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would have had knowledge of
Christianity and infused it into the poem. Bellows dates the poem to the 10th century which was a transitional period between paganism and Christianity and the two religions would have co-existed before Christianity was declared the official religion of Iceland and the old
644:
on
Christian influences, see the following articles: "The Background and Scope of Vǫluspá" by Kees Samplonius, "Vǫluspá and the Sibylline Oracles with a Focus on the ‘Myth of the Future’" by Gro Steinsland, "Vǫluspá, the Tiburtine Sibyl, and the Apocalypse in the North" by Karl G. Johansson, and
302:
then established order in the cosmos by finding places for the sun, the moon and the stars, thereby starting the cycle of day and night. A golden age ensued where the Æsir had plenty of gold and happily constructed temples and made tools. But then three mighty giant maidens came from
387:, the world serpent, and wins but Thor is only able to take nine steps afterward before collapsing due to the serpent's venom. Víðarr faces Fenrir and kicks his jaw open before stabbing the wolf in the heart with his spear. The god
472:
In March 2018, a team of medieval historians and scientists from the
University of Cambridge suggested that the Icelandic poem, Vǫluspá, estimated to date from 961, was a roughly contemporary chronicle of the volcano
723:
371:, and of others. Then she prophesies the destruction of the gods where fire and flood overwhelm heaven and earth as the gods fight their final battles with their enemies. This is the "fate of the gods" -
119:
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section and the part in which the "mighty one who rules over all" are later insertions. Although some have identified the latter figure with Jesus, Bellows thought this was not necessarily the case.
255:). The order and number of the stanzas varies in these sources. Some editors and translators have further rearranged the material. The Codex Regius version is usually taken as a base for editions.
477:
eruption in 939. The researchers suggested that the dramatic imagery of Eldgjá's eruption was purposefully invoked in order to accelerate the
Christianization of Iceland.
715:
326:" ("Catalogue of Dwarfs"), is usually considered an interpolation and sometimes omitted by editors and translators. Its role in the poem is not clear.
345:. She then recalls the time Freyja was given to the giants, which is commonly interpreted as a reference to the myth of the giant builder, as told in
360:
and how he gave it up in exchange for knowledge. She asks him in several refrains if he understands, or if he would like to hear more.
322:
At this point ten of the poem's stanzas are over and six stanzas ensue which contain names of dwarves. This section, sometimes called "
465:
paganism was tolerated if practiced in private. This allowed the traditions to survive to an extent in
Iceland unlike in mainland
1501:
426:, discussing Jörmungandr, great events of the past, and the runic alphabet. A final stanza describes the sudden appearance of
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that she knows some of his own secrets, and that he sacrificed an eye in pursuit of knowledge. She tells him she knows
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will live again in a new world where the earth sprouts abundance without sowing seed. The surviving Æsir reunite with
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Some scholars hold that there are
Christian influences in the text, emphasizing parallels with the
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born in antiquity who reared her, nine worlds and the tree of life (Mjötviður mær, or axis mundi).
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Finally a beautiful reborn world will rise from the ashes of death and destruction where
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that led to the first "folk" war, and what occurred in the struggle between the Æsir and
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whether he wants her to recite ancient lore based on her memory. She says she remembers
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661:"Review for The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement"
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645:"Manifest and Latent Biblical Themes in Vǫluspá" by Pétur Pétursson, all articles in
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716:"A Volcanic Explosion 1,000 Years Ago Was So Brutal, It Slayed Icelandic Gods"
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In the Codex Regius version, the seeress goes on to describe the slaying of
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Edited by Terry
Gunnell and Annette Lassen, eds. 2013. Brepols Publishers.
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The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement.
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The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspa and Nordic Days of Judgement.
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The Nordic
Apocalypse: Approaches to Vǫluspá and Nordic Days of Judgement
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are utilised in the song “Twilight of the Gods” in the 2020 video game
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The Elder Edda and the Younger Edda/Elder Edda/The Vala's Prophecy
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30:"Voluspa" redirects here. For the album by The Golden Filter, see
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Illustrations of Völuspá from manuscripts and early print books.
337:, the world-tree, is described. The seer recalls the burning of
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Den poetiska Eddan, övers. Björn Collinder (tryckt 1972) s.296
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and the golden age came to an end. The Æsir then created the
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168:. It tells the story of the creation of the world and its
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Edda Sæmundar Hinns Froða: The Edda Of Sæmund The Learned
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lifted the earth out of the sea, creating the world. The
460:. Henry Adams Bellows stated in 1936 that the author of
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and dates to the 10th century, the century before the
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The new world that rises after Ragnarök (depiction by
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and subsequent rebirth, related to the audience by a
928:Eysteinn Björnsson's edition with manuscript texts
367:, best and fairest of the gods and the enmity of
1483:
445:is still one of the most discussed poems of the
192:manuscripts while parts of it are quoted in the
922:'s edition and commentary with manuscript texts
807:Gunnell, Terry and Annette Lassen, eds. 2013.
956:
290:; the world was nothing but the magical void
699:. Translated by Bellows, Henry Adams. 1936.
