3046:. The recent capture of FARC's leaders' computers, and leaked email exchanges between both groups, show that ETA members received training from FARC. Apparently, FARC asked for help from ETA to conduct future attacks in Spain, but the Anncol news agency later denied it, clarifying that the Spanish capital Madrid had been confused with a city in northern Colombia also named Madrid. Following a judicial investigation, it was reported that FARC and ETA had held meetings in Colombia, exchanging information about combat tactics and methods of activating explosives through mobile phones. The two organizations were said to have met at least three times. One of the meetings involved two ETA representatives and two FARC leaders, at a FARC camp, and lasted for a week in 2003. FARC also offered to hide ETA fugitives while requesting anti-air missiles, as well as asking ETA to supply medical experts who could work at FARC prison camps for more than a year. Besides, and more controversially, FARC also asked ETA to stage attacks and kidnappings on its behalf in Europe.
1235:. The new Spanish constitution was opposed by Basque nationalists as it was considered insufficient in terms of Basque autonomy, protection of the Basque language and providing Euskadi with no legal way towards achieving independence from Spain. Basque politicians decried the new constitution as "the continuing occupation of the Basque Country" and called for abstention from the constitutional referendum. As the result, the abstention rate in Euskadi was over 55%, and although 75% of Basque voters voted in favour of the new constitution, they represented only 31% of the Basque population. Because of this, "Euskadi remained the one region in the country in which a majority of the electorate did not support the foundational document of Spain’s democracy."
1956:, Tony Blair indicated that lessons in dealing with paramilitary separatist groups can be learned from how the Spanish administration handled ETA. Blair wrote, "governments must firmly defend themselves, their principles and their people against terrorists. This requires good police and intelligence work as well as political determination. , firm security pressure on terrorists must be coupled with offering them a way out when they realize that they cannot win by violence. Terrorist groups are rarely defeated by military means alone". Blair also suggested that Spain would need to discuss weapon decommissioning, peace strategies, reparations for victims, and security with ETA, as Britain discussed with the
950:(University of the Basque Country), asking about the views of ETA within the Basque population, obtained these results in May 2009: 64% rejected ETA totally, 13% identified themselves as former ETA sympathisers who no longer support the group. Another 10% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. Three percent said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 3% expressed indifference and 3% were undecided or did not answer. About 3% gave ETA "justified, with criticism" support (supporting the group but criticising some of their actions) and only 1% gave ETA total support. Even within Batasuna voters, at least 48% rejected ETA's violence.
1742:
8973:
860:. Their loss of sympathisers had been reflected in an erosion of support for the political parties identified with them. In the 1998 Basque parliament elections Euskal Herritarrok, formerly Batasuna, polled 17.7% of the votes. However, by 2001 the party's support had fallen to 10.0%. There were also concerns that Spain's "judicial offensive" against alleged ETA supporters (two Basque political parties and one NGO were banned in September 2008) constituted a threat to human rights. Strong evidence was seen that a legal network had grown so wide as to lead to the arrest of numerous innocent people. According to
8966:
8959:
3412:
3382:
3324:
3294:
3192:
3166:
3128:
324:
2227:). When the bombs targeted individuals for assassination they were often surreptitiously rigged in the victim's car. The detonating systems varied. They were rarely manually ignited but instead, for example, wired so the bomb would explode on the ignition or when the car went over a set speed limit. Sometimes the bomb was placed inside a stolen car with false plates, parked along the route of the objective, and the explosive remotely activated when the target passed by (e.g. V.I.P. cars, police patrols or military vehicles).
503:
9053:
377:
1220:, on the issue of self-determination. In 1974 self-determination for the Basque Country was a part of PSOE platform, and the party asserted that "all nationalities and regions had the right to break free from the Spanish state". However, the party moved towards centralist position after 1976, and Spanish parties "abandoned all pretensions to support self-determination within a constitutional drafting committee". Basque parties connected to ETA such as KAS and the MLVN created a new far-left
2076:
2060:
1470:", under which imprisoned ETA members whom the government believed had genuinely abandoned violence could be freed and allowed to rejoin society. Claiming a need to prevent ETA from coercively impeding this reinsertion, the PSOE government decided that imprisoned ETA members, who previously had all been imprisoned within the Basque Country, would instead be dispersed to prisons throughout Spain, some as far from their families as in the Salto del Negro prison in the
841:
698:
2734:, who is rumoured to have led police to 'Thierry'. The Spanish Interior Ministry claimed the relevance of the arrests would come in time with the investigation. Furthermore, the Interior Minister said that those members of ETA now arrested had ordered the latest attacks and that senior ETA member Francisco Javier López Peña was "not just another arrest because he is, in all probability, the man who has most political and military weight in the terrorist group."
9973:
1083:
344:
355:
34:
9017:
366:
140:
1838:
member of the armed Basque group ETA, missing since April 2009 – revealed no signs of having been beaten, wounded or shot, which should rule out any suspicions that he died from unnatural causes. Nevertheless, that very magistrate denied the demand of the family asking for the presence of a family doctor during the autopsy. After this, Jon Anza's family members asked for a second autopsy to be carried out.
1274:. GAL committed 27 assassinations (all but one in France), plus several kidnappings and torture, not only of ETA members but of civilians supposedly related to those, some of whom turned out to have nothing to do with ETA. GAL activities were a follow-up of similar dirty war actions by death squads, actively supported by members of Spanish security forces and secret services, using names such as
1816:. In the week of 8 September 2008, two Basque political parties were banned by a Spanish court for their secretive links to ETA. In another case in the same week, 21 people were convicted whose work on behalf of ETA prisoners actually belied secretive links to the armed separatists themselves. ETA reacted to these actions by placing three major car bombs in less than 24 hours in northern Spain.
1564:, due to the threats by the group over the Basque courts. Under Article 509 suspected terrorists are subject to being held incommunicado for up to thirteen days, during which they have no contact with the outside world other than through the court-appointed lawyer, including informing their family of their arrest, consultation with private lawyers or examination by a physician other than the
1056:, which is considered to be the defining text of the movement. In contrast to previous Basque nationalist platforms, Krutwig's vision was anti-religious and based upon language and culture rather than race. ETA's third and fourth assemblies, held in 1964 and 1965, adopted an anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist position, seeing nationalism and the class struggle as intrinsically connected.
1488:
1855:
ceasefire was considered permanent by the group. ETA claimed that it had decided to initiate a ceasefire several months before the announcement. In the part of the video, the spokesperson said that the group was "prepared today as yesterday to agree to the minimum democratic conditions necessary to put in motion a democratic process if the
Spanish government is willing".
1228:
working class' living condition, and an autonomy statute that allowed for Basque self-determination. However, these demands were rejected by the
Spanish government, and Madrid passed a new anti-terrorist law in 1978 that reintroduced Franco-esque policing methods; Robert Clark described the law and its consequences as "the long road back to Francoism without Franco".
1150:, Franco's chosen successor and president of the government (a position roughly equivalent to being a prime minister). The assassination had been planned for months and was executed by placing a bomb in a tunnel dug below the street where Carrero Blanco's car passed every day. The bomb blew up beneath the politician's car and left a massive crater in the road.
1417:, killing 21 and injuring 45; in the last case, entire families were killed. The horror caused then was so striking that ETA felt compelled to issue a communiqué stating that they had given warning of the Hipercor bomb, but that the police had declined to evacuate the area. The police said that the warning came only a few minutes before the bomb exploded.
989:
1436:, known as "Yoyes", while she was walking with her infant son. Yoyes was a former member of ETA who had abandoned the armed struggle and rejoined civil society: they accused her of "desertion" because of her taking advantage of the Spanish reinsertion policy which granted amnesty to those prisoners who publicly renounced political violence (see below).
655:("street fight"), that is, violent acts against public transportation, political parties' offices or cultural buildings, destruction of private property of politicians, police, military, bank offices, journalists, council members, and anyone voicing criticism of ETA. Tactics included threats, graffiti of political mottoes, and rioting, usually using
1428:(known in English as Association for Peace in the Basque Country) was founded; they began to convene silent demonstrations in communities throughout the Basque Country the day after any violent killing, whether by ETA or by GAL. These were the first systematic demonstrations in the Basque Country against political violence. Also in 1986, in
1075:(DRIL) (together with four other very similar bombings committed that same day across Spain, all of them attributed to DRIL), and the attribution to ETA has been considered to be unfounded by researchers. Police documents dating from 1961, released in 2013, show that the DRIL was indeed the author of the bombing. A more recent study by the
1868:
1616:. The appearance of these groups was attributed by many to the supposed weakness of ETA, which obliged them to resort to minors to maintain or augment their impact on society after arrests of leading militants, including the "cupola". ETA also began to menace leaders of other parties besides rival Basque nationalist parties.
