449:
355:
597:
83:
87:
midsagittal plane reconstructed from a three-dimensional volume acquisition were the crown-rump length is measured and fetal cystic hygroma can be observed (white arrow); (C): transverse sonographic view of the neck showing the septated nuchal cystic mass (white arrow); (D): 4D STIC showing in the longitudinal view of the fetal abdomen an abnormal connection (white arrow) between umbilical vein and aorta. (E): same aspects as (D), using two dimensional color
Doppler assessment. UV umbilical vein, HA hepatic artery, Ao aorta, St stomach, Sp spine, CHy cystic hygroma, AoUf aorto-umbilical fistula.
2138:
236:
596:
180:
baseline. Waveform of the flow can be classified as: pulsatile (as in arteries), phasic (as in veins), non-phasic (as in diseased veins), and aphasic (no flow). Spectral broadening (thickness of the waveform) increases from large vessels (plug flow) to medium vessels (laminar flow) to small/stenotic/diseased vessels (turbulent flow) due to a larger variety of blood with different ranges of velocities in those with turbulent flow.
585:
138:
421:. Ultrasound duplex scanning can provide additional information that may guide therapeutic decisions. The location and severity of arterial narrowings and occlusions can be identified. The vascular sonographer can map disease in lower-extremity segments with great accuracy, though duplex scanning is more time-consuming than other lower-extremity arterial studies.
191:
change of phase). The major advantage of pulsed wave
Doppler (PW Doppler) over continuous wave (CW Doppler) is that distance information is obtained (time between transmitted and received pulses multiplied by sound velocity equals distance) and gain correction is applied. The disadvantage of pulsed Doppler is that the measurements can suffer from
471:, and acceleration curves can be estimated (Figure 4) (e.g., peak systolic velocity of the renal artery above 180 cm/s is a predictor of renal artery stenosis of more than 60%, and a resistive index, which is a calculated from peak systolic and end systolic velocity, above 0.70 is indicative of abnormal renovascular resistance).
184:
causing marked reduction in resistance index. Meanwhile, downstream stenosis is located after the ultrasound probe. Thus, there is only a slight reduction in peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity (where end-diastolic velocity is reduced more than peak systolic velocity), resulting in an increased resistance index.
459:(RI). Red and blue colors in the color box represent flow towards and away from the transducer, respectively. The spectrogram below the B-mode image shows flow velocity (m/s) against time (s) obtained within the range gate. The small flash icons on the spectrogram represent initiation of the flow measurement.
162:
of the flow. In "antegrade" flow, the blood flows according to the normal flow within the circulatory system (e.g. veins flow towards the heart while arteries flows away from the heart). In "retrograde" flow, the flow would reverse (e.g. veins flow away from heart or arteries flow towards the heart).
435:
In addition to visualization, ultrasound can also be used in
Doppler auscultation (without visual), similar to using an ultrasound baby monitor, to locate clots or other vascular obstructions or collapse by tracing a blood vessel until sound is no longer heard. It is also used to confirm patency of
211:
representing longer wavelengths (scattered) from blood flowing away from the transducer and blue representing the shorter wavelengths from blood flowing toward the transducer. Because of this confusion and lack of standards, the sonographer must understand the underlying physics of color
Doppler and
179:
contraction. Both antegrade or retrograde flow can be either towards or away from the probe transducer, depending on the position of the probe relative to the blood flow. Blood flow toward the transducer would appear above the baseline while blood flows away from the transducer will appear below the
206:
There are no standards for displaying color
Doppler. Some laboratories show arteries as red and veins as blue, as medical illustrators usually show them, even though some vessels may have portions flowing toward and portions flowing away from the transducer. This results in the illogical appearance
190:
All modern ultrasound scanners use pulsed
Doppler to measure velocity. Pulsed wave instruments transmit and receive series of pulses. The frequency shift of each pulse is ignored, however the relative phase changes of the pulses are used to obtain the frequency shift (since frequency is the rate of
121:
Duplex ultrasonography sometimes refers to
Doppler ultrasonography or spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Doppler ultrasonography consists of two components: brightness mode (B-mode) showing anatomy of the organs, and Doppler mode (showing blood flow) superimposed on the B-mode. Meanwhile, spectral
86:
Absence of the portal system in a first trimester case associated with hygroma and aorto-umbilical fistula. (A): Transverse plane of the upper abdomen with color
Doppler applied, showing umbilical cord insertion, stomach, the prominent hepatic artery and no afferent liver venous perfusion; (B):
40:
183:
Upstream and downstream stenosis refers to the location of the stenotic site relative to the ultrasound probe. Upstream stenosis means the location of stenosis is located before the ultrasound probe. It causes a marked decrease in peak systolic velocity when compared to end-diastolic velocity,
122:
Doppler ultrasonography consists of three components: B-mode, Doppler mode, and spectral waveform displayed at the lower half of the image. Therefore, "duplex ultrasonography" is a misnomer for spectral
Doppler ultrasonography, and more exact name should be "triplex ultrasonography".
