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1392:. The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode. The electrode was tested on an electrical test bench and on human subjects in four modalities of EEG activity, namely: (1) spontaneous EEG, (2) sensory event-related potentials, (3) brain stem potentials, and (4) cognitive event-related potentials. The performance of the dry electrode compared favorably with that of the standard wet electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.
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2263:(increase or decrease of blood pressure). The origin of these artifacts have no single location and arises from functionally independent muscle groups, meaning the characteristics of the artifact are not constant. The observed patterns due to muscular artifacts will change depending on subject sex, the particular muscle tissue, and its degree of contraction. The frequency range for muscular artifacts is wide and overlaps with every classic EEG rhythm. However most of the power is concentrated in the lower range of the observed frequencies of 20 to 300 Hz making the gamma band particularly susceptible to muscular artifacts. Some muscle artifacts may have activity with a frequency as low as 2 Hz, so delta and theta bands may also be affected by muscle activity. Muscular artifacts may impact sleep studies, as unconscious
2148:. Stage I sleep (equivalent to drowsiness in some systems) appears on the EEG as drop-out of the posterior basic rhythm. There can be an increase in theta frequencies. Santamaria and Chiappa cataloged a number of the variety of patterns associated with drowsiness. Stage II sleep is characterized by sleep spindles β transient runs of rhythmic activity in the 12β14 Hz range (sometimes referred to as the "sigma" band) that have a frontal-central maximum. Most of the activity in Stage II is in the 3β6 Hz range. Stage III and IV sleep are defined by the presence of delta frequencies and are often referred to collectively as "slow-wave sleep". Stages IβIV comprise non-REM (or "NREM") sleep. The EEG in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep appears somewhat similar to the awake EEG.
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hospital admission, preferably to an
Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) with nurses and other personnel trained in the care of patients with seizures. Outpatient ambulatory video EEGs typically last one to three days. An admission to an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit typically lasts several days but may last for a week or longer. While in the hospital, seizure medications are usually withdrawn to increase the odds that a seizure will occur during admission. For reasons of safety, medications are not withdrawn during an EEG outside of the hospital. Ambulatory video EEGs, therefore, have the advantage of convenience and are less expensive than a hospital admission, but they also have the disadvantage of a decreased probability of recording a clinical event.
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to the instrument, such as faulty electrodes, line noise or high electrode impedance, or they may be from the physiology of the subject being recorded. This can include, eye blinks and movement, cardiac activity and muscle activity and these types of artifacts are more complicated to remove. Artifacts may bias the visual interpretation of EEG data as some may mimic cognitive activity that could affect diagnoses of problems such as
Alzheimer's disease or sleep disorders. As such the removal of such artifacts in EEG data used for practical applications is of the utmost importance.
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577:(ECoG), subdural EEG (sdEEG), intracranial EEG (icEEG), or stereotactic EEG (sEEG). The signal recorded from ECoG is on a different scale of activity than the brain activity recorded from scalp EEG. Low-voltage, high-frequency components that cannot be seen easily (or at all) in scalp EEG can be seen clearly in ECoG. Further, smaller electrodes (which cover a smaller parcel of brain surface) allow for better spatial resolution to narrow down the areas critical for seizure onset and propagation. Some clinical sites record data from penetrating microelectrodes.
1427:. EEG technology often involves applying a gel to the scalp which facilitates strong signal-to-noise ratio. This results in more reproducible and reliable experimental results. Since patients dislike having their hair filled with gel, and the lengthy setup requires trained staff on hand, utilizing EEG outside the laboratory setting can be difficult. Additionally, it has been observed that wet electrode sensors' performance reduces after a span of hours. Therefore, research has been directed to developing dry and semi-dry EEG bioelectronic interfaces.
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more reference channels. Subtracting these reference channels from the other contaminated channels, in either the time or frequency domain, by estimating the impact of the reference channels on the other channels, would correct the channels for the artifact. Although the requirement of reference channels ultimately lead to this class of algorithm being replaced, they still represent the benchmark to which modern algorithms are evaluated against. Blind source separation (BSS) algorithms employed to remove artifacts include
996:. Ions of similar charge repel each other, and when many ions are pushed out of many neurons at the same time, they can push their neighbours, who push their neighbours, and so on, in a wave. This process is known as volume conduction. When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull electrons on the metal in the electrodes. Since metal conducts the push and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push or pull voltages between any two electrodes can be measured by a
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first but differing in that it argues there is a potential difference, hence dipole across the retina with the cornea having little effect. The third mechanism is eyelid movement. It is known that there is a change in voltage around the eyes when the eyelid moves, even if the eyeball does not. It is thought that the eyelid can be described as a sliding potential source and that the impacting of blinking is different to eye movement on the recorded EEG.
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They were named because they were believed to originate from the brain. Later study revealed they were generated by rapid fluttering of the eyelids, sometimes so minute that it was difficult to see. They are in fact noise in the EEG reading, and should not technically be called a rhythm or wave. Therefore, current usage in electroencephalography refers to the phenomenon as an eyelid fluttering artifact, rather than a Kappa rhythm (or wave).
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1471:, meaning that the resulting field decreases more rapidly than the ones produced by the current dipole of post-synaptic potentials. In addition, since EEGs represent averages of thousands of neurons, a large population of cells in synchronous activity is necessary to cause a significant deflection on the recordings. Action potentials are very fast and, as a consequence, the chances of field summation are slim. However,
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2900:(1873β1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924. Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalograph (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists
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1968:. It is also seen normally in babies. It may occur focally with subcortical lesions and in general distribution with diffuse lesions, metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus or deep midline lesions. It is usually most prominent frontally in adults (e.g. FIRDA β frontal intermittent rhythmic delta) and posteriorly in children (e.g. OIRDA β occipital intermittent rhythmic delta).
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1990:. Excess theta for age represents abnormal activity. It can be seen as a focal disturbance in focal subcortical lesions; it can be seen in generalized distribution in diffuse disorder or metabolic encephalopathy or deep midline disorders or some instances of hydrocephalus. On the contrary this range has been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states.
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2776:. Furthermore, they are increasingly used to study seizure detection. By using machine learning, the data can be analyzed automatically. In the long run this research is intended to build algorithms that support physicians in their clinical practice and to provide further insights into diseases. In this vein, complexity measures of EEG data are often calculated, such as
2512:, released Necomimi: a headset with motorized cat ears. The headset is a NeuroSky MindWave unit with two motors on the headband where a cat's ears might be. Slipcovers shaped like cat ears sit over the motors so that as the device registers emotional states the ears move to relate. For example, when relaxed, the ears fall to the sides and perk up when excited again.
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2757:. Such prolonged and easy-to-use monitoring could make a step change in the diagnosis of chronic conditions such as epilepsy, and greatly improve the end-user acceptance of BCI systems. Research is also being carried out on identifying specific solutions to increase the battery lifetime of Wearable EEG devices through the use of the data reduction approach.
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used in conjunction with visual analysis. Quantitative analysis displays like power spectrum analysis, alpha-delta ratio, amplitude integrated EEG, and spike detection can help quickly identify segments of EEG that need close visual analysis or, in some cases, be used as surrogates for quick identification of seizures in long-term recordings.
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replicability of many studies. Based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), EEG scans cannot be used reliably to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. However, EEG continues to be used in research on mental disabilities, such as
772:(EROS). Despite the relatively poor spatial sensitivity of EEG, the "one-dimensional signals from localised peripheral regions on the head make it attractive for its simplistic fidelity and has allowed high clinical and basic research throughput". Thus, EEG possesses some advantages over some of those other techniques:
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1283:, structures, which are common epileptic foci and may not be "seen" clearly by scalp EEG. The electrocorticographic signal is processed in the same manner as digital scalp EEG (above), with a couple of caveats. ECoG is typically recorded at higher sampling rates than scalp EEG because of the requirements of
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A lot of research is currently being carried out in order to make EEG devices smaller, more portable and easier to use. So called "Wearable EEG" is based upon creating low power wireless collection electronics and 'dry' electrodes which do not require a conductive gel to be used. Wearable EEG aims to
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Focal epileptiform discharges represent fast, synchronous potentials in a large number of neurons in a somewhat discrete area of the brain. These can occur as interictal activity, between seizures, and represent an area of cortical irritability that may be predisposed to producing epileptic seizures.
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MEG and EEG both detect activity below the surface of the cortex very poorly, and like EEG, the level of error increases with the depth below the surface of the cortex one attempts to examine. However, the errors are very different between the techniques, and combining them thus allows for correction
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Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement of dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions, and/or pastes to maintain good conductivity, and a cap is used to keep them in place. While the length of time differs dependent
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of a routine EEG to detect interictal epileptiform discharges at epilepsy centers has been reported to be in the range of 29β55%. Given the low to moderate sensitivity, a routine EEG (typically with a duration of 20β30 minutes) can be normal in people that have epilepsy. When an EEG shows interictal
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electroencephalographic (EEC) methods . In a typical EEC experiment, an electrode is attached to a person's scalp in order to detect the electrical activity of neurons in the underlying brain region. Another electrode is then attached to the person's earlobe, where there is no electrical activity to
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The first instance of the use of EEG to control a physical object, a robot, was in 1988. The robot would follow a line or stop depending on the alpha activity of the subject. If the subject relaxed and closed their eyes therefore increasing alpha activity, the bot would move. Opening their eyes thus
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Eyelid fluttering artifacts of a characteristic type were previously called Kappa rhythm (or Kappa waves). It is usually seen in the prefrontal leads, that is, just over the eyes. Sometimes they are seen with mental activity. They are usually in the Theta (4β7 Hz) or Alpha (7β14 Hz) range.
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Jim Jatich. As Jatich concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down, his beta-rhythm EEG output was analysed using software to identify patterns in the noise. A basic pattern was identified and used to control a switch: Above average activity was set to on, below average off. As well
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Simultaneous EEG recordings and fMRI scans have been obtained successfully, though recording both at the same time effectively requires that several technical difficulties be overcome, such as the presence of ballistocardiographic artifact, MRI pulse artifact and the induction of electrical currents
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EEG can readily have a high temporal resolution, (although sub-millisecond resolution generates less meaningful data), because the two to 32 data streams generated by that number of electrodes is easily stored and processed, whereas 3D spatial technologies provide thousands or millions times as many
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is formed between the cornea and retina, as the former is positively and the latter negatively charged. When the eye moves, so does this dipole which impacts the electrical field over the scalp, this is the most standard view. The second mechanism is retinal dipole movement, which is similar to the
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Ocular artifacts affect the EEG signal significantly. This is due to eye movements involving a change in electric fields surrounding the eyes, distorting the electric field over the scalp, and as EEG is recorded on the scalp, it therefore distorts the recorded signal. A difference of opinion exists
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which can impact the analysis of the data. An artifact is any measured signal that does not originate within the brain. Although multiple algorithms exist for the removal of artifacts, the problem of how to deal with them remains an open question. The source of artifacts can be from issues relating
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range is 8β13 Hz and partly overlaps with other frequencies. It reflects the synchronous firing of motor neurons in rest state. Mu suppression is thought to reflect motor mirror neuron systems, because when an action is observed, the pattern extinguishes, possibly because the normal and mirror
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is the frequency range from 13 Hz to about 30 Hz. It is seen usually on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. Beta activity is closely linked to motor behavior and is generally attenuated during active movements. Low-amplitude beta with multiple and varying
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named the first rhythmic EEG activity he observed the "alpha wave". This was the "posterior basic rhythm" (also called the "posterior dominant rhythm" or the "posterior alpha rhythm"), seen in the posterior regions of the head on both sides, higher in amplitude on the dominant side. It emerges with
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Human EEG with prominent resting state activity β alpha-rhythm. Left: EEG traces (horizontal β time in seconds; vertical β amplitudes, scale 100 ΞΌV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines β 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). Alpha-rhythm consists of sinusoidal-like waves with
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REST reference: which is an offline computational reference at infinity where the potential is zero. REST (reference electrode standardization technique) takes the equivalent sources inside the brain of any a set of scalp recordings as springboard to link the actual recordings with any an online or
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Each channel represents the difference between a certain electrode and a designated reference electrode. There is no standard position for this reference; it is, however, at a different position than the "recording" electrodes. Midline positions are often used because they do not amplify the signal
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Each channel (i.e., waveform) represents the difference between two adjacent electrodes. The entire montage consists of a series of these channels. For example, the channel "Fp1-F3" represents the difference in voltage between the Fp1 electrode and the F3 electrode. The next channel in the montage,
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published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory
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MEG has access to virtually no sources of brain activity below a few centimetres under the cortex. EEG, on the other hand, can receive signals from greater depth, albeit with a high degree of noise. Combining the two makes it easier to determine what in the EEG signal comes from the surface (since
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The EEG has been used for many purposes besides the conventional uses of clinical diagnosis and conventional cognitive neuroscience. An early use was during World War II by the U.S. Army Air Corps to screen out pilots in danger of having seizures; long-term EEG recordings in epilepsy patients are
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Regression algorithms have a moderate computation cost and are simple. They represented the most popular correction method up until the mid-1990s when they were replaced by "blind source separation" type methods. Regression algorithms work on the premise that all artifacts are comprised by one or
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and neonatal EEG is quite different from the adult EEG. Fetuses in the third trimester and newborns display two common brain activity patterns: "discontinuous" and "trace alternant." "Discontinuous" electrical activity refers to sharp bursts of electrical activity followed by low frequency waves.
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Common artifacts in human EEG. 1: Electrooculographic artifact caused by the excitation of eyeball's muscles (related to blinking, for example). Big-amplitude, slow, positive wave prominent in frontal electrodes. 2: Electrode's artifact caused by bad contact (and thus bigger impedance) between P3
1194:. Additional electrodes can be added to the standard set-up when a clinical or research application demands increased spatial resolution for a particular area of the brain. High-density arrays (typically via cap or net) can contain up to 256 electrodes more-or-less evenly spaced around the scalp.
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EEGs are not currently very compatible with individuals who have coarser and/or textured hair. Even protective styles can pose issues during testing. Researchers are currently trying to build better options for patients and technicians alike
Furthermore, researchers are starting to implement more
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and localize/lateralize the region of the brain from which a seizure originates. This can help identify appropriate non-medication treatment options. In clinical use, EEG traces are visually analyzed by neurologists to look at various features. Increasingly, quantitative analysis of EEG is being
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It is important to be able to distinguish artifacts from genuine brain activity in order to prevent incorrect interpretations of EEG data. General approaches for the removal of artifacts from the data are, prevention, rejection and cancellation. The goal of any approach is to develop methodology
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The practice of using only whole numbers in the definitions comes from practical considerations in the days when only whole cycles could be counted on paper records. This leads to gaps in the definitions, as seen elsewhere on this page. The theoretical definitions have always been more carefully
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and (2) transients. The rhythmic activity is divided into bands by frequency. To some degree, these frequency bands are a matter of nomenclature (i.e., any rhythmic activity between 8β12 Hz can be described as "alpha"), but these designations arose because rhythmic activity within a certain
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EEG can be used simultaneously with fMRI or fUS so that high-temporal-resolution data can be recorded at the same time as high-spatial-resolution data, however, since the data derived from each occurs over a different time course, the data sets do not necessarily represent exactly the same brain
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Combat personnel often develop PTSD and mTBI in correlation. Both conditions present with altered low-frequency brain wave oscillations. Altered brain waves from PTSD patients present with decreases in low-frequency oscillations, whereas, mTBI injuries are linked to increased low-frequency wave
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Most of the cerebral signal observed in the scalp EEG falls in the range of 1β20 Hz (activity below or above this range is likely to be artifactual, under standard clinical recording techniques). Waveforms are subdivided into bandwidths known as alpha, beta, theta, and delta to signify the
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research, as well as to study human functions such as swallowing. Any EEG techniques used in research are not sufficiently standardised for clinical use, and many ERP studies fail to report all of the necessary processing steps for data collection and reduction, limiting the reproducibility and
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recording, as opposed to an interictal recording, which refers to the EEG recording between seizures. To obtain an ictal recording, a prolonged EEG is typically performed accompanied by a time-synchronized video and audio recording. This can be done either as an outpatient (at home) or during a
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Inexpensive EEG devices exist for the low-cost research and consumer markets. Recently, a few companies have miniaturized medical grade EEG technology to create versions accessible to the general public. Some of these companies have built commercial EEG devices retailing for less than US$ 100.