515:
police point towards significant changes in ETA's structures in its later years. ETA divided the three substructures into a total of eleven. The change was a response to captures, and possible infiltration, by the different law enforcement agencies. ETA intended to disperse its members and reduce the effects of detentions.
805:(MLNV) regards present police actions as violence, torture and state terrorism). Nevertheless, most of their members and certainly most of their leadership were former Batasuna supporters or affiliates. The Spanish Supreme Court unanimously considered the party to be a successor to Batasuna and declared a ban on it.
494:"definitive end" to its operations and disband completely. The group announced on 7 April 2017 that it had given up all its weapons and explosives. On 2 May 2018, ETA made public a letter dated 16 April 2018 according to which it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative".
892:. Largely protected from Francoist persecution, Basque-speaking priests educated members of ETA in the nationalist faith and were considered the guardians of Basque language and culture, heavily influencing Basque nationalism. Basque nationalism acquired a religious character, as evidenced by the motto of
628:("burnt out"), members freed after having been imprisoned or those that were suspected by the group of being under police surveillance. In the past, there was also the figure of the deportees, expelled by the French government to remote countries where they lived freely. ETA's internal bulletin was named
2748:
said about the arrests: "We can't say this is the only ETA unit but it was the most active, most dynamic and of course the most wanted one." Four days later French police also arrested two suspects believed to be tied to the same active cell. The two suspects were: Asier Eceiza, considered a top aide
2507:
legislation on human rights and the legal representation of detainees. Virtually all of the highest ranks within ETA –including their successive "military", "political" or finances chiefs – have been captured in French territory, from where they had been plotting their activities after having crossed
2323:
Its ability to inflict violence had declined steadily since the group was at its strongest during the late 1970s and 1980 (when it killed 92 people in a single year). After decreasing peaks in the fatal casualties in 1987 and 1991, 2000 was the last year when ETA killed more than 20 in a single year.
1858:
The announcement was met with a mixed reaction; Basque nationalist politicians responded positively and said that the
Spanish and international governments should do the same, while the Spanish interior counsellor of Basque, Rodolfo Ares, said that the committee did not go far enough. He said that he
1367:
In this regard, Amnesty
International showed concern for the continuous disregard of the recommendations issued by the agency to prevent the alleged abuses from possibly taking place. Also in this regard, ETA's manuals were found instructing its members and supporters to claim routinely that they had
759:
which bars political parties that use violence to achieve political goals, promote hatred against different groups or seek to destroy the democratic system. The bill passed the Cortes with a 304 to 16 vote. Many within the Basque nationalistic movement strongly disputed the Law, which they considered
8659:
There is no information concerning activities of these or other organizations on Cuban territory. Press reports indicate that fugitives from US justice and ETA members are living legally in Cuba, just like fugitives from Cuban justice live legally in the US. The United States says it is not aware of
1968:
described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason". Additionally, the effort of security and intelligence forces in Spain and France are cited by politicians as the primary instruments responsible for the weakening of ETA. The optimism may come as a surprise considering ETA's failure to
1837:
published an article that suggested that ETA member Jon Anza could have been killed and buried by
Spanish police in April 2009. The central prosecutor in the French town of Bayonne, Anne Kayanakis, announced, as the official version, that the autopsy carried out on the body of Jon Anza – a suspected
1793:
Barajas international airport. The explosion caused the collapse of the building and killed two
Ecuadorian immigrants who were napping inside their cars in the parking building. At 6:00 pm, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero released a statement stating that the "peace process" had been discontinued.
1666:
This demand was not met by the
Spanish government and after three days Miguel Ángel Blanco was found shot dead when the deadline expired. More than six million people took out to the streets to demand his liberation, with massive demonstrations occurring as much in the Basque regions as elsewhere in
1238:
In the 1980s, ETA(pm) accepted the
Spanish government's offer of individual pardons to all ETA prisoners, even those who had committed violent crimes, who publicly abandoned the policy of violence. This caused a new division in ETA(pm) between the seventh and eighth assemblies. ETA VII accepted this
1196:
The transition to democracy did not undermine core reasons for the existence of ETA, with a large part of its members remaining committed to armed struggle and local Basque community remaining supportive of it into the 1990s. This was caused by the character of
Spanish transition, as it was based on
2502:
With the disbanding of the GAL, the French government changed its position on the matter and in the 1990s initiated the ongoing period of active cooperation with the
Spanish government against ETA, including fast-track transfers of detainees to Spanish tribunals that are regarded as fully compliant
1227:
One of the parties within Herri Batasuna, ETA-affiliated KAS, listed five conditions from ETA that would need to be fulfilled for it to abandon armed struggle - amnesty for all Basque prisoners, legalisation of separatist Basque parties, withdrawal of Spanish police from Euskadi, improvement of the
957:
showed that 88% of the Basques thought that all political parties needed to launch a dialogue, including a debate on the political framework for the Basque Country (86%). Sixty-nine percent support the idea of ratifying the results of this hypothetical multiparty dialogue through a referendum. This
1988:
This event may not alter the goals of the Basque separatist movement but will change the method of the fight for a more autonomous state. Negotiations with the newly elected administration may prove difficult with the return to the centre-right People's Party, which is replacing Socialist control,
1781:
These took place all over 2006, not free from incidents such as an ETA cell stealing some 300 handguns, ammunition and spare parts in France in October 2006. or a series of warnings made by ETA such as the one of 23 September, when masked ETA militants declared that the group would "keep taking up
1359:
at the hands of Spanish police forces. While these claims are hard to verify, some convictions were based on confessions while prisoners were held incommunicado and without access to a lawyer of their choice, for a maximum of five days. These confessions were routinely repudiated by the defendants
1351:
According to the radical nationalist group, Euskal Memoria, between 1960 and 2010 there were 465 deaths in the Basque Country due to (primarily Spanish) state violence. This figure is considerably higher than those given elsewhere, which are usually between 250 and 300. Critics of ETA cite only 56
880:
and owed its ability to survive the Francoist years of harsh repression to the support of Basque clergy, with many Basque priests having strong nationalist and separatist tendencies. With the approval of the local ecclesiastical hierarchy, ETA was able to store its weapons in churches, chapels and
831:
In February 2011, Sortu, a party described as "the new Batasuna", was launched. Unlike predecessor parties, Sortu explicitly rejects politically motivated violence, including that of ETA. However, on 23 March 2011, the Spanish Supreme Court banned Sortu from registering as a political party on the
800:
of April 2005. Its supporters claimed no heritage from Batasuna, asserting that they aimed to allow Basque citizens to freely express their political ideas, even those of independence. On the matter of political violence, Aukera Guztiak stated their right not to condemn some kinds of violence more
767:
did not necessarily require responses to individual acts of violence, but rather a declaration of principles explicitly rejecting violence as a means of achieving political goals. Defenders also argued that the ban of a political party is subject to judicial process, with all the guarantees of the
6143:
Although convictions of torturers occur, these are rare. ... examining judges and prosecutors may not always be displaying due diligence ... trials involving torture complaints are often delayed for long periods. Where torture has been found to have occurred and torturers are convicted,
3020:
and condemning the European Union as exploitative and bourgeois; the declaration also stated: "The fight against imperialism and colonialism in the Western European subcontinent calls for determined and fundamental opposition to the Common Market. The national oppression and economic exploitation
2776:
France and Spain have often shown co-operation in the fight against ETA, after France's lack of co-operation during the Franco era. In late 2007, two Spanish guards were shot to death in France when on a joint operation with their French counterparts. Furthermore, in May 2008, the arrests of four
1984:
was in office. Aznar was responsible for banning media outlets seen as subversive to the state and Batasuna, the political party of ETA. Additionally, in preparation for his party's manifesto, on 30 October 2011, Rajoy declared that the People's Party would not negotiate with ETA under threats of
1368:
been tortured while detained. Unai Romano's case was very controversial: pictures of him with a symmetrically swollen face of uncertain aetiology were published after his incommunicado period leading to claims of police abuse and torture. Martxelo Otamendi, the ex-director of the Basque newspaper
2482:. The leadership typically chose to live in France for security reasons, where police pressure was much less than in Spain. Accordingly, ETA's tactical approach had been to downplay the issue of independence of the French Basque country so as to get French acquiescence for their activities. The
1548:
During the ETA ceasefire of the late 1990s, the PSOE government brought the prisoners on the islands and in Africa back to the mainland. Since the end of the ceasefire, ETA prisoners have not been sent back to overseas prisons. Some Basque authorities have established grants for the expenses of
514:
ETA changed its internal structure on several occasions, commonly for security reasons. The group used to have a very hierarchical organization with a leading figure at the top, delegating into three substructures: the logistical, military and political sections. Reports from Spanish and French
1854:
On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire, its third after two previous ceasefires were ended by the group. A spokesperson speaking on a video announcing the ceasefire said the group wished to use "peaceful, democratic means" to achieve its aims, though it was not specified whether the
1285:
One consequence of GAL's activities in France was the decision in 1984 by interior minister Pierre Joxe to permit the extradition of ETA suspects to Spain. Reaching this decision had taken 25 years and was critical in curbing ETA's capabilities by denial of previously safe territory in France.
