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site. Excavation of keyways in the canyon walls to provide future foundations for the concrete commenced in 1966, and continued through 1968. The first bucket of concrete was placed in early 1968, and by May 28, 1969, more than 1,000,000 cubic yards (760,000 m) had been poured in the dam. Concrete placement was accomplished by a cableway system supported by three movable towers on the canyon rims, transporting buckets that each had a capacity of 8 cubic yards (6.1 m) of wet concrete. The diversion tunnel was closed on
September 27, 1971, allowing the reservoir to begin filling, and the last concrete was poured on the dam crest on January 27, 1973. Three generating units of the power plant were also installed in 1973, and by March 1, the reservoir had risen to a sufficient level to allow power generation to begin. The reservoir first reached full capacity on July 3, 1973.
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acre-feet (0.86 km) of winter flood-storage space, and dam releases are operated so that water levels reach a maximum of 1,570 feet (480 m) in July. However, annual flood control reservations vary with the amount of snowpack in the 2,440-square-mile (6,300 km) drainage basin above the dam. The annual flood-control drawdown generally begins in
September and ends on April 1 of the following year; snowmelt floods are captured in the reservoir between April and July. Although the reservoir covers more than 17,000 acres (69 km) at full pool, the surface area decreases to 9,050 acres (36.6 km) at the lowest point of the drawdown. Flood storage space in Dworshak can be interchanged with other major dams in the
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1988 and 1991; however, logs have not been barged on the lake since 1991. This is in part because of the implementation of a late-summer flow augmentation scheme that requires greater drawdowns of the reservoir, putting log-handling facilities well above the water level, and also because of the development of backcountry logging roads that allow more efficient transport by truck. It has been suggested that some of
Dworshak's flood control space be shifted to
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693:(0.841 km), and the dead pool (below the river outlet works) corresponds to a storage of 770,000 acre-feet (0.95 km). In addition, the reservoir has a surcharge capacity (above the spillway gates) of 92,000 acre-feet (0.113 km), bringing the maximum amount of water that can be retained behind the dam to 3,560,000 acre-feet (4.39 km).
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environmental or "flow augmentation" releases significantly increase water levels during the late summer, with up to 14,600 cu ft/s (410 m/s) being released through the dam in August and 10,400 cu ft/s (290 m/s) in
September. The temperature of the released water generally varies from 46 to 48 °F (8 to 9 °C).
743:. A regional visitor center is located at Dworshak Dam, and tours are available of the dam itself. However, the large annual drawdown of the reservoir causes boat ramps and marinas to be out of reach for months each year and an unsightly "bathtub ring" to be visible along the shoreline. A study by the
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for the powerhouse is 560 feet (170 m), with a maximum of 632 feet (193 m) when the reservoir is full and a minimum of 417 feet (127 m) required for power generation. Up to 10,500 cubic feet per second (300 m/s) of water can be released through the power plant at maximum capacity.
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The creation of a slackwater pool along 53 miles (85 km) of the North Fork formerly assisted logging operations in the region, although the scale of the lumber industry has decreased significantly since the 20th century. About 81 million board feet were transported on
Dworshak Reservoir between
709:
Each winter, the level of
Dworshak Reservoir is drawn down an average of 155 feet (47 m) to prepare for the North Fork's annual freshet, which once could reach more than 100,000 cu ft/s (2,800 m/s) after a heavy snowmelt. The reservoir is required to maintain a minimum of 700,000
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During initial filling of the reservoir, the dam developed several large vertical cracks on the upstream side – some more than 400 feet (120 m) long – due to the rapid change of water pressure from the rising reservoir. Workers had to drill 1.5 in (3.8 cm) diameter drain holes between
734:
One of the major benefits touted by proponents of the
Dworshak Dam was that it would provide recreation and associated economic benefits to local residents. The annual visitation to Dworshak is estimated at between 110,000 and 140,000 people, mostly during the summer high water months. Recreational
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Dworshak Dam is a concrete gravity dam with a sloped downstream face and vertical upstream face, standing 717 feet (219 m) high from the foundations, 632 feet (193 m) above the riverbed and measuring 3,287 feet (1,002 m) long along its crest. The top of the dam is 44 feet (13 m)
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While clearing and preparations at the dam site were underway as early as June 1965, actual construction did not begin until early 1966 with the excavation of a 40-foot (12 m) diameter diversion tunnel and the creation of a 110-foot (34 m) high cofferdam to divert the river around the dam
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In June 1980, the dam again experienced leakage problems when a 236-foot (72 m) crack opened on its upstream face, sending more than 17 cubic feet per second (0.48 m/s) of water spraying across the downstream side of the dam. Seventy drainage holes were drilled into the crack to relieve
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to provide a forebay for smoothing out
Dworshak releases, but due to opposition by local residents it was never built. Although it would have been fitted with a fish ladder, the Lenore dam would have affected steelhead and salmon migration to the entire upper Clearwater River and its tributaries,
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The overload capacity of the two small units is 103.5 MW and for the large unit is 253.0 MW, for a total of 460 MW. If installed, Units 4, 5, and 6, each with a capacity of 220 MW, would bring the total generating capacity to 1,060 MW, making it one of the largest hydroelectric plants in Idaho.
