20:
113:, also an important grammarian, though the two did not get along because of their many grammatical disputes as well as Menahem's tough criticism of Saadia Gaon, Dunash's mentor. Their dispute turned into personal rivalry, which included many polemic compositions and exchanges of accusations to Hasdai ibn Shaprut.
367:
An incomplete text of the poem was discovered and published in the 1940s in two fragments from one eleventh-century manuscript, Mosseri IV.387 and
Mosseri VIII.202.2. At that time, the poem was assumed to be by Dunash. But a manuscript declaring the poem to be by Dunash's wife came to light in the
581:
Another translation reads: "Will her beloved remember the elegant doe, her only son in her arms at the moment of his departure? On the day he placed the signet ring from his right hand on her left and she placed her bracelet on his arm, she took his cloak as a memento and he took her cloak as a
204:
construction, and the first to distinguish between "light" and "heavy" roots. He also condemned
Menahem ben Saruq for failing to see the relationship between Hebrew and Arabic. Dunash also wrote a book containing two hundred reservations about the teachings of his old mentor, Saadia Gaon.
144:(ĕ/ă/ŏ) and the Arabic short vowels (i/a/u), so as to create a new Hebrew meter. This meter formed the basis for all subsequent medieval Hebrew poetry. At the time, however, it opened him up to severe criticism, particularly among the students of
259:
Though her name is unknown, Dunash's wife is held to be the author of a poem on the subject of Dunash's exile. This makes it the only known medieval Hebrew verse by a woman (and the only known medieval verse by a Jewish woman apart from those of
23:
Philadelphia, University of
Pennsylvania, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies Library, Cairo Genizah Collection, Halper 317, f. 2v, from the tenth to twelfth century CE. Lines 21ff. contain a twenty-line riddle attributed to Dunash ben
406:
The circumstances of this separation are unclear; it is thought that Dunash's wife composed her poem shortly after Dunash's departure, around 950. A further poem, found in 1985 written on the corner of a letter composed by
854:” , in Menahem Ben-Sasson, et al., eds., Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson Jubilee Volume (Jerusalem: Shazar, 1989), 197-225 (pp. 217-18) (Hebrew).
247:), who supported Dunash's positions. Nevertheless, many of the issues raised by Dunash have yet to be resolved today. Dunash is remembered as a poet and a grammarian who uncovered many of the major problems of
411:(T-S J2.71, f. 2v), identified as being a complaint from Dunash about his service under Hasdai, seems further to describe his feelings on leaving his wife. Following two illegible lines, the text reads:
208:
The students of
Menahem ben Saruq responded with a scathing attack on Dunash, condemning him for using Arabic meter and grammar in studying the Hebrew language, as well as on issues of
109:, invited Dunash to Spain. Córdoba was then the center of culture and poetry in the Islamic world, and Hasdai endeavored to bring the best minds there. In Córdoba, Dunash met
188:("Notebook") for violating religious standards and opposing the teachings of the sages. He dedicated his work to the leader of the Jews of Spain at the time,
221:
99:. On returning to Morocco he wrote many poems and became famous, and there were even poems written about him. He taught grammar and poetry.
2128:
717:, ed. by Shirley Kaufman, Galit Hasan-Rokem, and Tamar S. Hess (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1999), p. 62;
2123:
2078:
52:
1452:
1287:
941:
2133:
2098:
2088:
903:
878:
838:
722:
19:
2138:
1680:
813:
Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, and Cheryl Tallan, 'Wife of Dunash Ben Labrat of Spain, Hebrew Poet (10th century)', in
224:, one of Dunash's students, who wrote a work in defense of his master that strongly opposed all of his detractors.
2093:
1685:
734:
S. J. Pearce, 'Bracelets are for Hard Times: Economic
Hardship, Sentimentality and the Andalusi Hebrew Poetess',
2118:
2108:
2063:
1823:
1669:
1507:
1502:
132:
was built on patterns of long and short syllables. Dunash's innovation came in drawing a parallel between the
1542:
1437:
1293:
1080:
376:), and first edited by Ezra Fleischer. This manuscript includes an incomplete reply from Dunash to his wife:
486:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 23-27 ("Dunash Ben Labrat" and "The wife of Dunash").