1153:
For some in the Spanish opposition, Carrero Blanco's assassination, i.e., the elimination of Franco's chosen successor was an instrumental step for the subsequent re-establishment of democracy. The government responded with new anti-terrorism laws which gave police greater powers and empowered
823:
before the elections were held. The bulk of Batasuna supporters voted in this election for PCTV. It obtained 9 seats of 75 (12.44% of votes) in the Basque Parliament. The election of EHAK representatives eventually allowed the programme of the now-illegal Batasuna to continue being represented
2511:
In response to the new situation, ETA carried out attacks against French policemen and made threats to some French judges and prosecutors. This implied a change from the group's previous low-profile in the French Basque Country, which successive ETA leaders had used to discreetly manage their
6165:
The Committee also expressed concern about: the length of judicial investigations into torture complaints, which could give rise to the granting of pardons to convicted torturers, or the failure to impose appropriate sentences, owing to the period of time that had elapsed since the crime was
2273:
or blackmail: called by ETA a "revolutionary tax", demanding money from a business owner in the Basque Country or elsewhere in Spain, under threats to him and his family, up to and including death threats. Occasionally, some French Basques were threatened in this manner, such as footballer
2231:
These bombs sometimes killed family members of ETA's target victim and bystanders. When the bombs were large car-bombs seeking to produce large damage and terror, they were generally announced by one or more telephone calls made to newspapers speaking in the name of ETA. Charities (usually
493:
ETA declared ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006. On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire that remained in force, and on 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". On 24 November 2012, it was reported that the group was ready to negotiate a
1681:
in the US appeared to have dealt a hard blow to ETA, owing to the worldwide toughening of "anti-terrorist" measures (such as the freezing of bank accounts), the increase in international policy coordination, and the end of the toleration some countries had, up until then, extended to ETA.
1823:
was arrested, making him the fourth consecutive ETA military chief to be captured within a single year, an unprecedented police record, further weakening the group. Violence surged in the middle of 2009, with several ETA attacks leaving three people dead and dozens injured around Spain.
4154:
536:
that functioned as an advisory committee. The eleven different substructures were: logistics, politics, international relations with fraternal organisations, military operations, reserves, prisoner support, expropriation, information, recruitment, negotiation, and treasury.
470:("Keep up on both"), referring to the two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed struggle). Between 1968 and 2010, ETA killed 829 people (including 340 civilians) and injured more than 22,000. ETA was classified as a
1477:
In the event, the only clear effect of this policy was to incite social protest, especially from nationalists and families of the prisoners, claiming cruelty of separating family members from the insurgents. Much of the protest against this policy runs under the slogan
1623:
Alternative as a minimum proposal for the establishment of Euskal Herria. The Democratic Alternative offered the cessation of all armed ETA activity if the Spanish government would recognize the Basque people as having sovereignty over Basque territory, the right to
900:, the father of Basque nationalism, argued that the Basque Country could not be truly Catholic as long as it was dependent on Spain, and portrayed his struggle for independent Euskadi not as a political project, but rather as something that was ‘about saving souls’.
2373:, Landes, France. This was its first killing after it ended its 2006 declaration of "permanent ceasefire" and the first killing committed by ETA in France of a Spanish police agent since 1976, when they kidnapped, tortured and assassinated two Spanish inspectors in
2266:
Anonymous threats: often delivered in the Basque Country by placards or graffiti. Such threats forced many people into hiding or exile from the Basque Country and were used to prevent people from freely expressing political ideas other than Basque nationalist
2151:, also received threats. Hundreds of politicians in Spain required a constant bodyguard service. Bodyguards are contingent victims as well. In 2005 ETA announced that it would no longer "target" elected politicians. Nonetheless, ETA killed ex-council member
7153:
read that "the Spanish state is a prison for the people, and this is shown by denying the national identity of the Catalan countries. The Spanish state has also become a prison for democracy since it has trampled on the rights of the Catalans"; see
2281:
Kidnapping: often as a punishment for failing to pay the blackmail known as "revolutionary tax", but was also used to try to force the government to free ETA prisoners under the threat of killing the kidnapped, as in the kidnapping and execution of
1484:("Basque prisoners to the Basque Country"; by "Basque prisoners" only ETA members are meant). It has to be noted that almost in any Spanish jail there is a group of ETA prisoners, as the number of ETA prisoners makes it difficult to disperse them.
743:
However, the party itself denied being the political wing of ETA, although double membership – simultaneous or alternative – between Batasuna and ETA was often recorded, such as with the cases of prominent Batasuna leaders like Josu Urrutikoetxea,
2353:
Actions in France usually consisted of assaults on arsenals or military industries to steal weapons or explosives; these were usually stored in large quantities in hide-outs located in the French Basque Country rather than Spain. The French judge
1873:
1871:
1885:
On 10 January 2011, ETA declared that their September 2010 ceasefire would be permanent and verifiable by international observers. Observers urged caution, pointing out that ETA had broken permanent ceasefires in the past, whereas Prime Minister
816:), a formerly unknown political party which had no representation in the Autonomous Basque Parliament. EHAK announced that they would apply the votes they obtained to sustain the political programme of the now-banned Aukera Guztiak platform.
1872:
1205:). Francoist officials in the army, police and judiciary retained their posts, and no attempt was ever made to hold the representatives of the Francoist regime responsible for political violence and oppression. Left-wing Basque nationalist
1289:
The airing of the state-sponsored "dirty war" scheme and the imprisonment of officials responsible for GAL in the early 1990s led to a political scandal in Spain. The group's connections with the state were unveiled by the Spanish journal
739:
finally declared Batasuna illegal on 18 March 2003. The court considered proven that Batasuna had links with ETA and that it constituted in fact part of ETA's structure. In 2003, the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the legality of the law.
1963:
ETA had declared ceasefires many times before, most significantly in 1999 and 2006, but the Spanish government and media outlets expressed particularly hopeful opinions regarding the permanence of this proclamation. Spanish premier
1544:
and several Nationalist town halls granted money on humanitarian reasons for relatives to visit prisoners. The long road trips have caused accidental deaths that are protested against by Nationalist Prisoner's Family supporters.
2498:
cooperation between France and Spain, with the French government considering ETA a Spanish domestic problem. At the time, ETA members often travelled between the two countries using the French sanctuary as a base of operations.
1841:
In December 2009, Spain raised its terror alert after warning that ETA could be planning major attacks or high-profile kidnappings during Spain's European Union presidency. The next day, after being asked by the opposition,
911:
repeatedly justified the actions of ETA in his statements, causing consternation and even indignation in Spain. His statement that dialogue with ETA should have begun before it even stopped the attacks was condemned by the
1686:, was outlawed and the law of parties was changed outlawing Herri Batasuna, the "political arm" of ETA (although even before the change in law, Batasuna had been largely paralysed and under judicial investigation by judge
1189:, which allowed its members to move freely through French territory, believing that in this manner they were contributing to the end of Franco's regime. There is much controversy over the degree to which this policy of "
2671:), accused of acting as a network of meeting centres for members and supporters of ETA. Batasuna was outlawed in all forms. Most taverns continue working normally as their ownership is not directly linked to Batasuna.
2315:
With its attacks against what they considered "enemies of the Basque people", ETA killed over 820 people since 1968, including more than 340 civilians. It maimed hundreds more and kidnapped dozens. ETA was opposed to
1782:
arms" until achieving "independence and socialism in the Basque country", which were regarded by some as a way to increase pressure on the talks, by others as a tactic to reinforce ETA's position in the negotiations.
1663:, with the separatist group threatening to assassinate him unless the Spanish government met ETA's demand of starting to bring all ETA's inmates to prisons of the Basque Country within two days after the kidnapping.
2013:
reported that ETA would disarm "tomorrow", including a photo of a stamped ETA letter attesting to this. The French police found 3.5 tonnes of weapons on 8 April, the following day, at the caches handed over by ETA.
1342:
These events marked the end of the armed "counter-terrorist" period in Spain and no major cases of foul play on the part of the Spanish government after 1987 (when GAL ceased to operate) have been proven in courts.
