133:
239:, the largest droplets fall sufficiently fast that they usually settle to the ground or another surface before drying out, and droplets smaller than 100 μm will rapidly dry out, before settling on a surface. Once dry, they become solid droplet nuclei consisting of the non-volatile matter initially in the droplet. Respiratory droplets can also interact with other particles of non-biological origin in the air, which are more numerous than them. When people are in close contact, liquid droplets produced by one person may be inhaled by another person; droplets larger than 10 μm tend to remain trapped in the nose and throat while smaller droplets will penetrate to the lower
404:
259:
38:
70:. However, large droplets (larger than about 100 μm, but depending on conditions) rapidly fall to the ground or another surface and so are only briefly suspended, while droplets much smaller than 100 μm (which is most of them) fall only slowly and so form aerosols with lifetimes of minutes or more, or at intermediate size, may initially travel like aerosols but at a distance fall to the ground like droplets ("jet riders").
222:
418:
in 1899 was the first to show that microorganisms in droplets expelled from the respiratory tract are a means of disease transmission. In the early 20th century, the term Flügge droplet was sometimes used for particles that are large enough to not completely dry out, roughly those larger than 100 μm.
85:
a distinction between what are called "respiratory droplets" and what are called "aerosols" is made, with only larger droplets referred to as "respiratory droplets" and smaller ones referred to as "aerosols" but this arbitrary distinction has never been supported experimentally or theoretically, and
136:
The probability density function for droplets in the breath of someone speaking, as a function of diameter. Note that both axes are log scales, we breathe out droplets ranging in size from less than a micrometre to around a millimetre, and that we breathe out many more droplets around a micrometre
65:
Droplet sizes range from < 1 μm to 1000 μm, and in typical breath there are around 100 droplets per litre of breath. So for a breathing rate of 10 litres per minute this means roughly 1000 droplets per minute, the vast majority of which are a few micrometres across or smaller. As these droplets
209:, and virus particles. In the case of naturally produced droplets, they can originate from different locations in the respiratory tract, which may affect their content. There may also be differences between healthy and diseased individuals in their mucus content, quantity, and
1204:
Van
Doremalen, Neeltje; Bushmaker, Trenton; Morris, Dylan H.; Holbrook, Myndi G.; Gamble, Amandine; Williamson, Brandi N.; Tamin, Azaibi; Harcourt, Jennifer L.; Thornburg, Natalie J.; Gerber, Susan I.; Lloyd-Smith, James O.; De Wit, Emmie; Munster, Vincent J. (2020).
286:, or talking. Respiratory droplet transmission is the usual route for respiratory infections. Transmission can occur when respiratory droplets reach susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as in the eyes, nose or mouth. This can also happen indirectly via contact with
149:
not grounded in science, as exhaled particles form a continuum of sizes whose fates depend on environmental conditions in addition to their initial sizes. However, it has informed hospital based transmission based precautions for decades.
521:
Gregson, Florence K. A.; Watson, Natalie A.; Orton, Christopher M.; Haddrell, Allen E.; McCarthy, Lauren P.; Finnie, Thomas J. R.; Gent, Nick; Donaldson, Gavin. C.; Shah, Pallav L.; Calder, James D.; Bzdek, Bryan R. (2021-02-26).
61:
surfaces. Respiratory droplets are produced naturally as a result of breathing, speaking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, so they are always present in our breath, but speaking and coughing increase their number.
807:
Environmental Health
Matters Initiative; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020-10-22). Shelton-Davenport, Marilee; Pavlin, Julie; Saunders, Jennifer; Staudt, Amanda (eds.).
1099:
395:
to dilute and remove respiratory particles. However, if unfiltered or insufficiently filtered air is exhausted to another location, it can lead to spreading of an infection.
1392:
469:
Johnson, G.R.; Morawska, L.; Ristovski, Z.D.; Hargreaves, M.; Mengersen, K.; Chao, C.Y.H.; Wan, M.P.; Li, Y.; Xie, X.; Katoshevski, D.; Corbett, S. (2011-12-01).
290:
when hands then touch the face. Respiratory droplets are large and cannot remain suspended in the air for long, and are usually dispersed over short distances.
356:
are more stable in dry air, while those without an envelope are more stable in moist air. Viruses are also generally more stable at low air temperatures.
333:. Bacterial and fungal infection agents may also be transmitted by respiratory droplets. By contrast, a limited number of diseases can be spread through
235:
Different methods of formation create droplets of different size and initial speed, which affect their transport and fate in the air. As described by the
352:
because as the droplet evaporates and becomes smaller, it provides less protection for the infectious agents it may contain. In general, viruses with a
858:
364:
In a healthcare setting, precautions include housing a patient in an individual room, limiting their transport outside the room and using proper
326:
1315:
322:
1095:
649:"Minimising exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy"
1262:
337:
after the respiratory droplet dries out. We all continuously breathe out these droplets, but in addition some medical procedures called
1293:
170:, coughing, or singing. They can also be artificially generated in a healthcare setting through aerosol-generating procedures such as
422:
Flügge's concept of droplets as primary source and vector for respiratory transmission of diseases prevailed into the 1930s until
806:
137:
across than larger droplets. Only the largest droplets, around a millimetre in size are visible, we cannot see the smaller ones.
