670:
165:
469:(GC&CS) was the first peace-time codebreaking agency, with a public function "to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision", but also with a secret directive to "study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers". GC&CS officially formed on 1 November 1919, and produced its first decrypt on 19 October. By 1940, GC&CS was working on the diplomatic codes and ciphers of 26 countries, tackling over 150 diplomatic cryptosystems.
899:.) Knowing the compass bearing, from a single point, to the transmitter does not locate it. Where the bearings from multiple points, using goniometry, are plotted on a map, the transmitter will be located at the point where the bearings intersect. This is the simplest case; a target may try to confuse listeners by having multiple transmitters, giving the same signal from different locations, switching on and off in a pattern known to their user but apparently random to the listener.
825:
1055:
790:
announcements in the stadium. If, however, an anti-terrorist organization believed that a small group would be trying to coordinate their efforts using short-range unlicensed radios at the event, SIGINT targeting of radios of that type would be reasonable. Targeting would not know where in the stadium the radios might be located or the exact frequency they are using; those are the functions of subsequent steps such as signal detection and direction finding.
142:
857:
1295:
unencrypted radio network, or simply one that is not authorized for the type of information being given. If immediately calling attention to the violation would not create an even greater security risk, the monitor will call out one of the BEADWINDOW codes used by
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other nations working under their procedures. Standard BEADWINDOW codes (e.g., "BEADWINDOW 2") include:
45:
1320:"Friendly or enemy electronic warfare (EW) or emanations control (EMCON) intentions, progress, or results. Intention to employ electronic countermeasures (ECM); results of friendly or enemy ECM; ECM objectives; results of friendly or enemy electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM); results of electronic support measures/tactical SIGINT (ESM); present or intended EMCON policy; equipment affected by EMCON policy."
2740:
622:
1608:
644:
497:
741:, the target's transmission schedule and antenna characteristics, and other factors create uncertainty that a given signal intercept sensor will be able to "hear" the signal of interest, even with a geographically fixed target and an opponent making no attempt to evade interception. Basic countermeasures against interception include frequent changing of
390:, to infer from the routes they chose where defensive minefields had been placed and where it was safe for ships to operate. Whenever a change to the normal pattern was seen, it immediately signalled that some operation was about to take place, and a warning could be given. Detailed information about submarine movements was also available.
5229:
5752:
1335:"Friendly or enemy COMSEC breaches. Linkage of codes or codewords with plain language; compromise of changing frequencies or linkage with line number/circuit designators; linkage of changing call signs with previous call signs or units; compromise of encrypted/classified call signs; incorrect authentication procedure."
1643:
emanating from a direction other than that in which the main antenna is aimed. The RADINT (radar intelligence) discipline involves learning to recognize a radar both by its primary signal, captured by ELINT, and its sidelobes, perhaps captured by the main ELINT sensor, or, more likely, a sensor aimed
961:
For example, if a certain type of radio is known to be used only by tank units, even if the position is not precisely determined by direction finding, it may be assumed that a tank unit is in the general area of the signal. The owner of the transmitter can assume someone is listening, so might set up
1174:
elligence) is a sub-category of signals intelligence that engages in dealing with messages or voice information derived from the interception of foreign communications. COMINT is commonly referred to as SIGINT, which can cause confusion when talking about the broader intelligence disciplines. The US
1125:
Separation of the intercepted spectrum and the signals intercepted from each sensor must take place in an extremely small period of time, in order to separate the different signals to different transmitters in the battlefield. The complexity of the separation process depends on the complexity of the
820:
Even if a signal is human communications (e.g., a radio), the intelligence collection specialists have to know it exists. If the targeting function described above learns that a country has a radar that operates in a certain frequency range, the first step is to use a sensitive receiver, with one or
1623:
Signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are closely, and sometimes confusingly, related. The signals intelligence disciplines of communications and electronic intelligence focus on the information in those signals themselves, as with COMINT detecting the speech in a
1294:
than true intelligence collection, SIGINT units still may have the responsibility of monitoring one's own communications or other electronic emissions, to avoid providing intelligence to the enemy. For example, a security monitor may hear an individual transmitting inappropriate information over an
1266:
A given digital communications link can carry thousands or millions of voice communications, especially in developed countries. Without addressing the legality of such actions, the problem of identifying which channel contains which conversation becomes much simpler when the first thing intercepted
844:
If operators know the probable frequencies of transmissions of interest, they may use a set of receivers, preset to the frequencies of interest. These are the frequency (horizontal axis) versus power (vertical axis) produced at the transmitter, before any filtering of signals that do not add to the
789:
Before the detailed process of targeting begins, someone has to decide there is a value in collecting information about something. While it would be possible to direct signals intelligence collection at a major sports event, the systems would capture a great deal of noise, news signals, and perhaps
1679:
Since the invention of the radio, the international consensus has been that the radio-waves are no one's property, and thus the interception itself is not illegal. There can, however, be national laws on who is allowed to collect, store, and process radio traffic, and for what purposes. Monitoring
1454:
units may jam radars or send them deceptive signals. Confusing a radar electronically is called a "soft kill", but military units will also send specialized missiles at radars, or bomb them, to get a "hard kill". Some modern air-to-air missiles also have radar homing guidance systems, particularly
1096:
This sequence shows that there are two units in the battlefield, unit 1 is mobile, while unit 2 is in a higher hierarchical level, perhaps a command post. One can also understand that unit 1 moved from one point to another which are distant from each 20 minutes with a vehicle. If these are regular
906:
array technique. In this method, several concentric rings of antenna elements simultaneously receive the signal, so that the best bearing will ideally be clearly on a single antenna or a small set. Wullenweber arrays for high-frequency signals are enormous, referred to as "elephant cages" by their
773:
Modern SIGINT systems, therefore, have substantial communications among intercept platforms. Even if some platforms are clandestine, there is still a broadcast of information telling them where and how to look for signals. A United States targeting system under development in the late 1990s, PSTS,
353:
The
British in particular, built up great expertise in the newly emerging field of signals intelligence and codebreaking (synonymous with cryptanalysis). On the declaration of war, Britain cut all German undersea cables. This forced the Germans to communicate exclusively via either (A) a telegraph
1402:
Combining other sources of information and ELINT allows traffic analysis to be performed on electronic emissions which contain human encoded messages. The method of analysis differs from SIGINT in that any human encoded message which is in the electronic transmission is not analyzed during ELINT.
811:
further narrows the problem of what types of equipment might be in use. An intelligence aircraft flying well outside the borders of another country will listen for long-range search radars, not short-range fire control radars that would be used by a mobile air defense. Soldiers scouting the front
1631:
MASINT also works with collected signals, but is more of an analysis discipline. There are, however, unique MASINT sensors, typically working in different regions or domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared or magnetic fields. While NSA and other agencies have MASINT groups, the
1205:
The addresses, if the signal is not a general broadcast and if addresses are retrievable from the message. These stations may also be COMINT (e.g., a confirmation of the message or a response message), ELINT (e.g., a navigation beacon being activated) or both. Rather than, or in addition to, an
1144:
Data fusion correlates data samples from different frequencies from the same sensor, "same" being confirmed by direction finding or radiofrequency MASINT. If an emitter is mobile, direction finding, other than discovering a repetitive pattern of movement, is of limited value in determining if a
1062:
For example, several voice transmitters might be identified as the command net (i.e., top commander and direct reports) in a tank battalion or tank-heavy task force. Another set of transmitters might identify the logistic net for that same unit. An inventory of ELINT sources might identify the
1921:
As early as 1900 in the Boer War, the Royal Navy in South Africa appears to have used wireless sets inherited from the Royal
Engineers to signal from the neutral port of Lourenco Marques 'information relative to the enemy' albeit in violation of international law. This first use of radio for
5241:
1647:
MASINT associated with COMINT might involve the detection of common background sounds expected with human voice communications. For example, if a given radio signal comes from a radio used in a tank, if the interceptor does not hear engine noise or higher voice frequency than the voice
949:
When locations are known, usage patterns may emerge, from which inferences may be drawn. Traffic analysis is the discipline of drawing patterns from information flow among a set of senders and receivers, whether those senders and receivers are designated by location determined through
5760:
409:
in 1915. By May 1915, the
Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea. Some of these stations also acted as 'Y' stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports.
5923:
5764:
1341:"Inappropriate transmission. Information requested, transmitted or about to be transmitted which should not be passed on the subject circuit because it either requires greater security protection or it is not appropriate to the purpose for which the circuit is provided."
