597:
510:
737:
673:
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31:
100:
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226:
75:
293:
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trios, the female and alpha male invest more care in chicks than does the beta male. In territories in which females are able to escape from males, both the alpha and beta males share provisioning equally. This last system represents the best case scenario for females, as it helps to ensure maximal care and the success of the young.
298:
297:
294:
719:
Studies have illustrated the fluidity of dunnock mating systems. When given food in abundance, female territory size is reduced drastically. Consequently, males can more easily monopolise the females. Thus, the mating system can be shifted from one that favours female success (polyandry), to one that
699:
of the female to stimulate ejection of rival males' sperm. Dunnocks take just one-tenth of a second to copulate and can mate more than 100 times a day. Males provide parental care in proportion to their mating success, so two males and a female can commonly be seen provisioning nestlings at one nest.
775:
A study has found that males tend to not discriminate between their own young and those of another male in polyandrous or polygynandrous systems. However, they do vary their feeding depending on the certainty of paternity. If a male has greater access to a female, and therefore a higher chance of a
715:
also exists, in which two males jointly defend a territory containing several females. Polyandry, though, is the most common mating system of dunnocks found in nature. Depending on the population, males generally have the best reproductive success in polygynous populations, while females have the
580:
to avoid predation. It is brownish underneath, and has a fine pointed bill. Adults have a dull grey head, and both sexes are similarly coloured; juveniles are browner on the head, looser, 'fluffy' feathering, and more obviously streaked overall. Unlike any similar sized small brown bird in Europe,
650:
The male's ability to access females generally depends on female range size, which is affected by the distribution of food. When resources are distributed in dense patches, female ranges tend to be small and easy for males to monopolise. Subsequent mating systems, as discussed below, reflect high
771:
Broods, depending on the population, can be raised by a lone female, multiple females with the part-time help of a male, multiple females with full-time help by a male, or by multiple females and multiple males. In pairs, the male and the female invest parental care at similar rates. However, in
299:
651:
reproductive success for males and relatively lower success for females. In times of scarcity, female territories expand to accommodate the lack of resources, causing males to have a more difficult time monopolising females. Hence, females gain a reproductive advantage over males in this case.
639:
Dunnocks are territorial and may engage in conflict with other birds that encroach upon their nests. Males sometimes share a territory and exhibit a strict dominance hierarchy. Nevertheless, this social dominance is not translated into benefits to the alpha male in terms of reproduction, since
41:
296:
40:
42:
295:
695:
has shown that chicks within a brood often have different fathers, depending on the success of the males at monopolising the female. Males try to ensure their paternity by pecking at the
703:
Other mating systems also exist within dunnock populations, depending on the ratio of male to females and the overlap of territories. When only one female and one male territory overlap,
643:
Female territorial ranges are almost always exclusive. However, sometimes, multiple males will co-operate to defend a single territory containing multiple females. Males exhibit a strong
647:
within groups: older birds tend to be the dominant males and first-year birds are usually sub-dominant. Studies have found that close male relatives almost never share a territory.
581:
dunnocks exhibit frequent wing flicking, especially when engaged in territorial disputes or when competing for mating rights. This gave rise to the old nickname of "shufflewing".
1795:
1807:
327:, found throughout temperate Europe and into Asian Russia. Dunnocks have also been successfully introduced into New Zealand. It is the most widespread member of the
631:
Dunnocks were successfully introduced into New
Zealand during the 19th century, and are now widely distributed around the country and some offshore islands.
572:-sized bird, the dunnock typically measures 13–14.5 cm (5.1–5.7 in) in length. It has a brown back streaked blackish, somewhat resembling a small
588:
along with a short, weak trilling note, which betrays the bird's otherwise inconspicuous presence. The song is rapid, thin and tinkling, a sweet warble.
640:
paternity is usually equally shared between males of the group. Furthermore, members of a group are rarely related, and so competition can result.
