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to grasp the meaning of the subject, and then state the theme with perfect clarity in the other language. This, however, cannot be done without changing the order of words, putting many words for one word, and vice versa, so that the subject be perfectly intelligible in the language into which he translates.
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The
History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the
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Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional
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Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been
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The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language. On the other hand, formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with the source language to analyze how
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I shall premise one rule: the translator who proposes to render each word literally and adhere slavishly to the order of the words and sentences in the original, will meet with much difficulty and the result will be doubtful and corrupt. This is not the right method. The translator should first try
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approach eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original grammatical structure.
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have slightly varying connotations. This leads to religio-cultural differences over questions such as whether angels are immortal or capable of doing evil, and their appearance (e.g. the colour of their wings). Due to his focus upon
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Maimonides comes down on the side of dynamic/functional equivalence, though perhaps not going so far as to consider the cultural function of the text. He does clearly reject formal equivalence as "doubtful and corrupt".
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is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases, a more dynamic translation may be used or a
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Translators of the Bible have taken various approaches in rendering it into
English, ranging from an extreme use of formal equivalence, to extreme use of dynamic equivalence.
667:". What the term "functional equivalence" suggests is not just that the equivalence is between the function of the source text in the source culture and the function of the
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652:, the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the
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considers such minute distinctions between lexical items in different languages to be a major obstacle in producing translations that are both accurate and concise.
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is essentially like that of the original receptors." The desire is that the reader of both languages would understand the meanings of the text in a similar fashion.
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Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1.
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may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language).
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This article is about the concept of linguistic semantic equivalance. For semantic equivalence of metadata, see
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The "Formal-equivalence" approach emphasizes fidelity to the lexical details and grammatical structure of the
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In later years, Nida distanced himself from the term "dynamic equivalence" and preferred the term "
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Revivalistics: From the
Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
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structure of the source text. Nida formulated the distinction originally in relation to
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33:"Formal equivalence" redirects here. For the electronic design automation process, see
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The Theory and
Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating
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in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning.
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Stitskin, Leon D. (Fall 1961). A Letter of
Maimonides to Samuel ibn Tibbon.
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Bible
Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching
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meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated
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Note: The term "dynamic equivalent" is also used in other contexts.
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Sandy Habib observed how the Arabic, Hebrew and
English words for
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Relationship between some formal equivalence Bible translations
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1015:/ New Catholic Version (St. Joseph New Catholic Bible) (2019)
1412:"Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT"
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728:
1447:"KNOX BIBLE - Reviews of the new publication of this Bible"
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Extensive use of dynamic equivalence or paraphrase or both
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approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the
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Moderate use of both formal and dynamic equivalence
77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
751:Minor Differences between Approximate Equivalents
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904:Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition
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1328:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
1279:Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969).
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947:New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
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1064:(formerly "Today's English Version") (1976)
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928:English Standard Version Catholic Edition
838:Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
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678:A similar distinction was expressed by
86:"Semantic equivalence" linguistics
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1397:; and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J.,
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521:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
1472:"A Classic Translation Back in Print"
1355:. New York: Oxford University Press.
862:New Jewish Publication Society Tanakh
782:Predominant use of formal equivalence
686:, his translator, in 1199. He wrote:
378:Internationalization and localization
27:Two dissimilar translation approaches
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75:adding citations to reliable sources
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979:called "optimal equivalence" (2004)
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1128:Today's New International Version
1116:New International Reader's Version
995:New American Bible Revised Edition
511:Books and magazines on translation
25:
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42:Semantic equivalence (computing)
1526:Bible versions and translations
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1399:The Comprehensive New Testament
977:Holman Christian Standard Bible
967:(1970, revised 1986 & 1991)
673:how people interact in cultures
62:needs additional citations for
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543:Kural translations by language
516:Bible translations by language
291:Dynamic and formal equivalence
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1219:Natural semantic metalanguage
764:natural semantic metalanguage
531:List of most translated works
332:Translation management system
1098:Contemporary English Version
1032:The Holy Bible: Knox Version
1007:Evangelical Heritage Version
868:New Revised Standard Version
7:
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1163:the word on the street (US)
1147:Extensive use of paraphrase
1019:Revised New Jerusalem Bible
856:Green's Literal Translation
844:New American Standard Bible
808:Young's Literal Translation
35:Formal equivalence checking
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1317:target or 188 190 Nida, …"
1214:Idiom (language structure)
949:(1961, revised 1984, 2013)
585:, the best-known types of
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1204:Exploratory data analysis
1080:Christian Community Bible
971:New International Version
820:American Standard Version
629:Approaches to translation
1209:Lexical markup framework
1001:Christian Standard Bible
934:Literal Standard Version
898:English Standard Version
832:Revised Standard Version
506:Journalistic translation
1330:, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 93
1181:The Passion Translation
1122:New English Translation
906:(Ignatius Bible) (2006)
388:Video game localization
296:Contrastive linguistics
1134:CTS New Catholic Bible
1104:New Living Translation
1092:God's Word Translation
916:Modern English Version
880:Third Millennium Bible
850:New King James Version
791:
709:functional equivalence
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665:functional equivalence
471:Telephone interpreting
357:Multimedia translation
1283:, 200. Leiden: Brill.