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Traditionally, clinical evaluation of EEGs involved visual inspection. Instead of a visual assessment of brain wave oscillation topography, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), computerized algorithmic methodologies, analyzes a specific region of the brain and transforms the data into a
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Dry electrode signals depend upon mechanical contact. Therefore, it can be difficult getting a usable signal because of impedance between the skin and the electrode. Some EEG systems attempt to circumvent this issue by applying a saline solution. Others have a semi dry nature and release small
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When analog (paper) EEGs are used, the technologist switches between montages during the recording in order to highlight or better characterize certain features of the EEG. With digital EEG, all signals are typically digitized and stored in a particular (usually referential) montage; since any
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MRI's produce detailed images created by generating strong magnetic fields that may induce potentially harmful displacement force and torque. These fields produce potentially harmful radio frequency heating and create image artifacts rendering images useless. Due to these potential risks, only
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During the recording, a series of activation procedures may be used. These procedures may induce normal or abnormal EEG activity that might not otherwise be seen. These procedures include hyperventilation, photic stimulation (with a strobe light), eye closure, mental activity, sleep and sleep
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for most clinical and research applications (except when high-density arrays are used). This system ensures that the naming of electrodes is consistent across laboratories. In most clinical applications, 19 recording electrodes (plus ground and system reference) are used. A smaller number of
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Human EEG with in resting state. Left: EEG traces (horizontal β time in seconds; vertical β amplitudes, scale 100 ΞΌV). Right: power spectra of shown signals (vertical lines β 10 and 20 Hz, scale is linear). 80β90% of people have prominent sinusoidal-like waves with frequencies in
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cortical areas) that emerges when the hands and arms are idle; and the "third rhythm" (alpha activity in the temporal or frontal lobes). Alpha can be abnormal; for example, an EEG that has diffuse alpha occurring in coma and is not responsive to external stimuli is referred to as "alpha
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When a routine EEG is normal and there is a high suspicion or need to confirm epilepsy, it may be repeated or performed with a longer duration in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) or at home with an ambulatory EEG. In addition, there are activating maneuvers such as photic stimulation,
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capable of identifying and removing artifacts without affecting the quality of the EEG signal. As artifact sources are quite different the majority of researchers focus on developing algorithms that will identify and remove a single type of noise in the signal. Simple filtering using a
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amounts of the gel upon contact with the scalp. Another solution uses spring loaded pin setups. These may be uncomfortable. They may also be dangerous if they were used in a situation where a patient could bump their head since they could become lodged after an impact trauma incident.
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among researchers, with some arguing ocular artifacts are, or may be reasonably described as a single generator, whilst others argue it is important to understand the potentially complicated mechanisms. Three potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ocular artifact.
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A healthy human EEG will show certain patterns of activity that correlate with how awake a person is. The range of frequencies one observes are between 1 and 30 Hz, and amplitudes will vary between 20 and 100 ΞΌV. The observed frequencies are subdivided into various groups:
810:) magnetic fields, as in some of the other techniques, especially MRI and MRS. These can cause a variety of undesirable issues with the data, and also prohibit use of these techniques with participants that have metal implants in their body, such as metal-containing pacemakers
2159:, a rapid (alpha or low beta), nonreactive EEG pattern is seen over most of the scalp, especially anteriorly; in some older terminology this was known as a WAR (widespread anterior rapid) pattern, contrasted with a WAIS (widespread slow) pattern associated with high doses of
2402:(mTBI) in combat soldiers. Between 2000 and 2012, 75 percent of U.S. military operations brain injuries were classified mTBI. In response, the DoD pursued new technologies capable of rapid, accurate, non-invasive, and field-capable detection of mTBI to address this injury.
1201:(one amplifier per pair of electrodes); a common system reference electrode is connected to the other input of each differential amplifier. These amplifiers amplify the voltage between the active electrode and the reference (typically 1,000β100,000 times, or 60β100
561:, it is often necessary to localize the focus (source) of the epileptic brain activity with a resolution greater than what is provided by scalp EEG. In these cases, neurosurgeons typically implant strips and grids of electrodes or penetrating depth electrodes under the
2976:, which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool.
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Currently, headsets are available incorporating dry electrodes with up to 30 channels. Such designs are able to compensate for some of the signal quality degradation related to high impedances by optimizing pre-amplification, shielding and supporting mechanics.
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frequency range was noted to have a certain distribution over the scalp or a certain biological significance. Frequency bands are usually extracted using spectral methods (for instance Welch) as implemented for instance in freely available EEG software such as
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demonstrated the first single and also multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode construction and results were published in 1994. The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform well compared to
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of the cortex are thought to produce the most EEG signal because they are well-aligned and fire together. Because voltage field gradients fall off with the square of distance, activity from deep sources is more difficult to detect than currents near the skull.
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meaningful "power spectrum" of the area. Accurately differentiating between mTBI and PTSD can significantly increase positive recovery outcomes for patients especially since long-term changes in neural communication can persist after an initial mTBI incident.
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Kirmizi-Alsan E, Bayraktaroglu Z, Gurvit H, Keskin YH, Emre M, Demiralp T (August 2006). "Comparative analysis of event-related potentials during Go/NoGo and CPT: decomposition of electrophysiological markers of response inhibition and sustained attention".
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due to dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes, each of which is attached to an individual wire. Some systems use caps or nets into which electrodes are embedded; this is particularly common when high-density arrays of electrodes are needed.
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The propagation of the ocular artifact is impacted by multiple factors including the properties of the subject's skull, neuronal tissues and skin but the signal may be approximated as being inversely proportional to the distance from the eyes squared. The
1930:β values for the upper end of alpha and lower end of beta include 12, 13, 14 and 15. If the threshold is taken as 14 Hz, then the slowest beta wave has about the same duration as the longest spike (70 ms), which makes this the most useful value.
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of power gain). In analog EEG, the signal is then filtered (next paragraph), and the EEG signal is output as the deflection of pens as paper passes underneath. Most EEG systems these days, however, are digital, and the amplified signal is digitized via an
328:(CT). Despite its limited spatial resolution, EEG continues to be a valuable tool for research and diagnosis. It is one of the few mobile techniques available and offers millisecond-range temporal resolution, which is not possible with CT, PET, or MRI.
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EEG requires accurate information about certain aspects of the skull that can only be estimated, such as skull radius, and conductivities of various skull locations. MEG does not have this issue, and a simultaneous analysis allows this to be corrected
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Schreckenberger M, Lange-Asschenfeldt C, Lange-Asschenfeld C, Lochmann M, Mann K, Siessmeier T, et al. (June 2004). "The thalamus as the generator and modulator of EEG alpha rhythm: a combined PET/EEG study with lorazepam challenge in humans".
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Since an EEG voltage signal represents a difference between the voltages at two electrodes, the display of the EEG for the reading encephalographer may be set up in one of several ways. The representation of the EEG channels is referred to as a
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Deschamps A, Ben
Abdallah A, Jacobsohn E, Saha T, Djaiani G, El-Gabalawy R, et al. (July 2024). "Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia and Delirium in Older Adults After Cardiac Surgery: The ENGAGES-Canada Randomized Clinical Trial".
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for brain function monitoring to monitor for non-convulsive seizures/non-convulsive status epilepticus, to monitor the effect of sedative/anesthesia in patients in medically induced coma (for treatment of refractory seizures or increased
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Not only do EEGs capture dendritic currents almost exclusively as opposed to axonal currents, they also show a preference for activity on populations of parallel dendrites and transmitting current in the same direction at the same time.
2129:"Trace alternant" electrical activity describes sharp bursts followed by short high amplitude intervals and usually indicates quiet sleep in newborns. The EEG in childhood generally has slower frequency oscillations than the adult EEG.
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or fUS without major technical difficulties. There is no influence of these modalities on each other and a combined measurement can give useful information about electrical activity as well as hemodynamics at medium spatial resolution.
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is commonly employed to reject components with a 50/60 Hz frequency. However such simple filters are not an appropriate choice for dealing with all artifacts, as for some, their frequencies will overlap with the EEG frequencies.
1363:), optimally one who has specific training in the interpretation of EEGs for clinical purposes. This is done by visual inspection of the waveforms, called graphoelements. The use of computer signal processing of the EEG β so-called
1039:), while many others are not (e.g., the system that generates the posterior basic rhythm). Research that measures both EEG and neuron spiking finds the relationship between the two is complex, with a combination of EEG power in the
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In
October 2018, scientists connected the brains of three people to experiment with the process of thoughts sharing. Five groups of three people participated in the experiment using EEG. The success rate of the experiment was 81%.
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the simplicity of EEG readily provides for tracking of brain changes during different phases of life. EEG sleep analysis can indicate significant aspects of the timing of brain development, including evaluating adolescent brain
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vary in accordance with their orientation and distance to the source of the activity. Furthermore, the value recorded is distorted by intermediary tissues and bones, which act in a manner akin to resistors and capacitors in an
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is the frequency range approximately 30β100 Hz. Gamma rhythms are thought to represent binding of different populations of neurons together into a network for the purpose of carrying out a certain cognitive or motor
2267:(grinding of teeth) movements or snoring can seriously impact the quality of the recorded EEG. In addition the recordings made of epilepsy patients may be significantly impacted by the existence of muscular artifacts.
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EEG has several limitations. Most important is its poor spatial resolution. EEG is most sensitive to a particular set of post-synaptic potentials: those generated in superficial layers of the cortex, on the crests of
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closing of the eyes and with relaxation, and attenuates with eye opening or mental exertion. The posterior basic rhythm is actually slower than 8 Hz in young children (therefore technically in the theta range).
1287:β the subdural signal is composed of a higher predominance of higher frequency components. Also, many of the artifacts that affect scalp EEG do not impact ECoG, and therefore display filtering is often not needed.
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detect. Then the EEC is recorded to indicate the difference in electrical potentials detected by the electrodes . In recent years, a considerable amount of research has been conducted on EEC activity in athletes .
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Cuellar M, Harkrider AW, Jenson D, Thornton D, Bowers A, Saltuklaroglu T (July 2016). "Time-frequency analysis of the EEG mu rhythm as a measure of sensorimotor integration in the later stages of swallowing".
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In 2011, NeuroSky released the MindWave, an EEG device designed for educational purposes and games. The MindWave won the
Guinness Book of World Records award for "Heaviest machine moved using a brain control
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There are types of activity that are statistically uncommon, but not associated with dysfunction or disease. These are often referred to as "normal variants". The mu rhythm is an example of a normal variant.
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Hinterberger T, KΓΌbler A, Kaiser J, Neumann N, Birbaumer N (March 2003). "A brain-computer interface (BCI) for the locked-in: comparison of different EEG classifications for the thought translation device".
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Epilepsy monitoring is often considered when patients continue having events despite being on anti-seizure medications or if there is concern that the patient's events have an alternate diagnosis, e.g.,
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2110:" activity is recorded using DC amplifiers in some research contexts. It is not typically recorded in a clinical context because the signal at these frequencies is susceptible to a number of artifacts.
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MEG is very accurate in examining signals from the surface of the brain), and what comes from deeper in the brain, thus allowing for analysis of deeper brain signals than either EEG or MEG on its own.
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It is mathematically impossible to reconstruct a unique intracranial current source for a given EEG signal, as some currents produce potentials that cancel each other out. This is referred to as the
786:-cooled detectors that can be used only in magnetically shielded rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million dollars; and fMRI requires the use of a 1-ton magnet in, again, a shielded room.
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Horovitz SG, Skudlarski P, Gore JC (May 2002). "Correlations and dissociations between BOLD signal and P300 amplitude in an auditory oddball task: a parametric approach to combining fMRI and ERP".
1882:
A decrease in gamma-band activity may be associated with cognitive decline, especially when related to the theta band; however, this has not been proven for use as a clinical diagnostic measurement
1486:
EEG thus provides information with a large bias in favor of particular neuron types, locations and orientations. So it generally should not be used to make claims about global brain activity. The
241:, beta waves are more prominent in frontal areas as well as other regions. If a relaxed person is told to open their eyes, one observes alpha activity decreasing and an increase in beta activity.
5358:
Towle VL, BolaΓ±os J, Suarez D, Tan K, Grzeszczuk R, Levin DN, et al. (January 1993). "The spatial location of EEG electrodes: locating the best-fitting sphere relative to cortical anatomy".
7375:
2353:. It often consists of an increase in slow frequency rhythms and/or a loss of normal higher frequency rhythms. It may also appear as focal or unilateral decrease in amplitude of the EEG signal.
2068:
frequencies is often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration. Rhythmic beta with a dominant set of frequencies is associated with various pathologies, such as
6002:
Creutzfeldt OD, Watanabe S, Lux HD (January 1966). "Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and erpicortical stimulation".
413:
At times, a routine EEG is not sufficient to establish the diagnosis or determine the best course of action in terms of treatment. In this case, attempts may be made to record an EEG while a
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of thousands or millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation. If the cells do not have similar spatial orientation, their ions do not line up and create waves to be detected.
2163:. Anesthetic effects on EEG signals are beginning to be understood at the level of drug actions on different kinds of synapses and the circuits that allow synchronized neuronal activity.
1986:
is the frequency range from 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta is seen normally in young children. It may be seen in drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults; it can also be seen in
782:
EEG only requires a quiet room and briefcase-size equipment, whereas fMRI, SPECT, PET, MRS, or MEG require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG requires equipment consisting of
2346:
Generalized epileptiform discharges often have an anterior maximum, but these are seen synchronously throughout the entire brain. They are strongly suggestive of a generalized epilepsy.
4679:
Huang-Hellinger FR, Breiter HC, McCormack G, Cohen MS, Kwong KK, Sutton JP, et al. (1995). "Simultaneous
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electrophysiological Recording".
884:, for example, can directly display areas of the brain that are active, while EEG requires intense interpretation just to hypothesize what areas are activated by a particular response.
793:
EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike most other neuroimaging techniques. There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating movement artifacts in EEG data
2359:
Intracortical
Encephalogram electrodes and sub-dural electrodes can be used in tandem to discriminate and discretize artifact from epileptiform and other severe neurological events.
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brain-computer interface after a successful kickstarter campaign in 2013. The board, later renamed "Cyton", has 8 channels, expandable to 16 with the Daisy module. It supports EEG,
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electrode and skin. 3: Swallowing artifact. 4: Common reference electrode's artifact caused by bad contact between reference electrode and skin. Huge wave similar in all channels.
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Sometimes it is more convenient or clinically necessary to perform ambulatory EEG recordings in the home of the patient. These studies typically have a duration of 24β72 hours.
7954:
Ieracitano C, Mammone N, Hussain A, Morabito FC (March 2020). "A novel multi-modal machine learning based approach for automatic classification of EEG recordings in dementia".
7788:
Looney D, Kidmose P, Park C, Ungstrup M, Rank M, Rosenkranz K, et al. (November 1, 2012). "The in-the-ear recording concept: user-centered and wearable brain monitoring".
1483:
of cortical layers II/III and V extend apical dendrites to layer I. Currents moving up or down these processes underlie most of the signals produced by electroencephalography.
3615:
Yang H, Ang KK, Wang C, Phua KS, Guan C (2016). "Neural and cortical analysis of swallowing and detection of motor imagery of swallow for dysphagia rehabilitationβA review".