162:, a seeress') is the best known poem of the
525:are performed in songform in the TV series
329:After the "Dvergatal", the creation of the
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879:MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)
846:Ólason, Vésteinn. "Vǫluspá and time." In
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534:The 2012 atmospheric black metal album
14:
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860:. (2 vols.) London: Trübner & Co.
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659:Elton Gay, David (February 11, 2015).
248:, oldest extant manuscript dates from
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267:requesting silence from "the sons of
184:. The poem is preserved whole in the
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726:from the original on Dec 16, 2023.
703:from the original on Jan 19, 2024.
496:, a philologist familiar with the
422:and meet together at the field of
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586:"Germanic religion and mythology"
114:
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811:Brepols Publishers. 240 pages.
749:, HarperCollins, Appendix III;
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1502:Eschatology in Norse mythology
894:Translation and commentary by
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714:Dockrill, Peter (2018-03-20).
707:
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584:; Tikkanen, Amy (2023-03-08).
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13:
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480:Some have suggested that the
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697:Internet Sacred Text Archive
665:Journal of Folklore Research
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352:The seeress then reveals to
271:" (human beings) and asking
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451:Christianization of Iceland
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10:
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1197:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
825:and the Feast of Easter,"
797:Eysteinn Björnsson (ed.).
794:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
693:"The Poetic Edda: Voluspo"
531:and used as battle chants.
512:in his 1937 fantasy novel
500:, utilized names from the
209:is found in the Icelandic
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1190:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
1183:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
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821:McKinnell, John (2008). "
742:The History of The Hobbit
557:Assassin's Creed Valhalla
282:She proceeds to recite a
263:The poem starts with the
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27:Poem from the Poetic Edda
1264:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
777:. Christiania: Malling.
850:, pp. 25–44. 2013.
843:. Reykjavík: Helgafell.
614:Encyclopedia Britannica
590:Encyclopedia Britannica
358:where his eye is hidden
582:Turville-Petre, E.O.G.
407:
1250:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
578:Polomé, Edgar Charles
551:Various stanzas from
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1512:Old Norse philosophy
1492:Old Norse literature
886:English translations
458:Sibylline Prophecies
1215:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
896:Henry Adams Bellows
765:Relevant literature
508:and for the Wizard
331:first man and woman
319:are the mightiest.
158:: 'Prophecy of the
1497:13th-century poems
1471:Icelandic language
1271:Helreið Brynhildar
1108:Völuspá hin skamma
982:Mythological poems
911:Old Norse editions
792:Mythological Poems
544:takes lyrics from
488:In popular culture
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379:, the great wolf.
333:are recounted and
294:until the sons of
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1292:Guðrúnarkviða III
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1147:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
817:978-2-503-54182-2
747:Return to Bag-End
391:fights the giant
129:
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16:(Redirected from
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1466:Old Norse poetry
1352:Non-Codex Regius
1323:Jörmunrekkr Lays
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862:Norroena Society
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803:Available online
779:Available online
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1161:Heroic Lays
1140:Gróttasöngr
1117:Svipdagsmál
974:Poetic Edda
745:, volume 2
467:Scandinavia
447:Poetic Edda
385:Jörmungandr
292:Ginnungagap
253: 1300
246: 1220
235: 1334
218: 1270
176:addressing
165:Poetic Edda
1486:Categories
1436:Prose Edda
1398:AM 738 4to
1360:Hlöðskviða
1175:Helgi Lays
1101:Hyndluljóð
1055:Þrymskviða
1041:Hymiskviða
1027:Skírnismál
1020:Grímnismál
937:'s edition
829:12:3–28. (
790:Volume II
675:2020-04-14
619:2023-04-30
595:2023-04-30
564:References
515:The Hobbit
311:, of whom
305:Jötunheimr
241:(composed
239:Prose Edda
195:Prose Edda
170:coming end
124:Wikisource
1450:Sólarljóð
1338:Hamðismál
1306:Atlakviða
1236:Fáfnismál
1229:Reginsmál
1222:Grípisspá
1069:Alvíssmál
1048:Lokasenna
827:Alvíssmál
537:Umskiptar
502:Dvergatal
482:Dvergatal
438:Reception
335:Yggdrasil
324:Dvergatal
313:Mótsognir
269:Heimdallr
220:) and in
156:Old Norse
108:Full text
89:Old Norse
18:Dvergatal
1428:See also
1404:Hauksbók
1124:Grógaldr
1094:Rígsþula
864:edition
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424:Iðavöllr
373:Ragnarök
339:Gullveig
259:Synopsis
227:Hauksbók
190:Hauksbók
151:Vǫluspǫ́
85:Language
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59:and the
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1006:Hávamál
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932:Völuspá
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823:Völuspá
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528:Vikings
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510:Gandalf
506:Dwarves
498:Völuspá
462:Völuspá
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428:Nidhogg
230:Codex (
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139:Vǫluspá
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432:dragon
377:Fenrir
317:Durinn
309:dwarfs
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420:Hœnir
412:Baldr
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389:Freyr
365:Baldr
343:Vanir
265:völva
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160:völva
96:Meter
61:Völva
1522:Ymir
971:The
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369:Loki
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