

6887: 5719:

Richter, Brian D.; Bartak, Dominique; Cladwell, Peter; Davis, Kyle Frankel; et al. (April 2020).

2359:, it is subjected to conventional drinking water treatment prior to delivery to consumers in Houston. 476: 13397: 11916: 11222: 11027: 11022: 10584: 10038: 9674:"Water Security Initiative: Interim Guidance on Planning for Contamination Warning System Deployment" 5960: 3815: 3811: 3000: 2488: 2424: 2329: 2309: 2252: 2209: 1931: 1687:

overflows affect the quality of water resources in many parts of the U.S. About 860 communities have

1556: 1521: 1348: 1021: 828: 602: 535: 514: 490: 9705: 9594:"Increasing Investment in U.S. Roads, Ports and Drinking Water Systems Through Innovative Financing" 8471:

Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater

8315: 6214:"Revealing the Complicated Nature of Tap Water Lead Contamination: A Madison, Wisconsin, Case Study" 6059:"Report to Congress on Impacts and Control of Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows" 5796: 4508: 3588: 12029: 11409: 11379: 11374: 11364: 11130: 11086: 10927: 10688: 10474: 10338: 10152: 10092: 9064:

Recycling sewage into drinking water is no big deal. They've been doing it in Namibia for 50 years.

5037: 4475: 1282: 1254:, which serves 15 million customers in 1,600 communities in the U.S. and Canada. It is followed by 1251: 1058: 993: 771:

in the Colorado River. Water is diverted from there through the Harold D. Roberts Tunnel under the

9577: 9518: 9229: 6294: 5416: 4725:

ergibt sich daraus ein durchschnittlicher Trinkwasserverbrauch von 126 Litern je Einwohner und Tag

3770: 13946: 11523: 11259: 11017: 9984: 9559: 9136:"Recycled water for drinking: Direct potable reuse a temporary solution for Wichita Falls, Texas" 8336: 4953: 4059: 3608:(Report). House of Representatives, 91st Congress, 2d Session. July 9, 1970. Document no. 91-366. 2635: 2624: 2413: 2328:

are established leaders in recycled water. Further, the Orange County Water District, located in

2023: 1900: 1892: 1832: 1727: 1680: 1441: 1317: 1306: 969: 848: 594: 506: 365: 209: 162: 9816: 8144: 7067: 6398:

EPA (June 26, 2019). "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Perchlorate." Proposed Rule.

5678: 4923: 4807:"Analysis and Findings of The Gallup Organization's Drinking Water Customer Satisfaction Survey" 4000:"Turning on the Zap: New York City Readies World's Largest UV Drinking-Water Disinfection Plant" 2068:

economic activity would be above $ 220 billion and improve the accessibility of water for many.

12521: 11975: 11325: 11135: 11115: 10917: 10772: 10567: 10514: 10499: 10343: 10031: 9428: 8150:(Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2002. 7593: 6834:

Gasteyer, Stephen P.; Lai, Jennifer; Tucker, Brittany; Carrera, Jennifer; Moss, Julius (2016).

6474: 4893: 3497: 3178: 2973:(Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2002. 2967: 2755: 2659: 2007: 1812: 1792: 1632: 1524:, founded in 1974, which represents manufacturers and dealers of equipment for water treatment. 1274: 1210: 1048:; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have the 738: 372:

was initially the technology of choice for water treatment, later being gradually displaced by

265: 13938: 8696:"Orange County's Groundwater Replenishment System: Potable reuse for the best available water" 8383:"Orange County's groundwater replenishment system: Potable reuse for the best available water" 7671: 5276:

United States. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.

5109: 4017: 1377:(CERCLA), also known as "Superfund," requires remediation of abandoned hazardous waste sites. 12174: 11857: 10972: 10529: 10494: 10489: 10432: 10415: 10145: 9829:

ReNUWIt, Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure

9692: 8284: 7966: 6888:"The Color of Drinking Water: Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Safe Drinking Water Act Compliance" 5956: 4129: 3575: 2904: 2592: 2336: 2231: 1912: 1536: 1013: 906: 768: 256: 9354: 7879: 7757:"A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary" 5088: 3297: 3209:"Drinking Water in the United States: Implications of Water Safety, Access, and Consumption" 545:, which replaced the construction grant program with a system of subsidized loans using the 13390: 13382: 12526: 11654: 11528: 11419: 10797: 10229: 10209: 10157: 10107: 10048: 9979: 9206: 8849: 6133: 5887: 5870: 4423: 3474: 3099: 2747: 2674: 2663: 2537: 2493: 2373: 2303: 2199:

Demand-side management, including the reduction of leakage in the distribution network and

1888: 1750: 1720:

aspects of drinking water quality that are of some concern in the United States, including

1490: 1066: 1054: 1045: 864: 836: 408: 381: 369: 221: 6230:

EPA. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Subpart I - Control of Lead and Copper.

4834:

Hobson, W.L.; Knochel, M.L.; Byington, C.L.; Young, P.C.; Hoff, C.J.; Buchi, K.F. (2007).

3883: 3841: 3717:

United States. Clean Water Act. Title VI: "State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds."

3602: 1190:

Community Water System (CWS): a PWS that supplies water to the same population year-round.

8: 14174: 12537: 12066: 11982: 11792: 11508: 11193: 10824: 10021: 9633: 9013: 6836:"Basics Inequality: Race and Access to Complete Plumbing Facilities in the United States" 6058: 5720: 5222: 5041: 3072: 3016:

Urban providers are defined as entities serving systems with more than 10,000 inhabitants

2751: 2378: 2325: 2150: 1920: 1828: 1478:

focused on advocacy for state revolving fund and water resource development legislation,

1422: 1332: 1240: 1183: 1169: 954: 898: 728: 705: 648: 521: 510: 481: 345: 337: 333: 201: 181:

and pharmaceutical substances, but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good.

8853: 6576:"Infrastructure Report Card: America's Crumbling Infrastructure Eroding Quality of Life" 6137: 5388: 4229: 4081: 3863: 3522: 1982: 715:

New York City's water supply is fed by three watershed systems. The two larger systems,

11306: 11294: 11012: 11002: 10979: 10962: 10358: 10102: 10097: 9969: 9402: 8911: 8884: 8789: 8762: 8675:"Remaking waste as water: The governance of recycled effluent for potable water supply" 8611: 8361:"Remaking waste as water: The governance of recycled effluent for potable water supply" 8178:"Overview of Water Reuse Technology: Pricing Considerations Related To Reclaimed Water" 7840: 7813: 7775: 7540: 7478: 7435: 7422: 7403:"Mobilizing Health Metrics for the Human Right to Water in Flint and Detroit, Michigan" 7402: 7383: 7367: 7318: 7275: 7214: 7179: 7144: 7109: 7071: 7063: 6999: 6915: 6865: 6502: 6495: 6462: 6406: 6317: 6164: 6121: 5740: 5586: 4684: 4575: 4570: 3901: 3563: 3490: 3383: 3244: 3224: 2938: 2785: 2704: 2464: 2287: 2286:

There are examples of communities that have safely used recycled water for many years.

2267:

network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes.

2200: 2142: 1768: 1352: 1259: 985: 808: 776: 754: 598: 264:) caused cholera and typhoid. It took until the 1890s for the now universally accepted 186: 41: 9805: 9534: 9260: 8532: 8456: 7235:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. June 1, 1983. RCED-83-168. 6691: 6579: 6422: 6332: 4787: 4107: 4045: 2833: 2703:"has dropped 75 percent since 1977," and that experts expect more situations like the 2459:'s (Texas, USA) water sources include groundwater aquifers and surface water from the 577:

The centralized drinking water supply infrastructure in the United States consists of

12049: 11205: 10557: 10055: 9974: 9959: 9457: 9240: 9165: 8916: 8865: 8794: 8482: 8445: 8200: 8027: 7939: 7845: 7779: 7565: 7532: 7470: 7461:

Fuhs, Greg (2000). "Water, Wastewater Infrastructure Need Federal Funding Infusion".

7440: 7414: 7375: 7359: 7310: 7280: 7250: 7206: 7171: 7136: 7101: 7075: 7055: 7051: 6991: 6939:"US Water Alliance and Partners Release "Closing The Water Gap in the United States"" 6919: 6907: 6869: 6857: 6555: 6169: 6151: 6030: 5907: 5849: 5744: 4857: 4759: 3926: 3737: 3685: 3567: 3528: 3501: 3440: 3248: 3236: 3228: 2723:. Significant actions are underway to assess and reduce vulnerabilities to potential 2482: 2344: 2116: 1999: 1947: 1899:

for wastewater treatment and collection, $ 54.8 billion for resolving unsatisfactory

1754: 1746: 1464: 1460: 720: 716: 701: 542: 529:

and EPA were involved in a legal dispute over the requirement to treat sewage at the

424: 373: 204:, which serve more than 25 customers or 15 service connections, are regulated by the 8252: 7934:

Gleick, Peter H.; Cooley, Heather; Katz, David; Lee, Emily; Morrison, Jason (2006).

7387: 6714:"Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment Third Report to Congress" 6363: 5064: 4303: 4151: 3387: 2750:

are necessary. All these factors also point to the need for organized and practiced

11965: 11812: 11518: 11338: 10348: 10189: 10172: 10167: 10006: 9322: 9293: 8906: 8896: 8857: 8784: 8774: 8474: 8071: 7835: 7825: 7771: 7430: 7349: 7270: 7262: 7047: 6983: 6899: 6847: 6605:"The Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis; Executive Summary" 6499: 6492: 6459: 6403: 6381: 6329: 6314: 6159: 6141: 5882: 5732: 5332: 5319: 5286: 5253: 4847: 4351: 3923:

Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy

3741: 3553: 3375: 3220: 2867: 2762: 2724: 2606: 2522: 2407: 2299: 2260: 2223: 1958: 1702: 1418: 1398: 1220: 989: 973: 946: 942: 893:

are supplied by water from that river except for Memphis. The metropolitan area of

879: 874: 832: 812: 796: 764: 693: 465: 447: 435: 341: 276: 52: 12606: 7640: 6514: 5902:

National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Water System Security Research (2004).

5630: 5345: 5294: 5261: 4758:. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, CO. Archived from 3722: 3635: 3115: 2935:"State and Local Government Finances by Level of Government and by State: 2005–06" 1243:

are a major provider of water services, especially in small towns and rural areas

1213:

and sell either treated or untreated water to various users, including utilities.

782: 189:

is beginning to receive more attention and is being supported through the federal

11674: 11450: 11348: 11120: 10420: 10353: 10122: 10043: 9989: 9791: 9207:

25 Years of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Protecting Our Health from Source to Tap

9039: 9020: 9001: 8861: 8657: 8618: 8578: 8560: 8452: 8303: 8280: 7706: 7611: 6953:"Flushed and Forgotten: Sanitation and Wastewater in Rural Communities in the US" 6235: 5071: 5048: 4786:(Report). Denver, CO: Water Research Foundation. Project No. 4309. Archived from 4177: 3908: 3692: 3656: 3139: 2620: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2498: 2394: 2356: 2352: 2247: 2056: 2034: 1880: 1871: 1722: 1540: 1390: 1370: 1362:

is the responsibility of state departments of health or environment and the EPA.

1017: 997: 981: 867:, with additional supplies from Lake Havasu through the Colorado River Aqueduct. 750:

during drought periods, all as part of its Water Supply Diversification Program.

743: 621: 590: 520:

The vast majority of municipal wastewater in the U.S. is treated to the national

502: 443: 329: 308:

cities in the U.S. to tap water resources outside the city limits. It dammed the

300: 213: 194: 8120:"Biden administration moves to reverse Trump-era showerhead rule | CNN Politics" 6903: 5928: 5402: 4658: 4255: 3950: 3550:"Water Purification Efforts and the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap, 1906-1938" 676: 12144: 12044: 11427: 10562: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10214: 10077: 10011: 9598: 8503:"Search Results - AustinTexas.gov - The Official Website of the City of Austin" 6987: 4852: 4835: 3548:

Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel I.; Wang, Tianyi (2019).

3359:

Burian, Steven J.; Nix, Stephan J.; Pitt, Robert E.; Durrans, S. Rocky (2000).