2251:(EOG) consists of a series of electrodes measuring voltage changes close to the eye and is the most common tool for dealing with the eye movement artifact in the EEG signal.
964:
EEG brainwave data has shown high levels of success in classifying mental states (Relaxed, Neutral, Concentrating), mental emotional states (Negative, Neutral, Positive) and
790:
input data streams, and are thus limited by hardware and software. EEG is commonly recorded at sampling rates between 250 and 2000 Hz in clinical and research settings.
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In addition to artifacts generated by the body, many artifacts originate from outside the body. Movement by the patient, or even just settling of the electrodes, may cause
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representing the EEG. More specifically, the scalp electrical potentials that produce EEG are generally thought to be caused by the extracellular ionic currents caused by
8483:
4589:
Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
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activity in individuals with epilepsy or a predisposition toward epilepsy. Other transient features are normal: vertex waves and sleep spindles are seen in normal sleep.
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Glossokinetic artifacts are caused by the potential difference between the base and the tip of the tongue. Minor tongue movements can contaminate the EEG, especially in
8690:
7880:
Shim M, Hwang HJ, Kim DW, Lee SH, Im CH (October 2016). "Machine-learning-based diagnosis of schizophrenia using combined sensor-level and source-level EEG features".
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Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, Altschuler EL, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA (July 2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders".
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Another source of artifacts are various muscle movements across the body. This particular class of artifact is usually recorded by all electrodes on the scalp due to
8716:
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Aurlien H, Gjerde IO, Aarseth JH, EldΓΈen G, Karlsen B, Skeidsvoll H, et al. (March 2004). "EEG background activity described by a large computerized database".
1214:. Analog-to-digital sampling typically occurs at 256β512 Hz in clinical scalp EEG; sampling rates of up to 20 kHz are used in some research applications.
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and the Arduino or PIC microcontroller, and initially costed $ 399 before increasing in price to $ 999. It uses standard metal cup electrodes and conductive paste.
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takes approximately 0.5β130 milliseconds to propagate across a single neuron, depending on the type of neuron. Other methods of looking at brain activity, such as
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manned spaceflights (1965β1966) to monitor the brain waves of astronauts on the flight. It was one of many Beckman Instruments specialized for and used by NASA.
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oscillations. Effective EEG diagnostics can help doctors accurately identify conditions and appropriately treat injuries in order to mitigate long-term effects.
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have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g.,
3364:
Hao D, Fritz BA, Saddawi-Konefka D, Palanca BJ (November 2023). "Pro-Con Debate: Electroencephalography-Guided Anesthesia for Reducing Postoperative Delirium".
9740:
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Casson A, Yates D, Smith S, Duncan J, Rodriguez-Villegas E (2010). "Wearable electroencephalography. What is it, why is it needed, and what does it entail?".
3759:"Methodological reporting behavior, sample sizes, and statistical power in studies of event-related potentials: Barriers to reproducibility and replicability"
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6814:
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released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game NeuroBoy. This was also the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.
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Associated with inhibition of elicited responses (has been found to spike in situations where a person is actively trying to repress a response or action).
1412:
as enabling Jatich to control a computer cursor the signals were also used to drive the nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some movement.
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Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG.
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Schenck JF (June 1996). "The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds".
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montage can be constructed mathematically from any other, the EEG can be viewed by the electroencephalographer in any display montage that is desired.
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620:
613:
7997:
Bhattacharyya A, Pachori RB (September 2017). "A Multivariate Approach for Patient-Specific EEG Seizure Detection Using Empirical Wavelet Transform".
7925:"High-performance detection of epilepsy in seizure-free EEG recordings: A novel machine learning approach using very specific epileptic EEG sub-bands"
4373:
Sereno SC, Rayner K, Posner MI (July 1998). "Establishing a time-line of word recognition: evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials".
3954:
Schultz TL (March 2012). "Technical tips: MRI compatible EEG electrodes: advantages, disadvantages, and financial feasibility in a clinical setting".
2076:. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage. It is the dominant rhythm in patients who are alert or anxious or who have their eyes open.
1475:, as a typically longer dendritic current dipole, can be picked up by EEG electrodes and is a reliable indication of the occurrence of neural output.
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over a network of neurons. The neuronal networks underlying some of these oscillations are understood (e.g., the thalamocortical resonance underlying
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in EEG wires that move within the strong magnetic fields of the MRI. While challenging, these have been successfully overcome in a number of studies.
7519:
7102:
Franke LM, Walker WC, Hoke KW, Wares JR (August 2016). "Distinction in EEG slow oscillations between chronic mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD".
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Laufs H, Kleinschmidt A, Beyerle A, Eger E, Salek-Haddadi A, Preibisch C, et al. (August 2003). "EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity".
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reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital.
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Diffuse non-epileptiform abnormal activity may manifest as diffuse abnormally slow rhythms or bilateral slowing of normal rhythms, such as the PBR.
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2764:. EEG data are pre-processed then passed on to machine learning algorithms. These algorithms are then trained to recognize different diseases like
2742:
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EEG has several strong points as a tool for exploring brain activity. EEGs can detect changes over milliseconds, which is excellent considering an
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release the Neuronaute and Icecap a single-use disposable EEG headset that allows recording with equivalent quality to traditional cup electrodes.
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As part of an evaluation for epilepsy surgery, it may be necessary to insert electrodes near the surface of the brain, under the surface of the
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is typically used to remove artifact caused by electrical power lines (60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in many other countries).
6551:
Anderson AL, Thomason ME (November 2013). "Functional plasticity before the cradle: a review of neural functional imaging in the human fetus".
4866:"Simultaneous EEG/functional magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla: correlates of brain activity to spontaneous alpha rhythm during relaxation"
4222:"The PET radioligand [11C]MePPEP binds reversibly and with high specific signal to cannabinoid CB1 receptors in nonhuman primate brain"
237:
are observed when a person is in a state of relaxed wakefulness and are mostly prominent over the parietal and occipital sites. During intense
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generated by an individual neuron is far too small to be picked up by EEG or MEG. EEG activity therefore always reflects the summation of the
925:
Similarly, simultaneous recordings with MEG and EEG have also been conducted, which has several advantages over using either technique alone:
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Interictal discharges are not wholly reliable for determining whether a patient has epilepsy nor where his/her seizure might originate. (See
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More advanced measures of abnormal EEG signals have also recently received attention as possible biomarkers for different disorders such as
887:
Depending on the orientation and location of the dipole causing an EEG change, there may be a false localization due to the inverse problem.
2391:
8678:
5108:. St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom: The International Conference on Digital Image and Signal Processing (DISP'19).
3919:
Vespa PM, Nenov V, Nuwer MR (January 1999). "Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit: early findings and clinical efficacy".
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Also associated with inhibition control, seemingly with the purpose of timing inhibitory activity in different locations across the brain.
1603:
frequencies in 8β12 Hz range (11 Hz in this case) more prominent in posterior sites. Alpha range is red at power spectrum graph.
870:
In EEG there is a better understanding of what signal is measured as compared to other research techniques, e.g. the BOLD response in MRI.
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3277:
3013:
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present during MRI acquisition. Furthermore, currents can be induced in moving EEG electrode wires due to the magnetic field of the MRI.
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6201:"Gamma and beta neural activity evoked during a sensory gating paradigm: effects of auditory, somatosensory and cross-modal stimulation"
1964:
is the frequency range up to 4 Hz. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. It is seen normally in adults in
1335:
The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and averaged, and this averaged signal is used as the common reference for each channel.
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949:. This provides the advantage of allowing researchers to see what EEG signals are associated with different drug actions in the brain.
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prognosticate in comatose patients (in certain instances) or in newborns with brain injury from various causes around the time of birth
320:, and other focal brain disorders, but this use has decreased with the advent of high-resolution anatomical imaging techniques such as
7604:
5514:
Nunez PL, Pilgreen KL (October 1991). "The spline-Laplacian in clinical neurophysiology: a method to improve EEG spatial resolution".
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probes in 1977, in case any extraterrestrial intelligence could decode her thoughts, which included what it was like to fall in love.
2438:
In 2004 OpenEEG released its ModularEEG as open source hardware. Compatible open source software includes a game for balancing a ball.
901:
on the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes considerably less time to prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT.
9638:
6508:
Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (November 1999). "Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles".
2663:
1137:
663:
397:), however up to 3.5% of the general population may have epileptiform abnormalities in an EEG without ever having had a seizure (low
7553:
Wan F, da Cruz JN, Nan W, Wong CM, Vai MI, Rosa A (June 2016). "Alpha neurofeedback training improves SSVEP-based BCI performance".
2749:
to show Sharma remembered using arsenic to poison her ex-fiancΓ©, although the reliability and scientific basis of BEOS is disputed.
9545:
9462:
8445:
Gibbs FA, Davis H, Lennox WG (December 1935). "The Electro-Encephalogram in Epilepsy and in Conditions of Impaired Consciousness".
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EEG signals from musical performers were used to create instant compositions and one CD by the Brainwave Music Project, run at the
2635:
1109:
942:
Recently, a combined EEG/MEG (EMEG) approach has been investigated for the purpose of source reconstruction in epilepsy diagnosis.
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defined to include all frequencies. Unfortunately there is no agreement in standard reference works on what these ranges should be
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9666:
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174:. This means that not all neurons will contribute equally to an EEG signal, with an EEG predominately reflecting the activity of
1275:, "intracranial EEG (I-EEG)" or "subdural EEG (SD-EEG)". Depth electrodes may also be placed into brain structures, such as the
9934:
8472:
2753:
provide small EEG devices which are present only on the head and which can record EEG for days, weeks, or months at a time, as
2395:
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554:
In cases where significant brain injury is suspected, e.g., after cardiac arrest, EEG can provide some prognostic information.
7660:
Brain Signature Profiling In India: Its Status As An Aid In Investigation And As Corroborative Evidence-As Seen From Judgments
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offline( average, linked ears etc.) non-zero reference to the new recordings with infinity zero as the standardized reference.
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has developed methods to identify substances that systematically alter brain functions for therapeutic and recreational use.
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1522:
881:
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Wang F, Li G, Chen J, Duan Y, Zhang D (August 2016). "Novel semi-dry electrodes for brain-computer interface applications".
4848:, Mark S. Cohen, "Method and apparatus for reducing contamination of an electrical signal", published 2004-05-20
2279:(ECG) errors in the EEG. Artifacts arising due to cardiac activity may be removed with the help of an ECG reference signal.
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10111:
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8691:"A tutorial on analysis of ongoing, evoked, and induced neuronal activity: Power spectra, wavelet analysis, and coherence"
5393:"Guideline seven: a proposal for standard montages to be used in clinical EEG. American Electroencephalographic Society".
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2482:, a game that used an EEG to steer a ball through an obstacle course. By far the best-selling consumer based EEG to date.
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1660:
1364:
3459:
So EL (August 2010). "Interictal epileptiform discharges in persons without a history of seizures: what do they mean?".
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Focal non-epileptiform abnormal activity may occur over areas of the brain where there is focal damage of the cortex or
1123:
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343:) refer to averaged EEG responses that are time-locked to more complex processing of stimuli; this technique is used in
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Displays during cross-modal sensory processing (perception that combines two different senses, such as sound and sight)
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in one hemisphere vs. the other, such as Cz, Oz, Pz etc. as online reference. The other popular offline references are:
487:
427:
5879:"Detection of high-frequency oscillations by hybrid depth electrodes in standard clinical intracranial EEG recordings"
2863:, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the
2788:. It has been shown that combining or multiplying such measures can reveal previously hidden information in EEG data.
2113:
Some features of the EEG are transient rather than rhythmic. Spikes and sharp waves may represent seizure activity or
988:
across their membranes. Neurons are constantly exchanging ions with the extracellular milieu, for example to maintain
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and MRS, cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which various neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found.
9524:
9396:
9348:
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2682:
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682:
6938:"Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta oscillations in early-stage Alzheimer disease"
4976:"Combined EEG/MEG can outperform single modality EEG or MEG source reconstruction in presurgical epilepsy diagnosis"
3988:"Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain"
2186:
EEG is an extremely useful technique for studying brain activity, but the signal measured is always contaminated by
1027:, spatial distributions and are associated with different states of brain functioning (e.g., waking and the various
335:(EP), which involves averaging the EEG activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort (visual,
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activity. There are technical difficulties associated with combining EEG and fMRI including the need to remove the
1105:
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Unlike other means of studying reaction time, ERPs can elucidate stages of processing (rather than just the result)
631:
8246:"Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead"
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Each channel represents the difference between an electrode and a weighted average of the surrounding electrodes.
853:
EEG is a method widely used in the study of sport performance, valued for its portability and lightweight design
7435:
4913:
Huizenga HM, van Zuijen TL, Heslenfeld DJ, Molenaar PC (July 2001). "Simultaneous MEG and EEG source analysis".
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Kanayama N, Sato A, Ohira H (May 2007). "Crossmodal effect with rubber hand illusion and gamma-band activity".
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EEG under general anesthesia depends on the type of anesthetic employed. With halogenated anesthetics, such as
1305:"F3-C3", represents the voltage difference between F3 and C3, and so on through the entire array of electrodes.
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deprivation. During (inpatient) epilepsy monitoring, a patient's typical seizure medications may be withdrawn.
33:
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8512:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1β11.
8422:. 7th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). Archived from
7280:
5930:"Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals"
5471:
Yao D (November 2001). "A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity".
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of the EEG electrodes can cause significant 50 or 60 Hz artifact, depending on the local power system's
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134:. Clinical interpretation of EEG recordings is most often performed by visual inspection of the tracing or
7368:"NeuroSky MindWave Sets Guinness World Record for "Largest Object Moved Using a Brain-Computer Interface""
4714:
Goldman RI, Stern JM, Engel J, Cohen MS (November 2000). "Acquiring simultaneous EEG and functional MRI".
4336:"Higher power of sensorimotor rhythm is associated with better performance in skilled air-pistol shooters"
2217:(ICA) and several algorithms in this class have been successful at tackling most physiological artifacts.
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posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on dominant side. Central sites (c3-c4) at rest
1221:
The digital EEG signal is stored electronically and can be filtered for display. Typical settings for the
9489:
9401:
8902:
8508:
Bozinovski S (2013). "Controlling Robots Using EEG Signals, Since 1988". In Markovski S, Gusev M (eds.).
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O'Regan S, Faul S, Marnane W (2010). "Automatic detection of EEG artifacts arising from head movements".
3794:
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In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953
1460:), or producing currents that are tangential to the skull, make far less contribution to the EEG signal.
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electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with integrated electronics to reduce noise by
1237:
signals and movement artifact, whereas the low-pass filter filters out high-frequency artifacts, such as
1207:
981:
965:
824:
ERP studies can be conducted with relatively simple paradigms, compared with IE block-design fMRI studies
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385:
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Feshchenko VA, Reinsel RA, Veselis RA (July 2001). "Multiplicity of the alpha rhythm in normal humans".
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EEG prevents limited availability of technologists to provide immediate care in high traffic hospitals.
765:
321:
8305:
Coenen A, Fine E, Zayachkivska O (2014). "Adolf Beck: a forgotten pioneer in electroencephalography".
4845:
3870:"Combining complexity measures of EEG data: multiplying measures reveal previously hidden information"
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directly abutting the skull and radial to the skull. Dendrites which are deeper in the cortex, inside
1323:"linked ears": which is a physical or mathematical average of electrodes attached to both earlobes or
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9998:
9557:
8767:
8042:"Weak supervision as an efficient approach for automated seizure detection in electroencephalography"
7170:
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3023:
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1367:β is somewhat controversial when used for clinical purposes (although there are many research uses).