2084:
2136:
2303:
755:
The dunnock builds a nest (predominantly from twigs and moss and lined with soft materials such as wool or feathers), low in a bush or
604:
Dunnocks are native to large areas of
Eurasia, inhabiting much of Europe and southwest Asia including Lebanon, northern Iran, and the
859:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
687:, breeding with two or more males at once, which is quite rare among birds. This multiple mating system leads to the development of
2262:
2045:
1792:
2097:
1804:
1070:
1012:
331:
family; most other accentors are limited to mountain habitats. Other, largely archaic, English names for the dunnock include
2102:
1352:
Burke, T.; Davies, N.B.; Bruford, M.W.; Hatchwell, B.J. (1989). "Parental care and mating behaviour of polyandrous dunnocks
2328:
1404:"Conflict and co-operation over sex: the consequences of social and genetic polyandry for reproductive success in dunnocks"
1171:
528:
Acceptance of these seven subspecies has not been universal; Shirihai & Svensson (2018) accept only three subspecies,
1466:
Davies, N. B.; Hartley, I.R. (1996). "Food patchiness, territory overlap and social systems: an experiment with dunnocks
1086:
Pavia, Marco; Drovetski, Sergei V.; Boano, Giovanni; Conway, Kevin W.; Pellegrino, Irene; Voelker, Gary (15 June 2021).
2058:
1993:
1564:
2213:
1143:
2323:
2141:
2024:
1651:
2037:
2006:
364:
215:
608:. It is the only accentor commonly found in temperate lowland areas; the others all inhabit upland areas, or (
2318:
2280:
2123:
1941:
1121:
596:
509:
1860:
1725:
1918:
776:
successful fertilisation, during a specific mating period, it would provide more care towards the young.
1923:
552:). Another study however recently suggested that dunnock might be better treated as three species, with
1028:
817:
492:
2161:
2063:
1887:
976:
942:
707:
is preferred. Sometimes, two or three adjacent female territories overlap one male territory, and so
99:
873:
Jobling, J.A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
2313:
736:
981:
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1672:
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1415:
1402:
Santos, Eduardo S. A.; Santos, Luana L. S.; Lagisz, Malgorzata; Nakagawa, Shinichi (2015).
1365:
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684:
8:
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692:
262:
94:
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874:
2182:
1954:
1946:
1663:
Davies, N. B. (1983). "Polyandry, cloaca-pecking and sperm competition in dunnocks".
1647:
1625:
1582:"Breeding Biology and Variable Mating System of a Population of Introduced Dunnocks (
1560:
1441:
1433:
1324:"Discovery of previously unknown historical records on the introduction of dunnocks (
1139:
1125:
1066:
1008:
688:
609:
414:
2226:
970:
1959:
1752:
1692:
1680:
1615:
1605:
1529:
1487:
1423:
1385:
1373:
1099:
936:
812:
470:, 1758) – north and central, and southeast Europe (including the formerly accepted
382:
2011:
1933:
1297:
1247:
1104:
1087:
2253:
2169:
1811:
1799:
1793:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.0 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1610:
1193:
576:. Like that species, the dunnock has a drab appearance which may have evolved as
394:
369:
30:
2128:
2151:
2032:
2019:
1032:
862:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 184.
569:
857:
516:, with its browner head at all ages, is the most distinct subspecies; here at
2297:
2110:
1437:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1063:
Handbook of
Western Palearctic Birds, Volume 1: Passerines: Larks to Warblers
853:
803:
573:
467:
457:
374:
360:
211:
84:
79:
1428:
1403:
1033:"Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits"
1998:
1845:
1629:
1445:
1088:"Elevation of two subspecies of Dunnock Prunella modularis to species rank"
712:
480:
Mauersberger, 1971 – south
Crimean Peninsula (north coast of the Black Sea)
664:
2071:
1854:
625:
1897:
460:, 1910) – Scotland (except the Hebrides), England, Wales and west France
225:
2267:
2221:
2174:
2050:
1516:
Davies, N.B.; Houston, A.I. (1986). "Reproductive success of dunnocks,
577:
437:
2076:
1980:
1684:
1377:
320:
151:
111:
1972:
1816:
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1541:
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1985:
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328:
171:
161:
131:
51:
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1882:
1756:
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839:
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The dunnock possesses variable mating systems. Females are often
517:
1726:"Food distribution and a variable mating system in the dunnock,
696:
617:
521:
121:
1967:
720:
promotes male success (monogamy, polygynandry, or polygyny).