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would maintain the river's steelhead runs, and that the construction of the dam would render other dam projects in the
Clearwater River basin unnecessary. Another big incentive for the project was flood control; supporters of Dworshak cited a devastating flood in 1948, when the Clearwater River
692:
The total usable storage capacity or active capacity of
Dworshak Reservoir, including flood control, is 2,016,000 acre-feet (2.487 km). The inactive capacity (the portion of the reservoir's capacity below the power generating outlets and the lower river outlet works) is 682,000 acre-feet
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and steelhead migration in the Clearwater, Snake and Columbia Rivers. During late summer through the fall, large volumes of cold water are released through the dam's low level outlets to help cool water in downstream rivers, creating more suitable temperatures for these fish species. These
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is the name of the lake formed behind the dam. At normal maximum water levels of 1,600 feet (490 m) above sea level, the reservoir stretches 53 miles (85 km) upstream, covering 17,090 acres (69.2 km) and containing 3,468,000 acre-feet (4.278 km) of water with 175 miles
578:(DNFH) at a cost of $ 21 million to mitigate losses of the North Fork steelhead run caused by Dworshak Dam. The hatchery is located on the small peninsula of land between the North Fork and the main Clearwater River directly above their confluence. Now operated by the
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After the dam was completed, the USACE acquired 5,120 acres (20.7 km) of land adjacent to the reservoir (later expanded to 9,100 acres (37 km)), and has since managed it for winter habitat of elk and white-tailed deer. Because Dworshak Dam is too high for a
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Rivers. In addition, the flooding caused by its 11-mile (18 km)-long reservoir would require the relocation of the Dworshak fish hatchery. The proposed fifth and sixth units of the plant were deauthorized in 1990, and the fourth unit was deauthorized in 1995.
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The dam was controversial from the start, because it would block fish migration and its reservoir would flood a large portion of the winter range of elk in the Clearwater River basin. The North Fork of the Clearwater River had an excellent run of
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Most of the active capacity not used for flood control is used for power production. Because the Lenore dam on the Clearwater River was never built, Dworshak cannot be used as a peaking power facility. Thus, the power plant is operated as a
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systems. The final site for Dworshak Dam was chosen at a point on the North Fork of the Clearwater 1.9 miles (3.1 km) above its confluence with the larger Clearwater River. The project was authorized on October 23, 1962, as Bruces Eddy
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plant, with a relatively constant release. Discharge rates from the dam only increase significantly during high water summers, when flooding requires the opening of the spillways. The power plant generates an average of 1.693 billion
582:, the fish hatchery actually went into operation in April 1969, four years before the dam was completed. The hatchery has a capacity of 6,000 adult fish, and releases about 3.4 million juveniles into the river system each year.
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The hydroelectric plant located at the base of the dam is a 428-foot (130 m) long concrete structure and contains one 346,000 hp (258,000 kW) and two 142,000 hp (106,000 kW) turbines that power one 220
1774:– Digitized photographs and documents pertaining to the planning, development and construction of the Dworshak Dam, featuring documents and photographs detailing both the legislative and physical development of the dam.
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with five gates, capable of releasing 40,000 cubic feet per second (1,100 m/s), and a spillway controlled by two 50.0 ft × 56.4 ft (15.2 m × 17.2 m)
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production. However, this form of operation would cause excessively large flow fluctuations on the North Fork Clearwater River, and the main Clearwater River below their confluence at
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each year. Water releases from Dworshak Dam are also controlled to optimize power generation at four downstream dams on the Snake River and four more on the Columbia River.