764:
methods, require multiple receiving points at different locations. These receivers send location-relevant information to a central point, or perhaps to a distributed system in which all participate, such that the information can be correlated and a location computed.
300:
5129:
997:
Patterns do emerge. A radio signal with certain characteristics, originating from a fixed headquarters, may strongly suggest that a particular unit will soon move out of its regular base. The contents of the message need not be known to infer the movement.
845:
information being transmitted. Received energy on a particular frequency may start a recorder, and alert a human to listen to the signals if they are intelligible (i.e., COMINT). If the frequency is not known, the operators may look for power on primary or
1047:
TACDB: platform lists, sorted by nomenclature, which contain links to the C-E equipment complement of each platform, with links to the parametric data for each piece of equipment, military unit lists and their subordinate units with equipment used by each
460:
With the importance of interception and decryption firmly established by the wartime experience, countries established permanent agencies dedicated to this task in the interwar period. In 1919, the
British Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, chaired by
1520:. After WWII, the RDF, originally applied only in communications, was broadened into systems to also take in ELINT from radar bandwidths and lower frequency communications systems, giving birth to a family of NATO ESM systems, such as the shipboard US
1378:
Signal identification is performed by analyzing the collected parameters of a specific signal, and either matching it to known criteria, or recording it as a possible new emitter. ELINT data are usually highly classified, and are protected as such.
1462:
system is and its type means that air raids can be plotted to avoid the most heavily defended areas and to fly on a flight profile which will give the aircraft the best chance of evading ground fire and fighter patrols. It also allows for the
1374:
intelligence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff define it as "Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources."
1201:
If the transmission is encrypted or not, and if it can be decrypted. If it is possible to intercept either an originally transmitted cleartext or obtain it through cryptanalysis, the language of the communication and a translation (when
5005:
728:"2. An established intelligence need, validated against the appropriate allocation of intelligence resources (as a requirement) to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of an intelligence consumer."
1077:
Using the COMINT gathering method enables the intelligence officer to produce an electronic order of battle by traffic analysis and content analysis among several enemy units. For example, if the following messages were intercepted:
989:
Traffic analysis need not focus on human communications. For example, a sequence of a radar signal, followed by an exchange of targeting data and a confirmation, followed by observation of artillery fire, may identify an automated
1017:(EOB) requires identifying SIGINT emitters in an area of interest, determining their geographic location or range of mobility, characterizing their signals, and, where possible, determining their role in the broader organizational
1235:, which would be understood by few people, even in the U.S. Even within these uncommon languages, the code talkers used specialized codes, so a "butterfly" might be a specific Japanese aircraft. British forces made limited use of
786:, are completely under ground direction. GUARDRAIL aircraft are fairly small and usually work in units of three to cover a tactical SIGINT requirement, whereas the larger aircraft tend to be assigned strategic/national missions.
5099:
1314:"Friendly or enemy operation – intentions progress, or results. Operational or logistic intentions; mission participants flying programmes; mission situation reports; results of friendly or enemy operations; assault objectives."
1215:
A basic COMINT technique is to listen for voice communications, usually over radio but possibly "leaking" from telephones or from wiretaps. If the voice communications are encrypted, traffic analysis may still give information.
5756:
5411:
5237:
4453:
1394:), intermittently using it, or using it and expecting to avoid defenses. ELINT can be collected from ground stations near the opponent's territory, ships off their coast, aircraft near or in their airspace, or by satellite.
5895:
5744:
864:
Real-world transmitters and receivers usually are directional. In the figure to the left, assume that each display is connected to a spectrum analyzer connected to a directional antenna aimed in the indicated direction.
5067:
3924:
1302:(e.g., disclosing, in an insecure or inappropriate way), "Friendly or enemy position, movement or intended movement, position, course, speed, altitude or destination or any air, sea or ground element, unit or force."
385:
The German fleet was in the habit each day of wirelessing the exact position of each ship and giving regular position reports when at sea. It was possible to build up a precise picture of the normal operation of the
749:, and other transmission characteristics. An intercept aircraft could not get off the ground if it had to carry antennas and receivers for every possible frequency and signal type to deal with such countermeasures.
272:
captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital transmissions. Since the
British were the only people transmitting at the time, the British did not need special interpretation of the signals that they were.
1449:
A very common area of ELINT is intercepting radars and learning their locations and operating procedures. Attacking forces may be able to avoid the coverage of certain radars, or, knowing their characteristics,
429:. The system was so successful that by the end of the war, over 80 million words, comprising the totality of German wireless transmission over the course of the war, had been intercepted by the operators of the
532:
should have been virtually unbreakable, but flaws in German cryptographic procedures, and poor discipline among the personnel carrying them out, created vulnerabilities which made
Bletchley's attacks feasible.
6113:
5141:
1308:"Friendly or enemy capabilities or limitations. Force compositions or significant casualties to special equipment, weapons systems, sensors, units or personnel. Percentages of fuel or ammunition remaining."
1242:
While modern electronic encryption does away with the need for armies to use obscure languages, it is likely that some groups might use rare dialects that few outside their ethnic group would understand.
4687:
3852:
853:. Information from the spectrum analyzer is then used to tune receivers to signals of interest. For example, in this simplified spectrum, the actual information is at 800 kHz and 1.2 MHz.
800:. National intelligence services keep libraries of devices manufactured by their own country and others, and then use a variety of techniques to learn what equipment is acquired by a given country.
6087:
5223:
4154:
4046:
5609:
4262:
4859:
5439:
1680:
traffic in cables (i.e. telephone and
Internet) is far more controversial, since it most of the time requires physical access to the cable and thereby violating ownership and expected privacy.
958:
techniques for "fingerprinting" transmitters or operators. Message content other than the sender and receiver is not necessary to do traffic analysis, although more information can be helpful.
5105:
3774:
6056:
5233:
4364:
902:
Individual directional antennas have to be manually or automatically turned to find the signal direction, which may be too slow when the signal is of short duration. One alternative is the
6212:
6026:
4673:
1705:
1430:("huff-duff") was still able to detect U-boats by analysis of radio transmissions and the positions through triangulation from the direction located by two or more huff-duff systems. The
1639:
Where COMINT and ELINT focus on the intentionally transmitted part of the signal, MASINT focuses on unintentionally transmitted information. For example, a given radar antenna will have
4635:
1547:
is the combined intelligence and electronic warfare of learning the characteristics of enemy navigation aids, such as radio beacons, and retransmitting them with incorrect information.
5071:
4088:
1690:
1137:
By gathering and clustering data from each sensor, the measurements of the direction of signals can be optimized and get much more accurate than the basic measurements of a standard
4783:
4651:
1922:
intelligence purposes depended, of course, on the inability of others to intercept the signals, but in 1900, only the
British in that part of the world had any wireless capability.
1390:
systems, aircraft, etc. ELINT can be used to detect ships and aircraft by their radar and other electromagnetic radiation; commanders have to make choices between not using radar (
421:
was won in no small part due to the intercepts that allowed the Navy to position its ships in the right place. It played a vital role in subsequent naval clashes, including at the
5911:
5740:
5387:
1074:
Signals intelligence units will identify changes in the EOB, which might indicate enemy unit movement, changes in command relationships, and increases or decreases in capability.
4567:
3894:
821:
more antennas that listen in every direction, to find an area where such a radar is operating. Once the radar is known to be in the area, the next step is to find its location.
982:, to make the German defense think that the main invasion was to come at another location. In like manner, fake radio transmissions from Japanese aircraft carriers, before the
6151:
5505:
4370:
606:
argued that Ultra shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.
4949:
877:(ECCM) technique to defeat looking for particular frequencies. Spectrum analysis can be used in a different ECCM way to identify frequencies not being jammed or not in use.
466:
6044:
6010:
5217:
1151:, or analysis of emitters (communication transmitters) in a target region over a sufficient period of time, enables creation of the communications flows of a battlefield.
5315:
4795:
4727:
4130:
1145:
sensor is unique. MASINT then becomes more informative, as individual transmitters and antennas may have unique side lobes, unintentional radiation, pulse timing, etc.
5643:
5031:
4124:
3986:
2327:
1255:
telegraphy is now obsolete in the western world, although possibly used by special operations forces. Such forces, however, now have portable cryptographic equipment.
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5603:
5291:
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1755:
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sensor. By calculating larger samples of the sensor's output data in near real-time, together with historical information of signals, better results are achieved.