2103:
2083:
2027:
1940:
1639:
1432:
1398:
174:
2068:
1903:
1547:
1349:
1299:
1167:
1086:
1803:
1695:
1572:
1517:
1281:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1862:
1813:
1552:
166:("pleasant your name"), with a modified form of the adjective "pleasant," which properly should be
2012:
2002:
1522:
1420:
1344:
1339:
992:
582:
memento. If he could hold half the prince’s kingdom, is there anywhere in
Sefarad he would remain?"
148:, that he was corrupting the Hebrew language by introducing Arabic forms, and changing traditional
1930:
1868:
1760:
1705:
1651:
1595:
555:
1740:
1735:
1710:
1319:
1190:
934:
891:
Masters of the Word: Traditional Jewish Bible
Commentary from the First through Tenth Centuries
227:
The debates between Dunash and others were finally decided in the centuries after his death by
772:
551:
2073:
1955:
1950:
1069:
997:
972:
2113:
2058:
2053:
2017:
1909:
1627:
1567:
562:
University of
Pennsylvania Center for Advanced Judaic Studies Library Halper 317, fol. 2v
561:
8:
2032:
1838:
1788:
1770:
1745:
1700:
1368:
1314:
1309:
1269:
1223:
1537:
1482:
545:
373:
2022:
1992:
1986:
1690:
1645:
1633:
1577:
1497:
1408:
1403:
1275:
1031:
801:
408:
189:
102:
1532:
1997:
1960:
1945:
1891:
1833:
1720:
1600:
1557:
1467:
1447:
1378:
1334:
1246:
1184:
1155:
1096:
1091:
1037:
982:
927:
899:
874:
834:
718:
209:
197:
181:
145:
110:
705:, ed. and trans. by Peter Cole (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 27.
564:(lines 21 to the end are a set of ten verse riddles attributed to Dunash ben Labrat)
106:
1914:
1856:
1750:
1675:
1657:
1615:
1606:
1512:
1487:
1457:
1426:
1414:
1393:
1304:
1241:
1208:
1202:
1149:
1106:
1075:
1049:
1026:
987:
739:
213:
1981:
1976:
1897:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1765:
1730:
1725:
1621:
1527:
1492:
1472:
1442:
1329:
1218:
1196:
1116:
1059:
1054:
889:
868:
193:
40:
32:
1173:
1144:
1111:
265:
248:
158:
125:
76:
60:
703:
The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and
Christian Spain, 950-1492
631:
The dream of the poem: Hebrew poetry from Muslim and
Christian Spain, 950-1492
484:
The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492
124:
Dunash is called the founder of Andalusian Hebrew poetry. He first introduced
2047:
1793:
1477:
1213:
1178:
1161:
1101:
1043:
688:, ed. and trans. by E. Varela Moreno (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1981).
129:
1873:
1715:
1663:
1383:
1324:
1121:
1021:
966:
958:
743:
369:
236:
228:
715:
Hebrew Feminist Poems from Antiquity to the Present: A Bilingual Anthology
649:, ed. and trans. by S. Benavente Robles (Granada: Univ. de Granada, 1986).
491:
El diván poético de Dunash ben Labraṭ: la introducción de la métrica árabe
235:, who attempted to judge between the two schools of thought, and by Rabbi
1562:
1258:
1139:
1064:
895:
240:
217:
192:. In his book, he was the first Hebrew grammarian to distinguish between
96:
64:
817:(Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003), pp. 58-59 (p. 59).
372:(where it is now catalogued as Cambridge, Cambridge University Library,
2007:
1755:
1252:
1016:
756:
472:
1264:
1131:
867:
Eisenberg, Ronald (2006). Lash Balint, Judy; Barak, Daniella (eds.).
851:
785:
368:
1980s, in the form of a probably eleventh-century fragment from the
1233:
950:
605:, ed. by Norman A. Stillman and others (Leiden: Brill, 2010), s.v.