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Report of the Secretary of the Army on Civil Works Activities for Fiscal Year 1997: Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Extract Report of the Walla Walla District
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the cracks and the dam's existing foundation drainage system, or "drainage gallery", at 5-foot (1.5 m) intervals, relieving the pressure on the dam's backside.
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drainage basin for suitable sites to develop reservoir storage and hydroelectric power generation. Dworshak was one of seven dam sites considered on the Snake,
650:. The main body of the structure contains approximately 6,500,000 cubic yards (5,000,000 m) of concrete. High water releases are controlled by a set of
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reached a peak of 177,000 cubic feet per second (5,000 m/s)—eleven times its normal flow—as further reason for the construction of a large storage dam.
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865:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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pressure before the crack was permanently sealed by an aggregate of cement, volcanic ash, and sawdust. The cost of the repair exceeded $ 1 million.
506:, the dam blocks fish passage and completely extirpated anadromous fish migration into the upper reaches of the North Fork and its tributaries in Idaho.
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and "may have been the finest population of large-size steelhead in the world". However, proponents of the project held that the construction of a
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in northern Washington to provide increased water for flow augmentation; this would carry the added benefits of improving recreation on the lake.
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Ahsahka, Idaho, ca. 1960. The North Fork of the Clearwater is the left branch; the dam would be built in the valley just beyond the bridge.
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With a height of 717 feet (219 m), Dworshak is the third tallest dam in the U.S. and the tallest straight-axis concrete dam in the
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activities include boating, water-skiing, camping, fishing, hiking and hunting; six boat ramps lie adjacent to the reservoir. Idaho's
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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is located on Dworshak Reservoir about 3 miles (5 km) north of the dam. The uppermost arm of the reservoir extends into the
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calculated that this mode of operation causes the loss of between $ 4.5–5.9 million of tourism revenues each year.
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658:. The spillway has a capacity of 150,000 cu ft/s (4,200 m/s) at maximum reservoir elevation.
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generation. By capacity, the reservoir is the largest in Idaho and fourth-largest in the Pacific Northwest.
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1450:"Dworshak Dam–Storage Optimization: Improving Power Generation with Historic and Climate Change Hydrology"
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The Dworshak Dam power station was designed to accommodate six generating units for purposes of
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671:(MW) and two 90 MW generators, respectively, for a total capacity of 400 MW. The rated
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1233:"Revival: Kokanee, bass and spring chinook having a big year in north-central Idaho"
996:. University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. December 22, 2008
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The proposal for Dworshak Dam originated in a 1953 USACE survey of the lower
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538:(1894–1962), who was instrumental in gaining congressional approval for the
1539:"Simulating the Flow Field Upstream of the Dworshak Dam Regulating Outlets"
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718:, depending on varying flood control requirements in the Columbia Basin.
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was constructed 17 miles (27 km) upstream of the dam, and the deck
469:, the dam is located approximately four miles (6 km) northwest of
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1404:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (photo). December 18, 1971. p. 5.
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1177:"Engineer says Bruces Eddy plans provides for both logs and fish"
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1308:"A Review of Dworshak National Fish Hatchery Mitigation Record"
1274:"Last massive bucket of concrete poured for giant Dworshak Dam"
994:
Hydroelectric Information for Columbia and Snake River Projects
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1514:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. September 1975. Archived from
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1023:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. June 17, 1997. Archived from
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1425:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. June 4, 1998. Archived from
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1129:"Bill for Bruces Eddy, Asotin dam construction work signed"
1485:. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Archived from
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Grandad Bridge was built 41 miles (66 km) upstream.
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Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (1983).
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Dworshak Dam Impact Assessment and Fishery Investigation
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Water releases from Dworshak are also timed to benefit
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system, including large Columbia mainstem dams such as
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to be economically feasible, the USACE constructed the
593:. A dam was to be built on the Clearwater River above
1595:. State of Idaho Parks and Recreation. Archived from
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Buildings and structures in Clearwater County, Idaho
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Safety of Existing Dams: Evaluation and Improvement
1113:"Engineers Start Surveys Of Snake River Damsites".