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system. A radio signal that triggers navigational beacons could be a radio landing aid for an airstrip or helicopter pad that is intended to be low-profile.
5915:
5377:
4621:
4208:
721:"1. An intelligence need considered in the allocation of intelligence resources. Within the Department of Defense, these collection requirements fulfill the
425:
as the
British fleet was sent out to intercept them. The direction-finding capability allowed for the tracking and location of German ships, submarines, and
3493:
1760:
689:
A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and
5941:
5511:
922:
or a similar method to have precise time synchronization. Receivers can be on ground stations, ships, aircraft, or satellites, giving great flexibility.
774:
constantly sends out information that helps the interceptors properly aim their antennas and tune their receivers. Larger intercept aircraft, such as the
4625:
4495:
4184:
3822:
796:
Knowing what interception equipment to use becomes easier when a target country buys its radars and radios from known manufacturers, or is given them as
713:
A collection system has to know to look for a particular signal. "System", in this context, has several nuances. Targeting is the process of developing
6426:
5986:
5473:
4346:
5552:
700:
Being a broad field, SIGINT has many sub-disciplines. The two main ones are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).
5153:
354:
line that connected through the British network and thus could be tapped; or (B) through radio which the British could then intercept. Rear Admiral
6257:
5539:
5467:
5333:
5327:
5189:
5135:
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1348:
In WWII, for example, the Japanese Navy, by poor practice, identified a key person's movement over a low-security cryptosystem. This made possible
1326:"Movement or identity of friendly or enemy officers, visitors, commanders; movement of key maintenance personnel indicating equipment limitations."
5865:
2403:
2240:
602:, at the end of the war, described Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory. Official historian of British Intelligence in World War II
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are not totally undetectable and need to know which areas to avoid. Similarly, conventional aircraft need to know where fixed or semi-mobile
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1565:) is a sub-category of SIGINT, monitoring primarily non-human communication. Foreign instrumentation signals include (but not limited to)
564:
wrote that were it not for Ultra, "Rommel would have certainly got through to Cairo". Ultra decrypts featured prominently in the story of
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318:, a new method of signals intelligence reached maturity. Russia’s failure to properly protect its communications fatally compromised the
233:—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
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The data gathered are typically pertinent to the electronics of an opponent's defense network, especially the electronic parts such as
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usually uses, even though the voice conversation is meaningful, MASINT might suggest it is a deception, not coming from a real tank.
406:
1947:
512:. The combined effort of intercepts and cryptanalysis for the whole of the British forces in World War II came under the code name "
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The use of radio-receiving equipment to pinpoint the location of any single transmitter was also developed during the war. Captain
109:
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defines it as "Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients".
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Room 40 played an important role in several naval engagements during the war, notably in detecting major German sorties into the
323:
81:
2702:
1001:
There is an art as well as science of traffic analysis. Expert analysts develop a sense for what is real and what is deceptive.
860:
Hypothetical displays from four spectrum analyzers connected to directional antennas. The transmitter is at bearing 090 degrees.
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until British forces tightened their communications discipline and Australian raiders destroyed his principle SIGINT Company.
609:
At a lower level, German cryptanalysis, direction finding, and traffic analysis were vital to Rommel's early successes in the
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intercepted Russian naval wireless signals being sent out for the mobilization of the fleet, for the first time in history.
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Dynamic Database: Efficiently Convert Massive Quantities of Sensor Data into Actionable Information for Tactical Commanders
1271:
that carries information to set up telephone calls. In civilian and many military use, this channel will carry messages in
914:. An alternative to tunable directional antennas or large omnidirectional arrays such as the Wullenweber is to measure the
2297:
1898:
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can home in on and attack transmitters; military antennas are rarely a safe distance from the user of the transmitter.
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lines of another army know that the other side will be using radios that must be portable and not have huge antennas.
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1005:, for example, was one of the star cryptanalysts of World War II, a star hidden behind the secret curtain of SIGINT.
874:
793:
Once the decision to target is made, the various interception points need to cooperate, since resources are limited.
722:
517:
504:. The ten Colossi were the world's first programmable electronic computers, and were built to break the German codes.
128:
1189:
Where they are located, and, if the transmitter is moving, the report may give a plot of the signal against location
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for a discussion of SIGINT-captured information with a MASINT flavor, such as determining the frequency to which a
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address or other identifier, there may be information on the location and signal characteristics of the responder.
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2564:"Operations Security Intelligence Threat Handbook: Section 2, Intelligence Collection Activities and Disciplines"
77:
1536:, such as understanding a spoofing or jamming mode so one can change one's radar characteristics to avoid them.
6605:
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5579:
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5011:
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4657:
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1715:
975:
911:
66:
4885:
1434:
was able to use this information to plot courses which took convoys away from high concentrations of U-boats.
1219:
In the Second World War, for security the United States used Native American volunteer communicators known as
6580:
6410:
6350:
6330:
6251:
6095:
5710:
5367:
5345:
4901:
4761:
4178:
3966:
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3256:
1438:
1131:
652:
2448:"US Naval Research Laboratory – Networked Specific Emitter Identification in Fleet Battle Experiment Juliet"
6585:
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6119:
5784:
5694:
5637:
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4579:
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1745:
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963:
674:
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418:
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stations, grew rapidly to the point where the British could intercept almost all official German messages.
3906:
1582:
6263:
5929:
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5808:
5796:
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477:
2088:
Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer
1504:, but the term is used in the specific context of tactical warfare. ESM give the information needed for
6443:
5883:
4749:
4004:
2261:
1431:
1371:
783:
363:
1182:
COMINT, which is defined to be communications among people, will reveal some or all of the following:
6542:
4837:
4591:
2086:
Smith, Michael (2001). "GC&CS and the First Cold War". In Smith, Michael; Erskine, Ralph (eds.).
1664:
1403:
What is of interest is the type of electronic transmission and its location. For example, during the
895:, so that a line can be drawn from the receiver through the position of the signal of interest. (See
5433:
986:, were made from Japanese local waters, while the attacking ships moved under strict radio silence.
5947:
5844:
5417:
5405:
4961:
4907:
4889:
4789:
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4519:
4112:
3998:
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1740:
1668:
833:
102:
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5698:
4771:
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3646:
3636:
3584:
3315:
2965:
2935:
2827:
2744:
2585:
1710:
1459:
1437:
Other ELINT disciplines include intercepting and analyzing enemy weapons control signals, or the
1330:
1291:
610:
347:
55:
31:
962:
tank radios in an area where he wants the other side to believe he has actual tanks. As part of
782:, have the on-board capability to do some target analysis and planning, but others, such as the
6281:
5969:
5889:
5748:
4701:
3661:
3599:
3579:
3528:
3285:
2145:
1517:
1404:
1387:
1160:
983:
932:
808:
573:
553:
545:
541:
214:
488:
closed the US Cipher Bureau in 1929 with the words "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."
280:
of 1904–1905. As the Russian fleet prepared for conflict with Japan in 1904, the British ship
6595:
6590:
6537:
6287:
6247:
6161:
6135:
5088:
5035:
4989:
3548:
3214:
1176:
1098:
891:
The earliest, and still common, means of direction finding is to use directional antennas as
580:
on D-Day in June 1944, the Allies knew the locations of all but two of Germany's fifty-eight
218:
17:
1441:
responses from transponders in aircraft used to distinguish enemy craft from friendly ones.
1258:
Specialists scan radio frequencies for character sequences (e.g., electronic mail) and fax.
569:
6482:
5854:
5523:
5117:
4631:
4232:
4196:
3864:
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3431:
3416:
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1720:
1412:
971:
746:
599:
549:
513:
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335:
2510:
2266:"Joint Publication 1-02 Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"
696:
Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals.