1595:
826:
791:
444:
41:
Some infectious diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose, as when a person sneezes.
17:
430:, which describes how the size of respiratory droplets influences their fate and thus their ability to transmit disease.
1345:"Protecting health care workers from SARS and other respiratory pathogens: A review of the infection control literature"
1537:"Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19"
1126:
La Rosa, Giuseppina; Fratini, Marta; Della Libera, Simonetta; Iaconelli, Marcello; Muscillo, Michele (2013-06-01).
1287:
1183:
524:"Comparing aerosol concentrations and particle size distributions generated by singing, speaking and breathing"
774:
Atkinson, James; Chartier, Yves; Pessoa-Silva, Carmen Lúcia; Jensen, Paul; Li, Yuguo; Seto, Wing-Hong (2009).
1617:
365:
175:
250:(CFD) showed that at wind speeds varying from 4 to 15 km/h, respiratory droplets may travel up to 6 meters.
392:
338:
247:
369:
302:
388:
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132:
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523:
439:
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1178:
158:
Respiratory droplets can be produced in many ways. They can be produced naturally as a result of
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275:
1622:
1585:
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314:
82:
31:
1536:
1127:
1417:
Konda, Abhiteja; Prakash, Abhinav; Moss, Gregory A.; Schmoldt, Michael; Grant, Gregory D.;
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535:
482:
78:
8:
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852:
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743:
681:
629:
569:
240:
1064:
Wells, W. F. (1934). "On air-borne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei".
258:
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1583:
1566:
1558:
1517:
1499:
1460:
1442:
1374:
1248:
1236:
1155:
1147:
1128:"Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission"
1043:
983:
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911:
844:
832:
822:
787:
747:
735:
727:
686:
668:
633:
621:
573:
561:
498:
58:
1092:"Clinical Educators Guide for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare"
952:
Gralton, Jan; Tovey, Euan; McLaws, Mary-Louise; Rawlinson, William D. (2011-01-01).
935:
1548:
1507:
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676:
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611:
551:
543:
494:
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423:
334:
202:
547:
1423:"Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks"
885:"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?"
294:
146:
775:
664:
648:
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969:
381:
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206:
122:
74:
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318:
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201:
Depending on the method of formation, respiratory droplets may also contain
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1553:
1521:
1464:
1378:
1240:
1159:
1047:
987:
927:
836:
739:
690:
556:
225:
Human cough: effect of wind speed on the transport of respiratory droplets.
187:
179:
954:"The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review"
1222:
1207:"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1"
1143:
810:
Airborne
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Proceedings of a Workshopâ€"in Brief
427:
306:
236:
230:
103:
349:
298:
267:
171:
142:
99:
1029:
722:
705:
310:
210:
195:
191:
159:
115:
77:
or virus particles they are important factors in the transmission of
1203:
808:
1125:
818:
345:
330:
283:
279:
145:
between airborne and respiratory droplets has been criticized as a
98:
Respiratory droplets from humans include various cells types (e.g.
1584:
World Health
Organization; Y. Chartier; C. L Pessoa-Silva (2009).
773:
468:
426:
differentiated between large and small droplets. He developed the
380:
are much less good at filtering out small droplets/particles than
129:
and can remain suspended in air for considerable periods of time.
1587:
Natural
Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-care Settings
780:
Natural
Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings
183:
126:
87:
67:
49:
is a small aqueous droplet produced by exhalation, consisting of
1343:
Gamage, B; Moore, D; Copes, R; Yassi, A; Bryce, E (2005-03-01).
376:
tended to decrease infections of healthcare workers. However,
287:
167:
163:
111:
50:
263:
221:
107:
54:
951:
407:
520:
1263:"Pass the message: Five steps to kicking out coronavirus"
1006:"On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans"
37:
1416:
359:
471:"Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions"
1342:
266:(green), surfactant proteins and lipids (blue) and a
86:
is not consistent with the standard definition of an
704:
Wilson, Nick; Corbett, Stephen; Tovey, Euan (2020).
186:. Similar droplets may be formed through vomiting,
1059:
1057:
30:For transmission by smaller aerosol particles, see
703:
1393:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)"
66:are suspended in air, they are all by definition
1609:
1054:
697:
278:is by way of respiratory droplets, generated by
73:These droplets can contain infectious bacterial
384:, so the respirators offer greater protection.
293:Viruses spread by droplet transmission include
262:Illustration of a respiratory droplet, showing
253:
102:and cells of the immune system), physiological
813:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1003:
1484:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1480:"The transmission of respiratory infections"
1316:"Prevention of hospital-acquired infections"
1096:National Health and Medical Research Council
857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
592:"The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission"
190:, wet-cleaning surfaces, showering or using
114:(e.g. Na, K, Cl), and, potentially, various
1294:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1590:. World Health Organization. p. 79.