1870:
1177:
Both ETA(m) and ETA(pm) refused offers of amnesty, and instead pursued and intensified their violent struggle. The years 1978–1980 were to prove ETA's most deadly, with 68, 76, and 98 fatalities, respectively.
2950:
1360:
during trials as having been extracted under torture. There were some successful prosecutions of proven tortures during the "dirty war" period of the mid-1980s, although the penalties have been considered by
2203:
of the subterranean parking lot of the Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona which killed 21 civilians and left 45 seriously wounded, of whom 20 were left disabled; also the attack of Plaza de Callao in Madrid.
903:
ETA-supportive clergy accepted the violence of ETA, following the beliefs of liberation theology and seeing it as a part of the oppressed people's aspiration for freedom and independence. The Archbishop of
10005:
2404:, a movement born much after ETA's creation. This loose term refers to a range of political organizations that are ideologically similar, comprising several distinct organizations that promote a type of
6605:
731:
Batasuna's political status was controversial. It was considered to be the political wing of ETA. Moreover, after the investigations on the nature of the relationship between Batasuna and ETA by Judge
5470:
2338:, Navarre, and (to a lesser degree) Madrid, Barcelona, and the tourist areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. To date, about 65% of ETA's killings were committed in the Basque Country, followed by
1980:
expressed the need to push for the full dissolution of ETA. The People's Party has emphasized the obligation of the state to refuse negotiations with separatist movements since former Prime Minister
10000:
8551:
6947:
4444:"Council Common Position 2009/468/CFSP of 15 June 2009 updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2009/67/CFSP"
2675:
2388:
Although ETA used robbery as a means of financing its activities in its early days, it was accused both of arms trafficking and of benefiting economically from its political counterpart Batasuna.
8586:
5236:
2726:, also known as 'Thierry,' had been on the run for twenty years before his arrest. A final total of arrests brought in six people, including ETA members and supporters, including the ex-Mayor of
6710:
6080:
2292:, of very reduced dimensions for extended periods. Also, people robbed of their vehicles would usually be tied up and abandoned in an isolated place to allow those who carjacked them to escape.
856:
from 1975 on and ETA's progressive radicalisation had resulted in a steady loss of support, which became especially apparent at the time of their 1997 kidnapping and countdown assassination of
7568:
2983:
received Gama 2 explosives and two dozen FireBird pistols in exchange for G3 machine guns. Additionally, ETA came to harbor, in the Basque Country, two FP-25 terrorists who needed to retreat.
2385:
In 2007, police reports pointed out that, after the serious blows suffered by ETA and its political counterparts during the 2000s, its budget would have been adjusted to €2,000,000 annually.
2327:
Similarly, over the 1990s and, especially, during the 2000s, fluid cooperation between the French and Spanish police, state-of-the-art tracking devices and techniques and, apparently, police
2278:. ETA moved the extorted funds to accounts in Liechtenstein and other fiscal havens. According to French judiciary sources, as of 2008 ETA exacted an estimated €900,000 a year in this manner.
6578:
1317:
court finished its trial, which resulted in convictions and imprisonment of several individuals related to the GAL, including civil servants and politicians up to the highest levels of the
8051:
7625:
5592:
5324:
1580:
881:
monasteries. According to the US researcher Robert P. Clark, 73% of Basque priests were members of ETA in 1968. ETA was also able to survive because of profound sympathy it found in the
1620:
622:
There were also imprisoned members of the group, serving time scattered across Spain and France, that sometimes still had significant influence inside the organisation; and finally the
6796:
6399:
2547:
and its successor parties unless they explicitly condemned terrorist actions and, at times, imprisoning or trying some of its leaders who have been indicted for cooperation with ETA.
1584:
2536:) or parole. Before that date, those who did so were menaced and expelled from the group. Some were assassinated by ETA for leaving the group and going through reinsertion programs.
1193:" continued even after the transition to democracy, but it is generally agreed that after 1983 the French authorities started to collaborate with the Spanish government against ETA.
7951:
7025:
5219:
1890:(who left office in December 2011) demanded that ETA declare that it had given up violence once and for all. After the declaration, Spanish press started speculating of a possible
10020:
6498:
8698:
9185:
6661:
2833:
2731:
400:
6635:
2543:. This is a law barring political parties that support violence and do not condemn terrorist actions or are involved with terrorist groups. The law resulted in the banning of
1869:
2741:
being put on hold, police work has been on the rise. On 22 July 2008, Spanish police dismantled the most active cell of ETA by detaining nine suspected members of the group.
1109:
in San Sebastián and associated with a long record of tortures inflicted on detainees in his custody. In December 1970, several members of ETA were condemned to death in the
1101:
during a routine road check. Etxebarrieta was chased down and killed as he tried to flee. This led to retaliation in the form of the first planned ETA assassination: that of
10030:
2762:
2650:
1158:
when two ETA members were executed in September 1975, eight weeks before Franco's death, sparked massive domestic and international protests against the Spanish government.
475:
1576:
1124:
In early December 1970, ETA kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beilh, to exchange him for the Burgos defendants. He was released unharmed on 24 December.
7992:
6516:
3473:
2350:; Terra Lliure was ultimately less successful and also avoided violent actions - excluding deaths amongst its members, Terra Lliure only had a single, accidental victim.
2346:
also registered significant numbers. ETA cooperated with the Catalan nationalist movement, which had its own far-left separatist organization that based itself off ETA -
2641:
808:
After Aukera Guztiak had been banned, and less than two weeks before the election, another political group appeared born from an earlier schism from Herri Batasuna, the
6050:
4506:
2815:
safe house while being sought by the Spanish authorities. Interpol notified the judge, Eloy Velasco, that he was in either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland.
2331:
allowed increasingly repeating blows to ETA's leadership and structure (between May 2008 and April 2009 no less than four consecutive "military chiefs" were arrested).
10025:
3206:
6010:
1302:
series leading to the GAL plot being discovered and a national trial initiated. As a consequence, the group's attacks since the revelation have generally been dubbed
760:
too draconian or even unconstitutional; alleging that any party could be made illegal almost by choice, simply for not clearly stating their opposition to an attack.
7049:
1859:
considered ETA's statement "absolutely insufficient" because it did not commit to a complete termination of what Ares considered "terrorist activity" by the group.
1248:
ETA VIII, after a brief period of independent activity, eventually integrated into ETA(m). With no factions existing anymore, ETA(m) reclaimed the original name of
1003:
ETA grew out of a student group called Ekin, founded in the early 1950s, which published a magazine and undertook direct action. ETA was founded on 31 July 1959 as
7902:
Buesa, Mikel; Baumert, Thomas (August 2013). "Untangling Eta's Finance: An In-Depth Analysis of the Basque Terrorist's Economic Network and the Money It Handles".
2789:
1993:
1898:
1878:
1447:
with the intent of ending ETA's violence. Weeks later on 28 January, ETA announced a 60-day "ceasefire", later prolonged several times. Negotiations known as the
8649:
The Government of Cuba maintains close relationships with other state sponsors of terrorism such as Iran and North Korea, and has provided a haven to members of
1209:
recalled: "We confront the flagrant contradiction that in the Spanish state they still have not addressed something so fundamental as the crimes of Francoism."
958:
poll also reveals that the hope of a peaceful resolution to the issue of the constitutional status of the Basque region has fallen to 78% (from 90% in April).
6613:
4678:
3449:
2102:
also provide housing for their families, thus, attacks on the barracks have also resulted in deaths of relatives, including children. As the regional police (
6740:
5474:
4990:
2841:
2046:, has said the violence ETA used in its quest for independence "should never have happened" and it ought to have laid down its arms far earlier than it did.
2035:, published on 2 May 2018, ETA formally announced that it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative" on 16 April 2018.
4011:
2930:; the two groups have both, at times, characterized their struggles as parallel. Links between the two groups go back to at least March 1974. ETA purchased
2189:
Economic targets: a wide array of private or public property considered valuable assets of Spain, especially railroads, tourist sites, industries, or malls.
1992:
In September 2016, French police stated that they did not believe ETA had made progress in giving up arms. In March 2017, well-known French-Basque activist
1040:, France, in 1962, during which a "declaration of principles" was formulated and following which a structure of activist cells was developed. Subsequently,
9192:
9128:
7576:
7373:
6964:
2897:
1079:
based on the analysis of police diligences at the time reached the same conclusion, naming Guillermo Santoro, member of DRIL, as the author of the attack.
8548:
7227:
5530:
3363:, where the squad of Israeli operatives pretend to be members of ETA to avoid conflict with a squad of PLO operatives whilst sharing a neutral safe house.