677:
600:
Juvenile, showing the browner, fluffy plumage. Hampshire, UK.
418:
390:
389:"modulating" or "singing". This species is now placed in the
55:
1351:
786:
749:
624:
where they typically feed on the ground, often seeking out
560:
being elevated from subspecies status to separate species.
324:
141:
1401:
759:, where adults typically lay three to five unspotted blue
495:, 1919 – Iberian Peninsula, south-central France and Italy
421:
and means a person who sings with another. The genus name
1580:
Santos, Eduardo S. A.; Nakagawa, Shinichi (9 July 2013).
1085:
1007:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 318.
711:
is favoured, with the male monopolising several females.
1216:
450:, R, 1934 – Ireland and the Hebrides (west of Scotland)
792:
584:
The main call of the dunnock is a shrill, persistent
1719:
1717:
1061:
Shirihai, Hadoram; Svensson, Lars (27 August 2018).
668:
Male dunnock pecking cloaca of female before mating
505:, 1783) – northeast Turkey, Caucasus and north Iran
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1328:) into Otago, New Zealand during the 19th century"
969:
968:
935:
818:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718651A132118966.en
1714:
934:
766:
2295:
1230:A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
1155:
1060:
909:(in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 43.
612:) subarctic lowlands. Favoured habitats include
409:(dingy brown, dark-coloured) and the diminutive
398:that was introduced by the French ornithologist
1452:
906:Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire
1723:
1579:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1515:
1465:
1356:related to paternity by DNA fingerprinting".
1092:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1005:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
417:"), while "accentor" is from post-classical
1782:Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the dunnock
1262:
1158:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
1149:
1056:
1054:
1027:
591:
1511:
1509:
1117:
1115:
405:The name "dunnock" comes from the English
224:
73:
38:
29:
1619:
1609:
1427:
1156:Heather, Barrie; Rogertson, Hugh (2005).
1103:
816:
486:Watson, 1961 – northwest and north Turkey
1805:Feathers of dunnock (Prunella modularis)
1705:
1210:
1051:
919:
899:
879:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
875:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
852:
735:
727:
671:
663:
595:
508:
291:
1506:
1195:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
1112:
1002:
913:
872:
2296:
1662:
1557:Dunnock behaviour and social evolution
1554:
1321:
1273:
1821:
1820:
1397:
1395:
1039:. International Ornithologists' Union
866:
2281:7B2480E4-C184-49EE-8751-3CCB7B2A4406
2162:da97438f-98c1-4db4-8764-aaaab32e32eb
2038:1b0cc453-46fc-4f75-8840-586a8b866e4b
1298:"Dunnock | New Zealand Birds Online"
990:participating institution membership
956:participating institution membership
2304:IUCN Red List least concern species
1787:Dunnock videos, photos & sounds
1724:Davies, N.B.; Lundberg, A. (1984).
1559:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1021:
928:
804:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1392:
996:
962:
14:
2340:
1775:
1160:(Revised ed.). Viking Press.
922:Oxford Book of British Bird Names
659:
634:
1520:, in a variable mating system".
98:
1789:on the Internet Bird Collection
1699:
1656:
1636:
1573:
1548:
1345:
1315:
1290:
1240:
1186:
1164:
1079:
1031:; Donsker, David, eds. (2024).
793:BirdLife International (2018).
1642:Attenborough, D. 1998. p.215.
893:
846:
832:
767:Parental care and provisioning
563:
440:are accepted by the IOC list:
1:
1105:10.25226/bboc.v141i2.2021.a10
779:
429:, "dunnock", a diminutive of
1611:10.1371/journal.pone.0069329
1037:World Bird List Version 14.1
716:advantage during polyandry.
542:P. m. euxina, P. m. mabbotti
7:
2329:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1198:. G. & C. Merriam. 1913
654:
350:
10:
2345:
2064:dunnock-prunella-modularis
1003:Jobling, James A. (2010).
924:. Oxford University Press.
691:amongst the male suitors.
359:by the Swedish naturalist
2237:
1829:
1737:Journal of Animal Ecology
1555:Davies, Nicholas (1992).