1290:
A typical adult human EEG signal is about 10 ΞΌV to 100 ΞΌV in amplitude when measured from the scalp.
6348:
Cahn BR, Polich J (March 2006). "Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies".
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An electroencephalograph system manufactured by Beckman Instruments was used on at least one of the
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Also is shown during short-term memory matching of recognized objects, sounds, or tactile sensations
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Pravdich-Neminsky VV (1913). "Ein Versuch der Registrierung der elektrischen Gehirnerscheinungen".
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1501:. However, much work has been done to produce remarkably good estimates of, at least, a localized
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and 35β70 Hz respectively. The high-pass filter typically filters out slow artifact, such as
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7833:"A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a 10 year update"
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Montez T, Poil SS, Jones BF, Manshanden I, Verbunt JP, van Dijk BW, et al. (February 2009).
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Yasuno F, Brown AK, Zoghbi SS, Krushinski JH, Chernet E, Tauscher J, et al. (January 2008).
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stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves.
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EEG poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the cortex).
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remains an important extension, and in its most advanced form is also attempted as the basis of
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Lotte F, Bougrain L, Cichocki A, Clerc M, Congedo M, Rakotomamonjy A, et al. (June 2018).
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van Rooij LG, HellstrΓΆm-Westas L, de Vries LS (August 2013). "Treatment of neonatal seizures".
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2323:; such devices can cause rhythmic, fast, low-voltage bursts, which may be confused for spikes.
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5659:"Carbon nanofiber-filled conductive silicone elastomers as soft, dry bioelectronic interfaces"
4499:
Grech R, Cassar T, Muscat J, Camilleri KP, Fabri SG, Zervakis M, et al. (November 2008).
4418:"Longitudinal sleep EEG trajectories indicate complex patterns of adolescent brain maturation"
4262:
4039:"Effect of number and placement of EEG electrodes on measurement of neural tracking of speech"
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The EEG is altered by drugs that affect brain functions, the chemicals that are the basis for
2132:
The normal EEG also varies depending on state. The EEG is used along with other measurements (
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Fiedler P, Griebel S, Pedrosa P, Fonseca C, Vaz F, Zentner L, et al. (January 1, 2015).
3138:
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on the scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after preparing the scalp area by light
544:
8193:
Chen PC, Liu Y, Peng L (May 2019). "How to develop machine learning models for healthcare".
2979:
2036:
In addition to the posterior basic rhythm, there are other normal alpha rhythms such as the
1407:, led by Hunter Peckham, used 64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to
908:
culturally-informed data collection practices to help reduce racial biases in EEG research.
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9649:
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9048:
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8564:
8543:"BrainNet: A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains"
8202:
8104:
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7666:. Proceedings of XX All India Forensic Science Conference. pp. 815β822. Archived from
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7562:
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6826:
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Kondylis ED, Wozny TA, Lipski WJ, Popescu A, DeStefino VJ, Esmaeili B, et al. (2014).
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Adams EJ, Scott ME, Amarante M, RamΓrez CA, Rowley SJ, Noble KG, et al. (April 2024).
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Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Brown M, Rozelle M, et al. (2024).
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127:
40:
7686:"Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary Lesson from India"
5632:
5311:"Frequency-band coupling in surface EEG reflects spiking activity in monkey visual cortex"
5032:
1913:
are working. Deficits in Mu suppression, and thus in mirror neurons, might play a role in
442:
variants, stroke, etc. In cases of epileptic seizures, continuous EEG monitoring helps to
405:
hyperventilation and sleep deprivation that can increase the diagnostic yield of the EEG.
8:
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Croft RJ, Barry RJ (February 2000). "Removal of ocular artifact from the EEG: a review".
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Some ERP components can be detected even when the subject is not attending to the stimuli
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Etienne A, Laroia T, Weigle H, Afelin A, Kelly SK, Krishnan A, et al. (July 2020).
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and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.
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Chuck Kayser with electroencephalograph electrodes and a signal conditioner for use in
2958:
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robot using EEG, a technology it eventually hopes to incorporate into its automobiles.
2716:
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4727:
4461:"Sleep study reveals how the adolescent brain makes the transition to mature thinking"
4334:
Cheng MY, Wang KP, Hung CL, Tu YL, Huang CJ, Koester D, et al. (September 2017).
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developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a
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8093:"Real-time Inference and Detection of Disruptive EEG Networks for Epileptic Seizures"
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Rapp PE, Keyser DO, Albano A, Hernandez R, Gibson DB, Zambon RA, et al. (2015).
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6181:
6142:"A Quantitative Electrophysiological Biomarker of Duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 Syndrome"
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Another common measurement made from EEG data is that of complexity measures such as
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704:
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344:
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191:
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5344:
5083:. Madeira Island, Portugal: 9th international Conference on Intelligent Systems 2018
5063:
4743:
4402:
4359:
4320:
4139:
Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA (1997). "Adult claustrophobia, anxiety and sedation in MRI".
4108:
2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
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6140:, Saravanapandian V, Golshani P, Reiter LT, Sankar R, et al. (December 2016).
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5105:
Mental Emotional Sentiment Classification with an EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface
5043:
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3592:
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields
3525:
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3433:
3413:
3373:
3342:
3334:
3213:
3206:
Amzica F, Lopes da Silva FH (November 2017). Schomer DL, Lopes da Silva FH (eds.).
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7140:
4974:
Aydin Γ, Vorwerk J, DΓΌmpelmann M, KΓΌpper P, Kugel H, Heers M, et al. (2015).
4422:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
3886:
3269:
2927:, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936
2719:. Berger's early experiments recorded the effects of drugs on EEG. The science of
839:
EEG also has some characteristics that compare favorably with behavioral testing:
796:
EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to auditory stimuli.
27:
Electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain
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3727:
3658:"Decoding human swallowing via electroencephalography: a state-of-the-art review"
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3169:
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2912:
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1965:
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1829:
both sides, symmetrical distribution, most evident frontally; low-amplitude waves
1712:
1616:
8β12 Hz range β alpha rhythm. Others (like this) lack this type of activity.
1502:
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1453:
1385:
1324:
1226:
1024:
957:
455:
An EEG might also be helpful for diagnosing or treating the following disorders:
238:
8517:
8369:"Hans Berger (1873β1941), Richard Caton (1842β1926), and electroencephalography"
6711:
6686:
6361:
3494:
276:. EEG can detect the onset and spatio-temporal (location and time) evolution of
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6942:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2907:
In 1934, Fisher and Lowenbach first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935,
2709:
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2340:
2335:
and non-epileptiform activity. It can also be separated into focal or diffuse.
2107:
2041:
1910:
1036:
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at a variety of frequencies. Several of these oscillations have characteristic
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226:
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5080:
A Study on Mental State Classification using EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface
4600:
4011:
3255:
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9302:
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7701:
7311:"News β NeuroSky Upgrades SDK, Allows For Eye Blink, Brainwave-Powered Games"
7069:
6892:
6846:
6720:
5895:
5807:
2856:
2765:
2726:
Honda is attempting to develop a system to enable an operator to control its
2701:
2501:
In 2010, NeuroSky added a blink and electromyography function to the MindSet.
2491:
2460:
783:
443:
336:
7257:
6962:
6869:
6594:
4036:
3495:"The Yield of Ambulatory Video-EEG - Predictors of Successful Event Capture"
835:, which requires electrodes to be placed on the actual surface of the brain.
10316:
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9024:
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8018:
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7901:
7866:
7809:
7766:
7582:
7535:
7398:"Product Launch! Neurosync β The World's Smallest Brain-Computer-Interface"
7123:
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2999:
decreasing alpha activity would cause the robot to stop on the trajectory.
2804:
2374:
Systems for decoding imagined speech from EEG have applications such as in
2350:
2332:
2234:
The first is corneal retinal dipole movement which argues that an electric
2172:
2045:
1408:
961:
807:
776:
Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of most other techniques
700:
142:
7757:
6813:
Chen X, Xu X, Liu A, Lee S, Chen X, Zhang X, et al. (July 15, 2019).
6459:
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5582:
5535:
5414:
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9959:
9703:
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8815:
8805:
8782:
8754:
8541:
Jiang L, Stocco A, Losey DM, Abernethy JA, Prat CS, Rao RP (April 2019).
4480:
Srinivasan R (1999). "Methods to Improve the Spatial Resolution of EEG".
3556:
2897:
2849:
2834:
2800:
2738:
2581:
2520:
2464:
2141:
2013:
2005:
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and the signal can be processed by freely available EEG software such as
1028:
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520:
309:
261:
250:
202:
158:
91:
9591:
9155:
8384:
7709:
7685:
6815:"Removal of Muscle Artifacts From the EEG: A Review and Recommendations"
5851:
2845:
2425:, which are associated with particular pathologies or pathology stages.
850:
EEG can be used in subjects who are incapable of making a motor response
10311:
10306:
10296:
9924:
8991:
8762:
4585:"Novel Electrodes for Reliable EEG Recordings on Coarse and Curly Hair"
3774:
3083:
2920:
2808:
2570:
2485:
In 2009 Uncle Milton Industries partnered with NeuroSky to release the
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1998:
1987:
1983:
1961:
1954:
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In 2018, a functional dry electrode composed of a polydimethylsiloxane
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111:
6649:
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4263:"Objective EEG Methods for Studying Covert Shifts of Visual Attention"
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will not contribute directly to an EEG; these include the base of the
73:
10321:
10301:
10202:
9954:
9073:
9006:
9001:
7427:
7228:"Brains-on with NeuroSky and Square Enix's Judecca mind-control game"
7053:"Traumatic brain injury detection using electrophysiological methods"
4195:
3986:
HΓ€mΓ€lΓ€inen M, Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila J, Lounasmaa OV (1993).
3617:
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications
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2547:
2509:
2495:
2487:
2152:
2125:
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and skull "smear" the EEG signal, obscuring its intracranial source.
1420:
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1400:
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570:
514:
372:
An EEG recording setup using the 10-10 system of electrode placement.
210:
187:
179:
162:
146:
115:
107:
99:
6062:
Tatum WO (March 2014). "Ellen R. Grass Lecture: extraordinary EEG".
5558:
4912:
4678:
3234:
Eric R. Kandel, John Koester, Sarah Mack, Steven Siegelbaum (2021).
2598:
2569:
EEG wearable product providing 20 brain fitness enhancement Apps on
2319:. A third source of possible interference can be the presence of an
1072:
598:
465:
Brain dysfunction that can have a variety of causes (encephalopathy)
9798:
9773:
9190:
8956:
8875:
8861:
8792:
8559:
8473:"Beckman Instruments Supplying Medical Flight Monitoring Equipment"
8262:
7489:"BioSerenity receives FDA clearance for EEG wearable device system"
6882:
5610:
Active Micromachined Scalp Electrode Array for Eeg Signal Recording
5103:
4063:
4037:
Montoya-MartΓnez J, Vanthornhout J, Bertrand A, Francart T (2021).
2773:
2769:
2546:. This device functions as a dry sensor at a size no larger than a
2479:
2442:
2156:
1578:
1487:
1276:
547:), and to monitor for secondary brain damage in conditions such as
510:
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491:
483:
439:
381:
277:
269:
206:
130:, involving surgical placement of electrodes, is sometimes called
62:
7141:"Study: EEG can help tell apart PTSD, mild traumatic brain injury"
3818:
3323:
1706:
frontally in adults, posteriorly in children; high-amplitude waves
10336:
8040:
Saab K, Dunnmon J, RΓ© C, Rubin D, Lee-Messer C (April 20, 2020).
5657:
Slipher GA, Hairston WD, Bradford JC, Bain ED, Mrozek RA (2018).
4624:"Fostering inclusion in EEG measures of pediatric brain activity"
3515:
3094:
Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy
2754:
2516:
2467:
announced that it was partnering with NeuroSky to create a game,
2264:
2098:
1889:
1566:
1467:. An action potential can be accurately represented as a current
1249:
1248:
The EEG signals can be captured with opensource hardware such as
1202:
414:
393:, etc.) it is confirmatory of epilepsy in nearly all cases (high
7953:
7338:"NeuroSky MindWave Brings Brain-Computer Interface to Education"
7196:
7194:
7192:
6312:
5190:"The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain"
1169:
In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is obtained by placing
401:) or with a very low risk of developing epilepsy in the future.
10367:
8679:"A tutorial on simulating and estimating EEG sources in Matlab"
4289:
3985:
3757:
Clayson PE, Carbine KA, Baldwin SA, Larson MJ (November 2019).
3619:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 228. pp. 185β219.
3240:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 1450.
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neuronal systems "go out of sync" and interfere with one other.
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1914:
1849:
1652:
1381:
1253:
1191:
977:
740:
Several other methods to study brain function exist, including
317:
154:
8150:
Paesschen WV (March 2018). "The future of seizure detection".
7657:
Puranik DA, Joseph SK, Daundkar BB, Garad MV (November 2009).
5252:
5250:
4501:"Review on solving the inverse problem in EEG source analysis"
3758:
3712:
3363:
57:
9793:
7189:
5981:(Hardcover) (6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth. p. 17.
4267:
The Psychophysiology of Thinking: Studies of Covert Processes
2838:
2760:
In research, currently EEG is often used in combination with
2734:
2727:
2452:
developed device for use in video games relying primarily on
2009:
1834:
range span: active calm β intense β stressed β mild obsessive
1445:
1230:
418:
313:
230:
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183:
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119:
95:
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4863:
4791:
2531:. The Cyton Board is based on the Texas Instruments ADS1299
2171:"Breach effect" redirects here. For the birth position, see
2080:
1994:
1972:
1950:
1537:), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity.
153:. As the electrical activity monitored by EEG originates in
10252:
10217:
10207:
10197:
6507:
5656:
5612:(PhD thesis). University of California, Davis. p. 82.
5247:
4219:
3756:
2399:
2053:
1404:
985:
976:
The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of
729:
293:
222:
7830:
7656:
5876:
5427:
5133:"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by machine learning"
4864:
Difrancesco MW, Holland SK, Szaflarski JP (October 2008).
4549:
4498:
3821:"ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents"
2829:
2733:
EEGs have been used as evidence in criminal trials in the
2398:(ARL), collaborated on EEG diagnostics in order to detect
2021:
1585:
signals are associated with intracellular ionic currents.
922:
certain medical devices can be used in an MR environment.
368:
10267:
10262:
8540:
7787:
7050:
6935:
6781:
4621:
4582:
2837:
in 1924. The upper tracing is EEG, and the lower is a 10
2807:. Similarly, an hour-long recording of the brainwaves of
2708:. The EEG is also used quite extensively in the field of
2524:
2124:
The normal electroencephalogram (EEG) varies by age. The
1508:
725:
6997:"Decoding Covert Speech From EEG-A Comprehensive Review"
6472:
4215:
4213:
2938:
Franklin Offner (1911β1999), professor of biophysics at
1569:. The ionic currents involved in the generation of fast
6434:"Alpha rhythms as physiological and abnormal phenomena"
6393:"Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research"
5308:
3034:
Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices
2923:
spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical
2494:, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing
1000:. Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG.
980:. Neurons are electrically charged (or "polarized") by
806:
EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity (>1
8304:
7734:
6994:
6687:"EEG-Based Neurohaptics Research: A Literature Review"
6001:
5077:
Bird J, Manso LJ, Ekart A, Faria DR (September 2018).
4756:
4713:
4105:
3171:
Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Critical Introduction
1190:
electrodes are typically used when recording EEG from
1047:
band relating most strongly to neuron spike activity.
312:. EEG used to be a first-line method of diagnosis for
7101:
6241:
5357:
5260:
Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG
5130:
4210:
2904:
and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them.
1720:
Has been found during some continuous-attention tasks
1659:. Computational processing of the EEG is often named
912:
529:
determine whether to wean anti-epileptic medications.
8655:. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Brainclinics Insights.