2700: 2332:, water is given more advanced treatments and is used indirectly for drinking. 1839: 1688: 1684: 1616: 1572: 1511:(NRWA), founded in 1976, which represents small water and wastewater utilities; 1235:. In some cases public utilities span several jurisdictions. An example is the 1125: 938: 820: 792: 617: 613: 564: 420: 416: 229: 158: 150: 6852: 6835: 6001:"Thousands of failed septic tanks across the state threaten Michigan's waters" 5736: 5016: 3949:(Report). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Archived from 1301:. There are also some utilities that provide only sewer services, such as the 1164: 450:, San Francisco, for the reuse of treated wastewater in landscape irrigation. 14351: 11125: 10425: 10234: 9869: 7536: 7474: 7418: 7363: 7314: 7210: 7175: 7140: 7105: 7059: 6995: 6911: 6861: 6155: 6034: 5904:

A review of the EPA water security research and technical support action plan

5445:"Primary Enforcement Authority for the Underground Injection Control Program" 5431:"Protecting Underground Sources of Drinking Water from Underground Injection" 4380: 4373: 3361:"Urban Wastewater Management in the United States: Past, Present, and Future" 3232: 2766: 2746:

In cases where contamination might still reach consumers, fast and efficient

2550: 2368: 2295: 2043: 1625: 1148: 950: 930: 922: 734: 659: 498: 349: 325: 317: 285: 261: 9648: 8590: 8225: 6146: 5766: 4543:. Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB). January 28, 2010. Archived from 1003: 11432: 11404: 10459: 9380: 9219:

United States. Wet Weather Quality Act of 2000, Section 112 of Division B,

8920: 8869: 8798: 8023: 7849: 7830: 7444: 7379: 7284: 7232: 6173: 6023:"Hookworm, a disease of extreme poverty, is thriving in the US south. Why?" 5060: 4861: 4252:"Water Supply Basics. Where Does Our Water Come from and How Do We Use It?" 3492:

Water 4.0: The Past, Present, and Future of the World's Most Vital Resource

3240: 3035:. Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies. December 2007. Archived from 2096: 1884: 1735: 1410: 1394: 1369:(RCRA), protects groundwater by regulating the disposal of solid waste and 1255: 1232: 1029: 934: 914: 902: 883: 803:

also obtains a significant percentage of its water supply from Lake Havasu.

760: 747: 385: 309: 174: 8901: 8779: 7783: 7266: 6814:"1.6 million Americans don't have indoor plumbing. Here's where they live" 6346:"E.P.A. to Promote Lead Testing Rule as Trump Tries to Burnish His Record" 5564: 5163:. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. Archived from 5108:. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. 2008. Archived from 3848:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. January 8, 2016. 3631: 1791:

EPA issued drinking water standards in April 2024 for six PFAS chemicals:

1504:, founded in 1970, which represents the interests of wastewater utilities; 1389:(EPA) and state environmental agencies set wastewater standards under the 11709: 11240: 10577: 10479: 10219: 10082: 9838: 8630: 7354: 7337: 6787: 6611: 6454:

EPA (April 26, 2024). "PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation."

4397: 4325: 3781: 3443:. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. September 2, 2015. 2728: 2580: 2388: 2340: 2280: 2264: 2154: 2107:

in 2008. For purposes of comparison, the average water and sewer bill in

2084: 1621: 1588:, climate change affects water supply in the U.S. in the following ways: 1433: 1402: 1025: 856: 852: 844: 840: 800: 663: 629: 606: 454: 356: 9508:

United States. Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014.

8273: 7936:

The World's Water 2006–2007: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources

7670:. Water Services Regulation Authority (OFWAT). June 2008. Archived from 7544: 7482: 7426: 7371: 7322: 7218: 7183: 7148: 7113: 7003: 4836:"Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children" 3030:"Implications of Climate Change for Urban Water Utilities – Main Report" 2213:

gallons (8.3 L) of water per minute respectively. Also in 1994 the

1656: 1444:. UIC permits are issued by 34 state agencies and EPA regional offices. 737:

obtains 85% of its drinking water from high Sierra snowmelt through the

731:, which supplies 10% of the city's water, has been filtered since 2015. 10572: 10378: 10204: 10199: 10117: 7251:"Human Intestinal Parasite Burden and Poor Sanitation in Rural Alabama" 6537:"Ground Water Discharges (EPA's Underground Injection Control Program)" 6089:"Implications of Climate Change for Urban Water Utilities – Highlights" 5309:

United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

4938: 3618:

United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

3173: 3171: 2602: 2584: 2460: 2403: 2291: 2219: 2003:

poverty can be credited to the ongoing water crisis in Central Valley.

1916: 1131: 843:

watershed, and about 40% from the Colorado River further downstream at

709: 586: 281: 272: 200:

Most Americans are served by publicly owned water and sewer utilities.

190: 9649:"Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector" 9403:"Stimulus Package Provides $ 126 Million for Water Recycling Projects" 5871:"Special Issue on Drinking Water Safety, Security, and Sustainability" 5831:"USGS Fact Sheet 2010-3106: Water Security—National and Global Issues" 5830: 3619: 3379: 3179:"Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000: Domestic Supply" 3114:. Schwab Capital Markets' Global Water Conference. EPA. Archived from 2654: 324:

began construction of a water transmission system. A tributary of the

14179: 12061: 12054: 8650: 8393: 4782:

DeOreo, William B.; Mayer, P.; Dziegielewski, B.; Kiefer, J. (2016).

2774: 2662:

approves federal funding for water and sanitation, including through

2598: 2432: 2399: 2348: 2172: 1375:

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

1070: 868: 860: 816: 643: 582: 526: 8837: 8571: 7960:"Table 354. U.S. Water Withdrawals Per Day by End Use: 1940 to 2000" 7338:"Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution" 7027:. University of California, Berkeley School of Law. October 7, 2014. 6438:"EPA Sued For Not Regulating Rocket Fuel Chemical in Drinking Water" 4894:"Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000: Public Supply" 4659:

Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005: Domestic Supply

4254:. Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District. Archived from 4202:. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. Archived from 3549: 3168: 2868:

Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010: Domestic Supply

2619:

environmental concerns in the country. In 1972, Congress passed the

1482:(AWWA) oriented mainly towards drinking water professionals and the 1312: 658:

About 66% of the U.S. population (195 million people) are served by

597:

for the transport of large quantities of water over long distances,

14165: 10244: 10194: 8943:(Report). Austin, TX: Texas Water Development Board. February 2011. 8478: 8246: 7588: 7586: 6637:"Table 437 – State and Local Governments—Capital Outlays 1990–2008" 5563:. Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA). Archived from 5322:

Approved October 18, 1972. Amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977,

5138: 4954:"Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure" 3558: 3161: 2778: 2740: 2736: 2714: 2528: 2510: 2472: 2435:, California is the leading state implementing IPR. MF, RO and UV/H 2146: 2080: 2037:, residents consumed drinking water that contained high amounts of 2027: 1258:, which serves 7 million customers and is owned by the French firm 1041: 910: 428: 415:

Most of the first sewer systems in the United States were built as

360: 97:

5% by government grants, 13% by government loans (water only, 2000)

8506: 7523:"States Say Water Infrastructure Needs Far Exceed EPA Estimates". 6094:. Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies. 2007. Archived from 4664:(Report). United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2005. p. 19 3973:"Catskill–Delaware Ultraviolet Water Treatment Facility, New York" 2873:(Report). United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2010. p. 21 2087:

are a prerequisite for accurate, volumetric billing of water users

391:

Drinking water quality standards were first issued in 1914 by the

9567:

2. Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016.

9351:"Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF). Frequent Questions" 8889:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

8767:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

8096: 7634: 6578:. American Society of Civil Engineers. March 2005. Archived from 5705:"The Colorado River Is Shrinking. See What's Using All the Water" 5164: 4280:. City of Chicago, Department of Water Management. Archived from 2532: 2456: 2271: 2204: 2104: 2100: 1995: 1596: 1471:(NGOs) that are actively engaged in water supply and sanitation. 1425:" which are regulations for categories of industrial facilities. 1414: 1113: 1009: 926: 918: 894: 313: 251: 247: 9792:

EPA Alumni Association: Drinking Water, Half Century of Progress

8885:"Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative" 8763:"Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative" 7583: 5471: 2391:

operates the largest recycled water system in the United States.

787: 753:

The largest source of water supply for Portland, Oregon, is the

13968: 8457:

Orange County Water District's Groundwater Replenishment System

8042:

City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power:

6519:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

6253:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

5721:"Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production" 4880:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

4624:"State Rainwater Harvesting Statutes, Programs and Legislation" 2570: 2504: 1941: 1137: 1119: 1107: 1062: 783:

Cities supplied primarily by surface water with water treatment

652: 321: 9235:, December 21, 2000. Added section 402(q) to Clean Water Act, 8731:"Advanced reuse: from Windhoek to Singapore and beyond, Water" 8423:"Advanced reuse: from Windhoek to Singapore and beyond, Water" 7609: 6120:

Allaire, Maura; Wu, Haowei; Lall, Upmanu (February 27, 2018).

4781: 3706:"U.S. EPA Advances Wastewater Treatment Waiver For San Diego." 2263:. Reclaimed water is typically distributed with a color-coded 1835:, is to keep microbial pathogens out of public water sources. 1535:

An example of an NGO active in water supply and sanitation is

8882: 8835: 8760: 8572:

Delta Diablo Sanitation District, Eastern Contra Costa County

8554:

Making the Connections: Reclaimed and Drinking Water Supplies

4772:

The study covered 1,188 households in 14 cities over 3 years.

3094: 3092: 3090: 2994:

Factoids: Drinking Water and Ground Water Statistics for 2007

965: 677:

Cities supplied primarily by surface water without filtration

13412: 9811: 8982: 7726: 7502:"The Economic Benefits of Investing in Water Infrastructure" 6667:"Why Is There So Little Innovation in Water Infrastructure?" 5608: 5458: 5358: 4474:. City of Houston, Public Utilities Division. Archived from 1973: 1571:

About 1.9 trillion gallons of water are consumed within the

9794:– a brief history of U.S. efforts to protect drinking water 9611: 8958:""Toilet to tap" wastewater recycling begins in Texas city" 6739: 6692:"Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment" 4372:

The University of Memphis, Groundwater Institute. No date.

4328:. District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (DC Water) 3810: 2999:(Report). EPA. March 2008. EPA 816-K-07-004. Archived from 2773:

Conduct an assessment of the facility's vulnerabilities to

2720: 2038: 1800: 1731: 960: 170: 12567: 8669: 8667: 8665: 6933: 6931: 6929: 5718: 5430: 4833: 3649:"Response to Congress on Use of Decentralized Wastewater." 3636:

Clean Water For All: A History of Drinking Water Treatment

3087: 2886: 2050: 1303:

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

9828: 9052: 8995:

Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System Case Study

7336:

Banzhaf, Spencer; Ma, Lala; Timmins, Christopher (2019).

5417:"NPDES State Program Information—State Program Authority" 4709:. Federal Statistical Office of Germany. January 20, 2006 3819: 2507:

coastal region of Belgium, which began operating in 2002"

1631:

In 2005, 31% of US water use was for irrigation, 49% was

1004:

Cities supplied by a mix of groundwater and surface water

578: 18:

Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

7700:

50 Largest Cities Water/Wastewater Rate Survey 2009–2010

7688: 7653:

Bills have been converted from monthly to annual values.

6833: 6284:

United States. Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act.

5493: 5335:, December 27, 1977; and the Water Quality Act of 1987, 4689:"Household water use in England and Wales, 1992 to 2007" 4534:"Criteria and Guidelines for the "Rainwater Harvesting"" 3206: 2781:, or terrorist attack, and submit the report to the EPA. 2145:, the controlled addition of moderate concentrations of 1749:, rather than the water delivered by the utility. EPA's 431:

in the late 1850s, followed by other major U.S. cities.

9254:"Clean Water State Revolving Fund 2001 progress report" 8662: 8219: 7248: 7127:

Vanderwarker, Amy (2009). "Central Valley Water Woes".