322:. The equipment used for these tests is becoming increasingly portable, making it possible for a clinician to travel to a hospital, to a doctor's office, or to a nursing home for both inpatient and outpatient studies. The tests are often used in conjunction with other tests such as
207:
of a vessel being partly a vein and partly an artery. Other laboratories use red to indicate flow toward the transducer and blue away from the transducer. Still other laboratories display the
Doppler color map in accordance with published data, with
500:
of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of
448:
157:
In spectral Doppler, the y-axis shows the direction and velocity of the flow. Meanwhile, the x-axis (as known as "baseline") shows the flow over time. The gradient at any point on the waveform would therefore shows the
467:. Renal vessels are easily depicted by the color Doppler technique in order to evaluate perfusion. Applying spectral Doppler to the renal artery and selected interlobular arteries, peak systolic velocities,
145:
Colour Doppler shows the direction of the blood flow in red or blue (either towards or away from the transducer). Meanwhile, spectral Doppler not only shows the direction of blood flow, it also shows the
118:. By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, for example, flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, its speed and direction can be determined and visualized.
125:
This is particularly useful in cardiovascular studies (sonography of the vascular system and heart) and essential in many areas such as determining reverse blood flow in the liver vasculature in
455:
using duplex technique of a normal adult kidney, with the estimation of the systolic velocity (Vs), the diastolic velocity (Vd), acceleration time (AoAT), systolic acceleration (Ao Accel) and
824:
411:
616:
Doppler ultrasonography can help distinguishing benign from malignant soft tissue lumps. Power Doppler is useful in assessing tendon and joints inflammation such as
167:, there is an abnormal portal venous flow where it flows away from the liver (hepatofugal flow) instead of the normal flow towards liver (hepatopetal flow). In
2097:
851:
432:) while suppressing the signals from the surrounding stationary tissue. It can visualize flowing blood and surrounding stationary tissues simultaneously.
521:). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.
203:
have been accepted to apply to both pulsed and continuous Doppler systems, despite the different mechanisms by which the velocity is measured.
1077:"The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension referred for echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function"
1812:
1496:
1626:
607:- Doppler ultrasonography that shows hyperaemic blood flow in the hilum and central cortex and/or abnormal (non-hilar cortical) blood flow
1638:
1966:
505:
areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (
1238:
406:
294:), and other problems. These relatively quick and inexpensive tests are growing in popularity. The tests are effective for detecting
2074:
788:
1604:
828:
1171:"The importance of ultrasound in identifying and differentiating patients with early inflammatory arthritis: a narrative review"
150:(pulsatility) and acceleration of the blood flow. Any sudden changes in direction of blood flow produces audible sounds on the
17:
1609:
1450:
354:
311:
2002:
1881:
1621:
1530:
266:
conduct a spectral analysis of the acoustic signals they receive and can therefore be classified as methods of active
1460:
886:
770:
687:
2162:
1445:
1440:
1323:
902:
Wachsberg RH (June 2007). "B-flow imaging of the hepatic vasculature: correlation with color Doppler sonography".
1525:
1508:
393:, and it is the main aid to rule out thrombotic events. Duplex is an inexpensive, non-invasive way to determine
1886:
1733:
1633:
1616:
863:
327:
1829:
2012:
1866:
1465:
1340:
1332:
1231:
2123:
2057:
1989:
1979:
1957:
1728:
1696:
1327:
82:
1787:
1755:
1738:
307:
1861:
1596:
1336:
468:
456:
323:
2102:
1770:
1760:
2141:
2092:
1871:
1750:
1723:
1484:
1269:
1224:
492:. An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce an accurate assessment of the direction of
485:
480:
53:
2040:
1876:
1817:
1802:
1513:
1489:
602:
401:
335:
303:
168:
95:
1911:
1780:
1711:
1518:
506:
343:
1775:
1706:
1572:
1455:
1374:
1281:
980:
Davis's Comprehensive Handbook of Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications
535:
530:
518:
464:
452:
437:
172:
45:
2118:
1807:
1745:
1567:
569:. Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a
359:
267:
243:
230:
671:
8:
2064:
1942:
1765:
1501:
295:
164:
126:
786:
DuBose TJ, Baker AL (2009). "Confusion and Direction in Diagnostic Doppler Sonography".