7996:
6876:, Artificial Intelligence, vol. 9, IntechOpen,
6747:
Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology
6087:
6085:
3655:
3205:
2307:, spikes originating from a momentary change in the
1561:
EEG reflects correlated synaptic activity caused by
8298:
6004:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
5774:"Multichannel EEG with novel Ti/TiN dry electrodes"
5563:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
5360:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
5238:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3589:
2745:(BEOS), an EEG technique, was used in the trial of
1185:Electrode locations and names are specified by the
847:(i.e., processing that does not require a response)
573:. The recording of these signals is referred to as
557:If a patient with epilepsy is being considered for
389:epileptiform discharges (e.g. sharp waves, spikes,
10142:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
8373:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
8039:
7329:
6308:
6306:
6192:
5102:Bird JJ, Ekart A, Buckingham CD, Faria DR (2019).
4372:
3981:
3979:
3977:
1581:electrical activity, whereas the fields producing
960:with statistical temporal features extracted from
253:- if they are, it is a sign of brain dysfunction.
8347:
7923:Buettner R, Frick J, Rieg T (November 12, 2019).
7922:
7737:IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine
7552:
7390:
6625:"Removal of Artifacts from EEG Signals: A Review"
6247:
6082:
5556:
2275:The potential due to cardiac activity introduces
1423:was reported. This research was conducted at the
803:, unlike fMRI, PET, MRS, SPECT, and sometimes MEG
408:
102:detected by EEG have been shown to represent the
10385:
10126:
8444:
8090:
6550:
5187:
4415:
3854:
3656:JestroviΔ I, Coyle JL, SejdiΔ E (October 2015).
2743:Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling
2542:released the smallest consumer BCI to date, the
2331:Abnormal activity can broadly be separated into
2282:
8613:
7879:
6684:
6303:
5607:
5309:Whittingstall K, Logothetis NK (October 2009).
5256:
5131:Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (March 2018).
4333:
3974:
3947:
3918:
3614:
3298:
1667:majority of the EEG used in clinical practice.
1646:The EEG is typically described in terms of (1)
1533:, fMRI, fUS) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET,
7281:"Toy trains 'Star Wars' fans to use The Force"
6390:
6198:
5720:
4505:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
4138:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3406:"Interictal EEG and the diagnosis of epilepsy"
3403:
1751:Found in locations not related to task at hand
1463:EEG recordings do not directly capture axonal
1197:Each electrode is connected to one input of a
94:of the spontaneous electrical activity of the
10112:
9607:
9171:
8717:
8091:Bomela W, Wang S, Chou CA, Li JS (May 2020).
7605:"Mind over matter: Brain waves control Asimo"
6622:
6618:
6616:
5927:
5822:"Dry EEG Headsets | Products | CGX"
5513:
4844:
4550:SchlΓΆgl A, Slater M, Pfurtscheller G (2002).
3174:. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. p. 104.
2946:(the whole device was typically known as the
1452:, in midline or deep structures (such as the
1359:(depending on local custom and law regarding
486:seizures from other types of spells, such as
114:. It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG
7999:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
6812:
5464:
5421:
4967:
533:
8650:
8307:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
8192:
6431:
5630:
5557:Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL (May 1994).
5283:
3576:
3014:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography
1837:active thinking, focus, high alert, anxious
1573:may not contribute greatly to the averaged
513:from primary psychiatric syndromes such as
10373:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
10119:
10105:
10079:
9614:
9600:
9178:
9164:
9140:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
8724:
8710:
8507:
7225:
6929:
6870:"A Brief Summary of EEG Artifact Handling"
6744:
6623:Jiang X, Bian GB, Tian Z (February 2019).
6613:
6347:
4479:
4260:
3867:
3552:"EEG (Electroencephalogram) β Mayo Clinic"
3303:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier.
3301:Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures
2833:The first human EEG recording obtained by
2298:
2220:
1670:
762:single-photon emission computed tomography
339:, or auditory). Event-related potentials (
56:
39:"EEG" redirects here. For other uses, see
9621:
9185:
8641:
8586:
8576:
8558:
8392:
8281:
8271:
8261:
8149:
8126:
8116:
8067:
8057:
7856:
7756:
7360:
7104:International Journal of Psychophysiology
7078:
7068:
7022:
7012:
6971:
6961:
6891:
6881:
6790:Introduction to EEG and evoked potentials
6710:
6658:
6648:
6449:
6438:International Journal of Psychophysiology
6408:
6224:
6175:
6165:
5979:Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
5953:
5904:
5894:
5797:
5692:
5682:
5326:
5239:Tatum WO, Husain AM, Benbadis SR (2008).
5215:
5205:
5164:
5009:
4999:
4934:
4889:
4805:
4655:
4526:
4516:
4441:
4416:Feinberg I, Campbell IG (February 2013).
4237:
4082:
4072:
4062:
3895:
3885:
3689:
3518:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2683:Learn how and when to remove this message
1909:Mu suppression could indicate that motor
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
683:Learn how and when to remove this message
331:Derivatives of the EEG technique include
182:on the scalp. Deep structures within the
141:Voltage fluctuations measured by the EEG
9546:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
8465:
8459:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001
6315:Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research
6199:Kisley MA, Cornwell ZM (November 2006).
5976:
5076:
4265:. In McGuigan FJ, Schoonover RA (eds.).
3212:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2978:
2879:Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky
2844:
2828:
2177:
2079:
2052:
2020:
1993:
1971:
1949:
1936:
1267:. This is accomplished via burr hole or
1054:
468:Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
450:
367:
268:complexes, as observable in people with
122:(commonly called "scalp EEG") using the
9709:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
9667:Applications of artificial intelligence
6995:Panachakel JT, Ramakrishnan AG (2021).
6787:
6282:
6036:
4173:
3953:
3270:"EEG: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2881:published the first animal EEG and the
2859:(1842β1926), a physician practicing in
2478:partnered with NeuroSky to release the
2400:mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
2369:
1505:that represents the recorded currents.
754:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
65:spike and wave discharges monitored EEG
14:
10386:
9935:Differential technological development
8415:
7683:
7517:
7499:from the original on November 12, 2021
7468:from the original on November 12, 2021
7348:from the original on December 12, 2017
7317:from the original on February 22, 2017
7278:
7177:from the original on December 12, 2009
6918:from the original on December 20, 2022
6601:from the original on November 23, 2008
6553:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
6397:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
5928:Murakami S, Okada Y (September 2006).
5858:from the original on February 13, 2020
5832:from the original on February 13, 2020
5589:from the original on December 22, 2019
5284:Klein S, Thorne BM (October 3, 2006).
2619:Please improve this section by adding
1733:metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus
1509:EEG vis-Γ -vis fMRI, fNIRS, fUS and PET
1093:Please improve this section by adding
619:Please improve this section by adding
580:
10100:
9595:
9159:
8705:
8243:
7935:from the original on January 21, 2021
7438:from the original on January 23, 2017
7408:from the original on December 9, 2018
7291:from the original on October 23, 2012
7234:from the original on October 30, 2010
7135:
7133:
7046:
7044:
7042:
6740:
6738:
6680:
6678:
6061:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5112:from the original on December 3, 2018
4018:from the original on January 26, 2019
3814:
3812:
3594:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3440:from the original on October 23, 2022
3167:
2896:German physiologist and psychiatrist
2254:
2040:(alpha activity in the contralateral
1941:Human EEG with prominent alpha-rhythm
1370:
880:Low spatial resolution on the scalp.
742:functional magnetic resonance imaging
9828:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
9463:Dentatorubralβpallidoluysian atrophy
8447:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
8366:
7625:
7486:
7151:from the original on October 9, 2019
6867:
5101:
4564:from the original on August 11, 2017
3797:from the original on October 7, 2022
3564:from the original on August 30, 2019
3399:
3397:
3395:
3229:
3227:
3209:Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms
2592:
2508:In 2012, a Japanese gadget project,
2326:
2270:
2182:Main types of artifacts in human EEG
1657:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox
1556:
1548:EEG can be used simultaneously with
1375:In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at
1258:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox
1066:
592:
10228:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
10167:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
10024:Future-oriented technology analysis
9687:Progress in artificial intelligence
9510:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
8489:from the original on August 7, 2019
7716:from the original on April 16, 2021
6475:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
6055:
5559:"A dry electrode for EEG recording"
5516:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
5470:
5395:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
4870:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
3921:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
3590:Niedermeyer E, da Silva FL (2004).
3461:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
2972:developed an adjunct to EEG called
2225:
2194:
1661:quantitative electroencephalography
1365:quantitative electroencephalography
1271:. This is referred to variously as
284:. It is also used to help diagnose
272:; thus, it is often used to inform
24:
9440:Complex partial status epilepticus
8606:
7335:
7254:"New games powered by brain waves"
7200:
7130:
7039:
6735:
6685:Alsuradi H, Park W, Eid M (2020).
6675:
6391:Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007).
5709:
5643:
3809:
3458:
3218:10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002
2588:
2381:
1588:
913:With other neuroimaging techniques
488:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
428:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
417:is occurring. This is known as an
25:
10440:
9525:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
9397:Benign familial neonatal seizures
9349:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
8671:
8653:Neurofeedback: How it all started
7173:. The Economist. March 23, 2007.
6327:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014
5778:Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
3392:
3280:from the original on July 5, 2016
3224:
2553:In 2015, A Chinese-based company
813:EEG does not involve exposure to
10078:
8997:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
8851:Intracranial pressure monitoring
8534:
8501:
8438:
8409:
8360:
8341:
8237:
8186:
8143:
8084:
8033:
7990:
7947:
7916:
7873:
7824:
7781:
7728:
7677:
7650:
7628:"This brain test maps the truth"
7619:
7597:
7546:
7511:
7480:
7450:
7420:
7303:
7272:
7246:
7226:Fruhlinger J (October 9, 2008).
7219:
6487:10.1097/00004691-200107000-00005
6262:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00511.x
5528:10.1097/00004691-199110000-00005
5407:10.1097/00004691-199401000-00008
5048:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.047
4467:(Press release). March 19, 2013.
4387:10.1097/00001756-199807130-00009
4352:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.05.007
4340:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
3933:10.1097/00004691-199901000-00001
3418:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00654.x
3299:Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2013).
2877:In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist
2597:
1945:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1210:, after being passed through an
1071:
1031:). These oscillations represent
945:EEG has also been combined with
874:
597:
380:diagnostic procedure to confirm
9724:Fourth-generation optical discs
8614:Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (2007).
8482:. March 3, 1965. pp. 4β5.
7611:. April 1, 2009. Archived from
7487:Bell J, ed. (January 8, 2021).
7458:"510(k) Premarket Notification"
7203:"Mind reading is on the market"
7163:
7095:
7057:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
6988:
6861:
6806:
6587:
6565:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.013
6544:
6501:
6466:
6425:
6384:
6341:
6276:
6129:
6030:
5995:
5977:Anderson J (October 22, 2004).
5970:
5921:
5870:
5844:
5814:
5765:
5624:
5601:
5550:
5507:
5386:
5351:
5302:
5277:
5257:Nunez PL, Srinivasan R (1981).
5232:
5194:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
5181:
5124:
5095:
5070:
5026:
4915:Physics in Medicine and Biology
4906:
4857:
4838:
4785:
4750:
4707:
4672:
4615:
4576:
4543:
4492:
4473:
4409:
4366:
4327:
4283:
4254:
4167:
4132:
4099:
4030:
3912:
3750:
3706:
3649:
3608:
3544:
3509:
3487:
3412:. 47 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 14β22.
2869:. In 1890, Polish physiologist
2721:pharmaco-electroencephalography
2155:or intravenous agents, such as
2072:, and drug effects, especially
1902:Shows rest-state motor neurons.
1781:some instances of hydrocephalus
1397:Case Western Reserve University
1377:University of California, Davis
1059:Computer electroencephalograph
588:
551:(currently a research method).
149:allow the evaluation of normal
10162:Somatosensory evoked potential
9485:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
9458:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
7116:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.010
6107:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.010
5241:Handbook of EEG Interpretation
3452:
3404:Pillai J, Sperling MR (2006).
3357:
3317:
3292:
3262:
3199:
3156:
3044:EEG measures during anesthesia
2747:State of Maharashtra v. Sharma
2215:independent component analysis
2008:is the frequency range from 8
1759:drowsiness in adults and teens
1438:
1419:filled with conductive carbon
1063:produced and offered in Russia
409:Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU)
13:
1:
10358:Difference due to memory (Dm)
10051:Technology in science fiction
9135:Miniβmental state examination
8164:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30034-6
7837:Journal of Neural Engineering
7575:10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036019
7555:Journal of Neural Engineering
7520:"The age of neuroelectronics"
7374:. NeuroGadget. Archived from
7256:. Physorg.com. Archived from
6759:10.1016/S0987-7053(00)00055-1
6522:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8
6451:10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00754-X
5743:10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046021
5723:Journal of Neural Engineering
5631:Hockenberry J (August 2001).
4816:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00286-6
4771:10.1016/S0730-725X(02)00496-4
4728:10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00456-9
4305:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00411-X
4269:. Elsevier. pp. 109β51.
4153:10.1016/S0730-725X(96)00351-7
3887:10.12688/f1000research.6590.1
3682:10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/051001
3662:Journal of Neural Engineering
3497:. Neurology Clinical Practice
3150:
2621:secondary or tertiary sources
2283:Other physiological artifacts
1425:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
1273:"electrocorticography (ECoG)"
1095:secondary or tertiary sources
971:
735:
695:EEG and the related study of
621:secondary or tertiary sources
462:Brain damage from head injury
161:, the recordings made by the
10157:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
10128:Electroencephalography (EEG)
9435:Epilepsia partialis continua
8888:Multiple subpial transection
8350:Zentralblatt fΓΌr Physiologie
8319:10.1080/0964704x.2013.867600
7968:10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.006
7894:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.007
7313:. Gamasutra. June 30, 2010.
7279:Snider M (January 7, 2009).
6217:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.08.003
6167:10.1371/journal.pone.0167179
6016:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90136-2
5946:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105379
5684:10.1371/journal.pone.0189415
5575:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1
5442:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.019
5372:10.1016/0013-4694(93)90061-Y
5328:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.016
5001:10.1371/journal.pone.0118753
4882:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181879d56
4074:10.1371/journal.pone.0246769
3825:effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
3728:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.027
3473:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181ea42a4
3378:10.1213/ANE.0000000000006399
3237:Principles of neural science
3029:Cerebral function monitoring
2428:
2396:U.S Army Research Laboratory
2211:principal component analysis
2166:
947:positron emission tomography
819:positron emission tomography
770:event-related optical signal
746:positron emission tomography
722:auditory processing disorder
519:serve as an adjunct test of
197:, mesial walls of the major
106:of pyramidal neurons in the
34:other types of electrography
7:
10152:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
9490:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
9468:UnverrichtβLundborg disease
8903:Anterior temporal lobectomy
8651:Arns M, Sterman MB (2019).
8518:10.1007/978-3-642-37169-1_1
8250:Nature Machine Intelligence
6712:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979855
6432:Niedermeyer E (June 1997).
6362:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180
6064:The Neurodiagnostic Journal
6041:. Oxford University Press.
5263:. Oxford University Press.
5243:. Demos Medical Publishing.
5188:Herculano-Houzel S (2009).
4552:"Presence research and EEG"
3956:The Neurodiagnostic Journal
3006:
2311:of a given electrode. Poor
1208:analog-to-digital converter
982:membrane transport proteins
966:thalamocortical dysrhythmia
363:
90:) is a method to record an
10:
10445:
10056:Technology readiness level
9992:Technological unemployment
9407:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
8578:10.1038/s41598-019-41895-7
8118:10.1038/s41598-020-65401-6
7530:. The New Atlantis: 4β41.