180:
In the field of grammar, Dunash's major work was a book attacking
1848:
1780:
1587:
1388:
916:, Brill, 2004, p. 289-295 (Chapter 11, "Dunash ben Labrat").
261:
92:
88:
675:(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1948), pp. 33-35.
383: "Have you betrayed and abandoned your vows?"
1359:
149:
493:(Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigciones Cinetí cas, 1988).
1883:
1610:
1462:
1373:
1007:
888:
Kolatch, Yonatan (2006). "Chapter 6: The Spanish Linguists".
359: if its prince gave him half his kingdom?
232:
200:, the first to list verbs by their three-letter roots in the
153:
140:
395: God brings down with the trials of foes.
919:
647:
Tĕšubotde los discípulos de Mĕnahem contra Dunaš ben Labrat
134:
831:
Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza
435:בָּגַדֽתִּי בְּאֵ̇שֶת נְעוּרִים סֵפֶר כּֽרִיתוּת לֽ̇שַלְּה
387: given by God as the bride of my youth?
347: her only son in her arms as he parted?
552:
Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, Mosseri IV.387.2
446:
I served you in sorrow, for all your wares are loathsome.
351: on his wrist she placed her bracelet.
80:
48:
399: and vultures will consume his blood.
601:
José Martínez Delgado, 'Dunash ben Labraṭ ha-Levi', in
450:
I betrayed a young wife and sent her a writ of divorce.
437:נָטַ̇שְתִּי נַחֲלָתִי וְעָזַבֽתִּי בְנִי אֲ̇שֶר יָלְדָה
268:). Giving both verse and prose translations, it reads:
815:
The JPS Guide to Jewish Women: 600 B.C.E. to 1900 C.E.
546:
Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, T-S NS 143.46
355: and he in turn took hers from her.
216:
also wrote a response to Dunash's work, in defense of
533:
Tešuḇot Dunaš ha-Levi ben Labraṭ ʻal R.Seʻadyah Gaʾon
452:
I left my home, and abandoned the son that she bore.
391: I would have torn it into pieces.
381:
Were you seeking the day of my death when you wrote:
310:
763:, new series, 35.1 (July, 1944), 79-83 (pp. 79-80).
433:בִּתבוּאוׄת ל̇א אֲעוׄלֵל וֽל̇̇א אֶקְטוׄף מְלֽילָה
431:בּֽיָגוׄן לְעָבֽדֽךָ כִּי אִם סֽחוׂרַת יָד אוּלָה
349:On her left hand he placed a ring from his right,
2045:
914:Comparative Semitic philology in the Middle Ages
16:10th-century Moroccan Jewish poet and grammarian
521:(London and Edinburgh: Meorere Yeshenim, 1855).
448:I will glean no grapes, nor will I gather corn.
55:. He is known for his philological commentary,
935:
393:For those who betray their beloved companion,
658:D.G. Blaunder, "The Early Literary Riddle",
558:(another manuscript of Dunash's wife's poem)
460:
429:
287:
898:: KTAV Publishing House. pp. 331–337.
662:, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 49-58.
357:Would he settle, now, in the land of Spain,
353:As a keepsake she took his mantle from him,
942:
928:
548:(the poem of Dunash's wife, and his reply)
254:
873:. Devora Publishing Company. p. 56.
866:
633:, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 23
603:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
51:commentator, poet, and grammarian of the
618:, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1965, p. 13
539:
524:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (ed. and trans.),
345:Will her love remember his graceful doe,
291:בְּיוׂם פֵּירוּד וּבִזְרוׂעָהּ יְחִידָהּ
177:, among the first known Hebrew riddles.
18:
887:
239:, father of the noted grammarian Rabbi
2046:
852:לתולדות שירת החול העברית בספרד בראשיתה
489:Del Valle Rodríguez, Carlos (trans.),
389:Had my heart ever thought to leave you
152:styles to conform to Arabic meter and
923:
825:
823:
790:Mehqerei Yerushalayim be-Sifrut Ivrit
293:וְשָׂם חוׂתַם יְמִינוֹ עַל שְׂמׂאלָהּ
212:about which they were at odds. Rabbi
91:origin. In his youth he travelled to
53:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
2129:10th-century writers from al-Andalus
833:(New York: Schocken, 2011), p. 181,
698:
696:
694:
641:
639:
507:(Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook, 1947).