584:
2052:
1901:
1896:
1797:
1680:
1535:
1286:
1197:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1093:
1076:
1022:
995:
805:
779:
660:
386:
370:
955:
938:
640:"An Adaptive Low-Complexity Abnormality Detection Scheme for Wearable Ultrasonography"
27:
Ultrasound imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids using the Doppler effect
1891:
1856:
1851:
1792:
1540:
1389:
1202:
1150:
1098:
1027:
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882:
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743:
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683:
664:
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1192:
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911:
797:
727:
652:
115:
107:
1048:
363:
73:
1927:
1379:
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1318:
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263:
103:
59:
714:
2069:
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656:
510:
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99:
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502:
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147:
2084:
1937:
1932:
1839:
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1154:
1102:
1031:
923:
747:
557:
271:
255:
176:
163:
However, "retrograde" flow can be both abnormal or normal. For example, in
159:
2007:
1562:
1394:
1384:
1364:
1354:
1296:
1291:
1260:
1053:
731:
605:
of a soft tissue lump, showing signs of a suspected malignant lymph node:
67:
915:
212:
the physiology of normal and abnormal blood flow in the human body (see
1643:
1406:
1401:
1369:
551:
493:
319:
287:
247:
235:
151:
111:
1970:
1906:
1359:
554:
in beats per minute (BPM). Use of this monitor is sometimes known as
514:
369:
Vascular ultrasonography helps determine multiple factors within the
283:
246:(TCD) and transcranial colour Doppler (TCCD) measure the velocity of
213:
208:
1993:
497:
417:
Duplex evaluation is usually done prior to any invasive testing or
390:
382:
299:
291:
279:
192:
39:
1216:
712:
McNaughton, Dean Alexander; Abu-Yousef, Monzer M. (January 2011).
542:
but rather sound-generating, use the Doppler effect to detect the
440:
when edema or other conditions make manual palpation impractical.
2022:
1425:
539:
418:
394:
339:
331:
137:
852:"Transcranial Doppler: An Overview of its Clinical Applications"
561:. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a
2017:
425:
389:(complete blockage) within an artery, it assists in ruling out
374:
275:
1075:
Mohamed AL, Yong J, Masiyati J, Lim L, Tee SC (January 2004).
2044:
1255:
856:
The Internet Journal of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine
637:
Srivastav, A.; Bhogi, K.; Mandal, S.; Sharad, M. (Aug 2019).
489:
259:
251:
609:- Increased focal cortical thickness greater than 3 mm
412:
Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs
378:
239:
Transcranial Doppler insonation of the cerebral circulation
754:
636:
428:, which digitally highlights weak flow reflectors (mainly
816:
939:"B-flow Ultrasonography of Peripheral Vascular Diseases"
550:. These are hand-held, and some models also display the
937:
Wang HK, Chou YH, Chiou HJ, Chiou SY, Chang CY (2005).
680:
L'Investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie doppler
1074:
879:
Vein Diagnosis and Treatment: A Comprehensive Approach
175:, the retrograde "a" waveform is a normal flow due to
1168:
993:
488:
is the use of Doppler ultrasonography to examine the
373:. It can evaluate central (abdominal) and peripheral
711:
114:(usually blood), and their relative velocity to the
1118:
996:"Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review"
994:Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Ewertsen C (December 2015).
936:
713:
638:
424:An alternative to Doppler to visualize vessels is
1169:Kaeley GS, Bakewell C, Deodhar A (January 2020).
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
2154:
977:
849:
876:
33:Doppler ultrasonography, duplex ultrasonography
1119:Dialani V, James DF, Slanetz PJ (April 2015).
1114:
1112:
696:
358:Absence of flow and hyperechogenic content in
1232:
760:
1121:"A practical approach to imaging the axilla"
1068:
930:
895:
381:, it helps determine the amount of vascular
187:Power Doppler is a non directional Doppler.