1159:The Street Bible (UK)
1110:Complete Jewish Bible
1086:Revised English Bible
959:Modern Language Bible
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597:(two terms coined by
403:Software localization
383:Language localization
286:Translation criticism
215:Linguistic validation
1250:dynamic equivalence)
1199:Bible version debate
1074:Easy-to-Read Version
989:Common English Bible
922:Tree of Life Version
910:Lexham English Bible
874:Orthodox Study Bible
587:semantic equivalence
398:Website localization
71:improve this article
1506:Translation studies
1384:Thomas, Robert L.,
1347:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1240:formal equivalence)
1068:New Jerusalem Bible
983:New Community Bible
953:Confraternity Bible
892:World English Bible
737:chiastic structures
703:Theory and practice
650:dynamic equivalence
591:dynamic equivalence
465:Video relay service
322:Machine translation
281:Translation project
271:Translation studies
18:Dynamic equivalence
1521:Biblical criticism
1516:Semantic relations
1435:New Catholic Bible
1393:2012-09-16 at the
1013:New Catholic Bible
965:New American Bible
826:Concordant Version
796:Douay–Rheims Bible
792:
768:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
716:Formal equivalence
623:Bible translations
595:formal equivalence
327:Mobile translation
1480:. 27 October 2012
1451:www.knoxbible.com
1194:Bible concordance
1169:The Message Bible
1140:EasyEnglish Bible
1056:New English Bible
774:Bible translation
735:devices (such as
684:Samuel ibn Tibbon
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301:Polysystem theory
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886:Recovery Version
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1482:. Retrieved
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69:Please help
64:verification
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1401:, page iii.
1303:equivalence
1254:Purposivism
1161:(2003), as
669:target text
646:Eugene Nida
613:source text
603:translation
599:Eugene Nida
538:Translators
352:Postediting
347:Pre-editing
162:Translation
127:August 2010
1500:Categories
1421:2017-09-04
1307:' is not…"
1267:References
1224:Textualism
733:rhetorical
680:Maimonides
501:Scanlation
342:Subtitling
255:Homophonic
225:Regulatory
97:newspapers
1511:Semantics
1175:The Voice
721:neologism
583:semantics
230:Technical
1391:Archived
1349:(2020).
1188:See also
658:receptor
654:response
240:Cultural
190:Literary
154:a series
152:Part of
1484:5 March
1456:5 March
745:diction
739:in the
656:of the
618:literal
611:of the
608:meaning
434:Schools
337:Dubbing
220:Medical
111:scholar
1416:JW.ORG
1370:
1359:
1183:(2017)
1177:(2012)
1171:(2002)
1165:(2004)
1155:(1971)
1142:(2018)
1136:(2007)
1130:(2005)
1124:(2005)
1118:(1998)
1112:(1998)
1106:(1996)
1100:(1995)
1094:(1995)
1088:(1989)
1082:(1988)
1076:(1987)
1070:(1985)
1058:(1970)
1052:(1969)
1046:(1966)
1040:(1965)
1034:(1955)
1021:(2019)
1009:(2019)
1003:(2017)
997:(2011)
991:(2011)
985:(2008)
973:(1978)
961:(1969)
955:(1969)
936:(2020)
930:(2018)
924:(2014)
918:(2014)
912:(2011)
900:(2001)
894:(2000)
888:(1999)
882:(1998)
876:(1993)
870:(1989)
864:(1985)
858:(1985)
852:(1982)
846:(1971)
840:(1966)
834:(1952)
828:(1926)
822:(1901)
816:(1885)
810:(1862)
804:(1611)
798:(1610)
743:) and
729:idioms
496:Fandub
491:Fansub
424:Awards
263:Theory
113:
106:
99:
92:
84:
1332:JSTOR
758:angel
467:(VRS)
210:Kural
205:Quran
200:Bible
185:Legal
177:Types
118:JSTOR
104:books
1486:2023
1458:2023
1368:ISBN
1357:ISBN
593:and
589:are
90:news
1248:cf.
1238:cf.
1226:in
581:In
317:CAT
73:by
1502::
1474:.
1449:.
1414:.
1338:^
1230::
766:,
731:,
675:.
648:,
641:.
625:.
156:on
1488:.
1460:.
1424:.
1365:.
1305:"
1260:)
1246:(
1236:(
570:e
563:t
556:v
487:)
483:(
140:)
134:(
129:)
125:(
115:·
108:·
101:·
94:·
67:.
44:.
37:.
20:)
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