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1688:Bellatty, Jim; et al. (September 21, 2000).
688:Dworshak Reservoir, seen nearly full in June 2003
499:(USACE) began in 1966 and was completed in 1973.
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1512:"Final Environmental Impact Statement: Dworshak"
1135:. Associated Press. October 25, 1962. p. 2.
646:wide at an elevation of 1,613 feet (492 m)
1772:University of Idaho Library Digital Collections
1291:Mauser, G.; Cannamela, D.; Downing, R. (1989),
1165:. Associated Press. August 6, 1963. p. 10.
809:List of largest reservoirs in the United States
38:Aerial view from southwest, with spillways open
949:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from
835:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from
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1621:. Association of Idaho Cities. Archived from
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814:List of the tallest dams in the United States
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1647:. Columbia Institute for Water Policy. 2007
1380:"Dent Bridge: a man-made scenic attraction"
947:"Dworshak Dam and Reservoir Pertinent Data"
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1808:United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
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1201:. editorial. November 14, 1953. p. 4.
298:150,000 cu ft/s (4,200 m/s)
1537:Cook, C.B.; Richmond, M.C. (March 2004).
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1058:. Idaho Public Television. Archived from
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1568:"Appendix I: Dworshak Summer Operations"
1448:Giovando, Jeremy; Dozier, Andre (2011).
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1818:Energy infrastructure completed in 1973
1548:. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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901:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
598:including the South Fork, Middle Fork,
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329:2,016,000 acre⋅ft (2.487 km)
321:3,468,000 acre⋅ft (4.278 km)
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1695:. Idaho Department of Water Resources
1645:"Black Rock is not a recreation site"
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1306:Miller, William H. (September 1987).
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1195:"Are wildlife objections overstated?"
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899:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
339:2,440 sq mi (6,300 km)
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1272:Harrell, Sylvia (January 27, 1973).
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990:"Dworshak Dam – General Information"
531:the name was later changed to honor
85:
57:
1798:Hydroelectric power plants in Idaho
1501:
1419:"Dworshak Dam and Reservoir, Idaho"
1117:. Associated Press. April 26, 1953.
13:
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347:17,090 acres (6,920 ha) (max)
14:
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1295:, Bonneville Power Administration
1220:. p. 6–Dworshak Dam section.
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492:. Construction of the dam by the
1386:. September 23, 1972. p. 9.
1338:. November 17, 1970. p. 19.
1212:Hollister, Hal (June 15, 1973).
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1744:. The National Academies Press.
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576:Dworshak National Fish Hatchery
21:Dam in Clearwater County, Idaho
1764:– U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1758:– U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
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1669:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1573:. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1332:"Threat Is Seen in Lenore Dam"
1231:Landers, Rich (May 30, 2010).
1214:"A triumph and a dram of gall"
1183:. October 7, 1962. p. 14.
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1:
1368:. March 23, 1982. p. 1B.
833:"Dworshak Reservoir Overview"
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580:National Fish Hatchery System
220:($ 2.24 billion in 2024)
68:Show map of the United States
65:Location in the United States
1828:1973 establishments in Idaho
1667:"Dworshak Dam and Reservoir"
1362:"Crack in dam nearly sealed"
1021:"Dworshak Dam and Reservoir"
893:American Antiquarian Society
873:American Antiquarian Society
663:(282 km) of shoreline.
280:3,287 ft (1,002 m)
7:
1768:The Dworshak Dam Collection
1546:Technical Report PNNL–14591
1459:. Colorado State University
758:
199:; 51 years ago
181:; 58 years ago
10:
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1756:Dworshak Dam and Reservoir
1479:"Floods and flood control"
741:Clearwater National Forest
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408:460 MW (max. planned)
1690:"Dworshak Operation Plan"
1115:The Idaho Daily Statesman
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1402:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1398:"Dworshak pool crossing"
1384:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1366:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1278:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1218:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1199:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1181:Lewiston Morning Tribune
1133:Lewiston Morning Tribune
381:560 ft (170 m)
355:1,600 feet (490 m)
272:717 ft (219 m)
1762:Dworshak Visitor Center
1336:Spokane Daily Chronicle
1159:"'Dworshak' Dam sought"
787:Renewable energy portal
399:Installed capacity
176:Construction began
1813:Dams completed in 1973
1483:Columbia River History
1082:"Dworshak Dam Complex"
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450:United States, on the
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414:Annual generation
295:Spillway capacity
212:Construction cost
1721:Steelhead Fly Fishing
1593:"Dworshak State Park"
839:on September 27, 2011
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640:
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352:Normal elevation
243:Type of dam
1717:Combs, Trey (1999).