8:
5649:
3739:
3684:
3558:
3375:
3348:
3202:
3106:
2854:
2774:
1829:
National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Signals Intelligence > Overview
1349:
1097:
reports over a period of time, they might reveal a patrol pattern. Direction-finding and
991:
974:, radio transmissions simulated the headquarters and subordinate units of the fictitious
837:
438:
375:
331:
303:
1195:
The time and duration of transmission, and the schedule if it is a periodic transmission
6477:
3656:
3641:
3533:
3508:
3446:
3397:
3382:
3091:
3058:
3032:
3010:
3005:
2975:
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2820:
2762:
2272:
2158:
1985:
1878:
1870:
1786:
1771:
1472:
1451:
1279:
1272:
359:
277:
164:
2536:
1516:
radio direction finding (RDF) systems so critically important during the World War II
6514:
6467:
5832:
3982:
3498:
3207:
2876:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2636:
2614:
2397:
2234:
2189:
2166:
2116:
2091:
2068:
2017:
1989:
1882:
1862:
1812:
1791:
1735:
1138:
1068:
951:
886:
850:
829:
587:
577:
561:
501:
422:
402:
2485:
2455:
6507:
6107:
3553:
3503:
3172:
2904:
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1977:
1854:
1750:
1476:
1353:
979:
944:
485:
327:
281:
230:
145:
2751:
Part I of IV Articles On Evolution of Army Signal Corps COMINT and SIGINT into NSA
2148:– László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013
598:, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!" Supreme Allied Commander,
6547:
6462:
6450:
5907:
5728:
4220:
3707:
3441:
3370:
3192:
3167:
3101:
3063:
3000:
2798:
2790:
2769:
2757:
2750:
2541:
Field Manual 23–33, Communications Techniques: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures
2380:. Joint Spectrum Center, (US) Defense Information Services Agency. Archived from
1569:(TELINT), tracking systems, and video data links. TELINT is an important part of
1468:
1224:
1018:
915:
761:
742:
595:
565:
481:
387:
343:
315:
157:
2476:
3538:
3358:
2870:
2346:
2305:
2036:
Livesey, Anthony, Historical Atlas of World War One, Holt; New York, 1994 p. 64
1905:
1781:
1423:
1416:
1236:
926:
659:
525:
521:
149:
1858:
6574:
6373:
3456:
3436:
3421:
3150:
3118:
3020:
2995:
2914:
2640:
2606:
2185:
1866:
1480:
1475:). Good electronic intelligence can be very important to stealth operations;
1344:
Other codes as appropriate for the situation may be defined by the commander.
775:
757:
753:
637:
603:
529:
473:
434:
339:
226:
194:
2611:
Body of Secrets: How America's NSA and Britain's GCHQ Eavesdrop on the World
2046:
824:
338:. In 1918, French intercept personnel captured a message written in the new
3543:
3461:
3451:
3392:
3197:
2985:
2970:
2909:
2894:
2887:
1589:
campaign. It may be informative to compare and contrast counter-ELINT with
1408:
797:
633:
557:
509:
465:, recommended that a peace-time codebreaking agency should be created. The
355:
319:
265:
169:
3225:
2626:"The Tallinn Cables: A Glimpse into Tallinn's Secret History of Espionage"
1968:
Winkler, Jonathan Reed (July 2009). "Information Warfare in World War I".
6502:
3353:
3187:
3053:
2899:
2785:
2663:
Biyd, J. A.; Harris, D. B.; King, D. D. Jr.; Welch, H. W., eds. (1979) .
2375:
1581:
Still at the research level are techniques that can only be described as
1220:
1198:
The frequencies and other technical characteristics of their transmission
1054:
903:
663:
462:
2806:
1874:
1842:
1508:
such as jamming, or directional bearings (compass angle) to a target in
3426:
3182:
3162:
3155:
3135:
3042:
2721:
2072:
1981:
1695:
1649:
1252:
1090:(20 minutes later) U1 to U2, all vehicles have arrived to checkpoint X.
1029:
supplements this location database with five more technical databases:
892:
752:
Second, locating the transmitter's position is usually part of SIGINT.
446:
430:
394:
371:
288:
257:
222:
141:
2644:
2561:
2537:"Chapter 4: Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference Reporting"
1352:, the interception and death of the Combined Fleet commander, Admiral
6416:
6406:
6378:
5676:
3407:
3402:
3340:
3177:
2990:
2919:
2843:
1616:
1566:
1544:
1025:
maintains an EOB by location. The Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) of the
967:
856:
625:
591:
414:
1706:
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008
44:
6487:
6455:
4913:
4711:
3411:
3025:
2479:"ACP 124(D) Communications Instructions: Radio Telegraph Procedure"
1691:
Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology
1640:
1612:
1228:
846:
442:
426:
276:
The birth of signals intelligence in a modern sense dates from the
253:
954:, by addressee and sender identifications in the message, or even
6492:
6431:
6123:
6022:
3111:
2532:
2477:
Combined Communications-Electronics Board (CCEB) (January 1987).
1700:
1232:
804:
738:
398:
379:
367:
307:
261:
205:) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (
153:
1843:"British Use of 'Dirty Tricks' in External Policy Prior to 1914"
1483:
systems are so that they can shut them down or fly around them.
5393:
5159:
4034:
2739:
2726:
The SIGINT Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1900 to Today
1550:
1420:
955:
779:
537:
252:
Electronic interceptions appeared as early as 1900, during the
189:
2800:
Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond
2135:
David Alvarez, GC&CS and American Diplomatic Cryptanalysis
1936:, 28 January 1904, Naval library, Ministry of Defence, London.
3762:
1766:
1656:
1391:
1383:
896:
621:
269:
2812:
1934:
Report from HMS Diana on Russian Signals intercepted at Suez
1159:"COMINT" redirects here. For the The Americans episode, see
433:
and decrypted. However, its most astonishing success was in
5631:
2428:. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from
1626:
frequency, pulse repetition rate, and other characteristics
1607:
1586:
1278:
Retrospective analysis of telephone calls can be made from
1084:
U1 to U2, requesting permission to proceed to checkpoint X.
732:
643:
496:
362:
to establish an interception and decryption service at the
725:
and other intelligence needs of a commander, or an agency.
445:
from the German Foreign Office sent via Washington to its
346:. This gave the Allies advance warning of the German 1918
5023:
4406:
2807:
Maritime SIGINT Architecture Technical Standards Handbook
2376:
743d Military Intelligence (MI) Battalion (August 1999).
1756:
Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries
1528:
systems and comparable airborne units. EA is also called
919:
703:
476:
was established in 1919 and achieved some success at the
2260:
1370:
by use of electronic sensors. Its primary focus lies on
1192:
If known, the organizational function of the transmitter
326:
and led to their disastrous defeat by the Germans under
299:
3697:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
1397:
508:
The use of SIGINT had even greater implications during
1101:
could help confirm that the traffic is not deception.
1285:
1251:
Morse code interception was once very important, but
1761:
Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation
655:
2662:
2562:Interagency OPSEC Support Staff (IOSS) (May 1996).
2304:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
168:A German message intercepted by the British during
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3737:
1948:"A Guide to the History of Intelligence 1800–1918"
1366:Electronic signals intelligence (ELINT) refers to
1361:
868:
552:. In 1941, Ultra exerted a powerful effect on the
2165:, New York: Harper & Row, pp. 154, 191,
1261:
1104:The EOB buildup process is divided as following:
27:Intelligence-gathering by interception of signals
6572:
2703:"Disturbing Soviet Transmissions in August 1991"
685:has defined the term "signals intelligence" as:
594:: "It is thanks to the secret weapon of General
536:Bletchley's work was essential to defeating the
264:on board their ships in the late 1890s, and the
2113:Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I
225:, signals intelligence may necessarily involve
2191:The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War
2144:Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke and András Zboray,
2014:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918
1945:
1819:. HOME > SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE > OVERVIEW
1663:is tuned, from detecting the frequency of the
1458:Knowing where each surface-to-air missile and
1154:
3723:
3241:
2828:
1087:U2 to U1, approved. please report at arrival.
1008:
294:
172:, signaling Germany's unconditional surrender
30:"Sigint" redirects here. For other uses, see
2157:
1563:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
1557:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
1551:Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
691:foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
544:, and to the British naval victories in the
3255:
2402:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2239:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1624:voice communication or ELINT measuring the
268:used some limited wireless signalling. The
3730:
3716:
3248:
3234:
2835:
2821:
2684:Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret
2347:"The Silent War against the Japanese Navy"
2298:"Precision SIGINT Targeting System (PSTS)"
2065:The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939
2058:
2056:
2016:. Long Acre, London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
1899:"Radio Spies – Episodes in the Ether Wars"
1731:List of intelligence gathering disciplines
1534:electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM)
1071:counter-artillery radars in a given area.