5608:Alizadeh-Taheri B (1994).
5485:10.1088/0967-3334/22/4/305
5401:(1): 30β36. January 1994.
5157:10.1038/s41467-018-02820-0
4945:10.1088/0031-9155/46/7/301
4759:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4648:10.1038/s41539-024-00240-y
4434:10.1152/ajpregu.00422.2012
4141:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4116:10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5627282
3625:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.03.014
3530:10.1016/j.siny.2013.01.001
3168:Moran A (August 2, 2004).
2824:
2170:
1353:clinical neurophysiologist
1187:International 10β20 system
766:near-infrared spectroscopy
322:magnetic resonance imaging
249:are not generally seen in
124:International 10β20 system
38:
31:
10345:
10287:
10175:
10134:
10074:
10039:Technological singularity
9999:Technological convergence
9917:
9836:
9636:
9629:
9558:Epilepsy Action Australia
9538:
9502:
9448:
9425:
9367:
9301:
9292:
9269:
9238:
9197:
9122:Clinical prediction rules
9120:
9087:
9015:
8973:
8955:
8911:
8859:
8824:
8790:
8781:
8768:Decompressive craniectomy
8753:
8744:
8643:10.4249/scholarpedia.1348
8273:10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x
8215:10.1038/s41563-019-0345-0
8059:10.1038/s41746-020-0264-0
8011:10.1109/TBME.2017.2650259
7802:10.1109/MPUL.2012.2216717
7014:10.3389/fnins.2021.642251
7001:Frontiers in Neuroscience
6839:10.1109/JSEN.2019.2906572
5934:The Journal of Physiology
5799:10.1016/j.sna.2014.10.010
5473:Physiological Measurement
5288:. New York, N.Y.: Worth.
5207:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009
4601:10.1101/2020.02.26.965202
4012:10.1103/RevModPhys.65.413
3992:Reviews of Modern Physics
3868:Burns T, Rajan R (2015).
3024:Brainwave synchronization
2706:brain computer interfaces
2376:brainβcomputer interfaces
1772:focal subcortical lesions
1332:Average reference montage
1050:
1019:Scalp EEG activity shows
534:Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
136:quantitative EEG analysis
70:
55:
50:
10424:Brainβcomputer interface
9851:Brainβcomputer interface
9734:Holographic data storage
9520:LandauβKleffner syndrome
9354:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
8367:Haas LF (January 2003).
7858:10.1088/1741-2552/aab2f2
7749:10.1109/MEMB.2010.936545
7626:Natu N (July 21, 2008).
7070:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00011
6893:10.5772/intechopen.99127
6874:Brain-Computer Interface
6510:Clinical Neurophysiology
6205:Clinical Neurophysiology
5896:10.3389/fneur.2014.00149
5430:Clinical Neurophysiology
4716:Clinical Neurophysiology
4293:Clinical Neurophysiology
3716:Clinical Neurophysiology
3366:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2632:"Electroencephalography"
1775:metabolic encephalopathy
1756:higher in young children
1676:Comparison of EEG bands
1641:One second of EEG signal
1563:post-synaptic potentials
1106:"Electroencephalography"
699:are used extensively in
632:"Electroencephalography"
538:EEG can also be used in
505:differentiate "organic"
256:EEG can detect abnormal
32:Not to be confused with
10429:Mathematics in medicine
10279:Late positive component
10147:Event-related potential
10004:Technological evolution
9977:Exploratory engineering
9729:3D optical data storage
9662:Artificial intelligence
9402:LennoxβGastaut syndrome
9284:Epilepsy and employment
8936:Amygdalohippocampectomy
7493:NeuroNews International
7201:Li S (August 8, 2010).
6963:10.1073/pnas.0811699106
6872:, in Asadpour V (ed.),
6868:Kaya I (May 18, 2022),
6792:. J. B. Lippincott Co.
6597:. Stanford University.
4628:npj Science of Learning
4226:Neuropsychopharmacology
3134:Michael Graham Saunders
3039:Direct brain interfaces
2940:Northwestern University
2866:British Medical Journal
2299:Environmental artifacts
2221:Physiological artifacts
1671:Comparison of EEG bands
1583:magnetoencephalographic
1395:In 1999 researchers at
1241:signals. An additional
799:EEG does not aggravate
549:subarachnoid hemorrhage
358:
126:, or variations of it.
104:postsynaptic potentials
10394:Electroencephalography
10188:Bereitschaftspotential
10014:Technology forecasting
10009:Technological paradigm
9982:Proactionary principle
9856:Electroencephalography
9823:Software-defined radio
9334:Temporal lobe epilepsy
9254:Electroencephalography
9095:Electroencephalography
9064:Magnetoencephalography
8738:central nervous system
8416:Millet D (June 2002).
7882:Schizophrenia Research
7462:www.accessdata.fda.gov
6350:Psychological Bulletin
6283:Gastaut H (1952). "".
5883:Frontiers in Neurology
4518:10.1186/1743-0003-5-25
4239:10.1038/sj.npp.1301402
3833:10.23970/ahrqepccer267
3339:10.1001/jama.2024.8144
3129:Ongoing brain activity
3109:Magnetoencephalography
3104:Local field potentials
2988:
2852:
2842:
2608:relies excessively on
2519:released an eponymous
2183:
2106:"Ultra-slow" or "near-
2087:
2060:
2032:
2001:
1979:
1957:
1942:
1778:deep midline disorders
1473:neural backpropagation
1199:differential amplifier
1082:relies excessively on
1064:
1043:band and phase in the
934:of some of this noise.
750:magnetoencephalography
608:relies excessively on
373:
186:further away from the
165:on the surface of the
84:Electroencephalography
51:Electroencephalography
9940:Disruptive innovation
9623:Emerging technologies
9339:Frontal lobe epilepsy
9040:Pneumoencephalography
8881:Bilateral cingulotomy
8846:Suboccipital puncture
8152:The Lancet. Neurology
7929:ICIS 2019 Proceedings
7542:on February 12, 2016.
6559:(9 Pt B): 2220β2232.
5286:Biological psychology
5137:Nature Communications
4846:US patent 7286871
4693:10.1002/hbm.460030103
4482:International Journal
4261:Mulholland T (2012).
3139:Spontaneous potential
3054:Electromagnetic pulse
2982:
2848:
2832:
2813:Voyager Golden Record
2793:Computer Music Center
2778:Lempel-Ziv complexity
2696:still used today for
2415:Lempel-Ziv complexity
2388:Department of Defense
2181:
2083:
2056:
2024:
1997:
1975:
1953:
1940:
1543:MRI gradient artifact
1351:The EEG is read by a
1058:
1033:synchronized activity
952:Recent studies using
545:intracranial pressure
451:Other brain disorders
444:characterize seizures
371:
258:electrical discharges
229:(0.5β4 Hz), and
10399:Diagnostic neurology
9987:Technological change
9930:Collingridge dilemma
9650:Ambient intelligence
9575:Epilepsy Research UK
9359:Vertiginous epilepsy
9279:Epilepsy and driving
9230:Epilepsy in children
9049:Transcranial Doppler
9035:Cerebral angiography
8987:Spinal decompression
8697:on November 7, 2018.
8510:ICT Innovations 2012
8426:on September 8, 2020
8244:Rudin C (May 2019).
8046:npj Digital Medicine
7428:"APP β Macrotellect"
6819:IEEE Sensors Journal
6039:Rhythms of the brain
5852:"Dry EEG Technology"
5633:"The Next Brainiacs"
3074:European data format
2902:Edgar Douglas Adrian
2811:was included on the
2370:Remote communication
1867:Somatosensory cortex
1736:deep midline lesions
1361:medical specialities
1212:anti-aliasing filter
1009:synchronous activity
833:electrocorticography
758:electrocorticography
709:cognitive psychology
575:electrocorticography
540:intensive care units
523:in comatose patients
349:cognitive psychology
280:and the presence of
128:Electrocorticography
41:EEG (disambiguation)
10332:Sensorimotor rhythm
10289:Neural oscillations
10233:Mismatch negativity
10044:Technology scouting
10019:Accelerating change
9672:Machine translation
9563:Epilepsy Foundation
9530:Epilepsy in animals
9210:Aura (warning sign)
9045:Echoencephalography
8811:Thalamic stimulator
8634:2007SchpJ...2.1348N
8569:2019NatSR...9.6115J
8385:10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9
8207:2019NatMa..18..410C
8109:2020NatSR..10.8653B
7849:2018JNEng..15c1005L
7567:2016JNEng..13c6019W
7378:on October 15, 2013
7215:on January 4, 2013.
7145:www.research.va.gov
6954:2009PNAS..106.1614M
6831:2019ISenJ..19.5353C
6788:Epstein CM (1983).
6703:2020IEEEA...849313A
6641:2019Senso..19..987J
6158:2016PLoSO..1167179F
5790:2015SeAcA.221..139F
5735:2016JNEng..13d6021W
5675:2018PLoSO..1389415S
5618:1994PhDT........82A
5149:2018NatCo...9.1103V
4992:2015PLoSO..1018753A
4927:2001PMB....46.1737H
4681:Human Brain Mapping
4640:2024npjSL...9...27A
4188:1996MedPh..23..815S
4110:. pp. 6353β6.
4055:2021PLoSO..1646769M
4004:1993RvMP...65..413H
3674:2015JNEng..12e1001J
3119:Neural oscillations
3089:Hemoencephalography
2970:William Grey Walter
2797:Columbia University
2364:Alzheimer's disease
2026:Sensorimotor rhythm
1934:
1897:Sensorimotor cortex
1727:subcortical lesions
1677:
1492:cerebrospinal fluid
1310:Referential montage
956:techniques such as
717:psychophysiological
581:Home ambulatory EEG
565:, through either a
399:false positive rate
353:psychophysiological
326:computed tomography
10061:Technology roadmap
9697:Speech recognition
9682:Mobile translation
9655:Internet of things
9450:Myoclonic epilepsy
9427:Status epilepticus
9130:Glasgow Coma Scale
8898:Corpus callosotomy
8827:Ventricular system
8547:Scientific Reports
8480:Space News Roundup
8419:The origins of EEG
8097:Scientific Reports
7684:Gaudet LM (2011).
7632:The Times of India
7432:o.macrotellect.com
7402:www.prnewswire.com
6285:Revue Neurologique
6037:Buzsaki G (2006).
3775:10.1111/psyp.13437
3064:Electropalatograph
2989:
2853:
2843:
2815:, launched on the
2717:psychopharmacology
2698:seizure prediction
2575:Android App Stores
2540:Mind Solutions Inc
2277:electrocardiograph
2255:Muscular artifacts
2184:
2088:
2061:
2033:
2002:
1980:
1958:
1943:
1933:
1801:relaxed/reflecting
1675:
1390:impedance matching
1371:Dry EEG electrodes
1301:Sequential montage
1065:
1005:electric potential
496:movement disorders
492:syncope (fainting)
436:movement disorders
432:syncope (fainting)
374:
282:status epilepticus
172:electrical circuit
157:in the underlying
132:"intracranial EEG"
10404:Electrophysiology
10381:
10380:
10275:(late positivity)
10177:Evoked potentials
10094:
10093:
9913:
9912:
9898:Visual prosthesis
9806:Optical computing
9589:
9588:
9503:Related disorders
9498:
9497:
9344:Rolandic epilepsy
9153:
9152:
8951:
8950:
8685:on March 7, 2016.
8662:978-90-830013-0-2
8527:978-3-642-37169-1
7673:on March 3, 2016.
7615:on April 3, 2009.
7518:Keiper A (2006).
7404:. July 15, 2015.
7342:www.ubergizmo.com
7208:Los Angeles Times
6903:978-1-83962-522-0
6825:(14): 5353β5368.
6799:978-0-397-50598-2
6650:10.3390/s19050987
6595:"The MacIver Lab"
6516:(11): 1842β1857.
6211:(11): 2549β2563.
6048:978-0-19-530106-9
5988:978-0-7167-0110-1
5940:(Pt 3): 925β936.
5295:978-0-7167-9922-1
5270:978-0-19-502796-9
4722:(11): 1974β1980.
4381:(10): 2195β2200.
4276:978-0-323-14700-2
4125:978-1-4244-4123-5
3634:978-0-12-804216-8
3601:978-0-7817-5126-1
3310:978-1-4557-0694-5
3247:978-1-259-64223-4
2891:Napoleon Cybulski
2786:spectral flatness
2782:fractal dimension
2693:
2692:
2685:
2667:
2423:spectral flatness
2419:fractal dimension
2392:Veteran's Affairs
2327:Abnormal activity
2271:Cardiac artifacts
2261:myogenic activity
1935:
1923:
1922:
1648:rhythmic activity
1571:action potentials
1557:EEG vis-Γ -vis MEG
1481:Pyramidal neurons
1465:action potentials
1340:Laplacian montage
1239:electromyographic
1167:
1166:
1159:
1141:
1061:Neurovisor-BMM 40
1013:Pyramidal neurons
994:action potentials
992:and to propagate
990:resting potential
845:covert processing
831:, in contrast to
705:cognitive science
693:
692:
685:
667:
559:resective surgery
345:cognitive science
333:evoked potentials
274:medical diagnosis
225:(13β30 Hz),
118:placed along the
81:
80:
16:(Redirected from
10436:
10419:Electrodiagnosis
10363:Oddball paradigm
10121:
10114:
10107:
10098:
10097:
10082:
10081:
10029:Horizon scanning
9945:Ephemeralization
9878:Neuroprosthetics
9871:Neuroinformatics
9846:Artificial brain
9784:Racetrack memory
9719:Extended reality
9714:Cybermethodology
9634:
9633:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9593:
9592:
9580:Epilepsy Society
9569:Epilepsy Outlook
9412:Epileptic spasms
9324:Gelastic seizure
9299:
9298:
9225:Neonatal seizure
9180:
9173:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9079:Microneurography
8965:Meningeal biopsy
8864:
8829:
8799:
8788:
8787:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8693:. Archived from
8686:
8681:. Archived from
8666:
8647:
8645:
8601:
8600:
8590:
8580:
8562:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8488:
8477:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8396:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8285:
8275:
8265:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8195:Nature Materials
8190:
8184:
8183:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8130:
8120:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8071:
8061:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8005:(9): 2003β2015.
7994:
7988:
7987:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7888:(2β3): 314β319.
7877:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7760:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7665:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7638:on July 18, 2012
7634:. Archived from
7623:
7617:
7616:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7538:. Archived from
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7211:. Archived from
7198:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7137:
7128:
7127:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7072:
7048:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7016:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6948:(5): 1614β1619.
6933:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6895:
6885:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6742:
6733:
6732:
6714:
6682:
6673:
6672:
6662:
6652:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6453:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6250:Psychophysiology
6245:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6152:(12): e0167179.
6133:
6127:
6126:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6034:
6028:
6027:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5718:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5686:
5654:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5330:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4938:
4921:(7): 1737β1751.
4910:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4809:
4800:(4): 1463β1476.
4789:
4783:
4782:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4458:Lay summary in:
4455:
4445:
4428:(4): R296βR303.
4413:
4407:
4406:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4196:10.1118/1.597854
4171:
4165:
4164:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3889:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3763:Psychophysiology
3754:
3748:
3747:
3722:(7): 2625β2635.
3710:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3345: 11165413.