303:וְלוּ לָקַח חֲצִי מַלְכוּת נְגִידָהּ
297:בְּיוֹם לָקַחָה לְזִכָּרוׂן רְדִידוׂ
156:. For instance, in his classic poem
786:ʿAl Dunash Ben Labrat veIshto uVeno
430:
295:וּבִזְרוׂעוׂ הֲלאׁ שָׂמָה צְמְידָהּ
288:
44:
36:
13:
860:
820:
766:
528:(Granada: Univ. de Granada, 1980).
299:וְהוּא לָקֵח לְזִכָּרוׂן רְדִידָהּ
14:
2150:
2124:10th-century Jews from al-Andalus
691:
636:
401:Who resembles the stars of dawn
397:Lions soon will devour his flesh,
316:be-yom perud u-vi-zero‘ah yeḥidah
289:הֲיִזכוׂר יֵעֲלַת הַחֵן יְדִידָהּ
173:This body of poetry includes the
1681:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
479:, New Series, 36 (1945), 141-46.
320:u-vi-zero‘o ha-lo’ samah ẓemidah
314:Ha-yizkor ya‘alat ha-ḥen yedidah
128:into Hebrew poetry. Traditional
37:ר׳ דוֹנָש הַלֵּוִי בֵּן לָבְּרָט
1686:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
844:
807:
795:
778:
749:
728:
673:The Literary Riddle before 1600
575:
473:Ten Dunash Ben Labrat's Riddles
324:ve-hu’ laqaḥ le-zikaron redidah
322:Be-yom laqḥah le-zikaron redido
318:Ve-sam ḥotam yemino ‘al-semolah
301:הֲיִשָׁאֵר בְּכָל אֶרֶץ סְפָרַד
220:. These challenges were met by
116:Dunash died in Córdoba in 990.
59:, and for his liturgical poems
1824:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
1670:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
1508:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
1503:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
829:Adina Hoffman and Peter Cole,
708:
678:
665:
652:
623:
608:
595:
385:Could I betray a woman so wise
1:
1543:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
1438:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
1294:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
1081:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
792:, 5 (1984), 189-202 (p. 196).
589:
162:, he begins the second line:
2079:10th-century Moroccan people
2028:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
1941:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
1640:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
1399:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
949:
175:riddles of Dunash ben Labrat
7:
1904:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
1548:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
1300:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
1168:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
1087:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
761:The Jewish Quarterly Review
511:
477:The Jewish Quarterly Review
311:
10:
2155:
1804:Eliyahu Menachem of London
1696:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
1573:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
1518:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
1282:David ben Levi of Narbonne
686:Tešubotde Yĕhudi Ibn Šešet
526:Tešuḇot de Dunaš BenLabraṭ
519:Teshuvot Dunash ben Labraṭ
1969:
1936:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
1882:
1847:
1814:Jacob ben Judah of London
1779:
1586:
1553:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
1358:
1232:
1130:
1006:
957:
773:Poetry (Mosseri IV.387.2)
505:Dunash ben Labraṭ: Shirim
497:
465:
461:Editions and translations
75:Dunash was, according to
29:Dunash ha-Levi ben Labrat
2134:Immigrants to Al-Andalus
2099:People from Fez, Morocco
2089:Medieval Moroccan rabbis
2013:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
2003:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
1523:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
1453:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
1421:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
1345:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
993:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
870:The Streets of Jerusalem
568:
531:Schröter, Robert (ed.),
503:Allony, Nehemiah (ed.),
264:and, if she was Jewish,
2139:Jewish liturgical poets
1869:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
1761:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
1706:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
1652:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