576:behind Allied lines in 1942. Prior to the
2445:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
1615:reconnaissance satellite inside a Soviet
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2775:USAF Pamphlet on sources of intelligence
2344:
2290:
2220:Friends of the Intelligence Corps Museum
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1813:"Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Overview"
1606:
1571:national means of technical verification
1415:COMINT was not always available because
1053:
1021:. EOB covers both COMINT and ELINT. The
918:of the signal at multiple points, using
855:
823:
733:Need for multiple, coordinated receivers
668:
642:
620:
616:
495:
455:
298:
260:had installed wireless sets produced by
163:
140:
3662:Scientific & Technical intelligence
2705:. Museum of Occupations. Archived from
2531:
2410:
2378:"Warfighter Guide to Intelligence 2000"
2184:
2062:
2053:
2047:"Code Breaking and Wireless Intercepts"
1967:
1840:
1777:US signals intelligence in the Cold War
1596:
1455:for use against large airborne radars.
1038:BEI: Background Environment Information
970:plan for the invasion of Europe at the
768:
14:
6573:
3085:Chinese espionage in the United States
2681:
2623:
2247:
2216:"German SIGINT in the Desert Campaign"
2110:
2011:
1939:
1603:Measurement and signature intelligence
1539:
1532:. ESM provides information needed for
1444:
1035:FRRS: Frequency Resource Record System
704:Disciplines shared across the branches
673:Satellite ground station of the Dutch
658:(Electronic signals intelligence) and
401:, began carrying out experiments with
248:Signals intelligence in modern history
3711:
3229:
2816:
2503:
2085:
1996:
1726:Intelligence Branch (Canadian Forces)
1210:
1044:EC/S: Equipment Characteristics/Space
873:Spread-spectrum communications is an
3484:By alliances, nations and industries
3080:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
2586:"Radio Regulations Board of the ITU"
2213:
1955:Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies
1471:of the enemy's defense network (see
1398:Complementary relationship to COMINT
1246:
880:
556:against German forces under General
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
6520:Surveillance issues in smart cities
3146:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
2700:
2416:
1644:at the sides of the radio antenna.
1500:are ELINT techniques using various
938:
815:
683:United States Department of Defense
370:. An interception service known as
24:
6601:Intelligence gathering disciplines
4942:South Korea: Intelligence Bureau,
2600:
2419:"SIGINT Change Detection Approach"
1889:
1286:Monitoring friendly communications
1282:(CDR) used for billing the calls.
1041:SCS: Spectrum Certification System
1027:Defense Information Systems Agency
875:electronic counter-countermeasures
480:in 1921, through cryptanalysis by
25:
6617:
2981:Computer and network surveillance
2786:Intelligence Programs and Systems
2732:
1530:electronic counter-measures (ECM)
1494:Electronic support measures (ESM)
723:essential elements of information
518:Government Code and Cypher School
467:Government Code and Cypher School
5158:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
4566:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
3893:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
3016:Short-range agent communications
2738:
2728:(William Morrow, New York, 1988)
2090:. Bantam Press. pp. 16–17.
1632:Central MASINT Office is in the
1576:
1498:electronic surveillance measures
1488:
1428:high-frequency direction finding
1419:was not always able to read the
1324:Friendly or enemy key personnel:
43:
3632:Words of estimative probability
3494:Operational platforms by nation
2792:The U.S. Intelligence Community
2578:
2555:
2525:
2470:
2439:
2369:
2345:Whitlock, Duane (Autumn 1995).
2338:
2320:
2207:
2178:
2151:
2138:
2129:
2104:
2079:
1970:The Journal of Military History
1896:
1502:electronic surveillance systems
1362:Electronic signals intelligence
869:Countermeasures to interception
737:First, atmospheric conditions,
590:was reported to have told King
491:
54:needs additional citations for
2624:Bolton, Matt (December 2011).
2039:
2030:
1961:
1927:
1834:
1805:
1763:for current collection systems
1716:Human intelligence (espionage)
1262:Signaling channel interception
1239:speakers for the same reason.
976:First United States Army Group
693:(FISINT), however transmitted.
630:the Israeli Intelligence Corps
13:
1:
6411:List of intelligence agencies
5350:Republic of North Macedonia:
4824:Republic of North Macedonia:
4183:Republic of North Macedonia:
2842:
2302:Intelligence Research Program
1798:
1439:identification, friend or foe
1223:, who used languages such as
1132:time-division multiple access
554:North African desert campaign
342:, which was cryptanalyzed by
2667:. Los Altos, CA: Peninsula.
2484:. ACP 224(D). Archived from
1746:Radio Reconnaissance Platoon
1126:transmission methods (e.g.,
925:A more accurate approach is
708:
675:Nationale SIGINT Organisatie
524:. Properly used, the German
324:advance early in World War I
229:(to decipher the messages).
7:
6264:Crime Intelligence Division
5154:CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau
3680:Intelligence cycle security
1683:
1674:
1634:Defense Intelligence Agency
1585:, which would be part of a
1155:Communications intelligence
1023:Defense Intelligence Agency
910:A more advance approach is
478:Washington Naval Conference
199:communications intelligence
10:
6622:
6508:Turbulence (NSA programme)
6444:Mass surveillance in China
2686:. London: Atlantic Books.
2665:Electronic Countermeasures
1600:
1554:
1372:non-communications signals
1158:
1015:electronic order of battle
1009:Electronic order of battle
942:
884:
295:Development in World War I
256:of 1899–1902. The British
245:
241:
236:
183:) is the act and field of
29:
6528:
6397:
6364:
6296:
6160:
5968:
5853:
5567:
5087:
4437:
3746:
3670:
3612:
3572:
3517:
3474:
3339:
3301:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3072:
3041:
2951:
2928:
2850:
2780:German WWII SIGINT/COMINT
1859:10.1191/0968344502wh244oa
1665:beat frequency oscillator
1113:Measurements optimization
1058:EOB and related data flow
4506:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
3833:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2763:NSA's overview of SIGINT
2613:(Century, London, 2001)
2351:Naval War College Review
2262:US Department of Defense
2115:. Ian Allan Publishing.
2012:Beesly, Patrick (1982).
1841:Chapman, J.W.M. (2002).
1741:Open-source intelligence
1669:superheterodyne receiver
1318:Electronic warfare (EW):
6439:Great Firewall of China
3647:Intelligence assessment
3637:All-source intelligence
3257:Intelligence management
2966:Covert listening device
2936:Intelligence assessment
2794:by Jeffrey T. Richelson
2756:3 February 2014 at the
1711:Geospatial intelligence
1460:anti-aircraft artillery
1331:Communications security
1292:communications security
933:anti-radiation missiles
756:and more sophisticated
715:collection requirements
611:Western Desert Campaign
314:Over the course of the
207:electronic intelligence
32:Sigint (disambiguation)
6548:Law enforcement agency
6422:Diplomatic cable leaks
5890:Air Intelligence Group
4399:United Arab Emirates:
3331:Operational techniques
3286:Special reconnaissance
2682:Gannon, Paul (2007) .
2633:Lonely Planet Magazine
2214:P9-J (8 August 2015).
2063:Johnson, John (1997).
1620:
1518:Battle of the Atlantic
1506:electronic attack (EA)
1405:Battle of the Atlantic
1388:surface-to-air missile
1368:intelligence-gathering
1161:COMINT (The Americans)
1099:radio frequency MASINT
1059:
984:Battle of Pearl Harbor
978:(FUSAG), commanded by
861:
841:
809:electronic engineering
678:
666:
640:
546:Battle of Cape Matapan
542:Battle of the Atlantic
505:
311:
185:intelligence-gathering
173:
161:
148:, a large site in the
78:"Signals intelligence"
6606:Military intelligence
3740:intelligence agencies
3215:Targeted surveillance
2802:by Matthew Aid et al.
2768:1 August 2016 at the
2111:Gannon, Paul (2011).
1610:
1177:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1057:
964:Operation Quicksilver
859:
827:
672:
646:
624:
617:Technical definitions
499:
456:Postwar consolidation
419:battle of Dogger Bank
302:
219:sensitive information
167:
144:
6581:Signals intelligence
3652:Medical intelligence
3622:Competing hypotheses
3432:Industrial espionage
3417:Denial and deception
3141:Industrial espionage
2941:competing hypotheses
2747:at Wikimedia Commons
2435:on 27 February 2008.
2067:. HMSO. p. 44.
1946:Douglas L. Wheeler.