3321:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3160:
3124:Neural synchrony
3099:Induced activity
3059:Electroneurogram
2948:Offner Dynograph
2925:absence seizures
2889:(dog). In 1914,
2883:evoked potential
2762:machine learning
2688:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2625:
2601:
2593:
2454:electromyography
2249:electrooculogram
2226:Ocular artifacts
2195:Artifact removal
1932:
1804:closing the eyes
1678:
1674:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1575:field potentials
1515:action potential
1223:high-pass filter
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1099:
1075:
1067:
1025:frequency ranges
954:machine learning
713:neurolinguistics
688:
681:
677:
674:
668:
666:
625:
601:
593:
302:cerebral hypoxia
298:encephalopathies
221:(8β13 Hz),
176:cortical neurons
74:edit on Wikidata
60:
48:
47:
21:
10444:
10443:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10414:Neurotechnology
10409:Neurophysiology
10384:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10341:
10283:
10171:
10130:
10125:
10095:
10090:
10070:
9909:
9905:Neurotechnology
9893:Retinal implant
9832:
9643:
9640:
9639:Information and
9625:
9620:
9590:
9585:
9552:Epilepsy Action
9534:
9494:
9444:
9421:
9417:Febrile seizure
9382:Absence seizure
9363:
9319:Complex partial
9288:
9271:Personal issues
9265:
9250:Investigations
9246:Anticonvulsants
9234:
9220:Epileptogenesis
9215:Postictal state
9193:
9184:
9154:
9149:
9116:
9112:Polysomnography
9100:Lumbar puncture
9083:
9011:
8969:
8947:
8919:Pituitary gland
8907:
8893:Hemispherectomy
8860:
8855:
8841:Ventriculostomy
8825:
8820:
8797:globus pallidus
8791:
8777:
8749:
8740:
8730:
8689:
8677:
8674:
8669:
8663:
8609:
8607:Further reading
8604:
8539:
8535:
8528:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8475:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8414:
8410:
8365:
8361:
8346:
8342:
8303:
8299:
8242:
8238:
8191:
8187:
8148:
8144:
8089:
8085:
8038:
8034:
7995:
7991:
7956:Neural Networks
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7921:
7917:
7878:
7874:
7829:
7825:
7786:
7782:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7682:
7678:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7651:
7641:
7639:
7624:
7620:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7551:
7547:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7485:
7481:
7471:
7469:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7372:NeuroGadget.com
7366:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7294:
7292:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7260:on June 6, 2011
7252:
7251:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7224:
7220:
7199:
7190:
7180:
7178:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7152:
7139:
7138:
7131:
7100:
7096:
7049:
7040:
6993:
6989:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6919:
6904:
6866:
6862:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6786:
6782:
6743:
6736:
6697:: 49313β49328.
6683:
6676:
6621:
6614:
6604:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6549:
6545:
6506:
6502:
6471:
6467:
6430:
6426:
6389:
6385:
6346:
6342:
6311:
6304:
6281:
6277:
6246:
6242:
6197:
6193:
6134:
6130:
6090:
6083:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6035:
6031:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5975:
5971:
5926:
5922:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5770:
5766:
5719:
5710:
5669:(2): e0189415.
5655:
5644:
5629:
5625:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5555:
5551:
5512:
5508:
5469:
5465:
5426:
5422:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5356:
5352:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5255:
5248:
5237:
5233:
5186:
5182:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5071:
5031:
5027:
4986:(3): e0118753.
4972:
4968:
4911:
4907:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4807:10.1.1.586.3056
4790:
4786:
4755:
4751:
4712:
4708:
4677:
4673:
4620:
4616:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4497:
4493:
4478:
4474:
4459:
4414:
4410:
4371:
4367:
4332:
4328:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4259:
4255:
4218:
4211:
4176:Medical Physics
4172:
4168:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4104:
4100:
4049:(2): e0246769.
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
3984:
3975:
3952:
3948:
3917:
3913:
3866:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3817:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3755:
3751:
3711:
3707:
3654:
3650:
3635:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3402:
3393:
3362:
3358:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3274:medlineplus.gov
3268:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3232:
3225:
3204:
3200:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3049:EEG microstates
3009:
2827:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2614:primary sources
2602:
2591:
2589:Future research
2431:
2384:
2382:EEG diagnostics
2372:
2329:
2301:
2285:
2273:
2257:
2228:
2223:
2197:
2176:
2169:
2146:polysomnography
2074:benzodiazepines
2070:Dup15q syndrome
2012:to 12 Hz.
1966:slow-wave sleep
1948:
1845:benzodiazepines
1730:diffuse lesions
1713:slow-wave sleep
1693:Pathologically
1673:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:Normal activity
1559:
1511:
1503:electric dipole
1499:inverse problem
1454:cingulate gyrus
1441:
1386:silver chloride
1373:
1285:Nyquist theorem
1235:electrogalvanic
1229:are 0.5β1
1227:low-pass filter
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1088:primary sources
1076:
1053:
974:
958:neural networks
915:
877:
843:EEG can detect
738:
689:
678:
672:
669:
626:
624:
618:
614:primary sources
602:
591:
583:
536:
494:, sub-cortical
474:Sleep disorders
453:
434:, sub-cortical
411:
366:
361:
286:sleep disorders
239:mental activity
233:(4β7 Hz).
77:
66:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10442:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10293:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10181:
10179:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10138:
10136:
10132:
10131:
10124:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10101:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9861:Mind uploading
9858:
9853:
9848:
9842:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9808:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9743:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9731:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9677:Machine vision
9674:
9669:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9646:
9644:
9641:communications
9637:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9619:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9596:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9583:
9577:
9572:
9566:
9560:
9555:
9549:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9515:Todd's paresis
9512:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9478:Lafora disease
9475:
9473:MERRF syndrome
9470:
9465:
9454:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9431:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9387:Atonic seizure
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9314:Simple partial
9311:
9307:
9305:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9261:Epileptologist
9258:
9257:
9256:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9183:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9160:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9126:
9124:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9097:
9091:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8983:
8981:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8924:Hypophysectomy
8915:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8867:
8865:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8836:Cerebral shunt
8832:
8830:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8802:
8800:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8736:involving the
8729:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8687:
8673:
8672:External links
8670:
8668:
8667:
8661:
8648:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8533:
8526:
8500:
8464:
8437:
8408:
8359:
8340:
8313:(3): 276β286.
8297:
8256:(5): 206β215.
8236:
8201:(5): 410β414.
8185:
8158:(3): 200β202.
8142:
8083:
8032:
7989:
7946:
7915:
7872:
7823:
7780:
7727:
7696:(3): 293β318.
7676:
7649:
7618:
7596:
7545:
7510:
7479:
7449:
7419:
7389:
7359:
7328:
7302:
7271:
7245:
7218:
7188:
7162:
7129:
7094:
7038:
6987:
6928:
6902:
6860:
6805:
6798:
6780:
6734:
6674:
6612:
6586:
6543:
6500:
6481:(4): 331β344.
6465:
6444:(1β3): 31β49.
6424:
6403:(3): 349β364.
6383:
6356:(2): 180β211.
6340:
6321:(2): 190β198.
6302:
6291:(2): 176β182.
6275:
6256:(3): 392β402.
6240:
6191:
6128:
6101:(1): 114β128.
6095:Brain Research
6081:
6054:
6047:
6029:
5994:
5987:
5969:
5920:
5869:
5843:
5813:
5764:
5708:
5642:
5637:Wired Magazine
5623:
5600:
5569:(5): 376β383.
5549:
5522:(4): 397β413.
5506:
5479:(4): 693β711.
5463:
5436:(3): 665β673.
5420:
5385:
5350:
5321:(2): 281β289.
5301:
5294:
5276:
5269:
5246:
5231:
5180:
5123:
5094:
5069:
5042:(2): 637β644.
5025:
4966:
4905:
4876:(5): 255β264.
4856:
4837:
4784:
4765:(4): 319β325.
4749:
4706:
4671:
4614:
4575:
4542:
4491:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4408:
4365:
4326:
4299:(3): 416β425.
4282:
4275:
4253:
4232:(2): 259β269.
4209:
4182:(6): 815β850.
4166:
4131:
4124:
4098:
4064:10.1101/800979
4029:
3973:
3946:
3911:
3853:
3808:
3769:(11): e13437.
3749:
3705:
3648:
3633:
3607:
3600:
3575:
3543:
3524:(4): 209β215.
3508:
3486:
3467:(4): 229β238.
3451:
3391:
3372:(5): 976β982.
3356:
3333:(2): 112β123.
3316:
3309:
3291:
3261:
3246:
3223:
3198:
3180:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Emotiv Systems
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Binaural beats
3016:
3010:
3008:
3005:
2993:Project Gemini
2985:Project Gemini
2974:EEG topography
2968:In the 1950s,
2841:timing signal.
2826:
2823:
2710:neuromarketing
2691:
2690:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2567:consumer grade
2563:BrainLink Lite
2551:
2536:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2483:
2472:
2457:
2450:OCZ Technology
2446:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2383:
2380:
2371:
2368:
2341:focal epilepsy
2328:
2325:
2305:electrode pops
2300:
2297:
2284:
2281:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2253:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2196:
2193:
2168:
2165:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2077:
2051:
2050:
2019:
2018:
1992:
1991:
1970:
1969:
1947:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1911:mirror neurons
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:Frequency (Hz)
1682:
1672:
1669:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1558:
1555:
1510:
1507:
1440:
1437:
1372:
1369:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1165:
1164:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1049:
1037:sleep spindles
973:
970:
940:
939:
935:
931:
914:
911:
910:
909:
905:
902:
898:
891:
888:
885:
876:
873:
872:
871:
865:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
837:
836:
825:
822:
811:
804:
801:claustrophobia
797:
794:
791:
787:
780:
777:
756:(NMR or MRS),
737:
734:
691:
690:
605:
603:
596:
590:
587:
582:
579:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
524:
517:
507:encephalopathy
503:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
452:
449:
410:
407:
391:spike-and-wave
365:
362:
360:
357:
306:cardiac arrest
266:spike-and-wave
151:brain activity
79:
78:
71:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10441:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10344:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10327:Sleep spindle
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10174:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10135:Related tests
10133:
10129:
10122:
10117:
10115:
10110:
10108:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10087:
10086:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10067:
10066:Transhumanism
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9916:
9906:
9903:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9883:Brain implant
9881:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9866:Brain-reading
9864:
9863:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9835:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9816:Chipless RFID
9814:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9635:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9612:
9610:
9605:
9603:
9598:
9597:
9594:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:Organizations
9537:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9501:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9294:Seizure types
9291:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:Seizure types
9203:
9202:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9181:
9176:
9174:
9169:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9014:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8944:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8871:Psychosurgery
8869:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8823:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8794:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8727:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8713:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8468:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8425:
8421:
8420:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8138:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7876:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7843:(3): 031005.
7842:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7669:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7561:(3): 036019.
7560:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7453:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7347:
7344:. Ubergizmo.
7343:
7339:
7332:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7098:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6991:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6739:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6679:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6617:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5729:(4): 046021.
5728:
5724:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5098:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4936:10.1.1.4.8384
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:: 6151β6154.
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4022:September 10,
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:(2): 413β97.
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:F1000Research
3871:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:(5): 051001.
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3496:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
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3398:
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3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
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3332:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3306:
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3295:
3279:
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3257:
3253:
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3243:
3239:
3238:
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3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3183:
3181:9781134704101
3177:
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3145:
3142:
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3135:
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3130:
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3115:
3112:
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3107:
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3087:
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3017:
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3011:
3004:
3000:
2996:
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2986:
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2899:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2857:Richard Caton
2851:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:schizophrenia
2763:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:Neurofeedback
2699:
2687:
2684:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634: β
2633:
2629:
2628:Find sources:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2606:This section
2604:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:BrainLink Pro
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:Force Trainer
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Final Fantasy
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
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2252:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:Wave patterns
1939:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1800:
1799:
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1786:
1780:
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1725:
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1719:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1592:
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1584:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1554:
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1538:
1536:
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1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1506:
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1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
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1482:
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1474:
1470:
1466:
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1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1147:December 2022
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108: β
1107:
1103:
1102:Find sources:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:This section
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
943:
936:
932:
928:
927:
926:
923:
919:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:Disadvantages
869:
868:
867:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
840:
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
784:liquid helium
781:
778:
775:
774:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
687:
684:
676:
673:December 2022
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634: β
633:
629:
628:Find sources:
622:
616:
615:
611:
606:This section
604:
600:
595:
594:
586:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
550:
546:
541:
528:
525:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:
478:It can also:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
456:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
420:
416:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
378:gold standard
370:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:somatosensory
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:, spikes, or
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
10353:10-20 system
10317:Theta rhythm
10127:
10083:
9970:Robot ethics
9855:
9838:Neuroscience
9692:Semantic Web
9377:Tonicβclonic
9253:
9145:CHADS2 score
9105:CSF tap test
9094:
9025:Neuroimaging
8979:spinal canal
8943:Brain biopsy
8773:Cranioplasty
8747:Neurosurgery
8695:the original
8683:the original
8652:
8625:
8621:Scholarpedia
8619:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8509:
8503:
8491:. Retrieved
8479:
8467:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8430:November 27,
8428:. Retrieved
8424:the original
8418:
8411:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8310:
8306:
8300:
8253:
8249:
8239:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8155:
8151:
8145:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8049:
8045:
8035:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7937:. Retrieved
7928:
7918:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7796:(6): 32β42.
7793:
7789:
7783:
7758:10044/1/5910
7743:(3): 44β56.
7740:
7736:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7693:
7689:
7679:
7668:the original
7659:
7652:
7640:. Retrieved
7636:the original
7631:
7621:
7613:the original
7608:
7599:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7540:the original
7527:
7524:New Atlantis
7523:
7513:
7503:November 12,
7501:. Retrieved
7492:
7482:
7472:November 12,
7470:. Retrieved
7461:
7452:
7440:. Retrieved
7431:
7422:
7410:. Retrieved
7401:
7392:
7380:. Retrieved
7376:the original
7371:
7362:
7350:. Retrieved
7341:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7305:
7293:. Retrieved
7284:
7274:
7262:. Retrieved
7258:the original
7248:
7236:. Retrieved
7230:. Engadget.
7221:
7213:the original
7206:
7179:. Retrieved
7171:"Mind Games"
7165:
7153:. Retrieved
7144:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7060:
7056:
7004:
7000:
6990:
6945:
6941:
6931:
6922:December 20,
6920:, retrieved
6873:
6863:
6822:
6818:
6808:
6789:
6783:
6750:
6746:
6694:
6690:
6632:
6628:
6605:December 16,
6603:. Retrieved
6589:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6400:
6396:
6386:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6318:
6314:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6208:
6204:
6194:
6149:
6145:
6136:Frohlich J,
6131:
6098:
6094:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6038:
6032:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5978:
5972:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5862:February 13,
5860:. Retrieved
5846:
5836:February 13,
5834:. Retrieved
5825:
5816:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5726:
5722:
5666:
5662:
5636:
5626:
5609:
5603:
5593:December 10,
5591:. Retrieved
5566:
5562:
5552:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5285:
5279:
5259:
5240:
5234:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5104:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5079:
5072:
5039:
5035:
5028:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4840:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4545:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4488:(1): 102β11.
4485:
4481:
4475:
4465:ScienceDaily
4464:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4266:
4256:
4229:
4225:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4147:(1): 51β54.
4144:
4140:
4134:
4107:
4101:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
3995:
3991:
3962:(1): 69β81.