1596:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
616:Hebrew Poems from Spain
471:Aluny, Nehemya (ed.), '
255:Poetry of Dunash's wife
119:
70:
31:(920/925 – after 985) (
2094:Linguists from Morocco
1741:Jacob ben Judah Landau
1736:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
1711:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
1320:Abraham of Montpellier
1191:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
802:Poetry (T-S NS 143.46)
744:10.3366/cult.2014.0068
738:, 3.2 (2014), 148–69,
517:Filipowski, H. (ed.),
482:Cole, Peter (trans.),
404:
25:
2119:Poets from al-Andalus
2109:Grammarians of Hebrew
2064:Hebrew-language poets
1956:Isaac ben Melchizedek
1951:Joseph Colon Trabotto
1636:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
1296:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
1070:Isaac ben Moses Arama
998:Shemariah ben Elhanan
973:Chananel ben Chushiel
540:Manuscript facsimiles
378:
22:
2033:Nethanel ben Isaiah
2018:Nathan ben Abraham I
1910:Obadiah of Bertinoro
1628:Mordechai ben Hillel
1568:Shemaiah of Soissons
684:Yehudi ben Sheshet,
332:ve-lu laqaḥ ḥaẓi mal
2104:Linguists of Hebrew
2084:10th-century rabbis
1922:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
1839:Berechiah de Nicole
1789:Aaron of Canterbury
1771:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
1746:Samuel ben Natronai
1701:Judah ben Kalonymus
1666:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
1369:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
1315:Asher ben Meshullam
1310:Meshullam ben Jacob
1270:Isaac ben Abba Mari
1224:Judah ben Barzillai
415:
2069:Medieval Hebraists
2023:Hillel ben Eliakim
1993:Zerahiah the Greek
1987:Tobiah ben Eliezer
1859:(Terumat HaDeshen)
1691:Samson ben Eliezer
1646:Eliezer ben Nathan
1634:Meir of Rothenburg
1603:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
1578:Ephraim ben Samson
1498:Eliezer of Touques
1409:Eliezer ben Samuel
1404:Yom Tov of Falaise
1276:Abraham ben Nathan
1072:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
1010:(except Catalonia)
556:Mosseri VIII.202.2
414:
409:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
222:Yehudi ben Sheshet
198:intransitive verbs
190:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
103:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
26:
2041:
2040:
1998:Isaac ben Dorbolo
1961:Judah Messer Leon
1946:Hillel ben Samuel
1892:Nathan ben Jehiel
1834:Yom Tov of Joigny
1721:Israel of Bamberg
1672:(Yehudah haHasid)
1601:Gershom ben Judah
1558:Menahem ben Helbo
1468:Peretz ben Elijah
1448:Judah ben Yom Tov
1379:List of Tosafists
1362:(except Provence)
1350:Jonathan of Lunel
1340:Isaac of Narbonne
1335:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1247:Abraham ben David
1185:Isaac ben Sheshet
1156:Shlomo ibn Aderet
1097:Maimon ben Joseph
1092:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
1038:Joseph ibn Migash
983:Zechariah Aghmati
978:Dunash ben Labrat
850:Ezra Fleischer, “
645:Talmide Menaḥem,
614:David Goldstein,
458:
457:
365:
364:
210:Jewish philosophy
182:Menahem ben Saruq
146:Menahem ben Saruq
111:Menahem ben Saruq
47:) was a medieval
2146:
1915:Menahem Recanati
1857:Israel Isserlein
1751:Alexander Suslin
1676:Yaakov ben Yakar
1658:Eleazar of Worms
1616:Asher ben Jehiel
1607:Simeon bar Isaac
1538:Samuel of Évreux
1513:Baruch ben Isaac
1488:Samson of Chinon
1483:Jacob of Orléans
1458:Yechiel of Paris
1427:Judah ben Nathan
1415:Isaac ben Samuel
1394:Solomon ben Meir
1305:Moshe ha-Darshan
1288:Moses ben Joseph
1242:Hachmei Provence
1209:Azriel of Gerona
1205:(Nimmukei Yosef)
1203:Joseph ibn Habib
1199:(Maggid Mishneh)
1164:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
1150:Nissim of Gerona
1107:Abraham ibn Daud
1076:Rabbenu Yerucham
1050:Bahya ibn Paquda
1032:Yom Tov Asevilli
1027:Abraham ibn Ezra
988:Nissim ben Jacob
944:
937:
930:
921:
920:
909:
884:
855:
848:
842:
827:
818:
811:
805:
799:
793:
782:
776:
770:
764:
755:Nehemya Aluny, '
753:
747:
736:Cultural History
732:
726:
712:
706:
700:
689:
682:
676:
669:
663:
656:
650:
643:
634:
627:
621:
612:
606:
599:
583:
579:
535:(Breslau, 1866).