1721:Imagery intelligence
1611:A model of a German
1597:SIGINT versus MASINT
912:Amplitude comparison
849:frequencies using a
769:Intercept management
760:techniques, such as
628:(the SIGINT unit of
600:Dwight D. Eisenhower
550:Battle of North Cape
450:Heinrich von Eckardt
405:radio equipment for
374:, together with the
336:Battle of Tannenberg
177:Signals intelligence
63:improve this article
6586:Command and control
6560:Intelligence agency
3685:Counterintelligence
3600:Technical (TECHINT)
3595:Open-source (OSINT)
3585:Geospatial (GEOINT)
3559:Casualty estimation
2709:on 14 November 2011
2650:on 13 November 2013
2491:on 1 September 2007
2458:on 26 November 2007
2159:Winterbotham, F. W.
1911:on 27 February 2008
1540:ELINT for meaconing
1445:Role in air warfare
1350:Operation Vengeance
1186:Who is transmitting
992:counterbattery fire
838:amplitude modulated
484:. Secretary of War
439:Zimmermann Telegram
304:Zimmermann Telegram
187:by interception of
6478:Call detail record
5024:Security Service (
4207:Papua New Guinea:
3657:Military geography
3642:Basic intelligence
3580:Financial (FININT)
3521:signature (MASINT)
3447:One-way voice link
3383:Concealment device
3092:Cold War espionage
3059:Front organization
3033:Surveillance tools
3011:Phone surveillance
3006:One-way voice link
2961:Concealment device
2446:Terry, I. (2003).
2278:on 8 November 2009
2186:Hinsley, Sir Harry
1982:10.1353/jmh.0.0324
1897:Lee, Bartholomew.
1621:
1573:for arms control.
1473:electronic warfare
1452:electronic warfare
1280:Call detail record
1273:Signaling System 7
1211:Voice interception
1060:
972:Battle of Normandy
862:
842:
679:
667:
641:
572:'s mission across
506:
407:the army in France
312:
278:Russo-Japanese War
174:
162:
6568:
6567:
6515:National security
5833:Derzhspetszviazok
3705:
3704:
3608:
3607:
3499:Direction finding
3489:In modern history
3470:
3469:
3223:
3222:
2877:Agent provocateur
2743:Media related to
2693:978-1-84354-331-2
2619:978-0-7126-7598-7
2384:on 14 August 2007
2122:978-0-7110-3408-2
2097:978-0-593-04910-5
1792:Vulkan files leak
1736:Listening station
1510:signals intercept
1269:signaling channel
1247:Text interception
1139:direction finding
1119:Networks build-up
1110:Signal separation
952:direction finding
887:Direction finding
881:Direction-finding
851:spectrum analyzer
830:spectrum analyzer
604:Sir Harry Hinsley
588:Winston Churchill
578:Normandy landings
562:Claude Auchinleck
502:Colossus computer
423:Battle of Jutland
403:direction-finding
287:stationed in the
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
6613:
6286:United Kingdom:
6209:Baintelkam Polri
6134:United Kingdom:
6108:Rosfinmonitoring
5952:United Kingdom:
5930:Air Intelligence
5837:United Kingdom:
5522:United Kingdom:
5176:Czech Republic:
5022:United Kingdom:
4670:Baintelkam Polri
4578:Czech Republic:
4405:United Kingdom:
3911:Czech Republic:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3504:Traffic analysis
3476:Signals (SIGINT)
3311:Asset recruiting
3279:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3226:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2742:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2643:. Archived from
2630:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2566:. IOSS Section 2
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2535:(17 July 1990).
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2513:. 1 January 1999
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:on 14 March 2016
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2271:. Archived from
2270:
2264:(12 July 2007).
2258:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2163:The Ultra Secret
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1904:. Archived from
1903:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1787:Zircon satellite
1751:RAF Intelligence
1477:stealth aircraft
1354:Isoroku Yamamoto
1149:Network build-up
980:George S. Patton
945:Traffic analysis
939:Traffic analysis
834:superheterodyned
816:Signal detection
516:", managed from
486:Henry L. Stimson
474:US Cipher Bureau
360:Sir Alfred Ewing
348:Spring Offensive
306:, as decoded by
231:Traffic analysis
209:—abbreviated to
201:—abbreviated to
197:between people (
146:RAF Menwith Hill
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6524:
6463:Security agency
6451:Law enforcement
6399:
6393:
6366:
6360:
6298:
6292:
6163:
6156:
6140:United States:
5971:
5964:
5958:United States:
5856:
5849:
5843:United States:
5570:
5563:
5528:United States:
5090:
5083:
5044:United States:
4439:
4433:
4415:United States:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3706:
3701:
3666:
3604:
3590:Imagery (IMINT)
3568:
3529:Electro-optical
3520:
3519:Measurement and
3513:
3466:
3442:Numbers station
3371:Black operation
3335:
3297:
3259:
3254:
3224:
3219:
3193:Sting operation
3102:Black operation
3068:
3064:Limited hangout
3046:
3037:
3001:Numbers station
2953:
2947:
2924:
2864:
2846:
2841:
2770:Wayback Machine
2758:Wayback Machine
2735:
2712:
2710:
2701:Jõgiaas, Aadu.
2694:
2675:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2628:
2603:
2601:Further reading
2598:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2421:
2417:Kessler, Otto.
2415:
2411:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2248:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2156:
2152:
2146:Operation SALAM
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2010:
1997:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1686:
1677:
1605:
1599:
1579:
1559:
1553:
1542:
1512:such as in the
1491:
1447:
1400:
1364:
1290:More a part of
1288:
1264:
1249:
1213:
1164:
1157:
1019:order of battle
1011:
947:
941:
927:Interferometer.
916:time of arrival
889:
883:
871:
818:
784:RC-12 GUARDRAIL
771:
762:time of arrival
743:radio frequency
735:
711:
706:
619:
566:Operation SALAM
494:
482:Herbert Yardley
458:
388:High Seas Fleet
344:Georges Painvin
316:First World War
297:
250:
244:
239:
158:UKUSA Agreement
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6619:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6414:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6351:United Kingdom
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6266:
6262:South Africa:
6260:
6254:
6236:
6226:
6216:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6168:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6116:
6112:Saudi Arabia:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5976:
5974:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5789:South Africa:
5787:
5783:Saudi Arabia:
5781:
5773:
5767:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5656:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5448:
5444:South Africa:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5414:
5410:Saudi Arabia:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5380:
5374:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5042:
5020:
5014:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4936:South Africa:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4912:Saudi Arabia:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4878:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4694:
4680:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4644:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4381:Turkmenistan:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4291:South Africa:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4261:Sierra Leone:
4259:
4253:
4249:Saudi Arabia:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Target-centric
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3549:Radiofrequency
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3274:Human (HUMINT)
3267:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2954:communications
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2873:
2871:Agent handling
2867:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2734:
2733:External links
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2698:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2621:
2607:Bamford, James
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2577:
2554:
2524:
2502:
2469:
2438:
2409:
2368:
2337:
2319:
2289:
2246:
2206:
2177:
2171:
2150:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2052:
2038:
2029:
2022:
1995:
1976:(3): 845–867.
1960:
1938:
1926:
1888:
1847:War in History
1833:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
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1728:
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1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1601:Main article:
1598:
1595:
1578:
1575:
1555:Main article:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1490:
1487:
1446:
1443:
1417:Bletchley Park
1399:
1396:
1363:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:Wrong circuit:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1284:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1245:
1212:
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1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
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1153:
1123:
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1120:
1117:
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1111:
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1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1013:Generating an
1010:
1007:
966:, part of the
943:Main article:
940:
937:
885:Main article:
882:
879:
870:
867:
817:
814:
770:
767:
758:radio location
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
710:
707:
705:
702:
698:
697:
694:
660:reconnaissance
618:
615:
560:. General Sir
530:Lorenz ciphers
522:Bletchley Park
493:
490:
457:
454:
397:, working for
296:
293:
246:Main article:
243:
240:
238:
235:
195:communications
150:United Kingdom
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6618:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Club de Berne
6372:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6356:United States
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:Philippines:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6080:Netherlands:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5934:Philippines:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5900:New Zealand:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5807:Switzerland:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:North Korea:
5708:
5706:
5703:New Zealand:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5693:Netherlands:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:GENKUR İ.D.B.