3959:
3955:
3949:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3877:
3873:
3844:. Retrieved
3824:
3799:. Retrieved
3766:
3762:
3752:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3616:
3610:
3591:
3566:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3489:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3409:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3300:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3273:
3264:
3236:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3185:. Retrieved
3170:
3163:
3158:
3144:EEG analysis
3114:Mind machine
3001:
2997:
2990:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2906:
2895:
2876:
2864:
2854:
2816:
2805:Dave Soldier
2790:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2732:
2725:
2714:
2694:
2679:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2627:
2607:
2555:Macrotellect
2486:
2468:
2459:In 2008 the
2432:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:white matter
2348:
2345:
2337:
2333:epileptiform
2330:
2304:
2302:
2289:parkinsonian
2286:
2274:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2207:
2202:notch filter
2198:
2185:
2173:breech birth
2150:
2142:sleep stages
2140:) to define
2131:
2126:prenatal EEG
2123:
2119:
2112:
2105:
1927:
1924:
1665:
1645:
1565:of cortical
1560:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1512:
1496:
1485:
1477:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1409:quadriplegic
1394:
1374:
1350:
1346:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1262:
1247:
1243:notch filter
1220:
1216:
1196:
1184:
1168:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1101:
1081:
1060:
1029:sleep stages
1021:oscillations
1018:
1002:
975:
962:frontal lobe
951:
944:
941:
924:
920:
916:
866:
838:
829:non-invasive
815:radioligands
768:(NIRS), and
739:
701:neuroscience
694:
679:
670:
660:
653:
646:
639:
627:
607:
589:Research use
584:
556:
553:
537:
482:distinguish
477:
454:
424:
412:
403:
375:
330:
255:
215:
159:brain tissue
143:bioamplifier
140:
87:
83:
82:
45:
29:
10243:C1 & P1
10034:Moore's law
9965:Neuroethics
9960:Cyberethics
9704:Atomtronics
9369:Generalised
9069:Myelography
8975:Spinal cord
8931:Hippocampus
8816:Pallidotomy
8806:Thalamotomy
8628:(2): 1348.
8553:(1): 6115.
8453:(6): 1133.
8103:(1): 8653.
7962:: 176β190.
7939:January 13,
7690:Jurimetrics
7609:Japan Times
7442:December 8,
7321:December 2,
7264:December 2,
7238:December 2,
6753:(1): 5β19.
6691:IEEE Access
6070:(1): 3β21.
6010:(1): 1β18.
5854:. CGX LLC.
5784:: 139β147.
5143:(1): 1103.
5116:December 3,
5087:December 3,
4375:NeuroReport
3927:(1): 1β13.
3557:Mayo Clinic
3501:December 5,
3444:October 23,
2944:Crystograph
2898:Hans Berger
2850:Hans Berger
2835:Hans Berger
2801:Brad Garton
2739:Maharashtra
2582:BioSerenity
2521:open source
2505:interface".
2465:Square Enix
2295:disorders.
2213:(PCA) and
2085:Gamma waves
2014:Hans Berger
1999:Alpha waves
1977:Theta waves
1962:Delta waves
1955:Delta waves
1458:hippocampus
1439:Limitations
1357:neurologist
1281:hippocampus
863:maturation.
827:Relatively
521:brain death
459:Brain tumor
395:specificity
386:sensitivity
376:EEG is the
310:brain death
288:, depth of
262:sharp waves
251:wakefulness
247:delta waves
235:Alpha waves
203:hippocampus
92:electrogram
10388:Categories
10312:Delta wave
10307:Gamma wave
10297:Alpha wave
10239:Positivity
10184:Negativity
9925:Automation
9392:Automatism
9239:Management
9088:Diagnostic
8992:Discectomy
8763:Craniotomy
8734:procedures
8732:Tests and
8560:1809.08632
8263:1811.10154
7790:IEEE Pulse
7336:Fiolet E.
7181:August 12,
7155:October 9,
7007:: 642251.
6883:2001.00693
6635:(5): 987.
5366:(1): 1β6.
5036:NeuroImage
4982:(Review).
4794:NeuroImage
4568:August 24,
3801:October 7,
3568:August 30,
3256:1199587061
3151:References
3084:God helmet
2961:described
2921:interictal
2919:described
2871:Adolf Beck
2809:Ann Druyan
2643:newspapers
2610:references
2550:ear piece.
2463:developer
2394:(VA), and
2390:(DoD) and
2115:interictal
2058:Beta waves
1988:meditation
1469:quadrupole
1421:nanofibers
1269:craniotomy
1265:dura mater
1177:to reduce
1171:electrodes
1117:newspapers
1084:references
984:that pump
972:Mechanisms
736:Advantages
643:newspapers
610:references
567:craniotomy
563:dura mater
355:research.
324:(MRI) and
290:anesthesia
211:brain stem
188:electrodes
180:electrodes
163:electrodes
147:electrodes
116:electrodes
112:allocortex
100:biosignals
10322:K-complex
10302:Beta wave
10203:Visual N1
9955:Bioethics
9888:Exocortex
9764:Millipede
9074:Wada test
9059:Brain PET
9054:Brain MRI
9007:Rhizotomy
9002:Cordotomy
8493:August 7,
8356:: 951β60.
8335:205664545
8231:122563425
8052:(1): 59.
7984:209510497
7720:March 20,
7702:0897-1277
7642:April 14,
7591:206099640
7285:USA Today
7110:: 21β29.
6912:209832569
6855:116693954
6847:1558-1748
6729:214596892
6721:2169-3536
6138:Senturk D
5808:0924-4247
5501:250847914
4961:250761006
4931:CiteSeerX
4802:CiteSeerX
4701:145788101
4687:: 13β23.
4634:(1): 27.
4511:(1): 25.
4346:: 47β53.
3791:197665482
3410:Epilepsia
3079:FieldTrip
2963:REM sleep
2955:Aserinsky
2887:mammalian
2861:Liverpool
2855:In 1875,
2737:state of
2580:In 2021,
2557:released
2548:Bluetooth
2544:NeuroSync
2538:In 2015,
2515:In 2014,
2510:neurowear
2496:the Force
2488:Star Wars
2429:Economics
2317:frequency
2313:grounding
2309:impedance
2188:artifacts
2167:Artifacts
2153:halothane
2095:function.
2038:mu rhythm
2030:mu rhythm
1852:syndrome
1717:in babies
1579:dendritic
1417:elastomer
1401:Cleveland
1179:impedance
998:voltmeter
817:, unlike
764:(SPECT),
571:burr hole
515:catatonia
484:epileptic
178:near the
108:neocortex
63:Epileptic
9799:UltraRAM
9330:Epilepsy
9310:Seizures
9191:epilepsy
9187:Seizures
8957:Meninges
8876:Lobotomy
8862:Cerebrum
8793:Thalamus
8597:30992474
8484:Archived
8403:12486257
8379:(1): 9.
8327:24735457
8292:35603010
8223:31000806
8172:29452676
8137:32457378
8078:32352037
8019:28092514
7976:31884180
7933:Archived
7910:44504680
7902:27427557
7867:29488902
7818:14103460
7810:23247157
7767:20659857
7714:Archived
7710:41307131
7583:27152666
7536:16789311
7497:Archived
7466:Archived
7436:Archived
7412:July 21,
7406:Archived
7346:Archived
7315:Archived
7289:Archived
7232:Archived
7175:Archived
7149:Archived
7124:27238074
7089:25698950
7033:33994922
6982:19164579
6916:archived
6775:13738373
6767:10740792
6669:30813520
6599:Archived
6581:45733681
6573:23542738
6538:24756702
6530:10576479
6495:11673699
6419:19300566
6370:16536641
6335:15993757
6297:13014777
6270:17371495
6235:17008125
6186:27977700
6146:PLOS ONE
6123:18850757
6115:16824492
6076:24783746
5964:16613883
5915:25147541
5856:Archived
5830:Archived
5826:CGX 2021
5759:26744679
5751:27378253
5703:29408942
5663:PLOS ONE
5587:Archived
5544:38459560
5493:11761077
5458:25988980
5450:15036063
5345:17650488
5337:19874794
5226:19915731
5175:29549239
5110:Archived
5064:31790623
5056:15193592
5020:25761059
4980:PLOS ONE
4953:11474922
4900:18791470
4824:12948703
4779:12165350
4744:11716369
4736:11068232
4666:38565857
4657:10987610
4609:33019375
4559:Archived
4537:18990257
4452:23193115
4403:19466604
4360:33780406
4321:11857440
4313:12705422
4248:17392732
4093:33571299
4043:PLOS ONE
4016:Archived
3968:22558648
3941:10082088
3906:26594331
3846:June 19,
3841:38657097
3795:Archived
3783:31322285
3736:27291882
3700:26372528
3643:27590970
3562:Archived
3538:23402893
3481:20634716
3438:Archived
3426:17044820
3386:37862399
3351:38857019
3284:July 24,
3278:Archived
3162:Compare
3007:See also
2959:Kleitman
2774:dementia
2770:epilepsy
2673:May 2012
2480:Mindflex
2474:In 2009
2448:In 2008
2443:NeuroSky
2441:In 2007
2157:propofol
1690:Normally
1687:Location
1663:(qEEG).
1488:meninges
1325:mastoids
1296:montage.
1277:amygdala
1192:neonates
1175:abrasion
760:(ECoG),
744:(fMRI),
511:delirium
502:variants
500:migraine
440:migraine
382:epilepsy
364:Epilepsy
278:seizures
270:epilepsy
260:such as
207:thalamus
192:cortical
10337:Mu wave
9745:Memory
9030:Head CT
9017:Imaging
8630:Bibcode
8588:6467884
8565:Bibcode
8394:1738204
8283:9122117
8203:Bibcode
8180:3376296
8128:7251100
8105:Bibcode
8069:7170880
8027:3522546
7845:Bibcode
7775:1891995
7563:Bibcode
7382:June 2,
7352:May 18,
7080:4316720
7024:8116487
6973:2635782
6950:Bibcode
6827:Bibcode
6699:Bibcode
6660:6427454
6637:Bibcode
6629:Sensors
6460:9202993
6410:2654794
6378:2151810
6226:1773003
6177:5157977
6154:Bibcode
6024:4161317
5955:1995687
5906:4123606
5889:: 149.
5786:Bibcode
5731:Bibcode
5694:5800568
5671:Bibcode
5614:Bibcode
5583:7514984
5536:1761706
5415:8195424
5380:7678386
5217:2776484
5166:5856824
5145:Bibcode
5011:4356563
4988:Bibcode
4923:Bibcode
4891:2662486
4832:6272011
4636:Bibcode
4528:2605581
4443:3567357
4395:9694199
4204:8798169
4184:Bibcode
4161:9084025
4084:7877609
4059:bioRxiv
4051:Bibcode
4000:Bibcode
3897:4648221
3880:: 137.
3744:3746307
3691:4596245
3670:Bibcode
3434:8668713
3187:July 6,
2885:of the
2825:History
2818:Voyager
2755:ear-EEG
2657:scholar
2517:OpenBCI
2469:Judecca
2321:IV drip
2265:bruxism
2161:opiates
2042:sensory
1864:> 32
1655:or the
1567:neurons
1256:or the
1250:OpenBCI
1131:scholar
978:neurons
893:Unlike
752:(MEG),
748:(PET),
724:(APD),
657:scholar
415:seizure
155:neurons
10368:EEGLAB
10346:Topics
9950:Ethics
9918:Topics
9630:Fields
9198:Basics
8659:
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2917:Lennox
2784:, and
2735:Indian
2659:
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2527:, and
2476:Mattel
2421:, and
2293:tremor
2236:dipole
2049:coma".
1928:
1915:autism
1850:Dup15q
1762:idling
1711:adult
1703:< 4
1653:EEGLAB
1382:silver
1254:EEGLAB
1225:and a
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1051:Method
728:, and
715:, and
659:
652:
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638:
630:
471:Stroke
384:. The
351:, and
318:stroke
314:tumors
308:, and
304:after
209:, and
98:. The
9794:SONOS
9754:ECRAM
9749:CBRAM
9741:GPGPU
9303:Focal
8912:Other
8783:Brain
8755:Skull
8616:"PDF"
8555:arXiv
8487:(PDF)
8476:(PDF)
8331:S2CID
8258:arXiv
8227:S2CID
8176:S2CID
8023:S2CID
7980:S2CID
7906:S2CID
7814:S2CID
7771:S2CID
7706:JSTOR
7671:(PDF)
7664:(PDF)
7587:S2CID
6908:S2CID
6878:arXiv
6851:S2CID
6771:S2CID
6725:S2CID
6577:S2CID
6534:S2CID
6374:S2CID
6119:S2CID
5755:S2CID
5540:S2CID
5497:S2CID
5454:S2CID
5341:S2CID
5060:S2CID
4957:S2CID
4828:S2CID
4740:S2CID
4697:S2CID
4562:(PDF)
4555:(PDF)
4399:S2CID
4356:S2CID
4317:S2CID
3787:S2CID
3740:S2CID
3430:S2CID
2929:Gibbs
2913:Davis
2909:Gibbs
2728:Asimo
2664:JSTOR
2650:books
2571:Apple
2092:Gamma
2046:motor
2006:Alpha
1984:Theta
1860:Gamma
1826:13β30
1789:Alpha
1744:Theta
1699:Delta
1531:SPECT
1450:sulci
1399:, in
1138:JSTOR
1124:books
1045:delta
1041:gamma
808:Tesla
664:JSTOR
650:books
569:or a
419:ictal
243:Theta
231:theta
227:delta
219:alpha
199:lobes
195:gyrus
184:brain
167:scalp
120:scalp
96:brain
72:[
10273:P600
10258:P300
10253:P200
10223:N400
10218:N2pc
10213:N200
10208:N170
10198:N100
10193:ELAN
10085:List
9811:RFID
9789:RRAM
9779:PRAM
9774:NRAM
9769:MRAM
9759:FRAM
9582:(UK)
9571:(UK)
9565:(US)
9554:(UK)
9548:(US)
9189:and
8977:and
8795:and
8657:ISBN
8593:PMID
8522:ISBN
8495:2019
8432:2010
8399:PMID
8323:PMID
8288:PMID
8219:PMID
8168:PMID
8133:PMID
8074:PMID
8015:PMID
7972:PMID
7941:2021
7898:PMID
7863:PMID
7806:PMID
7763:PMID
7722:2019
7698:ISSN
7644:2021
7579:PMID
7532:PMID
7505:2021
7474:2021
7444:2016
7414:2017
7384:2011
7354:2015
7323:2010
7297:2010
7266:2010
7240:2010
7183:2010
7157:2019
7120:PMID
7085:PMID
7029:PMID
6978:PMID
6924:2022
6898:ISBN
6843:ISSN
6794:ISBN
6763:PMID
6717:ISSN
6665:PMID
6607:2006
6569:PMID
6526:PMID
6491:PMID
6456:PMID
6415:PMID
6366:PMID
6331:PMID
6293:PMID
6266:PMID
6231:PMID
6182:PMID
6111:PMID
6099:1104
6072:PMID
6043:ISBN
6020:PMID
5983:ISBN
5960:PMID
5911:PMID
5864:2020
5838:2020
5804:ISSN
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5699:PMID
5595:2019
5579:PMID
5532:PMID
5489:PMID
5446:PMID
5411:PMID
5376:PMID
5333:PMID
5290:ISBN
5265:ISBN
5222:PMID
5171:PMID
5118:2018
5089:2018
5052:PMID
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4732:PMID
4662:PMID
4605:PMID
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4570:2013
4533:PMID
4448:PMID
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4309:PMID
4271:ISBN
4244:PMID
4200:PMID
4157:PMID
4120:ISBN
4089:PMID
4024:2018
3964:PMID
3937:PMID
3902:PMID
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3803:2022
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3327:JAMA
3305:ISBN
3286:2022
3252:OCLC
3242:ISBN
3189:2024
3176:ISBN
2957:and
2931:and
2915:and
2803:and
2636:news
2573:and
2565:, a
2561:and
2386:The
2291:and
2065:Beta
2044:and
2028:aka
1894:8β12
1822:Beta
1814:coma
1793:8β12
1681:Band
1550:NIRS
1535:NIRS
1523:fMRI
1446:gyri
1405:Ohio
1110:news
1003:The
986:ions
930:for.
882:fMRI
730:ADHD
697:ERPs
636:news
498:and
359:Uses
341:ERPs
294:coma
245:and
223:beta
145:and
110:and
10268:P3b
10263:P3a
10248:P50
8638:doi
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