439:
438:
419:Hebrew original
416:
413:
340:
326:Ha-yishsha’er be
305:
304:
277:Transliteration
271:
270:
231:, a grandson of
214:Abraham Ibn Ezra
46:
38:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
1982:Elijah Mizrachi
1977:Isaac Abarbanel
1965:
1898:Isaiah di Trani
1878:
1863:Isaac of Vienna
1843:
1829:Moses of London
1819:Josce of London
1809:Hagin Deulacres
1799:Elias of London
1775:
1766:Simha of Speyer
1731:Judah ben Asher
1726:Ephraim of Bonn
1622:Jacob ben Asher
1582:
1533:Moses of Évreux
1528:Meir ben Samuel
1493:Jacob of Chinon
1473:Eliezer of Toul
1443:Elijah of Paris
1354:
1330:Isaac the Blind
1228:
1219:Judah ben Yakar
1197:Vidal of Tolosa
1126:
1117:Jonah ibn Janah
1060:David Abudirham
1055:Bahya ben Asher
1002:
953:
948:
906:
881:
863:
861:Further reading
858:
849:
845:
828:
821:
812:
808:
800:
796:
784:E. Fleischer, '
783:
779:
771:
767:
754:
750:
733:
729:
713:
709:
701:
692:
683:
679:
671:Archer Taylor,
670:
666:
657:
653:
644:
637:
628:
624:
613:
609:
600:
596:
592:
587:
586:
580:
576:
571:
542:
514:
500:
468:
463:
454:
451:
449:
447:
441:
436:
434:
432:
403:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
361:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
338:
331:
330:ol ereẓ sefarad
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
307:
302:
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
257:
164:Ne'im shim'chem
154:rhyming schemes
122:
105:, who lived in
73:
57:Teshuvot Dunash
17:
12:
11:
5:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1853:
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1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1624:(Baal HaTurim)
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
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1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1174:Hasdai Crescas
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1145:Menachem Meiri
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Moses ibn Ezra
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
963:
961:
955:
954:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
918:
917:
912:Maman, Aaron.
910:
904:
885:
879:
862:
859:
857:
856:
843:
819:
806:
794:
777:
765:
748:
727:
707:
690:
677:
664:
651:
635:
622:
607:
593:
591:
588:
585:
584:
573:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
559:
549:
541:
538:
537:
536:
529:
522:
513:
510:
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508:
499:
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495:
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487:
480:
467:
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459:
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427:
424:
423:
420:
379:
363:
362:
343:
341:
312:
308:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
266:Sarah of Yemen
256:
253:
249:Hebrew grammar
121:
118:
95:to study with
77:Moses ibn Ezra
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2151:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Benjamin Anaw
1924:
1921:
1920:Zedekiah Anaw
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
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1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
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1846:
1840:
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1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Aaron of York
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
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1724:
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1699:
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1576:
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1541:
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1536:
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1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
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1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Chaim Paltiel
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
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1436:
1434:
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1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
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1277:
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1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Moshe Chalava
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:Aharon HaLevi
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:(Baal HaMaor)
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:Yonah Gerondi
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Isaac Aboab I
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:Meir Abulafia
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
915:
911:
907:
905:0-88125-936-5
901:
897:
893:
892:
886:
882:
880:1-932687-54-8
876:
872:
871:
865:
864:
853:
847:
840:
839:9780805242584
836:
832:
826:
824:
816:
810:
803:
798:
791:
787:
781:
774:
769:
762:
758:
752:
745:
741:
737:
731:
724:
723:1-55861-223-8
720:
716:
711:
704:
699:
697:
695:
687:
681:
674:
668:
661:
655:
648:
642:
640:
632:
626:
620:
617:
611:
604:
598:
594:
578:
574:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
515:
506:
502:
501:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:
453:
443:
440:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
412:
410:
402:
377:
375:
374:T-S NS 143.46
371:
360:
342:
339:
337:
335:
329:
309:
306:
284:
283:
280:Translations
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
267:
263:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
137:
136:
131:
130:Arabic poetry
127:
117:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:دناش بن لبراط
42:
34:
30:
21:
2074:Jewish poets
1989:(Lekach Tov)
1874:Isaac Tyrnau
1716:Israel Bruna
1664:Meir HaKohen
1417:(Ri HaZaken)
1384:Rabbeinu Tam
1325:Joseph Caspi
1122:Abraham Saba
1022:Judah Halevi
977:
967:Isaac Alfasi
959:North Africa
913:
890:
869:
846:
830:
814:
809:
797:
789:
780:
768:
760:
751:
735:
730:
714:
710:
702:
685:
680:
672:
667:
659:
654:
646:
630:
629:Peter Cole,
625:
619:
615:
610:
602:
597:
577:
532:
525:
518:
504:
490:
483:
476:
445:
428:
422:translation
405:
380:
370:Cairo Geniza
366:
344:
336:ut negidah?