1552:
1534:
1511:
1454:
1368:
1230:
1037:
1004:Dbouk, Talib; Drikakis, Dimitris (2020).
977:
721:
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615:
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555:
1132:Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
999:
997:
882:
646:
402:
257:
220:
131:
36:
1577:
14:
1610:
1179:"FAQ: Methods of Disease Transmission"
141:The traditional hard size cutoff of 5
1349:American Journal of Infection Control
1173:
1171:
1169:
1121:
1119:
1063:
994:
585:
583:
368:. It has been noted that during the
360:Measures taken to reduce transmission
339:aerosol-generating medical procedures
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464:
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460:
445:Source control (respiratory disease)
121:Droplets that dry in the air become
27:Type of particle formed by breathing
1385:
1255:
706:"Airborne transmission of Covid-19"
617:10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712
24:
1336:
1308:
1280:
1166:
1116:
1078:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118097
580:
410:UK public-health-education poster.
25:
1634:
1397:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
942:
865:
754:
509:
457:
81:. In some cases, in the study of
1288:"Transmission-Based Precautions"
1066:American Journal of Epidemiology
912:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x
647:Hunziker, Patrick (2021-10-01).
596:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
213:that affects droplet formation.
1535:Bourouiba, Lydia (2020-03-26).
1471:
1410:
1323:World Health Organization (WHO)
1211:New England Journal of Medicine
1197:
1105:from the original on 2015-04-05
1084:
776:"Annex C: Respiratory droplets"
590:Bourouiba, Lydia (2021-01-05).
1184:Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)
800:
640:
528:Aerosol Science and Technology
495:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009
93:
57:and other matter derived from
13:
1:
548:10.1080/02786826.2021.1883544
450:
366:personal protective equipment
323:SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)
176:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1325:. p. 45. Archived from
372:, use of surgical masks and
348:affect the survivability of
254:Role in disease transmission
248:Computational Fluid Dynamics
216:
153:
7:
883:Morawska, L. (2006-10-01).
665:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047772
433:
382:N95 and similar respirators
303:respiratory syncytial virus
198:for agricultural purposes.
10:
1639:
1496:10.1177/003591576405700329
1361:10.1016/j.ajic.2004.12.002
970:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.11.010
475:Journal of Aerosol Science
398:
228:
29:
1267:World Health Organization
784:World Health Organization
440:Basic reproduction number
344:Ambient temperature and
341:also generate droplets.
1478:Hare, R. (1964-03-01).
1439:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252
391:rates can be used as a
370:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
1554:10.1001/jama.2020.4756
414:German bacteriologist
411:
271:
226:
138:
42:
406:
335:airborne transmission
315:measles morbillivirus
288:contaminated surfaces
261:
224:
135:
40:
32:Airborne transmission
1618:Disease transmission
1223:10.1056/NEJMc2004973
1144:10.4415/ANN_13_02_03
958:Journal of Infection
276:disease transmission
268:coronavirus particle
83:disease transmission
79:respiratory diseases
18:Droplet transmission
1098:. 2010. p. 3.
1022:2020PhFl...32e3310D
904:2006InAir..16..335M
608:2021AnRFM..53..473B
540:2021AerST..55..681G
487:2011JAerS..42..839J
47:respiratory droplet
412:
272:
241:respiratory system
227:
139:
43:
1597:978-92-4-154785-7
1547:(18): 1837–1838.
1332:on 26 March 2020.
1217:(16): 1564–1567.
1030:10.1063/5.0011960
1010:Physics of Fluids
828:978-0-309-68408-8
793:978-92-4-154785-7
723:10.1136/bmj.m3206
274:A common form of
59:respiratory tract
16:(Redirected from
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1433:(5): 6339–6347.
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424:William F. Wells
408:World-War-II-era
188:flushing toilets
100:epithelial cells
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510:
481:(12): 839–851.
467:
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374:N95 respirators
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295:influenza virus
256:
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182:, surgery, and
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147:false dichotomy
125:which float as
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1490:(3): 221–230.
1470:
1421:(2020-05-26).
1419:Guha, Supratik
1409:
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1335:
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508:
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393:hazard control
378:surgical masks
361:
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354:lipid envelope
255:
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229:Main article:
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194:, or spraying
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123:droplet nuclei
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1399:. 2020-03-11
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1297:. 2016-01-07
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428:Wells curve
416:Carl Flügge
389:ventilation
350:bioaerosols
307:enterovirus
237:Wells curve
231:Wells curve
94:Description
1612:Categories
1403:2020-03-28
1301:2020-03-31
1273:2020-03-24
1190:2020-03-31
1109:2015-09-12
892:Indoor Air
451:References
327:SARS-CoV-2
299:rhinovirus
172:intubation
1563:0098-7484
1504:0035-9157
1447:1936-0851
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566:0278-6826
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311:norovirus
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217:Transport
211:viscosity
196:graywater
192:tap water
160:breathing
154:Formation
116:pathogens
1571:32215590
1522:14130877
1465:32329337
1427:ACS Nano
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434:See also
346:humidity
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280:coughing
168:sneezing
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