3021:
suffered by the Irish, Basque, and Breton people can do nothing in effect but worsen by the development of this vast and dangerous capitalist enterprise."
2975:. Later, in 1981, when Portugal and Spain were living already in full democracy, ETA exchanged weapons, explosives and provided logistical support to the
2785:
1985:
violence nor announcements of the group's termination, but would instead focus party efforts on remembering and honouring victims of separatist violence.
888:
Basque clergy was also important in terms of ideology of the organization, as it provided ETA with both new members as well as influences of the far-left
2704:
2358:
was threatened by ETA and a plot arguably aiming to assassinate her was unveiled. Only very rarely have ETA members engaged in shootings with the French
1460:
8602:
8583:
3893:
1270:, active between 1983 and 1987. The GAL's stated mission was to avenge every ETA killing with another killing of ETA exiles in the French department of
6290:
2663:
2355:
1723:
from Morocco were eventually convicted. The judicial investigation currently states that there is no relationship between ETA and the Madrid bombings.
1444:
6480:
5089:
3583:
8571:
7764:
4308:
4252:
3697:
3561:
3229:
2233:
2009:, "ETA has made us responsible for the disarmament of its arsenal, and by the afternoon of 8 April, ETA will be completely unarmed." On 7 April, the
1786:
1736:
588:
literally means "hole"). The small cellars used to hide the people kidnapped are named by ETA and ETA's supporters "people's jails". The most common
7156:
6178:
3196:
1594:
After a two-month truce, ETA adopted even more radical positions. The principal consequence of the change appears to have been the creation of the "
3991:
3220:
9247:
5285:
3012:- both organizations shared intelligence, and Breton revolutionaries received training from ETA in the Basque movement's clandestine camps in the
2955:
7518:
5941:
3493:
3236:
3170:
1450:
885:, and the support of local nationalists and clergy granted ETA safe haven in France, where it was beyond the reach of Francoist security forces.
8048:
7633:
6204:
5315:
5244:
546:
s (groups or commandos), generally composed of three to five members, whose objective was to conduct attacks in a specific geographic zone. The
10035:
7598:
6718:
5596:
3545:
3225:
2686:
8322:
8215:
8135:
8116:
7279:
6994:
6887:
6804:
2434:
There are Basque nationalist parties with similar goals as those of ETA (namely, independence) but who reject their violent means. They are:
2263:
model) were occasionally used to attack military or police bases. Their lack of precision was probably the reason their use was discontinued.
1467:
487:
7429:
4709:
4346:
2236:—DYA) were also used to announce the threat if the bomb was in a populated area. The type of explosives used in these attacks was initially
1463:("Antxon") and the then PSOE government of Spain, but no successful conclusion was reached, and ETA eventually resumed the use of violence.
1405:
in September 1985, resulting in one death (American citizen Eugene Kent Brown, employee of Johnson & Johnson) and sixteen injuries; the
10040:
9825:
8084:
5789:
Panisello Sabaté, Susana (2012). "Primera colaboración francesa en la política antiterrorista española: la deportación a terceros países".
2693:
1587:("Fiti"), often referred to collectively as the "cúpula" of ETA or as the Artapalo collective—were arrested in the northern Basque town of
1339:), something which, for some, indicated at least his knowledge of the scheme. However, his involvement with the GAL could never be proven.
768:
State of Law. Batasuna had failed to produce such a statement. As of February 2008 other political parties linked to organizations such as
445:
to a violent paramilitary group. It engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings throughout Spain and especially the
7942:
7655:
7034:
1071:
have always showed that ETA's first victim was killed in 1968. The 1960 attack was claimed by the Portuguese and Galician left-wing group
9260:
7850:
5268:
5216:
2793:
2781:
1749:
In the context of negotiation with the Spanish government, ETA declared what it described as a "truce" several times since its creation.
9286:
8706:
5676:
2610:
2569:
1595:
1072:
6665:
4729:
1628:, and that it freed all ETA members in prison. The Spanish government ultimately rejected this peace offer as it would go against the
9766:
9121:
8881:
7794:
6639:
5415:
2904:
4396:
2087:
ETA's targets expanded from military or police-related personnel and their families to a wider array, which included the following:
1952:. The meeting did not include Spanish or French government representatives. The day after the ceasefire, in a contribution piece to
6853:
6058:
5619:
4469:
2934:
surface-to-air missiles from the IRA and in 2001 unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a jet carrying the Spanish Prime Minister,
2594:
770:
662:
631:
98:
8515:
8495:
7206:
6156:
6134:
5560:
9742:
9604:
4946:
3393:(2008) ("A bullet in the head"), about the life of an ETA member the day he will kill two Spanish Policemen in Capbreton, France.
2431:
among others. There are often strong interconnections between these groups, double or even triple membership are not infrequent.
2288:
1155:
670:
70:
51:
8517:
Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980
8497:
Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980
8164:
6440:
6417:
5500:
3931:
Azcona Pastor, José Manuel (2011). "El nacionalismo vasco y la deriva terrorista de ETA.". In Azcona Pastor, José Manuel (ed.).
3066:
Several ex-militants were sent from France through Panama to reside in Cuba after an agreement of the Spanish government (under
2856:
2491:
1263:
868:
was still "persistent", though not "systematic". Inroads could be undermined by judicial short-cuts and abuses of human rights.
10045:
9867:
7999:
6524:
4012:"Voting or violence? Analysing political violence by ETA and Terra Lliure during and after the Spanish transition to democracy"
2585:
1232:
9101:
6980:
6230:
4497:
2890:
8423:
8351:
8287:
7257:
6347:
6316:
Informativos Telecinco.com – Internacional – Trece muertos y más de cincuenta heridos en dos atentados suicidas en Bangladesh
6267:
5888:
5863:
5838:
5768:
5739:
5398:
5201:
5156:
5131:
4775:
4422:
4138:
2968:
and Luxembourg, in 1971. These were used by ETA in the Ogro operation that resulted in the assassination of Prime Minister,
2335:
725:
9429:
2800:
arrest warrant was issued against him. French judicial authorities had already ordered that he be held in prison on remand.
1406:
77:
9889:
9884:
9221:
5803:
4199:
4177:
3089:
2558:), aimed towards the support structure of ETA. This procedure started in 1998 with the preventive closure of the newspaper
2018:
1139:
9964:
8618:
6144:
awards of compensation by courts to torture victims are usually low and may take between seven and 19 years to be decided.
2803:
Spain has also sought cooperation from the United Kingdom in dealing with ETA-IRA ties. In 2008, this came to light after
712:, disbanded in 2003, pursued the same political goals as ETA and did not condemn ETA's use of violence. Formerly known as
9904:
9857:
9422:
9409:
9396:
9057:
8654:
5595:[DRIL killed Begoña Urroz, not ETA, according to Police documents] (in Spanish). EITB. 5 May 2013. Archived from
2766:
2401:
2144:
1732:
1667:
Spain, chanting cries of "Assassins" and "Basques yes, ETA no". This response came to be known as the "Spirit of Ermua".
1318:
1217:
954:
848:(2003). "ETA, the people with you" on the left, and Batasuna using several nationalist symbols asking for "Independence!"
809:
802:
779:
471:
454:
7057:
3151:: interviews about Basque nationalism and politics. Includes testimonials of ETA victims and relatives of ETA prisoners.
2415:(Nationalist Left). Other groups typically considered to belong to this independentist movement are the political party
2182:
Journalists: some of these professionals began to be labelled by ETA as targets starting with the killing of journalist
755:(the Spanish Parliament) began the process of declaring the party illegal in August 2002 by issuing a bill entitled the
437:
between 1959 and 2018, with its goal being independence for the region. The group was founded in 1959 during the era of
6257:
1768:
with a communiqué from the group announcing what it called a "permanent ceasefire" that was broadcast over Spanish TV.
482:. This convention was followed by a plurality of domestic and international media, which also referred to the group as
3975:
2960:(LUAR), which was fighting the dictatorship, brokered the contacts that allowed ETA to purchase weapons in the former
1619:
In 1995, the armed group again launched a peace proposal. The so-called "Democratic Alternative" replaced the earlier
926:
offered to negotiate with the Spanish government on behalf of ETA, but it was turned down by the Minister of Interior
720:", it was banned by the Spanish Supreme Court as an anti-democratic organisation following the Political Parties Law (
84:
9786:
8380:
7707:
5953:
5366:
4751:
3831:
3669:
3071:
2927:
1965:
1887:
1775:
1009:("Basque Homeland and Liberty" or "Basque Country and Freedom") by students frustrated by the moderate stance of the
922:. Catholic clergy then played an important role in trying to mediate the conflict; in 1998 the Catholic organisation
301:
117:
9377:
2749:
to a senior ETA operative still sought by police, and Olga Comes, whom authorities have linked to the ETA suspects.