6926: 6475:"Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation" 5516: 5243:

United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

3552:. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 3547: 2929: 2892: 2743:, and emergency water supplies can be put into effect. 2065:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

556: 8274:

UF Professor: Drought Highlights Value Of Reused Water

6268:"Unsafe Lead Levels in Tap Water Not Limited to Flint" 6122:"National trends in drinking water quality violations" 5015:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Archived from 4990: 4507:. Colorado Division of Water Resources. Archived from 3672:

2012 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey; Report to Congress

3408:. New York City Department of Environmental Protection 2270:

The leaders in use of reclaimed water in the U.S. are

2182:

industrial water as a share of total water withdrawals

9425:"Clean Water State Revolving Fund 2007 Annual Report" 7711: 7255:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

6190:. Virginia Department of Health. 2007. Archived from 5929:"Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005" 4707:"Water use continues to decline slightly (in German)" 384:

built between 1905 and 1913 to supply water from the

344:, followed suit by beginning the construction of the 169:, there are concerns about disinfection by-products, 9456:. Water Infrastructure Network. 2000. Archived from 9033:

Green Valley Park Lakes Groundwater Recharge Project

7564:. Water Infrastructure Network. 2000. Archived from 6973: 6941:. Oakland, CA: US Water Alliance. November 21, 2019. 5698: 5696: 4228:. City of San Diego Water Department. Archived from 3358: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3059: 3057: 1562: 1502:

National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA)

1279:

New York City Department of Environmental Protection

12596:

Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

7933: 6417: 6415: 6266:Wines, Michael; Schwartz, John (February 8, 2016). 6016: 6014: 3296:. United States Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from 3280:"How the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Works" 9833: 9745:"EPA - Water Security - Vulnerability Assessments" 9569: 9551: 9510: 9221: 7161: 6286: 5337: 5324: 5311: 5278: 5245: 4106:. Denver Water. September 11, 2008. Archived from 3762: 3489: 3455:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. 3266:"Learn about the Clean Water State Revolving Fund" 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 1329:Metropolitan Water District of Southern California 855:obtains about half of its drinking water from the 340:that fed the city's distribution system. In 1853, 284:was provided through grants to local governments. 9739: 9737: 7296: 7294: 6829: 6827: 5693: 5359:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" 5188: 5087:. City of Santa Clara. California. Archived from 3876: 3496:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 3469: 3467: 3149: 3054: 1783:perchlorate contamination. In September 2020 the 1172:brings water from Northern to Southern California 1044:, water rights laws almost completely restricted 460: 14358:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 14349: 11273:Native American recognition in the United States 9549:1. Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act. 9379:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from 7335: 7244: 7242: 6881: 6879: 6412: 6011: 5191:"Reflections on Water Pricing and Tariff Design" 4571:"It's Now Legal to Catch a Raindrop in Colorado" 3684:City of San Diego, Public Utilities, Wastewater: 3145:. Grasonville, MD: EPA Alumni Association. 2016. 2715:Protecting water utilities from terrorist attack 2521:– one of the three major water providers in the 835:draws about half of its drinking water from the 291: 147:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 9209:(Report). EPA. December 1999. EPA 810-K-99-004. 8932: 8930: 8469:Council, National Research (January 10, 2012). 6840:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6126:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5677:. Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from 4754:Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; et al. (1999). 3902:"New York City Watershed:Filtration Avoidance." 3888:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 3738:"Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Control Policy." 3666: 3664: 3477:(Report). EPA. February 2000. EPA 816-F-00-006. 3123: 2419: 1000:; it did not use any surface water until 2006. 9734: 9443: 9316:"The Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program" 9110:"Wichita Falls Drops Wastewater Reuse Project" 8983:Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 7878:. Pacific Institute. June 2006. Archived from 7722:. International Water Association. p. 34. 7717:Gary Zimmerman, Executive Director of AWWA in 7291: 7087: 7085: 6885: 6824: 5906:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 5751: 5655:. National Association of Clean Water Agencies 5541:. National Association of Clean Water Agencies 5221:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5189:Whittington, Dale; Boland, John (April 2001). 5184: 5182: 4924:"Private Water Service Providers: Quick Facts" 4840:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 4683: 3464: 3260: 3258: 3181:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2005 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2812:List of water supply and sanitation by country 2160: 1405:systems), other government facilities such as 1225:District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority 795:is the secondary source of drinking water for 388:over a distance of 233 mi (375 km). 13954: 13398: 12553: 11670:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 9854: 9817:Rural Water Supplies and Water Quality Issues 9451:"Clean & Safe Water for the 21st Century" 9284: 9282: 7965:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 7559:"Clean & Safe Water for the 21st Century" 7456: 7454: 7239: 6876: 6265: 6119: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4747: 3947:2005 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report 3759:"Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996." 3674:(Report). EPA. January 2016. EPA 830-R-15005. 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3108:"Investing in America's Water Infrastructure" 2544: 1387:United States Environmental Protection Agency 662:systems, and 34% (101 million) are served by 348:to provide water from the Great Falls on the 14288:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 9199: 8927: 8355: 8353: 8205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7496: 7494: 7492: 7126: 6886:Switzer, David; Teodoro, Manuel P . (2017). 6507: 6083: 6081: 6079: 5854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5237: 5219:National Academies' Water Information Center 4959:. Congressional Budget Office. November 2002 3798:"Combined Sewer Overflow Frequent Questions" 3711: 3661: 3441:"Metropolitan Boston's Water System History" 3140:"Drinking Water: A Half Century of Progress" 3069:National Academies' Water Information Center 2075: 1962:that prevented their access to clean water. 1942:Historical causes of limited access to water 30:Water supply and sanitation in United States 13969:Water supply and sanitation in the Americas 9345: 9343: 8952: 8950: 8747: 8651:Water Systems Maintenance Mission Statement 7952: 7902:"Applause, At Last, For Desalination Plant" 7811: 7082: 6560:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6249:"Lead and Copper Rule Implementation Tools" 5809: 5759:"Water Supply and Use in the United States" 5179: 4753: 4180:. Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 4062:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 3997: 3753: 3751: 3272: 3255: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2953: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 1715:Drinking water quality in the United States 1429:issue permits for the rest of the country. 700:Boston receives most of its water from the 491:Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 13961: 13947: 13405: 13391: 12560: 12546: 9868: 9861: 9847: 9767:"IV -- Drinking Water Security and Safety" 9279: 8725: 8723: 8631:"Recycled Water – Public Utilities: Water" 8249:"Rules and Regulations for Recycled Water" 8145:Community Water System Survey 2000, Vol. 2 8018: 8016: 8014: 7929: 7927: 7594:Community Water System Survey 2000, Vol. 1 7451: 6763:"WASHwatch.org – United States of America" 6660: 6658: 6530: 6528: 6020: 5653:"Water & Wastewater Leadership Center" 4909: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4448:. San Antonio Water System. Archived from 4422:. San Antonio Water System. Archived from 4396:. San Antonio Water System. Archived from 3792: 3790: 3730: 3193: 2968:Community Water System Survey 2000, Vol. 1 2828: 2826: 2362: 2343:occurs. The section of the river south of 11283:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 9524:, title V, §5022. Approved June 10, 2014. 8910: 8900: 8788: 8778: 8350: 8247:The City of San Diego. Water Department. 8171: 8169: 8161:Profile of the German Water Industry 2008 7839: 7829: 7805: 7489: 7434: 7353: 7274: 6955:. Institute for the Study of Human Rights 6851: 6521:. Washington, DC: EPA. December 18, 2018. 6163: 6145: 6076: 6053: 6051: 5998: 5886: 5519:. National Association of Water Companies 5137:. Central Arizona Project. Archived from 4926:. National Association of Water Companies 4851: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4742:Profile of the German Water Industry 2008 4152:"Water Wars: Quenching Las Vegas' Thirst" 4046:Water Sources & Water Supply Planning 4042:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 3557: 3402:"History of New York City Drinking Water" 2922: 2784:Show that the facility has an up-to-date 2589:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 2194: 2165: 2022:examined the development of parasites in 1974:Affected regions across the United States 1708: 1295:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 1291:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 1229:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 1154: 1073:use among other water-saving techniques. 972:obtain drinking water primarily from the 651:is a source of drinking water supply for 13414:Water supply and sanitation in the World 9646: 9340: 9073: 9071: 8947: 8175: 7300: 6812:Ingraham, Christopher (April 23, 2014). 6811: 6343: 5869:Zhu, David Z.; Yang, Y. Jeffrey (2014). 5675:"Welcome Letter from Chair of the Board" 5633:. National Rural Water Association. 2008 5423: 4876:"Information about Public Water Systems" 4784:Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2 4775: 4562: 4200:"California's Colorado River Allocation" 3748: 3520: 2977: 2851: 2653: 2255:, it is also used for flushing toilets. 2177: 2079: 1981: 1818: 1655: 1566: 1311: 1163: 1090:(150 Liter) and 2.6 times as high as in 961:Cities supplied primarily by groundwater 873: 786: 642: 563: 475: 464: 402: 398: 295: 65:330 litres (87 US gal) in 2010 11334:List of counties and county equivalents 9647:Copeland, Claudia (December 15, 2010). 9158: 8720: 8468: 8290: 8011: 7924: 7818:Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 7754: 7635:Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department. 7610:Global Water Intelligence/OECD (2007). 7196: 6655: 6599: 6597: 6525: 5868: 5371:EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." 4985: 4983: 4896:. United States Geological Survey. 2005 4646: 4568: 3787: 3475:The History of Drinking Water Treatment 3354: 2823: 2683:United States Department of Agriculture 2138:Water fluoridation in the United States 2051:Federal spending on water accessibility 1891:initiative designed to reduce combined 1870:Only 5 percent of the $ 4.3 billion in 1762:Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act 1380: 1287:Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission 1237:Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission 1035: 984:to help preserve the Biscayne Aquifer. 14: 14350: 12568:Water supply and sanitation by country 9161:"Turning L.A. wastewater to tap water" 8380: 8166: 8117: 7040:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting 6740:"Clean Watersheds Needs Survey (CWNS)" 6664: 6435: 6188:"Cryptosporidiosis and Drinking Water" 6048: 5611:. Lisle, IL: Water Quality Association 4794: 4130:"Lake Mead Water Could Dry Up by 2021" 3998:Greenemeier, Larry (August 31, 2012). 3866:and "Secondary Treatment Regulation", 3487: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319:Hanna, Thomas M. (December 10, 2018). 3106:Mehan, G. Tracy III (April 15, 2003). 3024: 3022: 2690:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 1854:In its Infrastructure Report Card the 1742:(PFAS) and pharmaceutical substances. 1474:Professional associations include the 1367:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 746:for irrigation, local groundwater and 712:in central and western Massachusetts. 242:History of water supply and sanitation 149:involves a number of issues including 62:Average urban water use (L/person/day) 13942: 13386: 12541: 9842: 9812:EPA Wastewater Permit Program – NPDES 9485:"Is Washington creating more Flints?" 9482: 9102: 9068: 7938:. Island Press. pp. 58–59, 368. 7748: 7400: 7091: 7037: 7025:International Human Rights Law Clinic 6610:. EPA. September 2002. Archived from 6344:Friedman, Lisa (September 27, 2020). 6007:. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Michigan. 5926: 4616: 3842:"Water and Wastewater Systems Sector" 3318: 3105: 2649: 2569:before being released into a holding 2122: 1986:Signage describing poor water quality 1454: 1438:Underground Injection Control Program 1239:that spans two counties in Maryland. 1178:List of United States water companies 996:draws the bulk of its water from the 531:Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant 9823:Public Water Systems – Water Sources 9077: 9045: 8337:"Division on Earth and Life Studies" 7460: 7342:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 6665:Grabar, Henry (September 13, 2013). 6639:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 6594: 6498:. Correction notice: 2006-11-21, 75 6021:Pilkington, Ed (September 5, 2017). 5999:Alexander, Jeff (January 20, 2019). 5875:Journal of Environmental Engineering 5702: 4980: 4122: 3071:. National Academies. Archived from 2613: 2355:for Houston. Once the water reaches 1823:In November 2006, EPA published its 1645:Water pollution in the United States 1305:or the sewer utility in the city of 1159: 1040:In the United States, until 2009 in 557:Technical and environmental overview 206:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 86:Share of self-financing by utilities 9819:– Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 7908:. December 22, 2007. Archived from 7692: 7612:"GWI/OECD Water Tariff Survey 2007" 7129:Race, Poverty & the Environment 5587:"About the Water Reuse Association" 4350:. Miami-Dade County. Archived from 3804: 3625: 3331: 3100:Water on Tap: What You Need to Know 3019: 2694:United States Bureau of Reclamation 2640:Drinking Water State Revolving Fund 2042:in 2014. A group of researchers at 1856:American Society of Civil Engineers 1740:per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 1476:American Society of Civil Engineers 937:receives 60% of its water from the 897:receives 70% of its water from the 551:Drinking Water State Revolving Fund 393:United States Public Health Service 208:(EPA) and state agencies under the 24: 9784: 9574:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 9556:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 9515:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 9377:"Water and Environmental Programs" 9290:"Clean Water State Revolving Fund" 9226:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 8059:About the WaterWiser Clearinghouse 7776:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02666.x 7764:Journal of Public Health Dentistry 7665:"Water industry facts and figures" 7463:Water Environment & Technology 6534: 6436:Slisco, Aila (September 4, 2020). 6291:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5974:"Selected Housing Characteristics" 5888:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000865 5715:from the original on May 23, 2023. 5459:"Clean Water State Revolving Fund" 5342:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5329:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5316:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5283:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 5250:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4993:. National Rural Water Association 4991:"National Rural Water Association" 4498:"Rainwater Collection in Colorado" 3767:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3225:10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-035707 2802:Bottled water in the United States 1921:"safely managed sanitation" system 1675: 882:provides 40% of the water used in 725:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 509:was adopted for the regulation of 446:facility in the U.S. was built in 25: 14369: 10679:Director of National Intelligence 9799: 9630:Ground Water & Drinking Water 8118:Holmes, Kristen (July 16, 2021). 7734:"Water, sewage and other systems" 6368:Consumer Confidence Reports (CCR) 4057: 3426:City of Chicago Water Department: 2111:in 2008 was equivalent to $ 466. 