1522:Journal of Animal Ecology
1472:Journal of Animal Ecology
1408:Journal of Animal Ecology
1278:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1065:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
977:Oxford English Dictionary
943:Oxford English Dictionary
811:: e.T22718651A132118966.
268:
261:
232:
223:
200:
193:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
49:
37:
28:
23:
1798:12 December 2021 at the
1322:Santos, Eduardo (2012).
1302:www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
920:Lockwood, W. B. (1984).
592:Distribution and habitat
2324:Birds described in 1758
1429:10.1111/1365-2656.12432
982:Oxford University Press
948:Oxford University Press
742:Cuculus canorus canorus
723:
1706:Birkhead, Tim (2012).
1250:. British Garden Birds
901:Vieillot, Louis Pierre
752:
733:
680:
669:
601:
525:
306:
256: Non-native range
244: Year-round range
2196:Paleobiology Database
1810:8 August 2014 at the
739:
732:Dunnock nest and eggs
731:
675:
667:
599:
512:
413:(thus, the original "
400:Louis Pierre Vieillot
302:
283:(Linnaeus, 1758)
2319:Birds of New Zealand
2033:Fauna Europaea (new)
472:P. m. meinertzhageni
2239:Motacilla modularis
1749:1984JAnEc..53..895D
1677:1983Natur.302..334D
1602:2013PLoSO...869329S
1484:1996JAnEc..65..837D
1420:2015JAnEc..84.1509S
1370:1989Natur.338..249B
980:(Online ed.).
946:(Online ed.).
746:Prunella modularis
645:dominance hierarchy
425:is from the German
379:Motacilla modularis
275:Linnaeus, 1758
272:Motacilla modularis
65:Conservation status
2227:Prunella-modularis
1875:Prunella_modularis
1861:Prunella modularis
1831:Prunella modularis
1728:Prunella modularis
1584:Prunella modularis
1518:Prunella modularis
1468:Prunella modularis
1354:Prunella modularis
1326:Prunella modularis
1135:Collins Bird Guide
842:. 3 November 2023.
797:Prunella modularis
753:
734:
693:DNA fingerprinting
681:
670:
602:
530:P. m. occidentalis
526:
454:P. m. occidentalis
385:is from the Latin
316:Prunella modularis
307:
304:Prunella modularis
280:Accentor modularis
250: Winter range
238: Summer range
204:Prunella modularis
2291:
2290:
2183:Open Tree of Life
1823:Taxon identifiers
1671:(5906): 334–336.
1644:The Life of Birds
1586:) in New Zealand"
1364:(6212): 249–251.
1072:978-1-4729-3758-2
1014:978-1-4081-2501-4
988:(Subscription or
954:(Subscription or
689:sperm competition
610:Siberian accentor
415:little brown bird
300:
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186:P. modularis
88:
50:Song recorded on
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1414:(6): 1509–1519.
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383:specific epithet
373:. He coined the
355:The dunnock was
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1130:Zetterström, D.
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881:. Lynx Edicions
871:
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791:
787:
782:
769:
744:in a spawn of
726:
676:on branch with
662:
657:
637:
594:
566:
538:P. m. modularis
534:P. m. hebridium
520:, northeastern
474:of the Balkans)
464:P. m. modularis
445:P. m. hebridium
370:Systema Naturae
363:in 1758 in the
353:
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2020:Fauna Europaea
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1964:
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1928:
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1774:
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1566:978-0198546740
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558:P. m. obscura
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550:P. m. fuscata
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375:binomial name
372:
371:
366:
365:tenth edition
362:
361:Carl Linnaeus
358:
348:
346:
342:
341:hedge warbler
338:
337:hedge sparrow
334:
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326:
322:
319:) is a small
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195:Binomial name
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80:Least Concern
70:
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57:
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48:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2238:
1830:
1757:10.2307/4666
1740:
1736:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1668:
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1658:
1652:0563-38792-0
1643:
1638:
1593:
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1575:
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1534:10.2307/4697
1525:
1521:
1517:
1492:10.2307/5681
1475:
1471:
1467:
1411:
1407:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1282:23 September
1280:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1242:
1229:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1194:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1151:
1133:
1122:Svensson, L.