9455:
8730:
7768:
7320:
5444:
3732:
3025:
2780:
In 2008, as ETA activity increased, France increased its pressure on ETA by arresting more ETA suspects, including
2723:
2183:
1897:
On 21 October 2011, ETA announced a cessation of armed activity via video clip sent to media outlets following the
1068:
735:, who suspended the activities of the political organisation and ordered police to shut down its headquarters, the
323:
6748:
3433:(2021) about the meetings between Maixabel Lasa, widow of an assassinated politician, and the repenting assassins.
9995:
9729:
9292:
6692:
2961:
2576:
authorized the reopening of the newspaper and the radio, but they could not reopen due to economic difficulties.
1167:
853:
434:
208:
66:
9318:
4809:
3648:, 2016) fictional, but based on the social conflict between families of ETA members and families of the victims.
2976:
10050:
9474:
6770:
5538:
2424:
1670:
Later acts of violence included the 6 November 2001 car bomb in Madrid which injured 65 people, and attacks on
1375:
55:
3213:
2964:. The partnership continued as LUAR would later assign part of the stolen passports on Portugal consulted in
2317:
2125:". Refusal to pay has been punished with assassinations, kidnappings for ransom or bombings of their business.
1647:(PP) and was shortly after elected to the presidency of the government; there was also an abortive attempt in
10065:
10055:
9894:
8874:
8190:
8071:
6036:
4552:
3976:
FLB/ARB Délegation exterieur, Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Irish Republican Publicity Bureau (1972). "Communiqué".
2339:
8567:
6157:"AI Index: EUR 41/014/2002: 1 November 2002: Spain: A Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture: Update"
5097:
4974:
2176:
1655:. Still, the act with the largest social impact came the following year. On 10 July 1997, PP council member
947:
10070:
10060:
9916:
9878:
9800:
8448:
7972:
7738:
6135:"October 2002 AI Index: EUR 41/12/2002: SPAIN: A briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture"
4527:
3571:
1917:(an international leader in sustainable development and public health), former Interior Minister of France
1629:
931:
659:. These groups were mostly made up of young people, who were directed through youth organisations (such as
232:
9234:
7772:
4322:
4260:
2707:, due to links with ETA accounting and fundraising, and other journalists (some of whom reported torture).
2162:
Judges and prosecutors. Particularly threatened were the members of the Spanish anti-terrorist court: the
1700:, National Police arrested two ETA members who had left dynamite in a railroad car prepared to explode in
965:, where support for Basque nationalist electoral options is weaker (around 25% of the population); or the
775:
10075:
9899:
9578:
9171:
9150:
8670:
8059:
6182:
5649:
3337:, María Dolores Katarain, also known as "Yoyes", tries to leave ETA and is killed by her former comrades.
3017:
2849:
1719:
by the outgoing government and large sections of the press. However, the group denied responsibility and
1277:
1239:
partial amnesty granted by the now democratic Spanish government and integrated into the political party
923:
9178:
8481:
8234:
3088:. Local Mapuches have classified the rumours as part of a plot by businessmen and other Argentines. The
2711:
In 2007, indicted members of the youth movements Haika, Segi and Jarrai were found guilty of a crime of
2135:
Elected parliamentarians, city councillors and ex-councillors, politicians in general: most prominently
2129:
613:("liberated members") known to the police that were on ETA's payroll and working full-time for ETA; and
518:
The leading committee comprised 7 to 11 individuals, and ETA's internal documentation referred to it as
9812:
9390:
5064:
5039:
4060:
3763:
3468:
2864:
2164:
1716:
7526:
5266:
Más del 85% apuesta por el derecho a decidir y por el diálogo Sobre el Marco – GARA – euskalherria.com
2769:
in their relevant watch lists. ETA has been a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the
2179:. In the latter case, the shooting resulted in more than half a million people protesting against ETA.
1843:
1741:
1206:
9862:
9716:
9461:
9299:
9273:
6374:
5702:
2994:
2568:), accused of being linked to ETA, and temporary imprisoning the editor of its "investigative unit",
2140:
1977:
1678:
1640:
1382:
1271:
450:
7541:
2199:
A number of ETA attacks by car bomb caused random civilian casualties, like ETA's bloodiest attack,
2193:
2147:(PSOE) were assassinated or maimed. Some Basque nationalist politicians from the PNV party, such as
1433:
908:
10015:
9976:
9872:
9704:
9157:
9035:
8867:
8630:
8219:
8132:
8113:
8020:
7002:
6904:
6462:
6208:
4113:
2295:
Robbery: ETA members also stole weapons, explosives, machines for registration plates and vehicles.
2171:
University professors who publicly expressed ideas that countered armed Basque separatism: such as
2068:
1609:
1299:
1213:
1010:
893:
6826:
4991:""El nuevo partido de la izquierda abertzale se denomina 'Sortu'", La Vanguardia, 8 February 2011"
4239:
4227:
2777:
people in Bordeaux led to a breakthrough against ETA, according to the Spanish Interior Ministry.
1693:
With ever-increasing frequency, attempted ETA actions were frustrated by Spanish security forces.
1552:
Another Spanish "counter-terrorist" law puts suspected terrorist cases under the central tribunal
1510:
1492:
91:
10010:
9643:
7433:
6929:
4313:
4093:
3042:
The Colombian government stated that there are contacts between ETA and the Colombian guerrillas
3009:
2745:
1969:
renounce the independence movement, which has been one of the Spanish government's requirements.
1894:-type split within ETA, with hardliners forming a new more violent offshoot led by "Dienteputo".
1753:
1720:
983:
966:
607:("legal ones"), those members who did not have police records and lived apparently normal lives;
446:
296:
245:
44:
8092:
7293:
3039:, was an ally of ETA, and both organizations coordinated their actions and supported each other.
2804:
1212:
ETA members were further radicalized by the shifting position of leading left-wing parties, the
1121:(a process which, however, had by that time already been applied to some other members of ETA).
930:. ETA still enjoyed support of the Basque clergy in the 2000s, with sympathetic priests such as
582:
or underground, used to store arms, explosives or, sometimes, kidnapped people; the Basque word
9949:
9831:
9806:
9080:
8036:
5906:"Agur a las Armas. EIA, Euskadiko Ezkerra y la disolución de ETA político-military (1976–1985)"
4797:
4033:"Small arms and light weapons in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: The nature of the problem"
3530:
2738:
1934:
1652:
1171:
1064:
916:
736:
619:("supporters") who just gave occasional help and logistics support to the group when required.
9565:
8277:
6109:
5756:
5265:
4539:
4215:
2114:
1656:
857:
9552:
8993:
8151:
7247:
6552:
6499:"Zapatero: 'He ordenado suspender Todas las iniciativas para desarrollar el diálogo con ETA'"
6329:
5905:
5729:
5021:
4765:
3258:
2935:
2700:
2479:
2451:
2110:
in Catalonia) took a greater role in combating ETA, they were added to their list of targets.
2099:
1981:
1914:
1825:
1813:
1809:
1636:
1361:
1127:
Nationalists who refused to follow the tenets of Marxism–Leninism and who sought to create a
1094:
882:
876:
Despite its far-left orientation, ETA was founded by students of the Benedictine seminary in
861:
8645:
Country Reports on Terrorism: Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism
8626:
7033:
6963:
6903:
5790:
4409:
4318:
4155:"Der Generalbundesanwalt - International terrorism with a far-left or separatist background"
9921:
9779:
9754:
9539:
9325:
9030:
5508:
4726:
4055:
3342:
3298:
2455:
2107:
1671:
1386:
1048:
perspectives developed within ETA, becoming the basis for a political programme set out in
17:
8644:
7802:
4738:
4131:
Basque Nationalism and Political Violence: The Ideological and Intellectual Origins of ETA
3323:
3165:
2606:, accused of contributing to street violence in an organized form and connivance with ETA.
2490:, when ETA members could face the death penalty in Spain. In the 1980s, the advent of the
1705:
1701:
1266:(GAL, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"), a paramilitary group which billed themselves as
592:
were itinerant, not linked to any specific area, and thus were more difficult to capture.