1849: 1785:Natural Resources Defense Council 1611: 1563:Water scarcity and climate change 1360:drinking water quality regulation 1271:Boston Water and Sewer Commission 976:. Given increasing water demand, 572: 107:Responsibility for policy setting 14164: 14131:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13534:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12658:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12605: 10835:Government Accountability Office 9834:National Rural Water Association 9759: 9712: 9666: 9654:. Congressional Research Service 9640: 9618: 9586: 9541: 9527: 9502: 9476: 9417: 9395: 9369: 9308: 9246: 9213: 9173: 9152: 9128: 9057: 9026: 9007: 8988: 8976: 8876: 8829: 8813:"From toilets to tap. USA Today" 8805: 8688: 8644: 8623: 8605: 8583: 8565: 8547: 8521: 8495: 8462: 8439: 8415: 8374: 8329: 8308: 8267: 8240: 8213: 8154: 8137: 8111: 8089: 8064: 8055:American Water Works Association 8048: 8036: 7985: 7894: 7868: 7864:Opposition to water fluoridation 7856: 7656: 7628: 7603: 7551: 7525:Inside EPA's Water Policy Report 7516: 7394: 7329: 7303:Tulane Environmental Law Journal 7225: 7190: 7164:Tulane Environmental Law Journal 7155: 7120: 7068:10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0046 7052:10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0046 7031: 7010: 6967: 6945: 6805: 6780: 6755: 6732: 6706: 6684: 6629: 6568: 6481: 6467: 6448: 6429: 6392: 6374: 6356: 6337: 6322: 6303: 6278: 6259: 6241: 6224: 6206: 6180: 6113: 5992: 5966: 5949: 5920: 5895: 5862: 5828: 5822: 5803: 5781: 5667: 5645: 5623: 5601: 5579: 5553: 5531: 5509: 5487: 5473:American Water Works Association 5465: 5451: 5437: 5409: 5395: 5389:"Industrial Effluent Guidelines" 5381: 4326:"From the Potomac to your Pipes" 4132:. Environment News Service. 2008 3925:. The National Academies Press. 3858:Clean Water Act sec. 304(d)(1), 2807:Environment of the United States 2731:and prevent security breaches." 2679:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 2632:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 2016:Government Accountability Office 1509:National Rural Water Association 1480:American Water Works Association 1449:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 1337:Central Arizona Project Aqueduct 638: 547:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 470:Stickney Water Reclamation Plant 9806:Ground Water and Drinking Water 9535:"Learn About the WIFIA Program" 9353:. EPA. May 1999. Archived from 9321:. EPA. May 1999. Archived from 9259:. EPA. May 2001. Archived from 9181:"Welcome to the Mayor's Office" 8938:History of Water Reuse in Texas 6423:"Perchlorate in Drinking Water" 6364:"CCR Information for Consumers" 5936:United States Geological Survey 5829:A.A., Tindall, J.A., Campbell. 5365: 5351: 5303: 5270: 5207: 5153: 5127: 5095: 5077: 5054: 5031: 5005: 4971: 4939:"Community water system survey" 4886: 4868: 4756:"Residential End Uses of Water" 4735: 4719:The original German quote is: " 4699: 4677: 4590: 4569:Johnson, Kirk (June 28, 2009). 4526: 4490: 4464: 4438: 4412: 4386: 4366: 4340: 4318: 4306:. Philadelphia Water Department 4296: 4270: 4244: 4218: 4192: 4170: 4144: 4096: 4074: 4051: 4035: 4018:"Croton Water Filtration Plant" 4010: 3991: 3965: 3939: 3914: 3894: 3884:"Secondary Treatment Standards" 3852: 3846:Critical Infrastructure Sectors 3834: 3698: 3678: 3641: 3612: 3595: 3541: 3514: 3481: 3447: 3433: 3420: 3394: 3321:"The Public Ownership Solution" 3312: 3286: 2788:plan, should an incident occur. 2515:Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority 2384:Contra Costa County, California 2131: 1844:Environmental Protection Agency 1451:, a low interest loan program. 1289:. Other utilities, such as the 1083:United States Geological Survey 891:cities on the Mississippi River 81:$ 28.5 bn or $ 97/capita (2005) 12478:Separation of church and state 10694:National Reconnaissance Office 10637:President of the United States 9602:. Fact Sheet. January 16, 2015 9159:Connell, Rich (June 7, 2008). 5795:. May 29, 2008. Archived from 5789:"Cashing in on climate change" 4060:"San Francisco's Water Supply" 3162:"Private Drinking Water Wells" 3010: 2567:ultraviolet light disinfection 2519:Fairfax County Water Authority 2485:indirect potable reuse program 2241: 1913:"safely managed" water sources 1469:non-governmental organizations 815:obtains 90% of its water from 626:publicly owned treatment works 472:, serving metropolitan Chicago 461:After 1948: Federal government 126: 115: 13: 1: 9632:. May 4, 2007. Archived from 9583:, §5008. Approved 2016-12-16. 9565:, §1445. Approved 2015-12-04. 9483:Vinik, Danny (May 25, 2016). 8381:Wehner, Mike (May 23, 2010). 8220:Irvine Ranch Water District. 8176:LeChevallier, Mark W., Ph.D. 7736:. United States Census Bureau 7599:(Report). EPA. December 2002. 5812:"Arizona's Next Water Crisis" 4278:"Consumer Confidence Reports" 3979:. New York: Verdict Media Ltd 2817: 1545:Alliance for Water Efficiency 1342: 1061:, in the southern suburbs of 292:Piped water supply until 1948 10840:Government Publishing Office 10308:Technological and industrial 8862:10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.011 8459:, accessed September 9, 2011 8455:, accessed January 8, 2007; 7993:"U.S. Global Water Strategy" 5703:Shao, Elena (May 22, 2023). 5495:Water Environment Federation 5373:Code of Federal Regulations, 4374:History of the Memphis Water 3868:Code of Federal Regulations, 3527:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2503:The Torreele project in the 2420:Indirect potable reuse (IPR) 2322:Orange County Water District 2191:strengthen water financing. 1809:perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 1805:perfluorobutanesulfonic acid 1797:perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 1769:Flint, Michigan water crisis 1651:National Academy of Sciences 1638: 1557:adaptation to climate change 1484:Water Environment Federation 1299:Orlando Utilities Commission 1076: 949:receives its water from the 929:receives its water from the 671:Surface Water Treatment Rule 541:In 1987 Congress passed the 455:decentralized septic systems 218:Public utilities commissions 7: 12312:Women's reproductive health 11278:Federally recognized tribes 11141:Public utilities commission 11045:Public Health Service Corps 10948:Code of Federal Regulations 10830:Congressional Budget Office 10684:Central Intelligence Agency 10590:Water supply and sanitation 10017:Declaration of Independence 8061:. Retrieved April 16, 2009. 6904:10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0128 6386:Consumer Confidence Reports 6300:. Approved January 4, 2011. 5074:. Retrieved March 26, 2009. 5065:About us: Facts and figures 5051:. Retrieved March 26, 2009. 4727:", which translates as "... 4505:Colorado water law, notices 4472:"Drinking Water Operations" 4420:"About the Edwards Aquifer" 4104:"Denver Water: An Overview" 4048:. Retrieved April 16, 2009. 3368:Journal of Urban Technology 3294:"Mean Income: 1975 to 2007" 2931:United States Census Bureau 2894:United States Census Bureau 2795: 2318:Irvine Ranch Water District 2161:Responses to address issues 1413:facilities, such as animal 250:in 1832, 1849 and 1866 and 195:reuse of treated wastewater 70:Share of household metering 10: 14374: 11490:Red states and blue states 11395:City commission government 11390:Council–manager government 9720:"Bioterrorism Act of 2002" 8279:September 7, 2006, at the 8045:. Retrieved July 17, 2014. 7531:(9): 4–5. April 28, 2008. 6988:10.3362/1756-3488.2014.031 6370:. EPA. September 27, 2019. 5013:"Connecting Rural America" 4853:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.457 4604:. Texas Legislature Online 4394:"History & Chronology" 3816:"Joint Monitoring Program" 3784:. Approved August 6, 1996. 3695:. Retrieved July 26, 2010. 3638:. Retrieved July 26, 2010. 3622:Approved October 18, 1972. 3430:. Retrieved July 26, 2010. 3213:Annual Review of Nutrition 2549:In July 2014, the city of 2545:Direct potable reuse (DPR) 2135: 2020:Baylor College of Medicine 1992:Central Valley, California 1712: 1642: 1493:in the sector, including: 1349:Public Utility Commissions 1207:public-private partnership 1175: 980:is considering the use of 921:is supplied by water from 515:maximum contaminant levels 239: 235: 129:of rural service providers 118:of urban service providers 14306: 14273:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14173: 14162: 13974: 13420: 13309: 13228: 13020: 12989: 12796: 12615: 12602: 12573: 12499: 12325: 12198: 12130: 11783: 11779: 11770: 11718: 11583: 11574: 11470: 11441: 11418: 11357: 11324: 11315: 11258: 11246:Comparison of governments 11221: 11184: 11161: 11077: 11057: 10988: 10926: 10848: 10771: 10629: 10620: 10616: 10607: 10329: 10320: 10265: 10225:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 10066:drafting and ratification 10039:Articles of Confederation 9952: 9886: 9877: 9405:. Water Reuse Association 9078:Kean, Sam (Winter 2015). 8617:January 13, 2005, at the 6853:10.1017/S1742058X16000242 6255:. EPA. December 22, 2020. 5978:American Community Survey 5810:James, Ian; O'Dell, Rob. 5737:10.1038/s41893-020-0483-z 5589:. Water Reuse Association 5447:. EPA. February 17, 2020. 5391:. EPA. February 12, 2020. 5361:. EPA. February 21, 2020. 3911:Retrieved April 17, 2009. 3812:World Health Organization 3651:Retrieved July 26, 2010. 3521:Troesken, Werner (2004). 2593:groundwater contamination 2513:Occoquan Reservoir – The 2489:Orange County, California 2210:Energy Policy Act of 1992 2076:Pricing and affordability 1932:American Community Survey 1906: 1838:Congress recognized that 1550: 1522:Water Quality Association 1461:professional associations 1432:Wastewater discharges to 1217:Public service providers. 1012:'s supply flows from the 901:and another 28% from the 603:water distribution system 568:Typical urban water cycle 336:transported water to the 136: 125: 114: 106: 101: 93: 85: 77: 69: 61: 50: 39: 34: 14293:Turks and Caicos Islands 12265:Prescription drug prices 11385:Mayor–council government 11375:Coterminous municipality 11365:Consolidated city-county 11131:Agriculture commissioner 10781:House of Representatives 10689:National Security Agency 10339:Contiguous United States 9038:October 9, 2006, at the 8559:August 15, 2004, at the 7705:August 10, 2010, at the 5461:. EPA. February 6, 2020. 5419:. EPA. December 2, 2019. 4446:"Western Canyon Project" 4082:"The Bull Run Watershed" 3890:. EPA. November 1, 2016. 3708:Retrieved July 26, 2010. 3704:EPA (December 6, 1995). 3524:Water, Race, and Disease 2636:combined sewer overflows 1901:combined sewer overflows 1776:Consumer Confidence Rule 1728:disinfection by-products 1681:Combined sewer overflows 1283:Seattle Public Utilities 1100:indoor end uses of water 988:receives its water from 536:advanced primary process 163:combined sewer overflows 78:Annual investment in WSS 12350:Criticism of government 11695:Social welfare programs 11288:State-recognized tribes 10273:Outline of U.S. history 9985:Continental Association 9019:April 13, 2015, at the 9000:March 31, 2012, at the 8591:"SAWS: Water Recycling" 8577:March 27, 2007, at the 8451:April 10, 2007, at the 7407:Health and Human Rights 6425:. EPA. January 5, 2024. 6147:10.1073/pnas.1719805115 5433:. EPA. October 3, 2019. 5215:"Drinking Water Basics" 5047:March 14, 2009, at the 4084:. Portland Water Bureau 3907:April 17, 2009, at the 3800:. EPA. August 24, 2020. 3065:"Drinking Water Basics" 2625:Safe Drinking Water Act 2414:St. Petersburg, Florida 2363:Non-potable reuse (NPR) 2024:Lowndes County, Alabama 1833:Safe Drinking Water Act 1827:, due to concerns that 1660:Sanitary sewer overflow 1442:Safe Drinking Water Act 1318:Central Arizona Project 1142:4% Other domestic uses. 1008:Seventy-one percent of 849:Central Arizona Project 507:Safe Drinking Water Act 366:Jersey City, New Jersey 328:was impounded creating 210:Safe Drinking Water Act 14208:British Virgin Islands 13484:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13048:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12412:Environmental movement 12255:Health insurance costs 12150:Educational attainment 11675:Federal Reserve System 11633:Science and technology 11136:Insurance commissioner 10674:Intelligence Community 10369:minor outlying islands 10132:Civil rights movement 9700:Cite journal requires 9537:. EPA. March 21, 2017. 8656:June 19, 2006, at the 8302:June 11, 2011, at the 8297:Sierra Club Fact Sheet 7831:10.1186/1743-8462-4-25 4882:. EPA. March 26, 2020. 4178:"Los Angeles Aqueduct" 3736:EPA (April 19, 1994). 3686:History and Background 3655:June 15, 2010, at the 3583:Cite journal requires 3488:Sedlak, David (2014). 3268:. EPA. April 11, 2022. 3164:. EPA. April 26, 2019. 3112:Speeches and Testimony 2761:Since 2002, under the 2667: 2660:United States Congress 2195:Demand-side management 2183: 2166:Supply-side management 2088: 1987: 1946:As a direct result of 1877: 1813:perfluorononanoic acid 1793:perfluorooctanoic acid 1709:Drinking water quality 1661: 1577: 1537:Food & Water Watch 1489:There are a number of 1459:There are a number of 1358:The environmental and 1321: 1275:Dallas Water Utilities 1173: 1155:Institutional overview 886: 804: 739:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir 655: 599:water treatment plants 569: 485: 473: 412: 407:Sewer construction in 304: 266:germ theory of disease 167:drinking water quality 94:Share of tax-financing 40:Access to an at least 14121:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12238:Immigrant health care 11753:Transportation safety 11748:Transportation policy 11738:Public transportation 10808:President pro tempore 10664:Executive departments 10433:National Park Service 10088:Territorial evolution 9427:. EPA. Archived from 9292:. EPA. Archived from 9080:"Waste Not, Want Not" 8902:10.3390/ijerph6031174 8780:10.3390/ijerph6031174 8708:on September 16, 2013 8403:on September 16, 2013 8285:University of Florida 7401:Gaber, Nadia (2019). 7267:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396 7094:California Law Review 6671:The Atlantic – Cities 6382:"Find Your Local CCR" 6220:. EPA. July 30, 2018. 5765:. EPA. Archived from 5725:Nature Sustainability 5499:"Member associations" 5483:on September 1, 2007. 5405:. EPA. July 12, 2019. 5403:"NPDES Permit Basics" 5070:July 5, 2014, at the 5042:Corporate Information 4541:Pilot Project Program 3282:. EPA. June 24, 2022. 2748:communication systems 2675:state revolving funds 2664:state revolving funds 2657: 2232:unaccounted-for water 2222:program to encourage 2181: 2083: 1985: 1957:In 1954, the city of 1864: 1819:Groundwater pollution 1659: 1570: 1436:are regulated by the 1325:Bulk water suppliers. 1315: 1167: 970:its metropolitan area 877: 790: 646: 567: 479: 468: 406: 399:Sanitation until 1948 374:rapid sand filtration 299: 222:state revolving funds 12971:United Arab Emirates 12407:Environmental issues 12072:Political ideologies 11971:Indigenous languages 11171:List of legislatures 10968:separation of powers 10669:Independent agencies 10595:World Heritage Sites 10230:September 11 attacks 10153:Spanish–American War 10093:Mexican–American War 10049:Confederation period 9980:Continental Congress 9636:on January 11, 2010. 9431:on December 13, 2012 7812:Armfield JM (2007). 7698:Black & Veatch, 7355:10.1257/jep.33.1.185 6477:. EPA. May 22, 2024. 6388:. EPA. May 19, 2017. 5927:Kenny, Joan (2009). 5167:on February 19, 2015 5091:on December 4, 2007. 4695:on February 5, 2009. 4602:82nd Regular Session 4383:. Retrieved 2-27-09. 4354:on September 6, 2008 3822:on February 16, 2008 3691:May 6, 2010, at the 3300:on November 27, 2008 3075:on February 20, 2009 2752:emergency procedures 2538:Wichita Falls, Texas 2494:Pasadena, California 2374:Clark County, Nevada 2304:groundwater recharge 1952:environmental racism 1930:In results from the 1889:green infrastructure 1829:public water systems 1760:Congress passed the 1751:Lead and Copper Rule 1703:wastewater treatment 1381:Wastewater treatment 1241:Utility cooperatives 1067:Santa Fe, New Mexico 1055:Colorado Legislature 1050:rights to take water 1046:rainwater harvesting 1036:Rainwater harvesting 865:Los Angeles Aqueduct 601:, reservoirs in the 511:public water systems 409:Keene, New Hampshire 382:Los Angeles Aqueduct 370:Slow sand filtration 277:Wastewater treatment 202:Public water systems 14298:U.S. Virgin Islands 14141:Trinidad and Tobago 13986:Antigua and Barbuda 13869:Trinidad and Tobago 13362:Trinidad and Tobago 13153:Republic of Ireland 12250:Health care finance 11743:Rail transportation 11509:Imperial presidency 11231:State constitutions 11176:List of legislators 11126:Auditor/Comptroller 11099:Lieutenant governor 10825:Library of Congress 10716:Diplomatic Security 10359:Indian reservations 10022:American Revolution 9187:on January 23, 2009 8854:2015WatRe..77..213M 8535:on October 13, 2004 8529:"Water Reclamation" 8287:News. May 24, 2000. 8222:"Water Reclamation" 8022:Heather Cooley and 7912:on January 13, 2008 7882:on November 8, 2009 6515:"Ground Water Rule" 6138:2018PNAS..115.2078A 5799:on October 4, 2008. 