333:
327:
313:
286:
258:
244:
237:Joseph Kimhi
229:Rabbeinu Tam
226:
207:
201:
185:
179:
172:
167:
163:
157:
139:
133:
126:Arabic meter
123:
115:
101:
84:
74:
56:
28:
27:
2114:Berber Jews
2059:980s deaths
2054:920s births
1894:(the Aruch)
1630:(Mordechai)
1563:Simeon Kara
1433:Bechor Shor
1284:(HaMichtam)
1259:David Kimhi
1140:Nachmanides
1083:(Migdal Oz)
1065:Joseph Albo
1040:(Ri Migash)
896:Jersey City
241:David Kimhi
218:Saadia Gaon
159:D'ror Yikra
97:Saadia Gaon
83:, the name
65:D'vai Haser
61:D'ror Yiqra
2048:Categories
2008:Moses Taku
1931:Judah Anav
1865:(Or Zarua)
1756:Jacob Weil
1278:(HaManhig)
1253:Gersonides
1193:(Tashbatz)
1017:Maimonides
757:Four Poems
590:References
194:transitive
79:, born in
1970:Elsewhere
1660:(Rokeach)
1654:(Raavyah)
1648:(Ra'aven)
1642:(Maharil)
1272:(HaIttur)
1265:Abba Mari
1132:Catalonia
87:being of
1411:(Yereim)
1255:(Ralbag)
1249:(Raavad)
1234:Provence
1187:(Rivash)
1158:(Rashba)
951:Rishonim
660:Folklore
512:Teshuvot
186:Mahberet
184:and his
150:Biblical
138:(ə) and
1849:Austria
1781:England
1588:Germany
1429:(Rivan)
1423:(Semag)
1389:Rashbam
1290:(Rambi)
1261:(Radak)
1181:(Ra'ah)
1046:(Ramah)
1034:(Ritva)
274:Hebrew
262:Qasmuna
107:Córdoba
93:Baghdad
24:Labrat.
1906:(Riaz)
1618:(Rosh)
1360:France
902:
877:
837:
721:
498:Shirim
466:Poetry
141:ḥāṭēp̄
89:Berber
85:Dunash
49:Jewish
41:Arabic
33:Hebrew
1900:(Rid)
1884:Italy
1611:Mainz
1463:Rivam
1374:Rashi
1152:(Ran)
1008:Spain
969:(Rif)
569:Notes
245:RaDaK
233:Rashi
168:na'im
900:ISBN
875:ISBN
835:ISBN
788:' ,
719:ISBN
202:Paal
196:and
135:šəwâ
120:Work
71:Life
63:and
1609:of
759:',
740:doi
475:',
81:Fes
2050::
894:.
822:^
693:^
638:^
554:,
251:.
170:.
67:.
43::
39:;
35::
943:e
936:t
929:v
908:.
883:.
841:.
804:.
775:.
746:.
742::
725:.
334:h
328:h
243:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