8:
9926:
9649:
9636:
9630:
9623:
9610:
9597:
9591:
9584:
9571:
9558:
9545:
9532:
9526:
9519:
9506:
9493:
9480:
9467:
9448:
9435:
9416:
9403:
9383:
9370:
9364:
9357:
9351:
9344:
9331:
9305:
9279:
9266:
9253:
9240:
9227:
9003:
7456:
7081:
5761:
The Identity of the Constitutional Subject: Selfhood, Citizenship, Culture, and Community
5237:"Gabinete de Prospección Sociológica (Gobierno Vasco): list of sociological studies 2006"
4388:
3602:
3535:
3519:
2972:
2459:
2420:
2305:
2283:
2136:
2092:
1998:
1803:
1409:
in July 1986 killed 12 members of the Guardia Civil and injured 50; on 19 June 1987, the
1182:
1147:
1087:
889:
819:
This move left no time for the Spanish courts to investigate EHAK in compliance with the
683:). Many members of ETA started their collaboration with the group as participants in the
678:
639:
265:
260:
8533:
7079:
Badcock, James (18 March 2017). "Basque terror group announces unilateral disarmament".
6861:
6579:"Amnistía Internacional condena los graves abusos de derechos humanos cometidos por ETA"
3411:
3293:
3191:
3127:
2524:. Until 2003, ETA consequently forbade them to ask penal authorities for progression to
1940:
They all signed a final declaration that was supported also by former UK Prime Minister
1322:
1102:
9944:
9760:
9617:
9312:
8850:
7919:
7378:
6160:
6138:
5567:
4958:
4860:
4392:
4083:
4032:
3985:
3626:
3456:
3385:, about the journalistic research leading to the uncovering of the state-supported GAL.
3381:
3359:
2770:
2633:
2521:
2405:
2362:. This often occurred mainly when members of the group were confronted at checkpoints.
2252:
1949:
1625:
1555:
1312:
1098:
996:
988:
919:
713:
483:
423:
240:
161:
6420:[ETA declares a permanent ceasefire to give impetus to a democratic process].
3778:
3444:
3174:
3067:
3016:. Both organizations also published a joint declaration opposing the expansion of the
2773:
since 29 March 2001. The Canadian Parliament listed ETA as a terrorist group in 2003.
2573:
2551:
2324:
After 2002, the yearly number of ETA's fatal casualties was reduced to single digits.
2152:
1687:
1389:
up to 2006. Thus, the NGO included ETA in its watchlist "Predators of Press Freedom".
1326:
732:
166:
9959:
9910:
9851:
9793:
9736:
9710:
8584:
FARC and ETA exchanged information about military tactics – report | Earth Times News
8456:
8429:
8419:
8376:
8347:
8309:
8283:
7923:
7403:
7253:
6955:
6895:
6448:
6263:
6081:"Cincuenta y seis etarras han muerto en enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad"
6030:
5984:
5949:
5913:
5884:
5859:
5834:
5799:
5764:
5735:
5394:
5362:
5197:
5152:
5127:
4771:
4540:
Spanien: Mutmaßliche Eta-Terroristen gefasst – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik
4282:
4134:
3711:
3687:
3645:
3523:
3406:
3376:
3318:
3288:
3186:
3160:
3122:
3093:
2987:
2742:
2495:
2483:
2443:
2122:
1930:
1808:
In January 2008, ETA stated that its call for independence is similar to that of the
1608:—street struggle—and whose activities included burning buses, street lamps, benches,
1541:
1241:
1186:
1118:
927:
797:
656:
427:
8820:"National Extremism and Outcomes of State Policies in the Basque Country, 1979–2001"
8259:
6315:
1712:, a light truck with 536 kg of explosives was discovered by the Guardia Civil.
1282:
active from 1975 to 1981. They were responsible for the killing of about 48 people.
1154:
military tribunals to pass death sentences against those found guilty. However, the
16:
This article is about the former armed Basque separatist group. For other uses, see
9954:
9513:
9487:
9442:
9338:
9164:
8675:
7987:
7911:
7157:"Basque terrorist group ETA slams Madrid's opposition to Catalan independence vote"
6234:
5792:
No es país para jóvenes actas del III Encuentro de jóvenes investigadores de la AHC
4898:
4634:
4608:
4579:
4443:
3853:
3811:
3578:
3268:
2560:
2328:
2275:
2200:
2148:
2098:
Spanish military and police personnel, active duty or retired. The barracks of the
1881:(17 October 2011) led to an announcement of the cessation of armed activity by ETA.
1820:
1613:
1423:
1410:
1374:, decided to bring charges in September 2008 against the Spanish Government in the
1293:
1267:
1198:
1049:
992:
752:
507:
328:
255:
5627:
3595:
3096:
had asked the United States aid in investigating a possible FARC-ETA-Mapuche link.
2067:
officer José "Txema" Agirre, shot dead by ETA gunmen in 1997 while protecting the
905:
8890:
8734:
8622:
8590:
8555:
8139:
8120:
8055:
7915:
7122:
7096:
6606:"El refugiado donostiarra Jon Anza está desaparecido Desde el pasado 18 de abril"
6425:
5388:
5272:
5223:
4733:
4652:
4359:
4203:
4181:
3869:
3844:
3773:
3768:
3662:
3635:
3607:
3139:
3050:
2812:
2487:
2256:
1957:
1303:
1135:
502:
458:
438:
391:
7876:
7824:
7492:
6443:[Police suspect that it was ETA who stole 350 guns yesterday in Nîmes].
5025:
4918:
4196:
4174:
1926:
9698:
8819:
8615:
7474:
7346:
6827:"Tony Blair y Jimmy Carter suman sus apoyos a la declaración de la Conferencia"
5346:
5173:
4903:
4886:
4821:
3912:
3674:
3640:
3132:
2758:
2544:
2504:
2172:
1697:
1471:
1221:
1045:
953:
A poll taken by the Basque Autonomous Government in December 2006 during ETA's
943:
814:
Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas
790:
784:
Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas
717:
702:
479:
442:
348:
343:
286:
8433:
6919:
6418:"ETA declara un alto el fuego permanente para impulsar un proceso democrático"
5971:
Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country
4834:
2470:
party, also support self-determination but are not in favour of independence.
2286:. ETA often hid the kidnapped in underground chambers without windows, called
1948:, and the former US senator and former US Special Envoy for Middle East Peace
422:("Basque Homeland and Liberty" or "Basque Country and Freedom"), was an armed
9989:
9662:
9215:
8910:
8460:
8343:
8335:
8114:
Spanish government speaks of the significance of latest ETA arrests in France
6959:
6899:
5917:
5354:
5016:"Spanish supreme court bans Basque separatist party Sortu for links to ETA".
3619:
3416:
3348:
3054:
3029:
2939:
2366:
2075:
2039:
1973:
1569:
1231:
The final issue that moved ETA towards continuing the armed struggle was the
1110:
1106:
1060:
745:
381:
376:
8760:
8024:
6441:"La Policía sospecha que fue ETA Quien robó interlayer 350 pistols en Nimes"
5622:[The end of the controversy: DRIL murdered the child Begoña Urroz].
3202:
48 horas: A movie about the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Blanco and his murder
1726:
1170:(which began following Franco's death), ETA split into two separate groups:
1067:(which killed a 22-month-old child) to ETA, but statistics published by the
9114:
9088:
9073:
8998:
7232:
7211:
5358:
4710:
POLÍTICA – ETA ha modificado su estructura interna por motivos de seguridad
3461:
3352:
3195:, the testimony of some of ETA's victims in the last 30 years by filmmaker
3061:
which it got via its FARC contacts, then traded it with the Mafia for guns.
3036:
2876:
2447:
2347:
2059:
1945:
1910:
1862:
1128:
1097:
member José Pardines Arcay was shot dead after he tried to halt ETA member
897:
697:
650:
306:
7681:
7569:"ETA retoma el uso de las granadas 'Jotake' para atentar contra cuarteles"
3933:
Sociedad del bienestar, vanguardias artísticas, terrorismo y contracultura
2579:
Judicial procedure 18/98 has many ramifications, including the following:
2156:
9500:
9140:
8523:(Bachelor of Arts in History thesis). University of Victoria. p. 13.
8503:(Bachelor of Arts in History thesis). University of Victoria. p. 14.
8372:
8039:. Noticias.juridicas.com (21 January 2011). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7294:"Anger and doubts greet promise by Eta not to target Spanish politicians"
5275:. Gara.euskalherria.com (11 December 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4752:
OLYMPICS – OLYMPICS – Keeping Terrorism at Bay in Barcelona – NYTimes.com
3614:
3503:
3148:
2529:
2408:
Basque nationalism that is often referred to by the Basque-language term
2359:
2038:
A leading left-wing Basque nationalist politician and former ETA member,
2031:
1922:
1918:
1599:
1540:("The Family Members"), provided support for prisoners and families. The
1330:
913:
840:
8783:
8746:
8727:
8603:
Saviano dice que ETA "es paramafiosa y trafica con cocaína" · ELPAÍS.com
8482:
Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal
8235:"Eta terrorist Inaki de Juana Chaos to give himself up at Belfast court"
6430:(article in Spanish, text of announcement in Basque, Spanish and French.