5348:, February 4, 1987. 4762:on February 4, 2009 4304:"Urban Water Cycle" 4258:on February 3, 2009 4004:Scientific American 2576:Proposed projects: 2379:Clearwater, Florida 2326:Southern California 2151:public water supply 2128:employees in 2002. 1767:In response to the 1423:Effluent guidelines 1333:California Aqueduct 1184:public water system 1170:California Aqueduct 955:Washington Aqueduct 899:Chattahoochee River 791:Lake Havasu on the 708:Reservoirs and the 649:Wachusett Reservoir 522:secondary treatment 482:secondary treatment 346:Washington Aqueduct 338:Brookline Reservoir 334:Cochituate Aqueduct 51:Access to at least 31: 14051:Dominican Republic 13544:Dominican Republic 13256:Dominican Republic 12591:Sub-Saharan Africa 12360:affirmative action 12333:Capital punishment 12292:Poverty and health 12287:Physician shortage 12260:Health care prices 12190:Standard of living 11873:standard of living 11680:Financial position 11307:Hawaiian home land 11295:Indian reservation 11268:Tribal sovereignty 11111:Secretary of state 10980:United States Code 10896:Territorial courts 10868:Associate Justices 10753:Inspector generals 10240:War in Afghanistan 10103:Reconstruction era 9970:Stamp Act Congress 7999:. October 21, 2019 6643:on October 6, 2014 6350:The New York Times 5980:. US Census Bureau 5709:The New York Times 5300:December 11, 1980. 5115:on August 24, 2009 4812:. EPA. August 2003 4685:Environment Agency 4634:on October 8, 2013 4576:The New York Times 3042:on August 18, 2018 2786:emergency response 2705:Flint water crisis 2668: 2650:Federal assistance 2525:metropolitan area. 2478:Further examples: 2288:Los Angeles County 2201:water conservation 2184: 2143:Water fluoridation 2123:Retiring workforce 2117:Black & Veatch 2089: 1988: 1755:lead service lines 1747:lead service lines 1662: 1586:National Academies 1578: 1491:trade associations 1465:trade associations 1455:Other stakeholders 1353:economic regulator 1322: 1260:Suez Environnement 1247:Private utilities. 1174: 887: 809:water purification 805: 777:South Platte River 773:Continental Divide 755:Bull Run Watershed 656: 570: 486: 474: 425:storm water drains 413: 305: 187:water conservation 42:basic water source 29: 14345: 14344: 13936: 13935: 13380: 13379: 13208:England and Wales 12535: 12534: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12461:National security 12170:Income inequality 12050:Statue of Liberty 11853:income inequality 11766: 11765: 11758:Trucking industry 11570: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11497:Foreign relations 11485:Electoral College 11466: 11465: 11254: 11253: 11206:District attorney 11053: 11052: 10880:Courts of appeals 10603: 10602: 10316: 10315: 10257:COVID-19 pandemic 10210:Feminist Movement 10056:American frontier 9975:Thirteen Colonies 9755:on July 30, 2009. 9612:National Archives 9463:on March 25, 2009 9383:on March 25, 2009 9328:on March 25, 2009 9296:on April 22, 2009 9266:on March 25, 2009 9166:Los Angeles Times 8488:978-0-309-25749-7 8187:on March 18, 2009 7945:978-1-59726-106-7 7906:The Tampa Tribune 7677:on March 25, 2009 7637:"Rate Comparison" 7571:on March 25, 2009 6489:Federal Register, 6456:Federal Register, 6400:Federal Register. 6311:Federal Register, 5913:978-0-309-08982-1 5631:"Our Association" 5567:on April 12, 2009 5267:October 21, 1976. 5225:on March 28, 2009 5141:on March 23, 2009 5103:"MWD at a Glance" 4790:on April 8, 2019. 4732:("Kleingewerbe"). 4379:June 9, 2004, at 4348:"Reclaimed Water" 4284:on March 22, 2010 3932:978-0-309-06777-5 3864:§ 1314(d)(1) 3632:RandomHistory.com 3534:978-0-262-20148-3 3507:978-0-300-19935-2 3380:10.1080/713684134 3006:on July 15, 2008. 2725:terrorist attacks 2614:Pollution control 2483:Big Spring, Texas 2345:Dallas/Fort Worth 2109:England and Wales 2000:coliform bacteria 1948:structural racism 1883:situations, like 1825:Ground Water Rule 1584:According to the 1421:plants, and the " 1160:Service providers 1022:San Jacinto River 990:artesian aquifers 978:Miami-Dade County 941:and 40% from the 829:White Pine County 543:Water Quality Act 332:, from where the 144: 143: 137:Service providers 110:State and federal 16:(Redirected from 14365: 14263:Saint Barthélemy 14223:Falkland Islands 14168: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13940: 13939: 13407: 13400: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13213:Northern Ireland 13012:Papua New Guinea 12610: 12609: 12562: 12555: 12548: 12539: 12538: 12515: 12508: 12395:African American 12277:Health insurance 12165:Household income 12035:National symbols 11966:American English 11939:Federal holidays 11848:household income 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11581: 11580: 11519:Anti-Americanism 11443:Special district 11370:Independent city 11339:County executive 11322: 11321: 11116:Attorney general 11075: 11074: 11064:Federal District 10647:Executive Office 10627: 10626: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10374:populated places 10354:federal enclaves 10349:federal district 10327: 10326: 10190:American Century 10173:Great Depression 10168:Roaring Twenties 10128:Women's suffrage 10007:Halifax Resolves 10000:Founding Fathers 9995:military history 9960:Pre-colonial era 9884: 9883: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9840: 9839: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9751:. Archived from 9741: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9626:"Water Security" 9622: 9616: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9590: 9584: 9575: 9571: 9557: 9553: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9531: 9525: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9462: 9455: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9347: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9286: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9244: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9183:. 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Archived from 8387: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8357: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8312: 8306: 8294: 8288: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8251:. Archived from 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8224:. Archived from 8217: 8211: 8210: 8204: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8180:. Archived from 8173: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8020: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7972:on March 4, 2009 7971: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7931: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7843: 7833: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7793:on March 4, 2009 7792: 7786:. Archived from 7761: 7755:Ripa LW (1993). 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7715: 7709: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7643:on July 20, 2008 7639:. Archived from 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7616: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7498: 7487: 7486: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7357: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7261:(5): 1623–1628. 7246: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7022: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6935: 6924: 6923: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6855: 6831: 6822: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6788:"WHO UNICEF JMP" 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6736: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6582:on June 15, 2008 6572: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6535:US EPA, REG 01. 6532: 6523: 6522: 6511: 6505: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6341: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6307: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6149: 6132:(9): 2078–2083. 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6101:on July 23, 2008 6100: 6093: 6085: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6055: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6018: 6009: 6008: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5716: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5681:on April 6, 2009 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5505:on June 2, 2006. 5501:. Archived from 5491: 5485: 5484: 5479:. Archived from 5469: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5081: 5075: 5058: 5052: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5019:on March 5, 2009 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4987: 4978: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4920: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4792: 4791: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4691:. Archived from 4681: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4630:. Archived from 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4550:on March 5, 2016 4549: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4514:on March 6, 2016 4513: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4452:on July 11, 2012 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:on June 22, 2012 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4400:on June 23, 2012 4390: 4384: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4206:on March 5, 2015 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4055: 4049: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4022:Water Technology 4014: 4008: 4007: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3977:Water Technology 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3953:on June 18, 2006 3943: 3937: 3936: 3918: 3912: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3818:. Archived from 3808: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3742:Federal Register 3734: 3728: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3561: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3495: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3365: 3356: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3121: 3119: 3118:on June 2, 2003. 3103: 3096: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2937:. Archived from 2928:Calculated from 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2910:on March 4, 2009 2909: 2903:. Archived from 2902: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2834:"WHO UNICEF JMP" 2830: 2763:Bioterrorism Act 2735:fast detection, 2607:San Diego County 2523:Washington, D.C. 2408:San Diego County 2353:water reservoirs 2300:Golden Gate Park 2261:Golden Gate Park 2224:water efficiency 1959:Zanesville, Ohio 1869: 1695: 1440:(UIC) under the 1419:sewage treatment 1399:sewage treatment 1266:Multi-utilities. 974:Biscayne Aquifer 947:Washington, D.C. 943:Schuylkill River 880:Schuylkill River 813:Las Vegas Valley 797:Phoenix, Arizona 765:Dillon Reservoir 727:since 2013. The 694:Portland, Oregon 622:pumping stations 591:pumping stations 448:Golden Gate Park 436:sewage treatment 342:Washington, D.C. 128: 117: 89:39% (water only) 53:basic sanitation 32: 28: 21: 14373: 14372: 14368: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14362: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14341: 14316:Central America 14302: 14177: 14169: 14160: 13977: 13970: 13967: 13937: 13932: 13416: 13411: 13381: 13376: 13305: 13224: 13128:North Macedonia 13016: 12985: 12792: 12611: 12604: 12600: 12569: 12566: 12536: 12531: 12518: 12511: 12504: 12487: 12473:Opioid epidemic 12390:Native American 12370:intersex rights 12321: 12317:Life expectancy 12307:Medical deserts 12297:Race and health 12194: 12180:Personal income 12126: 12030:National anthem 11863:personal income 11828:Economic issues 11762: 11714: 11562: 11462: 11451:School district 11437: 11420:Minor divisions 11414: 11353: 11311: 11250: 11236:Statutory codes 11217: 11180: 11157: 11067: 11062: 11049: 10984: 10941:civil liberties 10922: 10913:Other tribunals 10892:District courts 10844: 10803:current members 10786:current members 10767: 10701:Law enforcement 10599: 10312: 10261: 10252:Great Recession 10123:Progressive Era 10113:Native genocide 10044:Perpetual Union 10032:Treaty of Paris 9990:United Colonies 9948: 9873: 9867: 9802: 9797: 9787: 9785:Further reading 9782: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9743: 9742: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9701: 9699: 9690: 9689: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9641: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9605: 9603: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9573: 9566: 9555: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9514: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9481: 9477: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9386: 9384: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9360: 9358: 9357:on May 11, 2009 9349: 9348: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9225: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9116:. July 28, 2015 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9053:Aquarec project 9050: 9046: 9040:Wayback Machine 9031: 9027: 9021:Wayback Machine 9012: 9008: 9002:Wayback Machine 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8964:. July 10, 2014 8956: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8881: 8877: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8759: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8663: 8658:Wayback Machine 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8619:Wayback Machine 8612:Reclaimed Water 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8579:Wayback Machine 8570: 8566: 8561:Wayback Machine 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8467: 8463: 8453:Wayback Machine 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8304:Wayback Machine 8295: 8291: 8281:Wayback Machine 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8255:on May 28, 2009 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8228:on June 4, 2008 8218: 8214: 8198: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8021: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7932: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7707:Wayback Machine 7697: 7693: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7646: 7644: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7490: 7459: 7452: 7399: 7395: 7334: 7330: 7299: 7292: 7247: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7199:Social Research 7195: 7191: 7160: 7156: 7125: 7121: 7090: 7083: 7036: 7032: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7011: 6982:(4): 295–30 4. 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6927: 6884: 6877: 6832: 6825: 6818:Washington Post 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6663: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6617:on May 23, 2008 6614: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6543: 6533: 6526: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6453: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6342: 6338: 6327: 6323: 6308: 6304: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6264: 6260: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6218:Science Matters 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6194:on May 13, 2009 6186: 6185: 6181: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6019: 6012: 6005:Bridge Michigan 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5900: 5896: 5881:(9): A2014001. 5867: 5863: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5818:. The Republic. 5808: 5804: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5769:on July 8, 2008 5757: 5756: 5752: 5701: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5492: 5488: 5470: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5376:40 CFR Part 133 5370: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5341: 5328: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5085:"Sewer Utility" 5083: 5082: 5078: 5072:Wayback Machine 5059: 5055: 5049:Wayback Machine 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4910: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4832: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4795: 4780: 4776: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4682: 4678: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4478:on June 4, 2008 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4232:on May 28, 2009 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4158:. April 5, 2007 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4110:on May 30, 2008 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3919: 3915: 3909:Wayback Machine 3899: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3871:40 CFR Part 133 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3766: 3757:United States. 