1095:
1091:
1081:
1062:
1041:. Retrieved
1036:
1023:
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998:
975:
964:
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883:. Retrieved
878:
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808:
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583:
567:
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489:
484:P. m. euxina
483:
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279:
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233:Global range
203:
201:
185:
184:
172:
18:
2309:Prunellidae
2072:iNaturalist
1855:Wikispecies
1341:(1): 79–81.
1029:Gill, Frank
824:13 November
685:polyandrous
564:Description
548:(including
540:(including
532:(including
433:, "brown".
162:Prunellidae
2298:Categories
2222:Xeno-canto
1708:Bird Sense
1232:. London:
1202:2 February
992:required.)
971:"Accentor"
958:required.)
780:References
678:hoar frost
616:, shrubs,
578:camouflage
438:subspecies
58:, England
2254:Q47010357
1438:1365-2656
1307:4 October
1276:"Dunnock"
1248:"Dunnock"
1172:"Dunnock"
1138:, ed. 2.
937:"Dunnock"
840:"Titling"
628:as food.
622:hedgerows
614:woodlands
427:Braunelle
402:in 1816.
387:modularis
357:described
321:passerine
180:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
2248:Wikidata
2116:22718651
2090:10596931
1947:bob10840
1911:22718651
1906:BirdLife
1895:BioLib:
1840:Wikidata
1808:Archived
1796:Archived
1630:23874945
1590:PLOS ONE
1446:26257043
1335:Notornis
1228:(1954).
1128:, &
1043:1 August
903:(1816).
885:10 March
856:(1758).
709:polygyny
705:monogamy
655:Breeding
606:Caucasus
468:Linnaeus
423:Prunella
395:Prunella
351:Taxonomy
329:accentor
263:Synonyms
212:Linnaeus
173:Prunella
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
85:IUCN 3.1
52:Dartmoor
24:Dunnock
2276:ZooBank
2268:7516395
2152:dunnock
2051:5231763
1973:dunnoc1
1934:dunnoc1
1883:Avibase
1745:Bibcode
1693:4260839
1673:Bibcode
1621:3706400
1598:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1416:Bibcode
1386:4333938
1366:Bibcode
1234:Collins
1132:(2009)
757:conifer
740:Egg of
618:gardens
544:), and
518:Giresun
503:Hablizl
458:Hartert
367:of his
345:titling
311:dunnock
168:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
2201:368991
2188:875990
2159:NZOR:
2149:NZBO:
2142:181117
2103:562489
2007:EURING
1986:PRUNMO
1846:Q26698
1763:
1691:
1665:Nature
1650:
1628:
1618:
1563:
1540:
1498:
1444:
1436:
1384:
1358:Nature
1174:. RSPB
1142:
1069:
1011:
697:cloaca
620:, and
522:Turkey
493:Harper
436:Seven
381:. The
343:, and
254:
248:
242:
236:
2214:14671
2085:IRMNG
2077:13988
2025:97429
2012:10840
1994:EUNIS
1968:eBird
1960:4N8CC
1931:BOW:
1924:70334
1761:JSTOR
1733:(PDF)
1689:S2CID
1538:JSTOR
1496:JSTOR
1382:S2CID
1331:(PDF)
1254:6 May
1178:6 May
986:
952:
586:tseep
570:robin
431:braun
419:Latin
391:genus
56:Devon
2263:GBIF
2137:NCBI
2111:IUCN
2098:ITIS
2046:GBIF
1999:1235
1981:EPPO
1919:BOLD
1898:8859
1765:4666
1648:ISBN
1646:BBC
1626:PMID
1561:ISBN
1542:4697
1500:5681
1442:PMID
1434:ISSN
1309:2015
1284:2013
1256:2017
1204:2023
1180:2017
1140:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1045:2024
1009:ISBN
887:2019
826:2021
809:2018
761:eggs
750:MHNT
724:Nest
556:and
325:bird
309:The
216:1758
142:Aves
2209:TSA
2175:118
2124:NBN
2059:IBC
1955:CoL
1942:BTO
1870:ADW
1753:doi
1681:doi
1669:302
1616:PMC
1606:doi
1530:doi
1488:doi
1470:".
1424:doi
1374:doi
1362:338
1100:doi
1096:141
813:doi
536:),
411:ock
407:dun
377:of
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