5509:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:Switzerland:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:South Korea:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:Philippines:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5344:North Korea:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5332:New Zealand:
5331:
5329:
5326:Netherlands:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:General Staff
5227:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:Switzerland:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:Philippines:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:North Korea:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:New Zealand:
4805:
4803:
4800:Netherlands:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4482:Azerbaijan:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:Switzerland:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:South Korea:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4213:Philippines:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:Palace Office
4194:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:North Korea:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4165:New Zealand:
4164:
4162:
4159:Netherlands:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:Ivory Coast:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3755:Afghanistan:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3690:organizations
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:Dissemination
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Steganography
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Interrogation
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Eavesdropping
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Direct action
3324:
3322:
3321:Covert action
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3291:organizations
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:interrogation
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:Eavesdropping
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:Steganography
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Invisible ink
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
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2956:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Sleeper agent
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
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2856:
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2845:
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2833:
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2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2674:0-932146-00-7
2670:
2666:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
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2591:
2587:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2538:
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2528:
2512:
2506:
2487:
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2449:
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2405:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2356:
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2329:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2172:0-06-014678-8
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2023:0-241-10864-0
2019:
2015:
2008:
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1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:counter-ELINT
1577:Counter-ELINT
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:ELINT and ESM
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:traffic. But
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:Capabilities:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
993:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
953:
946:
936:
934:
929:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
900:
898:
894:
888:
878:
876:
866:
858:
854:
852:
848:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
813:
810:
806:
803:Knowledge of
801:
799:
794:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
766:
763:
759:
755:
754:Triangulation
750:
748:
744:
740:
727:
724:
720:
719:
718:
716:
701:
695:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
676:
671:
665:
662:ship, of the
661:
657:
654:
650:
645:
639:
638:Golan Heights
635:
631:
627:
623:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
582:Western Front
579:
575:
571:
570:László Almásy
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
498:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
453:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:ADFGVX cipher
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
301:
292:
290:
286:
285:
279:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
249:
234:
232:
228:
227:cryptanalysis
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
171:
166:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6596:Cyberwarfare
6591:Cryptography
6533:Border guard
6468:Surveillance
6389:Egmont Group
6365:Intelligence
6297:Intelligence
6183:Bangladesh:
6164:intelligence
5997:Bangladesh:
5991:Azerbaijan:
5972:intelligence
5857:intelligence
5777:
5687:Kazakhstan:
5584:Bangladesh:
5571:intelligence
5568:
5290:Kazakhstan:
5122:Bangladesh:
5091:intelligence
5054:Uzbekistan:
5025:
4776:Luxembourg:
4736:Kazakhstan:
4488:Bangladesh:
4440:intelligence
4421:Uzbekistan:
4408:
4345:Tajikistan:
4153:Mozambique:
4141:Montenegro:
4075:Kyrgyzstan:
4063:Kazakhstan:
3815:Bangladesh:
3803:Azerbaijan:
3749:intelligence
3475:
3462:Surveillance
3452:Resident spy
3393:Cryptography
3198:Surveillance
3123:
2986:Cyber spying
2971:Cryptography
2910:Resident spy
2895:Double agent
2875:
2799:
2791:
2725:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:the original
2683:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2632:
2610:
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2540:
2527:
2517:27 September
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2486:the original
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2451:
2441:
2430:the original
2425:
2412:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:the original
2371:
2361:30 September
2359:. Retrieved
2354:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2301:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2209:
2198:, retrieved
2190:
2180:
2162:
2153:
2140:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2064:
2041:
2032:
2013:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1913:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1891:
1853:(1): 60–81.
1850:
1846:
1836:
1828:
1821:. Retrieved
1816:
1807:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1628:of a radar.
1622:
1580:
1560:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1457:
1448:
1436:
1409:World War II
1401:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1358:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1289:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1221:code talkers
1218:
1214:
1181:
1171:
1170:munications
1167:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1124:
1103:
1095:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1014:
1012:
1003:Harry Kidder
1000:
996:
988:
960:
948:
930:
924:
909:
901:
890:
872:
863:
843:
819:
802:
798:military aid
795:
792:
788:
772:
751:
747:polarization
736:
714:
712:
699:
680:
677:(NSO) (2012)
648:
634:Mount Avital
608:
586:
558:Erwin Rommel
535:
510:World War II
507:
492:World War II
471:
459:
412:
392:
384:
356:Henry Oliver
352:
320:Russian Army
313:
283:
275:
266:British Army
251:
210:
206:
202:
198:
188:
180:
176:
175:
170:World War II
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
6538:Coast guard
6503:Stone Ghost
6473:Big Brother
6336:New Zealand
6207:Indonesia:
6177:Australia:
6171:Argentina:
6061:Lithuania (
6043:Indonesia:
5985:Australia:
5979:Argentina:
5882:Indonesia:
5864:Australia:
5658:Indonesia:
5578:Australia:
5551:Venezuela:
5466:Sri Lanka:
5426:Singapore:
5358:E-tjenesten
5296:Lithuania:
5256:Indonesia:
5242:SAHEFAVEDJA
5110:Australia:
5060:Venezuela:
4954:Sri Lanka:
4924:Singapore:
4852:Palestine:
4760:Lithuania:
4668:Indonesia:
4646:Hong Kong:
4470:Australia:
4458:Argentina:
4309:Sri Lanka:
4267:Singapore:
4191:E-tjenesten
4099:Lithuania:
4009:Indonesia:
3797:Australia:
3779:Argentina:
3534:Geophysical
3316:Cell system
3303:Clandestine
3188:Stay-behind
3097:Recruitment
3054:Canary trap
2952:Devices and
2900:Field agent
2722:West, Nigel
2590:www.itu.int
1481:air defense
1312:Operations:
1275:protocols.
1116:Data fusion
904:Wullenweber
893:goniometers
832:display of
828:Simplified
664:German Navy
584:divisions.
463:Lord Curzon
452:in Mexico.
376:post office
372:'Y' service
221:is usually
6575:Categories
6311:Bangladesh
6195:Finland:
5940:Portugal:
5928:Pakistan:
5894:Malaysia:
5778:Spetssvyaz
5721:Pakistan:
5614:Ethiopia:
5592:2ª Sch/EMD
5504:Thailand:
5438:Slovenia:
5432:Slovakia:
5392:Portugal:
5362:Pakistan:
5308:Maldives:
5302:Malaysia:
5262:Pusintelad
5077:Zimbabwe:
4984:Thailand:
4894:Portugal:
4858:Paraguay:
4842:Pakistan:
4788:Malaysia:
4560:Colombia:
4530:Bulgaria:
4512:Botswana:
4357:Thailand:
4351:Tanzania:
4279:Slovenia:
4273:Slovakia:
4225:Portugal:
4201:Pakistan:
4135:Mongolia:
4117:Malaysia:
3947:Ethiopia:
3937:Mukhabarat
3923:Djibouti:
3863:Cameroon:
3857:Bulgaria:
3839:Botswana:
3563:earthquake
3427:False flag
3265:Collection
3183:Sexpionage
3163:COINTELPRO
3156:safe house
3136:False flag
3073:Operations
3047:techniques
3043:Tradecraft
2543:. FM 23–33
2511:"AN/WLR-1"
2462:26 October
2452:NRL Review
2388:26 October
2357:(4): 43–52
2312:29 October
2225:5 December
2073:B002ALSXTC
1823:3 December
1799:References
1696:COINTELPRO
1650:modulation
1253:Morse code
1069:long-range
653:Oste class
632:) base on
574:the desert
447:ambassador
435:decrypting
431:Y-stations
395:H.J. Round
358:appointed
332:Hindenburg
328:Ludendorff
289:Suez Canal
258:Royal Navy
215:classified
193:, whether
152:, part of
89:newspapers
6483:Carnivore
6432:CIA leaks
6427:NSA leaks
6407:Espionage
6384:Maximator
6379:Five Eyes
6367:alliances
6306:Australia
6299:community
6256:Romania:
6240:BWiIK KGP
6150:Vatican:
6049:Ireland:
6031:Iceland:
5970:Financial
5948:TsVTI GRU
5902:GEOINT NZ
5870:Finland:
5831:Ukraine:
5769:Romania:
5669:Ireland:
5636:Germany:
5620:Finland:
5608:Croatia:
5557:Vietnam:
5516:Ukraine:
5398:Romania:
5338:Nigeria:
5320:Myanmar:
5314:Morocco:
5266:Ireland:
5222:Hungary:
5210:Germany:
5196:PE TIEDOS
5194:Finland:
5182:Denmark:
5164:Croatia:
5136:ADIV/SGRS
5134:Belgium:
5130:GRU MO RB
5128:Belarus:
5116:Austria:
5098:Algeria:
5066:Vietnam:
5016:Ukraine:
4930:Somalia:
4900:Romania:
4812:Nigeria:
4794:Moldova:
4766:Lebanon:
4696:Ireland:
4656:Hungary:
4620:Germany:
4614:Georgia:
4602:Finland:
4596:Estonia:
4584:Denmark:
4572:Croatia:
4536:Burundi:
4500:Belgium:
4494:Belarus:
4476:Austria:
4464:Armenia:
4446:Algeria:
4427:Vietnam:
4393:Ukraine:
4369:Tunisia:
4285:Somalia:
4237:Romania:
4171:Nigeria:
4147:Morocco:
4129:Moldova:
4105:Lebanon:
4093:Liberia:
4027:Ireland:
3997:Hungary:
3971:Germany:
3965:Georgia:
3941:Estonia:
3929:Ecuador:
3917:Denmark:
3899:Croatia:
3829:ADIV/SGRS
3827:Belgium:
3821:Belarus:
3809:Bahrain:
3791:Austria:
3785:Armenia:
3767:Algeria:
3761:Albania:
3738:National
3554:Materials
3408:Defection
3403:Dead drop
3376:black bag
3341:Espionage
3107:black bag
2991:Dead drop
2920:Spymaster
2844:Espionage
2641:1758-6526
2570:3 October
2547:1 October
2495:2 October
2282:1 October
2188:(1996) ,
1990:201749182
1915:8 October
1895:Compare:
1883:159777408
1867:0968-3445
1641:sidelobes
1617:Cosmos-3M
1567:telemetry
1545:Meaconing
1514:huff-duff
1432:Admiralty
1333:(COMSEC):
1300:Position:
1134:(TDMA)).