3756: 3749: 3735: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3693:Wayback Machine 3683: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3657:Wayback Machine 3646: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3363: 3357: 3332: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3205: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3124: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2798: 2717: 2701:water utilities 2652: 2621:Clean Water Act 2616: 2587:– By 2019, the 2563:reverse osmosis 2559:microfiltration 2547: 2499:Payson, Arizona 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2395:Tucson, Arizona 2365: 2357:Lake Livingston 2248:reclaimed water 2244: 2197: 2168: 2163: 2140: 2134: 2125: 2103:and $ 1,476 in 2078: 2057:federal funding 2053: 2035:Flint, Michigan 1976: 1944: 1909: 1881:quality of life 1867: 1852: 1840:injection wells 1821: 1723:Cryptosporidium 1717: 1711: 1693: 1678: 1676:Sewer overflows 1665:contamination. 1647: 1641: 1614: 1565: 1553: 1541:consumer rights 1528:In addition to 1457: 1391:Clean Water Act 1383: 1371:hazardous waste 1345: 1180: 1162: 1157: 1126:Clothes washers 1079: 1038: 1020:, and from the 1018:Lake Livingston 1006: 998:Edwards Aquifer 982:reclaimed water 963: 785: 744:reclaimed water 679: 641: 618:combined sewers 614:sanitary sewers 575: 559: 503:Clean Water Act 463: 444:reclaimed water 421:sanitary sewers 417:combined sewers 401: 330:Lake Cochituate 301:Croton Aqueduct 294: 244: 238: 230:water companies 214:Clean Water Act 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14371: 14361: 14360: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14332: 14330: 14325: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14278:Sint Eustatius 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14213:Cayman Islands 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14184: 14182: 14171: 14170: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13982: 13980: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13943: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13894:United Kingdom 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13387: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13203:United Kingdom 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13063:Czech Republic 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12800: 12798: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12581:European Union 12577: 12575: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12542: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12517: 12516: 12509: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12469: 12468: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12429:Mass shootings 12426: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12417:Climate change 12414: 12404: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12355:Discrimination 12352: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12335: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12210: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12145:American Dream 12142: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12112:Transportation 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12045:Mount Rushmore 12042: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11789: 11787: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11665:Federal budget 11662: 11657: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11603:Communications 11600: 11595: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11524:exceptionalism 11521: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11502:foreign policy 11494: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11424: 11422: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11319: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11199:Chief justices 11194:Supreme courts 11190: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11083: 11081: 11072: 11055: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11033:National Guard 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10936:Bill of Rights 10932: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10906:list of judges 10903: 10901:list of courts 10889: 10888: 10887: 10885:list of judges 10877: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10854: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10820:Capitol Police 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10741:Secret Service 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10654:Vice President 10651: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10633: 10631: 10624: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10438:National Parks 10430: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10398: 10393: 10391:Extreme points 10388: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10078:Federalist Era 10075: 10074: 10073: 10071:Bill of Rights 10068: 10058: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10019: 10014: 10012:Lee Resolution 10009: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9890: 9888: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9872: articles 9866: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9809: 9801: 9800:External links 9798: 9796: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9758: 9733: 9711: 9702:|journal= 9665: 9639: 9617: 9599:whitehouse.gov 9585: 9578:114–322 (text) 9547:United States. 9540: 9526: 9519:113–121 (text) 9501: 9475: 9442: 9416: 9394: 9368: 9339: 9307: 9278: 9245: 9241:§ 1342(q) 9237:33 U.S.C. 9230:106–554 (text) 9212: 9198: 9172: 9151: 9127: 9101: 9067: 9056: 9044: 9025: 9006: 8987: 8975: 8946: 8926: 8875: 8842:Water Research 8828: 8804: 8746: 8719: 8687: 8661: 8643: 8622: 8604: 8582: 8564: 8546: 8520: 8509:on May 5, 2013 8494: 8487: 8479:10.17226/13303 8461: 8438: 8414: 8373: 8349: 8328: 8307: 8289: 8266: 8239: 8212: 8165: 8153: 8136: 8110: 8088: 8063: 8047: 8035: 8010: 7984: 7951: 7944: 7923: 7893: 7867: 7855: 7804: 7747: 7725: 7710: 7691: 7655: 7627: 7602: 7582: 7550: 7515: 7488: 7450: 7413:(1): 179–190. 7393: 7348:(1): 185–208. 7328: 7309:(2): 303–321. 7290: 7238: 7224: 7205:(3): 753–784. 7189: 7170:(1): 153–207. 7154: 7119: 7100:(1): 223–268. 7081: 7030: 7009: 6966: 6944: 6925: 6875: 6846:(2): 305–325. 6823: 6804: 6779: 6754: 6731: 6705: 6683: 6654: 6628: 6593: 6567: 6524: 6506: 6480: 6466: 6447: 6428: 6411: 6391: 6373: 6355: 6336: 6321: 6302: 6295:111–380 (text) 6277: 6272:New York Times 6258: 6240: 6223: 6205: 6179: 6112: 6075: 6047: 6010: 5991: 5965: 5948: 5919: 5912: 5894: 5861: 5821: 5802: 5780: 5750: 5731:(4): 319–328. 5692: 5666: 5644: 5622: 5600: 5578: 5552: 5530: 5508: 5486: 5477:"AWWA's story" 5475:(March 2006). 5464: 5450: 5436: 5422: 5408: 5394: 5380: 5364: 5350: 5302: 5291:42 U.S.C. 5269: 5258:42 U.S.C. 5236: 5206: 5178: 5152: 5126: 5094: 5076: 5053: 5038:American Water 5030: 5004: 4979: 4970: 4908: 4885: 4867: 4823: 4793: 4774: 4746: 4734: 4698: 4676: 4645: 4615: 4589: 4561: 4525: 4489: 4463: 4437: 4411: 4385: 4365: 4339: 4317: 4295: 4269: 4243: 4217: 4191: 4169: 4143: 4121: 4095: 4073: 4058:Kehoe, Paula. 4050: 4034: 4009: 3990: 3964: 3938: 3931: 3913: 3893: 3875: 3860:33 U.S.C. 3851: 3833: 3803: 3786: 3771:104–182 (text) 3747: 3745:, 59 FR 18688. 3729: 3719:33 U.S.C. 3710: 3697: 3677: 3660: 3640: 3624: 3620:Pub.L. 92-500. 3611: 3594: 3585:|journal= 3559:10.3386/w26489 3540: 3533: 3513: 3506: 3480: 3463: 3446: 3432: 3419: 3393: 3330: 3311: 3285: 3271: 3254: 3219:(1): 345–373. 3192: 3167: 3148: 3122: 3086: 3053: 3018: 3009: 2976: 2952: 2941:on May 1, 2009 2921: 2885: 2850: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2716: 2713: 2651: 2648: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2596: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2243: 2240: 2196: 2193: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2136:Main article: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2095:The mean U.S. 2077: 2074: 2052: 2049: 2008:American South 1975: 1972: 1943: 1940: 1908: 1905: 1893:sewer overflow 1851: 1850:Investment gap 1848: 1820: 1817: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1689:combined sewer 1685:sanitary sewer 1677: 1674: 1643:Main article: 1640: 1637: 1633:thermoelectric 1617:Water security 1613: 1612:Water security 1610: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1573:Colorado River 1564: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1456: 1453: 1407:military bases 1382: 1379: 1344: 1341: 1252:American Water 1199: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1182:EPA defines a 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1078: 1075: 1059:Douglas County 1037: 1034: 1005: 1002: 962: 959: 939:Delaware River 821:Colorado River 793:Colorado River 784: 781: 692:, Denver, and 678: 675: 640: 637: 574: 573:Infrastructure 571: 558: 555: 462: 459: 400: 397: 293: 290: 271:However, most 237: 234: 159:climate change 151:water scarcity 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 123: 122: 119: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 48: 47: 44: 37: 36: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14370: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14338: 14337: 14336:South America 14333: 14331: 14329: 14328:Latin America 14326: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14311:North America 14309: 14308: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14228:French Guiana 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14176: 14172: 14167: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14146:United States 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13973: 13964: 13959: 13957: 13952: 13950: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13899:United States 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13396: 13394: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13310:South America 13308: 13302: 13301:United States 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13229:North America 13227: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12795: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12586:Latin America 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12572: 12563: 12558: 12556: 12551: 12549: 12544: 12543: 12540: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12503: 12502: 12498: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12402:Energy policy 12400: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12343:incarceration 12341: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12228:Prenatal care 12226: 12224: 12223:Birth control 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12160:Homeownership 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11883:working class 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11843:homeownership 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11623:Manufacturing 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11551:Third parties 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10981: 10978: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10918:U.S. attorney 10916: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10863:Chief Justice 10861: 10860: 10859: 10858:Supreme Court 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10763:Public policy 10761: 10759: 10758:Civil service 10756: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10426:Sierra Nevada 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10364:insular zones 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10235:War on Terror 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10215:LGBT Movement 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9871: 9870:United States 9864: 9859: 9857: 9852: 9850: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9768: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9749:cfpub.epa.gov 9746: 9740: 9738: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9694: 9675: 9669: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9613: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9579: 9572: 9564: 9561: 9560:114–94 (text) 9554: 9544: 9536: 9530: 9523: 9520: 9513: 9505: 9494:September 22, 9490: 9486: 9479: 9459: 9452: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9404: 9398: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9344: 9324: 9317: 9311: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9262: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9224: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9137: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9084:Distillations 9081: 9074: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9010: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8951: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8814: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8647: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8608: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8550: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8442: 8424: 8418: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8338: 8332: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8293: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8170: 8162: 8157: 8146: 8140: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8098: 8092: 8073: 8067: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8032:1-59726-504-7 8029: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7998: 7997:www.usaid.gov 7994: 7988: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7928: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7735: 7729: 7721: 7720:2008 Yearbook 7714: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7666: 7662:According to 7659: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7613: 7606: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7567: 7560: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7243: 7234: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6954: 6948: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6768: 6767:washwatch.org 6764: 6758: 6741: 6735: 6715: 6709: 6693: 6687: 6676:September 19, 6672: 6668: 6661: 6659: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5836: 5835:pubs.usgs.gov 5832: 5825: 5817: 5816:azcentral.com 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717:● Shao cites 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5648: 5632: 5626: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5540: 5539:"About NACWA" 5534: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5374: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5166: 5162: 5161:"About NARUC" 5156: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4974: 4955: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4846:(5): 457–61. 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4828: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4726: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4381:archive.today 4378: 4375: 4369: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4083: 4077: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3957:September 19, 3952: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3590: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3428:Water History 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767:water utility 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:clarification 2552: 2551:Wichita Falls 2539: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2425:Orange County 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369:Austin, Texas 2367: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:Trinity River 2333: 2331: 2330:Orange County 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2310:Orange County 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:San Francisco 2294:was built at 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2253:Orange County 2249: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2048: 2045: 2044:Virginia Tech 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1626:surface water 1623: 1618: 1609: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Point sources 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1171: 1166: 1152: 1150: 1149:bottled water 1141: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1094:(126 Liter). 