1109:
785:
576:
1239:
1225:
986:
677:
463:Doppler ultrasonography is widely used in
342:. The tests are also used for research in
38:
1196:
1186:
1144:
1092:
1081:The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
1021:
1011:
954:
901:
765:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
645:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
407:Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis
2075:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
850:Alexandrov AV, Joseph M (January 2000).
789:Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
524:
447:
353:
234:
141:Duplex scan of the common carotid artery
136:
81:
14:
2155:
904:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1220:
715:"Doppler US of the Liver Made Simple"
1159:Creative Commons attribution license
877:Weiss RA, Feied C, Weiss MA (2001).
314:. The tests are possibly useful for
1246:
1057:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
538:, although usually not technically
24:
1882:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
822:
25:
2174:
2137:
2136:
1175:Arthritis Research & Therapy
595:
583:
349:
1639:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1162:
1041:
992:Content initially copied from:
978:Van Leeuwen A, Bladh M (2015).
971:
224:
1887:Radioactive iodine uptake test
982:(6th ed.). F.A. Davis Co.
870:
843:
761:Ellis GF, Williams RM (2000).
630:
13:
1:
1867:Radionuclide ventriculography
1341:Lower gastrointestinal series
1333:Upper gastrointestinal series
956:10.1016/S0929-6441(09)60108-9
943:Journal of Medical Ultrasound
623:
397:. It is used in for example:
2058:Optical coherence tomography
1980:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1568:Dental panoramic radiography
881:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
825:"Doppler Ultrasound History"
611:- Absence of the fatty hilum
258:transcranially (through the
132:
44:Spectral duplex scan of the
7:
763:Flat and Curved Space-Times
312:cerebral circulatory arrest
308:arteriovenous malformations
10:
2179:
1862:Ventilation/perfusion scan
1337:Small-bowel follow-through
1013:10.3390/diagnostics6010002
657:10.1109/TCSII.2018.2881612
528:
478:
443:
290:(bleeding from a ruptured
228:
2132:
2111:
2103:Dynamic angiothermography
2083:
2039:
1988:
1965:
1955:
1920:
1847:
1837:
1828:
1771:Abdominal ultrasonography
1679:
1595:
1555:
1474:
1433:
1424:
1277:
1268:
1254:
1188:10.1186/s13075-019-2050-4
1137:10.1007/s13244-014-0367-8
302:cerebrovascular disease,
66:
52:
37:
32:
2093:Non-contact thermography
1872:Radionuclide angiography
1724:Doppler echocardiography
802:10.1177/8756479309335681
577:Superficial soft tissues
486:Doppler echocardiography
481:Doppler echocardiography
474:
2163:Medical ultrasonography
1877:Radioisotope renography
603:Medical ultrasonography
438:dorsalis pedis arteries
402:Carotid ultrasonography
304:subarachnoid hemorrhage
219:
169:jugular venous pressure
96:medical ultrasonography
92:Doppler ultrasonography
1912:Gastric emptying study
536:Doppler fetal monitors
509:), calculation of the
507:valvular regurgitation
460:
366:
344:cognitive neuroscience
240:
142:
88:
18:Duplex ultrasonography
1573:X-ray motion analysis
1456:X-ray microtomography
1375:Hysterosalpingography
1282:Pneumoencephalography
1125:Insights into Imaging
678:Franceschi C (1978).
590:Doppler fetal monitor
531:Doppler fetal monitor
525:Doppler fetal monitor
519:diastolic dysfunction
465:renal ultrasonography
453:Renal ultrasonography
451:
357:
238:
173:internal jugular vein
140:
85:
46:common carotid artery
2098:Contact thermography
1808:Emergency ultrasound
1746:Transcranial Doppler
1497:Abdominal and pelvis
732:10.1148/rg.311105093
360:deep vein thrombosis
286:from a subarachnoid
268:acoustocerebrography
244:Transcranial Doppler
231:Transcranial Doppler
2065:Confocal microscopy
1943:Indium-111 WBC scan
1766:Echoencephalography
1502:Virtual colonoscopy
916:10.2214/AJR.06.1161
862:(1). Archived from
513:and calculation of
320:meningeal infection
296:sickle cell disease
270:. They are used as
165:portal hypertension
127:portal hypertension
106:of the movement of
2053:Optical tomography
1902:Dacryoscintigraphy
1897:Immunoscintigraphy
1536:Whole body imaging
1287:Dental radiography
866:on April 25, 2015.