953:on February 16, 2012
431:Columbia River Basin
368:Commission date
326:Active capacity
171:Water storage, power
1803:Reservoirs in Idaho
1429:on January 10, 2009
1351:, pp. 200–201.
1262:, pp. 153–154.
745:University of Idaho
737:Dworshak State Park
730:Tourism and economy
418:1.693 billion
335:Catchment area
318:Total capacity
148: /
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660:Dworshak Reservoir
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497:Corps of Engineers
490:Western Hemisphere
475:Dworshak Reservoir
433:
312:Dworshak Reservoir
231:Corps of Engineers
152:46.515°N 116.296°W
1625:on March 21, 2012
1062:on April 21, 2012
473:and impounds the
467:Clearwater County
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344:Surface area
237:Dam and spillways
194:Opening date
121:Clearwater County
99:Show map of Idaho
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1094:on April 2, 2021
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753:Grand Coulee Dam
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483:hydroelectricity
456:Clearwater River
263:Clearwater River
218:327 million
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1823:Gravity dams
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1697:. Retrieved
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
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1545:
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1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1491:. Retrieved
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1427:the original
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1098:November 15,
1096:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1056:Building Big
1055:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
998:. Retrieved
993:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
906:February 29,
904:. Retrieved
884:
864:
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841:. Retrieved
837:the original
827:
801:Idaho portal
773:Water portal
749:
733:
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716:Grand Coulee
708:
695:
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665:
652:outlet works
644:
641:Dworshak Dam
617:
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551:
540:dam project.
513:
504:fish ladders
501:
487:
440:Dworshak Dam
439:
438:
93:Location in
27:Dworshak Dam
18:
16:Dam in Idaho
1711:Works cited
877:1700–1799:
857:1634–1699:
623:Dent Bridge
572:fish ladder
516:Snake River
465:. In
444:gravity dam
248:Gravity dam
155: /
143:116°17′46″W
131:Coordinates
1782:Categories
1260:Combs 1999
1146:Combs 1999
820:References
680:Operations
620:suspension
452:North Fork
258:North Fork
140:46°30′54″N
1770:from the
1619:"Orofino"
1349:CETS 1983
699:base load
494:U.S. Army
393:1x 220 MW
303:Reservoir
286:Spillways
229:U.S. Army
1699:June 12,
1673:June 22,
1651:June 12,
1629:June 12,
1603:June 12,
1577:June 17,
1552:June 17,
1522:June 12,
1493:June 22,
1463:June 12,
1433:June 12,
1316:June 12,
1242:June 12,
1066:June 12,
1031:June 12,
1000:June 12,
957:June 12,
882:(1992).
862:(1997).
843:June 12,
759:See also
669:megawatt
502:Lacking
391:2x 90 MW
387:Turbines
254:Impounds
225:Owner(s)
117:Location
591:Ahsahka
533:Senator
510:History
471:Orofino
454:of the
448:western
446:in the
308:Creates
202: (
184: (
168:Purpose
109:Country
1729:
604:Selway
602:, and
600:Lochsa
595:Lenore
520:Salmon
277:Length
269:Height
260:of the
1693:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
627:truss
463:Idaho
125:Idaho
95:Idaho
1727:ISBN
1701:2012
1675:2012
1653:2012
1631:2012
1605:2012
1579:2012
1554:2012
1524:2012
1495:2012
1465:2012
1435:2012
1318:2012
1244:2012
1100:2019
1068:2012
1033:2012
1002:2012
959:2012
908:2024
845:2012
618:The
529:Dam;
522:and
481:and
477:for
403:400
371:1973
357:AMSL
204:1973
197:1973
186:1966
179:1966
704:KWh
458:in
420:KWh
1784::
1544:.
1503:^
1481:.
1455:.
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1410:^
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967:^
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871:.
405:MW
216:$
123:,
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1004:.
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875:.
847:.
206:)
188:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