1093: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:Trinity River 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 958: 956: 952: 951:Potomac River 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Detroit River 928: 924: 923:Lake Michigan 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 885: 881: 876: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 798: 794: 789: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 756: 751: 749: 745: 740: 736: 735:San Francisco 732: 730: 729:Croton system 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 698: 695: 691: 690:San Francisco 687: 686:New York City 683: 674: 672: 667: 665: 661: 660:surface water 654: 650: 645: 639:Water sources 636: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 566: 562: 554: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 532: 528: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:Richard Nixon 494: 492: 483: 478: 471: 467: 458: 456: 451: 449: 445: 440: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 410: 405: 396: 394: 389: 387: 383: 377: 375: 371: 367: 362: 358: 353: 351: 350:Potomac River 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:Sudbury River 323: 319: 318:Lake Michigan 315: 311: 302: 298: 289: 287: 283: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 262:miasma theory 258: 253: 249: 243: 233: 231: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 193:program. The 192: 188: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 139: 135: 131: 124: 120: 113: 109: 105: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57:99.68% (2020) 56: 54: 49: 46:99.88% (2020) 45: 43: 38: 33: 27: 19: 14334: 14283:Sint Maarten 14268:Saint Martin 14175:Dependencies 14145: 13898: 13829:South Africa 13819:Sierra Leone 13809:Saudi Arabia 13494:Burkina Faso 13300: 12936:Saudi Arabia 12753:South Africa 12748:Sierra Leone 12643:Burkina Faso 12444:Human rights 12424:Gun politics 12375:Islamophobia 12365:antisemitism 12233:Hospice care 12175:Middle class 12155:Homelessness 12132:Social class 12092:Social class 11956:Human rights 11946:Homelessness 11858:middle class 11823:Demographics 11798:Architecture 11705:Unemployment 11685:Labor unions 11433:Town meeting 11410:City council 11405:City manager 11146:State police 11008:Marine Corps 10998:Armed Forces 10973:civil rights 10953:Constitution 10589: 10525:Southwestern 10520:Southeastern 10510:Northwestern 10505:Northeastern 10470:Mid-Atlantic 10460:Great Plains 10178:World War II 10061:Constitution 9965:Colonial era 9944:2008–present 9771:. Retrieved 9761: 9753:the original 9748: 9724:. Retrieved 9714: 9693:cite journal 9681:. Retrieved 9668: 9656:. Retrieved 9642: 9634:the original 9629: 9620: 9610:– via 9604:. Retrieved 9597: 9588: 9543: 9529: 9504: 9492:. Retrieved 9488: 9478: 9467:February 23, 9465:. Retrieved 9458:the original 9445: 9433:. Retrieved 9429:the original 9419: 9407:. Retrieved 9397: 9385:. Retrieved 9381:the original 9371: 9359:. Retrieved 9355:the original 9330:. Retrieved 9323:the original 9310: 9298:. Retrieved 9294:the original 9268:. Retrieved 9261:the original 9248: 9215: 9201: 9191:December 18, 9189:. Retrieved 9185:the original 9175: 9164: 9154: 9142:. Retrieved 9130: 9118:. Retrieved 9113: 9104: 9092:. Retrieved 9087: 9083: 9059: 9047: 9028: 9009: 8990: 8978: 8966:. Retrieved 8961: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8845: 8841: 8831: 8819:. Retrieved 8807: 8770: 8766: 8737:. Retrieved 8710:. Retrieved 8703:the original 8690: 8678:. Retrieved 8646: 8634:. Retrieved 8625: 8607: 8595:. 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Retrieved 6038:. Retrieved 6027:The Guardian 6026: 6004: 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5977: 5968: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5935: 5922: 5903: 5897: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5838:. Retrieved 5834: 5824: 5815: 5805: 5797:the original 5783: 5773:February 26, 5771:. Retrieved 5767:the original 5762: 5753: 5728: 5724: 5708: 5683:. Retrieved 5679:the original 5669: 5659:February 23, 5657:. Retrieved 5647: 5637:February 23, 5635:. Retrieved 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5581: 5571:February 23, 5569:. Retrieved 5565:the original 5561:"About AMWA" 5555: 5545:February 23, 5543:. Retrieved 5533: 5523:February 26, 5521:. Retrieved 5517:"About NAWC" 5511: 5503:the original 5489: 5481:the original 5467: 5453: 5439: 5425: 5411: 5397: 5383: 5372: 5367: 5353: 5305: 5297: 5272: 5264: 5239: 5227:. Retrieved 5223:the original 5218: 5209: 5197:. Retrieved 5171:February 23, 5169:. Retrieved 5165:the original 5155: 5143:. Retrieved 5139:the original 5129: 5117:. 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Retrieved 3298:the original 3288: 3274: 3216: 3212: 3185:February 23, 3183:. Retrieved 3116:the original 3111: 3079:February 26, 3077:. Retrieved 3073:the original 3068: 3044:. Retrieved 3037:the original 3012: 3001:the original 2943:. Retrieved 2939:the original 2924: 2912:. Retrieved 2905:the original 2888: 2875:. Retrieved 2841:. Retrieved 2838:washdata.org 2837: 2791: 2760: 2756:preparedness 2745: 2733: 2729:contaminants 2718: 2709: 2697: 2687: 2672: 2669: 2644: 2629: 2617: 2575: 2548: 2477: 2470: 2465:chlorination 2455:The City of 2454: 2430: 2423: 2334: 2315: 2308: 2285: 2277: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2236: 2229: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2169: 2141: 2132:Fluoridation 2126: 2113: 2097:water tariff 2094: 2090: 2085:Water meters 2070: 2062: 2054: 2032: 2005: 1989: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1945: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1915:. Regarding 1910: 1897: 1885:Philadelphia 1878: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1837: 1824: 1822: 1811:(PFHxS) and 1790: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1744: 1736:perchlorates 1721: 1718: 1699: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1648: 1630: 1615: 1606: 1603:these areas. 1583: 1579: 1576:consumption. 1554: 1534: 1527: 1488: 1473: 1458: 1446: 1431: 1427: 1411:agricultural 1384: 1364: 1357: 1346: 1324: 1323: 1265: 1264: 1256:United Water 1246: 1245: 1233:Denver Water 1216: 1215: 1204: 1200: 1181: 1145: 1096: 1080: 1039: 1030:Lake Houston 1007: 964: 953:through the 935:Philadelphia 888: 884:Philadelphia 863:through the 847:through the 825:Snake Valley 811:plants. The 806: 759: 752: 748:desalination 733: 714: 699: 680: 668: 657: 634: 630:septic tanks 611: 607:water towers 576: 560: 540: 519: 495: 487: 452: 441: 433: 414: 390: 386:Owens Valley 378: 357:sand filters 354: 310:Croton River 306: 270: 268:to prevail. 245: 226: 199: 183: 175:perchlorates 146: 145: 102:Institutions 26: 14253:Puerto Rico 14180:territories 14126:Saint Lucia 14061:El Salvador 13834:South Sudan 13789:Philippines 13744:New Zealand 13739:Netherlands 13559:El Salvador 13424:Afghanistan 13261:El Salvador 13188:Switzerland 13123:Netherlands 13007:New Zealand 12990:Australasia 12946:South Korea 12926:Philippines 12804:Afghanistan 12758:South Sudan 12683:Ivory Coast 12449:Immigration 12380:LGBT rights 12282:Food safety 12117:Video games 11710:Wall Street 11690:Public debt 11593:Agriculture 11529:nationalism 11241:Uniform act 11163:Legislative 11070:Territorial 11028:Coast Guard 11023:Space Force 10773:Legislative 10568:Red (South) 10558:Mississippi 10480:New England 10416:Appalachian 10386:Earthquakes 10283:Discoveries 10278:Demographic 10220:Vietnam War 10163:World War I 10158:Imperialism 10108:Indian Wars 10083:War of 1812 8848:: 213–248. 8446:NEWater FAQ 8099:. EPA. 2006 8077:. EPA. 2006 7508:October 26, 6959:October 26, 6797:January 27, 6742:. EPA. 2005 6719:. EPA. 2005 6694:. EPA. 2005 6233:40 CFR 6198:January 11, 5609:"About WQA" 5295:§ 9601 5262:§ 6901 4936:, based on 4638:February 7, 4608:February 8, 4332:January 16, 4027:November 4, 3983:November 4, 3776:, 110 3723:§ 1381 3046:January 11, 2843:January 27, 2707:to emerge. 2581:Los Angeles 2431:In the US, 2389:San Antonio 2341:water reuse 2281:water reuse 2265:dual piping 2242:Water reuse 2155:tooth decay 1950:as well as 1622:groundwater 1434:groundwater 1409:, and some 1403:storm sewer 1401:plants and 1307:Santa Clara 1132:Dishwashers 1026:Lake Conroe 994:San Antonio 857:Owens River 853:Los Angeles 845:Lake Havasu 841:Verde River 801:Los Angeles 664:groundwater 605:(including 587:well fields 320:. In 1848, 14248:Montserrat 14243:Martinique 14238:Guadeloupe 14036:Costa Rica 13724:Mozambique 13524:Costa Rica 13454:Bangladesh 13449:Azerbaijan 13246:Costa Rica 13002:East Timor 12891:Kyrgyzstan 12881:Kazakhstan 12814:Bangladesh 12809:Azerbaijan 12723:Mozambique 12483:Xenophobia 12272:Disability 12213:Healthcare 12122:Visual art 12067:Philosophy 12013:television 12003:newspapers 11993:journalism 11983:Literature 11895:attainment 11546:Republican 11541:Democratic 11514:Ideologies 11475:Corruption 11040:NOAA Corps 10963:preemption 10958:federalism 10573:Rio Grande 10475:Midwestern 10455:West Coast 10450:East Coast 10293:Inventions 10205:Space Race 10200:Korean War 10183:home front 10118:Gilded Age 9773:August 16, 9726:August 16, 9683:August 16, 9658:August 16, 9276:, p. 3; 14 9120:January 3, 8968:January 3, 7797:January 1, 6976:Waterlines 6647:October 4, 5963:(see p11). 5961:Transcript 5763:WaterSense 5135:"About Us" 4288:January 9, 4226:"Overview" 3814:; UNICEF. 2818:References 2777:, insider 2603:California 2585:California 2565:(RO), and 2461:Rio Grande 2404:California 2292:California 2220:WaterSense 2153:to reduce 1917:sanitation 1683:(CSO) and 1595:Increased 1467:and other 1343:Regulators 1176:See also: 837:Salt River 769:Blue River 710:Ware River 583:reservoirs 484:standards. 303:, New York 282:sanitation 273:wastewater 240:See also: 191:WaterSense 14321:Caribbean 14233:Greenland 14156:Venezuela 14101:Nicaragua 14071:Guatemala 13991:Argentina 13976:Sovereign 13909:Venezuela 13824:Singapore 13769:Palestine 13749:Nicaragua 13624:Indonesia 13599:Guatemala 13444:Australia 13439:Argentina 13372:Venezuela 13317:Argentina 13291:Nicaragua 13266:Guatemala 13118:Lithuania 12997:Australia 12951:Sri Lanka 12941:Singapore 12921:Palestine 12851:Indonesia 12829:Hong Kong 12574:By region 12466:Terrorism 12243:Rationing 12140:Affluence 12087:Sexuality 12055:Uncle Sam 11961:Languages 11890:Education 11833:affluence 11793:Americana 11720:Transport 11618:Insurance 11608:Companies 11588:By sector 11480:Elections 11121:Treasurer 11079:Executive 11018:Air Force 10990:Uniformed 10813:President 10630:Executive 10401:Mountains 10334:Territory 10322:Geography 10146:1954–1968 10141:1896–1954 10136:1865–1896 10098:Civil War 9939:1991–2008 9934:1980–1991 9929:1964–1980 9924:1945–1964 9919:1917–1945 9914:1865–1917 9909:1849–1865 9904:1815–1849 9899:1789–1815 9894:1776–1789 9887:By period 9722:. Fda.gov 9435:March 25, 9409:March 25, 9387:March 25, 9361:March 25, 9332:March 25, 9300:March 25, 9270:March 25, 9114:KERA News 9094:March 22, 8636:March 12, 8597:March 21, 8539:March 21, 8513:March 12, 8394:WateReuse 8390:WateReuse 8342:March 12, 8321:March 12, 8259:March 25, 8232:March 25, 8191:March 25, 8103:March 25, 8003:March 28, 7976:March 25, 7916:March 25, 7886:March 25, 7824:(1): 25. 7740:March 25, 7681:March 25, 7647:March 25, 7575:March 25, 7537:2164-7895 7475:1044-9493 7469:(5): 22. 7419:1079-0969 7364:0895-3309 7315:1047-6857 7211:0037-783X 7176:1047-6857 7141:1532-2874 7106:0008-1221 7076:152830364 7060:0272-5037 7046:: 46–49. 6996:0262-8104 6920:116629840 6912:1551-8833 6870:148728426 6862:1742-058X 6772:March 27, 6746:March 25, 6723:March 25, 6698:March 25, 6621:March 25, 6586:March 25, 6156:0027-8424 6035:0261-3077 5941:April 10, 5793:IBISWorld 5745:211730442 5685:March 23, 5593:March 23, 5229:March 23, 5199:March 25, 5145:March 23, 5119:March 27, 4963:March 23, 4945:March 23, 4816:March 25, 4554:March 24, 4518:March 24, 4310:March 28, 4236:March 27, 3568:214337408 3249:221886745 3233:0199-9885 3104:(Quoting 2945:March 25, 2914:March 25, 2877:April 21, 2775:vandalism 2741:consumers 2599:San Diego 2433:San Diego 2400:San Diego 2349:nutrients 2306:in 1962. 2246:Reuse of 2173:Tampa Bay 2012:blackbelt 1875:research. 1639:Pollution 1221:utilities 1211:aqueducts 1077:Water use 1071:graywater 869:San Diego 861:Mono Lake 817:Lake Mead 775:into the 706:Wachusett 620:, sewage 595:aqueducts 527:San Diego 257:John Snow 155:pollution 73:very high 14352:Category 14188:Anguilla 14136:Suriname 14111:Paraguay 14086:Honduras 14046:Dominica 14031:Colombia 14001:Barbados 13929:Zimbabwe 13864:Thailand 13859:Tanzania 13794:Portugal 13779:Paraguay 13764:Pakistan 13704:Malaysia 13614:Honduras 13564:Ethiopia 13519:Colombia 13499:Cambodia 13352:Paraguay 13337:Colombia 13276:Honduras 13218:Scotland 13173:Slovenia 13168:Slovakia 13148:Portugal 13053:Bulgaria 12966:Thailand 12916:Pakistan 12906:Malaysia 12819:Cambodia 12788:Zimbabwe 12768:Tanzania 12673:Ethiopia 12668:Eswatini 12653:Cameroon 12633:Botswana 12522:Category 12218:Abortion 12082:Religion 12040:Columbia 11998:internet 11934:Holidays 11929:Folklore 11900:literacy 11838:eviction 11728:Aviation 11700:Taxation 11655:Currency 11648:by state 11558:Scandals 11428:Township 11186:Judicial 11087:Governor 10850:Judicial 10736:Marshals 10609:Politics 10563:Missouri 10553:Columbia 10548:Colorado 10543:Arkansas 10536:Longest 10515:Southern 10500:Northern 10344:counties 10298:Military 10288:Economic 10266:By topic 10245:Iraq War 10195:Cold War 9953:By event 9679:. US EPA 9489:Politico 9473:, p. 2-3 9144:July 29, 9036:Archived 9017:Archived 8998:Archived 8962:CBS News 8921:19440440 8870:25917290 8821:July 29, 8799:19440440 8739:July 29, 8712:July 29, 8680:July 29, 8654:Archived 8615:Archived 8575:Archived 8557:Archived 8449:Archived 8431:July 29, 8366:July 29, 8300:Archived 8277:Archived 8201:cite web 8129:July 16, 8081:April 4, 7850:18067684 7703:Archived 7620:April 1, 7545:26830179 7483:24668328 7445:31239625 7427:26727083 7388:73414940 7380:30707005 7372:26566983 7323:90008699 7285:29016326 7219:40972088 7184:43291103 7149:41555183 7114:41346406 7004:24688155 6556:cite web 6546:March 9, 6442:Newsweek 6174:29440421 6040:April 7, 5984:April 7, 5850:cite web 5713:Archived 5298:et seq., 5265:et seq., 5068:Archived 5045:Archived 4862:17485621 4582:June 30, 4456:June 20, 4430:June 20, 4404:June 20, 4377:Archived 4156:ABC News 3905:Archived 3826:March 2, 3689:Archived 3653:Archived 3388:23561154 3241:32966189 2796:See also 2779:sabotage 2737:accuracy 2529:Windhoek 2511:Virginia 2473:Colorado 2147:fluoride 2028:hookworm 1872:VC money 1815:(PFNA). 1807:(PFBS), 1799:(PFOS), 1795:(PFOA), 1530:lobbying 1415:feedlots 1297:and the 1285:and the 1194:systems. 1042:Colorado 917:rivers. 911:Ocmulgee 721:Delaware 717:Catskill 429:Brooklyn 361:chlorine 286:Congress 14218:Curaçao 14203:Bonaire 14198:Bermuda 14151:Uruguay 14091:Jamaica 14066:Grenada 14056:Ecuador 14011:Bolivia 13996:Bahamas 13914:Vietnam 13904:Uruguay 13874:Tunisia 13814:Senegal 13754:Nigeria 13729:Namibia 13719:Morocco 13694:Liberia 13689:Lesotho 13684:Lebanon 13654:Jamaica 13639:Ireland 13594:Grenada 13579:Germany 13574:Georgia 13549:Ecuador 13539:Denmark 13479:Bolivia 13459:Belgium 13429:Algeria 13367:Uruguay 13342:Ecuador 13322:Bolivia 13281:Jamaica 13198:Ukraine 13158:Romania 13103:Iceland 13098:Hungary 13088:Germany 13078:Finland 13073:Estonia 13068:Denmark 13058:Croatia 13043:Belgium 13038:Austria 13033:Armenia 13028:Albania 12976:Vietnam 12901:Lebanon 12841:Georgia 12773:Tunisia 12743:Senegal 12733:Nigeria 12728:Namibia 12718:Morocco 12698:Liberia 12693:Lesotho 12648:Burundi 12623:Algeria 12506:Outline 12454:illegal 12439:Smoking 12302:Obesity 12185:Poverty 12107:Theater 12097:Society 11951:Housing 11912:Fashion 11868:poverty 11813:Cuisine 11785:Culture 11772:Society 11733:Driving 11660:Exports 11638:Tourism 11598:Banking 11576:Economy 11536:Parties 11380:Charter 11344:Sheriff 10791:Speaker 10659:Cabinet 10622:Federal 10530:Western 10495:Eastern 10490:Central 10485:Pacific 10445:Regions 10396:Islands 9879:History 9606:May 31, 9570:Pub. 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