968:deception
709:Targeting
626:Unit 8200
592:George VI
500:A Mark 2
427:Zeppelins
415:North Sea
364:Admiralty
223:encrypted
119:June 2024
6488:Dishfire
6456:Interpol
6341:Pakistan
6248:ZOŚ KGSG
6238:Poland:
6189:Canada:
6162:Criminal
6128:Turkey:
6106:Russia:
6086:Poland:
6074:Mexico:
6021:France:
6009:Canada:
6003:Brazil:
5946:Russia:
5906:Poland:
5888:Israel:
5819:Turkey:
5801:Sweden:
5775:Russia:
5749:gOR 3.FO
5727:Poland:
5715:Norway:
5675:Israel:
5626:France:
5596:Canada:
5590:Brazil:
5510:Turkey:
5498:Taiwan:
5472:Sweden:
5446:SANDF-ID
5416:Serbia:
5404:Russia:
5382:Poland:
5356:Norway:
5322:Sa Ya Pa
5272:Israel:
5258:BAIS TNI
5238:SAHEFASA
5234:SAHEFAJA
5200:France:
5148:CFINTCOM
5146:Canada:
5140:Brazil:
5104:Angola:
5089:Military
5010:Uganda:
5000:Turkey:
4978:Taiwan:
4960:Sweden:
4918:Serbia:
4914:Mabahith
4906:Russia:
4880:Poland:
4830:Norway:
4754:Latvia:
4748:Kosovo:
4728:TMPD PSB
4712:Shin Bet
4710:Israel:
4640:Greece:
4608:France:
4542:Canada:
4524:Brunei:
4518:Brazil:
4452:Angola:
4438:Domestic
4387:Uganda:
4375:Turkey:
4339:Taiwan:
4321:Sweden:
4255:Serbia:
4243:Russia:
4219:Poland:
4189:Norway:
4123:Mexico:
4087:Latvia:
4081:Kuwait:
4057:Jordan:
4033:Israel:
3991:Greece:
3959:Gambia:
3953:France:
3869:Canada:
3851:Brunei:
3845:Brazil:
3773:Angola:
3614:Analysis
3412:Turncoat
3359:handling
3173:SHAMROCK
3026:microdot
2929:Analysis
2766:Archived
2754:Archived
2398:cite web
2235:cite web
2161:(1974),
1875:26014122
1684:See also
1675:Legality
1661:receiver
1613:SAR-Lupe
1561:FISINT (
1526:AN/WLR-6
1522:AN/WLR-1
1469:spoofing
1229:Comanche
1202:needed).
1166:COMINT (
847:sideband
840:signals.
739:sunspots
548:and the
443:telegram
254:Boer War
156:and the
6543:Customs
6493:ECHELON
6398:Related
6316:Croatia
6268:Spain:
6252:ZK KGŻW
6218:Italy:
6201:India:
6124:SEPBLAC
6118:Spain:
6100:Qatar:
6068:Malta:
6055:Italy:
6037:India:
6023:Tracfin
6011:FINTRAC
5987:AUSTRAC
5920:12.BBSP
5876:India:
5872:PVTIEDL
5855:Imagery
5821:MİT-SİB
5813:Syria:
5795:Spain:
5753:CRiWWRE
5681:Japan:
5648:India:
5642:Ghana:
5622:PVTIEDL
5602:China:
5569:Signals
5488:Syria:
5460:Spain:
5284:Japan:
5278:Italy:
5246:India:
5216:Ghana:
5188:Egypt:
5152:China:
5046:I&A
4972:Syria:
4948:Spain:
4782:Macau:
4742:Kenya:
4722:Japan:
4716:Italy:
4662:India:
4630:Ghana:
4590:Egypt:
4554:China:
4548:Chile:
4333:Syria:
4315:Sudan:
4303:Spain:
4231:Qatar:
4111:Libya:
4069:Kenya:
4051:Japan:
4039:Italy:
4003:India:
3977:Ghana:
3935:Egypt:
3887:China:
3881:Chile:
3835:OSA-OBA
3747:Foreign
3561: (
3539:Nuclear
3509:TEMPEST
3168:MINARET
3112:wetwork
2713:25 June
2654:25 June
2533:US Army
2332:nsa.gov
2328:"About"
2200:23 July
1817:nsa.gov
1772:TEMPEST
1701:ECHELON
1667:of the
1636:(DIA).
1619:rocket.
1465:jamming
1267:is the
1233:Choctaw
1128:hopping
931:Modern
907:users.
805:physics
596:Menzies
540:in the
538:U-boats
399:Marconi
380:Marconi
368:Room 40
334:at the
310:in 1917
308:Room 40
262:Marconi
242:Origins
237:History
190:signals
160:in 2005
154:ECHELON
103:scholar
6400:topics
6346:Russia
6326:Israel
6321:France
6234:PNP-IG
6146:FinCEN
6015:Fiji:
5942:CIGeoE
5936:NMARSC
5924:JW NIL
5896:MaCGDI
5765:JW NIL
5761:6.ORel
5757:2.ORel
5604:SIGINT
5518:HUR MO
5394:CISMIL
5228:Iran:
5170:Cuba:
5160:DEMIAP
5032:NDEDIU
4994:Togo:
4864:Peru:
4836:Oman:
4682:Iran:
4652:CPGNSO
4496:KGB RB
4363:Togo:
4195:Oman:
4065:Syrbar
4035:Mossad
4021:Iraq:
4015:Iran:
3931:SENAIN
3905:Cuba:
3875:Chad:
3823:KGB RB
3398:Cutout
3349:Agents
3203:Global
3129:MASINT
3124:SIGINT
2976:Cutout
2860:Assets
2855:Agents
2745:SIGINT
2690:
2671:
2639:
2617:
2169:
2119:
2094:
2071:
2020:
1988:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1782:Venona
1424:Enigma
1421:U-boat
1384:radars
1225:Navajo
1067:- and
1065:medium
956:MASINT
780:RC-135
526:Enigma
417:. The
213:). As
203:COMINT
181:SIGINT
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
6553:Types
6498:PRISM
6417:Leaks
6331:Italy
6224:DIGOS
6130:MASAK
6114:GDOFI
6051:GNECB
6045:PPATK
6027:DNRED
5954:DGIFC
5825:UAE:
5553:DGCIM
5545:USAFI
5462:CIFAS
5412:AFISC
5378:ISAFP
5224:KNBSZ
5190:DMISR
5062:SEBIN
4950:CITCO
4808:NZSIS
4502:VS/SE
4454:SINSE
4407:SIS (
4167:NZSIS
4125:CISEN
3763:SHISH
3573:Other
3544:Radar
3388:Cover
3366:Asset
3354:field
2888:Agent
2883:Cover
2809:(PDF)
2782:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2629:(PDF)
2489:(PDF)
2482:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2276:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2195:(PDF)
1986:S2CID
1951:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1879:S2CID
1871:JSTOR
1767:SOT-A
1657:HF/DF
1413:Ultra
1392:EMCON
1237:Welsh
1048:unit.
897:HF/DF
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