461:
419:surgical procedure
391:aneurysmal disease
371:circulatory system
367:
262:). These modes of
241:
201:Doppler sonography
197:Doppler ultrasound
143:
89:
2150:
2149:
2112:Target conditions
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1951:
1950:
1892:Bone scintigraphy
1857:Scintimammography
1852:Cholescintigraphy
1697:contrast-enhanced
1591:
1590:
1551:
1550:
1541:Full-body CT scan
1441:General operation
1420:
1419:
1390:Angiocardiography
571:fetal stethoscope
364:subsartorial vein
274:to help diagnose
98:that employs the
80:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2170:
2140:
2139:
1963:
1962:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1719:Echocardiography
1578:Hounsfield scale
1431:
1430:
1350:Cholecystography
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1049:"Echocardiogram"
1045:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1015:
990:
984:
983:
975:
969:
968:
958:
934:
928:
927:
899:
893:
892:
874:
868:
867:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
831:on June 17, 2009
827:. Archived from
820:
814:
813:
783:
777:
776:
758:
752:
751:
717:
709:
694:
693:
675:
669:
668:
651:(8): 1466–1470.
642:
634:
599:
587:
171:waveform of the
76:
62:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2128:
2107:
2079:
2027:
2013:PET mammography
1984:
1947:
1933:Gallium-67 scan
1928:Octreotide scan
1916:
1824:
1675:
1587:
1547:
1470:
1451:High-resolution
1416:
1380:Skeletal survey
1346:Cholangiography
1259:
1250:
1248:Medical imaging
1245:
1215:
1214:
1167:
1163:
1117:
1110:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1042:
991:
987:
976:
972:
935:
931:
900:
896:
889:
875:
871:
848:
844:
834:
832:
821:
817:
784:
780:
773:
759:
755:
710:
697:
690:
676:
672:
635:
631:
626:
612:
610:
608:
606:
600:
591:
588:
579:
544:fetal heartbeat
533:
527:
483:
477:
469:resistive index
457:resistive index
446:
430:red blood cells
385:(narrowing) or
352:
318:monitoring and
264:medical imaging
233:
227:
222:
135:
72:
58:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
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2100:
2095:
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2078:
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2072:
2070:Endomicroscopy
2067:
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2047:
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2033:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1997:
1986:
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1960:
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1704:
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1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1161:
1108:
1067:
1040:
985:
970:
949:(4): 186–195.
929:
910:(6): W522-33.
894:
887:
869:
842:
815:
778:
771:
753:
726:(1): 161–188.
695:
688:
670:
628:
627:
625:
622:
614:
613:
601:
594:
592:
589:
582:
578:
575:
529:Main article:
526:
523:
517:(a measure of
511:cardiac output
479:Main article:
476:
473:
445:
442:
415:
414:
409:
404:
351:
348:
229:Main article:
226:
223:
221:
218:
134:
131:
100:Doppler effect
78:
77:
70:
64:
63:
56:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2175:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Ga-68-DOTATOC
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Intravascular
1749:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:Synthetic MRI
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Electron beam
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1412:Orbital x-ray
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:Bronchography
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:(2): 217–29.
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
981:
974:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
890:
888:0-07-069201-7
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
782:
774:
772:0-19-850656-2
768:
764:
757:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:RadioGraphics
716:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
691:
689:2-225-63679-6
685:
681:
674:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
633:
629:
621:
619:
618:paratenonitis
604:
598:
593:
586:
581:
580:
574:
572:
568:
567:fetal Doppler
564:
560:
559:
553:
549:
548:prenatal care
545:
541:
537:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:cardiac valve
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
472:
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
441:
439:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
361:
356:
350:Blood vessels
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:perioperative
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:blood vessels
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
217:
215:
210:
204:
202:
198:
194:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
155:
153:
149:
139:
130:
128:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
84:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2119:Acute stroke
2085:Thermography
1840:scintigraphy
1830:Radionuclide
1818:pre-hospital
1691:
1664:Tractography
1583:Radiodensity
1485:calcium scan
1446:Quantitative
1178:
1174:
1164:
1128:
1124:
1087:(1): 66–74.
1084:
1080:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1003:
999:
988:
979:
973:
946:
942:
932:
907:
903:
897:
878:
872:
864:the original
859:
855:
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:the original
818:
796:(3): 173–7.
793:
787:
781:
762:
756:
723:
719:
679:
673:
648:
644:
632:
615:
566:
562:
558:auscultation
555:
534:
484:
462:
434:
423:
416:
368:
250:through the
242:
225:Transcranial
205:
200:
196:
195:. The terms
189:
186:
182:
177:right atrium
160:acceleration
156:
144:
124:
120:
91:
90:
2008:Cardiac PET
1781:renal tract
1756:Gynecologic
1688:Techniques
1659:restriction
1634:Angiography
1617:Neurography
1563:Fluoroscopy
1509:Angiography
1490:angiography
1434:Techniques:
1395:Aortography
1385:Angiography
1365:Cystography
1355:Mammography
1297:Myelography
1292:Sialography
1261:radiography
1054:MedlinePlus
1037:(CC-BY 4.0)
1000:Diagnostics
835:January 25,
823:DuBose TJ.
112:body fluids
102:to perform
68:MedlinePlus
1921:Full body:
1707:endoscopic
1681:Ultrasound
1610:functional
1407:Lymphogram
1402:Venography
1370:Arthrogram
1061:2017-12-15
682:. Masson.
624:References
552:heart rate
494:blood flow
336:ultrasound
288:hemorrhage
248:blood flow
152:ultrasound
2124:Pregnancy
2003:Brain PET
1971:gamma ray
1907:DMSA scan
1761:Obstetric
1654:diffusion
1649:Sequences
1627:perfusion
1519:Pulmonary
1466:Cone beam
1360:Pyelogram
965:0929-6441
740:0271-5333
665:117391787
515:E/A ratio
395:pathology
387:occlusion
284:vasospasm
214:Red shift
209:red shift
154:machine.
133:Operation
2157:Category
2142:Category
1994:positron
1514:Coronary
1207:31898524
1181:(1): 1.
1155:25534139
1103:22977362
1032:26838799
1006:(1): 2.
924:17515342
810:57036560
748:21257940
556:Doppler
498:velocity
496:and the
383:stenosis
375:arteries
340:CT scans
300:ischemic
292:aneurysm
280:stenosis
193:aliasing
2041:Optical
2023:PET-MRI
1803:Carotid
1798:Scrotal
1692:doppler
1622:Cardiac
1531:Thyroid
1475:Targets
1426:CT scan
1198:6939339
1146:4376818
1094:3438153
1023:4808817
563:Doppler
540:-graphy
444:Kidneys
362:of the
334:duplex
332:carotid
260:cranium
108:tissues
104:imaging
60:D018616
2018:PET-CT
1793:Breast
1788:Rectal
1712:duplex
1644:Breast
1481:Heart
1205:
1195:
1153:
1143:
1101:
1091:
1030:
1020:
963:
922:
885:
808:
769:
746:
738:
686:
663:
426:B-flow
310:, and
276:emboli
148:phases
74:003433
2045:Laser
1967:SPECT
1776:renal
1605:Brain
1556:Other
1256:X-ray
806:S2CID
661:S2CID
490:heart
475:Heart
379:veins
272:tests
252:brain
116:probe
1813:FAST
1526:Head
1203:PMID
1151:PMID
1099:PMID
1028:PMID
961:ISSN
920:PMID
883:ISBN
837:2008
767:ISBN
744:PMID
736:ISSN
684:ISBN
546:for
377:and
338:and
220:Uses
199:and
110:and
54:MeSH
1990:PET
1958:ECT
1956:3D/
1838:2D/
1739:ICE
1734:TEE
1729:TTE
1597:MRI
1328:DXR
1324:DXA
1319:KUB
1314:AXR
1302:CXR
1193:PMC
1183:doi
1141:PMC
1133:doi
1089:PMC
1018:PMC
1008:doi
951:doi
912:doi
908:188
798:doi
728:doi
653:doi
565:or
328:MRA
324:MRI
254:'s
216:).
94:is
2159::
1996:):
1973:):
1702:3D
1270:2D
1201:.
1191:.
1179:22
1177:.
1173:.
1149:.
1139:.
1127:.
1123:.
1111:^
1097:.
1085:11
1083:.
1079:.
1051:.
1026:.
1016:.
1002:.
998:.
959:.
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906:.
858:.
854:.
804:.
794:25
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718:.
698:^
659:.
649:66
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643:.
620:.
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330:,
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298:,
282:,
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1992:(
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1034:.
1010::
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926:.
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891:.
860:4
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800::
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750:.
730::
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667:.
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20:)
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