3483:
3415:("A Bullet for the King", March 2009) about ETA's failed plot to murder
3396:
3366:
3308:
3282:
3180:
3154:
3116:
1466:
During this period, the Spanish government had a policy referred to as "
9748:
8987:
5593:"El DRIL mató a Begoña Urroz, y no ETA, según documentos de la Policía"
4109:
4040:
2712:
2428:
2103:
1941:
1902:
1527:
1439:
On 12 January 1988, all Basque political parties except ETA-affiliated
1082:
569:
430:
8671:"Acusan a la comunidad mapuche de relacionarse con ETA y con las FARC"
8224:. Typicallyspanish.com (3 October 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3081:
1989:
due to pressure from within the party to refuse all ETA negotiations.
1828:
condemned these attacks as well as ETA's "grave human rights abuses".
1639:, a conservative politician who was the leader of the then-opposition
1364:
as unjustifiably light and lenient with co-conspirators and enablers.
8629:, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Centro de Convenciones "
7050:"La Policía francesa alerta de que ETA no avanza hacia la disolución"
4679:"Basque group ETA says has 'completely dissolved': El Diario website"
3590:
2965:
2478:
Historically, members of ETA took refuge in France, particularly the
2411:
2389:
2370:
2343:
2270:
2118:
2080:
1906:
1414:
1190:
6110:"ETA aleccionó al 'Comando' de la T-4 Sobre cómo denunciar tortures"
3437:
2117:
and Ignacio Uria Mendizabal): these are mainly targeted in order to
1381:
As a result of ETA's violence, threats and killings of journalists,
33:
10006:
2018 disestablishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
9722:
9691:
9107:
9095:
8830:
8449:"ETA entregó armas a las FP-25 de Portugal, según un 'arrepentido'"
8123:. Typicallyspanish.com (22 May 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7228:"Basque leader says ETA terror deaths 'should never have happened'"
6481:"ETA cargó la bomba de Barajas con al menos 200 kilos de explosivo"
3428:
3216:
About a Basque politician who is the target of an ETA death threat.
3013:
3002:
2998:
2943:
2931:
2911:
2883:
2719:
2658:
2533:
2463:
2435:
2416:
2400:
ETA was considered to form part of what is informally known as the
2245:
2224:
2064:
2043:
2010:
2005:
1891:
1635:
Also in 1995 was a failed ETA car bombing attempt directed against
1535:
1440:
1398:
934:
consistently encouraging the Spanish government to enter dialogue.
709:
281:
8859:
8593:. Earthtimes.org (13 November 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6797:"Annan and Adams top list of experts at Donostia Peace Conference"
4627:
4553:"Cifran en 21 los presos de ETA aquejados por enfermedades graves"
2807:, whose release from prison was cancelled on appeal, had moved to
2796:. He had been wanted by the Spanish authorities since 2007 when a
2095:, Franco's successor was killed in a bombing on December 20, 1973.
1789:
after three confusing warning calls, in a parking building at the
9819:
7179:
7097:"Eta: Basque separatists plan to unilaterally disarm on Saturday"
4688:
4683:
4653:"Eta: Basque separatists plan to unilaterally disarm on Saturday"
3758:
3420:
3302:
3077:
3058:
2969:
2808:
2797:
2727:
2467:
2439:
2374:
2241:
1648:
1565:
1456:
1429:
1356:
1041:
1037:
962:
865:
411:
10001:
1959 establishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
6291:"ETA ten years on: The rise and fall of the Basque terror group"
4530:. The Economist (5 February 2009). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3035:
A Catalan revolutionary organization that based itself off ETA,
2244:. After several successful robberies in France, ETA began using
2192:
Exceptionally, ETA also assassinated former ETA members such as
1352:
members of that organisation killed by state forces since 1975.
1117:), but international pressure resulted in their sentences being
441:, and later evolved from a pacifist group promoting traditional
9021:
8811:
8154:. Edition.cnn.com (26 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6636:"CP reports verdict of death by natural causes in case of Anza"
5463:
4887:"The banning of political parties in Spain (the Batasuna case)"
2645:, which was once again accused of promoting civil disobedience.
2237:
1790:
1764:
1752:
On 22 March 2006, ETA sent a DVD message to the Basque Network
1709:
1598:", formed by young militants of ETA parallel groups (generally
1588:
1561:
1402:
1143:
969:, where support is even weaker (around 15% of the population).
877:
845:
579:
559:
359:
354:
8142:. Afp.google.com (22 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
5181:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). ProQuest LLC. pp. 161–162.
5175:
Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism
4959:
El Congreso aprueba la Ley de Partidos con el 95% de Los votos
4395:. UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000.
3914:
Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism
2993:
In 1999 ETA militants teamed up with the (now self-dissolved)
1524:("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal), later
1385:
included Spain in all six editions of its annual watchlist on
451:
hostile to the expression of non-Castilian minority identities
399:
9772:
8977:
8312:. BBC News (20 September 1998). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7975:. France24 (26 September 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7656:"ETA recauda anualmente 900.000 €, según la Policía francesa"
6576:
3332:
2980:
1682:
Additionally, in 2002 the Basque nationalist youth movement,
1660:
370:
365:
139:
8534:
Colombia VP says FARC sought ETA ties for an attack in Spain
8416:
Uma história da ETA: Nação e violência em Espanha e Portugal
4206:. Goiz Argi (27 January 2002). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
1944:, the former US president and 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner
1771:
Talks with the group were then officially opened by Spanish
1487:
1131:
appeared as ETA-V, but lacked the support to challenge ETA.
1086:
Memorial plate at the place of the assassination of Admiral
8853:
1989 After the Conversations of Algiers. Delirium and Truce
8536:. Tehran Times (1 June 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7877:"ETA maneja un presupuesto de dos millones de euros al ańo"
7149:
4242:. elmundo.es (24 March 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3823:
3817:
3351:, who, prompted by the Spanish police, entered ETA to be a
3264:
3085:
3043:
2217:
1833:
1758:
1134:
The most significant assassination performed by ETA during
1013:. (Originally, the name for the organisation used the word
530:(directorial committee). There was another committee named
316:
311:
291:
8340:
The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict
8037:
Ley Orgánica 6/2002, de 27 de Junio, de Partidos Políticos
6932:
from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
6318:. Informativos.telecinco.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
5124:
Separatyzm baskijski: historia, współczesność, perspektywy
4822:
Elecciones a las Juntas Generales del País Vasco 1979–2015
4105:
4103:
4096:
from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
3960:
3074:
has no information on their activities on Cuban territory.
2589:, acquitted in 2001 as the "international network" of ETA.
1591:, which led to changes in ETA's leadership and direction.
8788:, Jesús Eguiguren, Arnaldo Otegi, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
8418:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: BookBuilders. pp. 265–282.
8216:"France arrests third alleged ETA terrorist in two weeks"
7973:
Spain looks to France for help against Basque separatists
7626:"Bank accounts linked to Eta are frozen in Liechtenstein"
6845:
5910:
Sancho el Sabio: Revista de Cultura e investigación Vasca
4861:"Batasuna (Basque org.) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
4542:. Spiegel.de (2 July 2007). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4347:
Peace at Last? | People & Places|Smithsonian Magazine
4089:
3920:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). ProQuest LLC. p. 161.
2692:
A trial against the association of Basque municipalities
2139:(killed in 1973). Dozens of politicians belonging to the
1937:, who served as the first Downing Street Chief of Staff.
1727:
2006 ceasefire declaration and subsequent discontinuation
1224:
coalition to push for a statute of autonomy for Euskadi.
801:
than others if they did not see fit (in this regard, the
6854:"Basque group ETA announces end to campaign of violence"
5471:"Últimas víctimas mortales de ETA: Cuadros estadísticos"
2926:
ETA was known to have had 'fraternal' contacts with the
2674:
A trial against the league of Basque-language academies
2365:
Despite this, on 1 December 2007 ETA killed two Spanish
2042:, the general coordinator of the Basque coalition party
1863:
2011 permanent ceasefire and cessation of armed activity
1378:
for "not inspecting properly" cases tainted by torture.
10021:
Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Europe
8810:
This article makes use of material translated from the
7123:"Eta disarms: French police find 3.5 tonnes of weapons"
6981:"Ending with ETA?: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country"
4275:
4100:
3271:'s film about the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco.
2872:
Minor Basque nationalist and radical left-wing groups:
1336:
El Estado de derecho también se defiende en las cloacas
995:, the anarchist theorist of the ETA. He sought to move
724:). It generally received 10% to 20% of the vote in the
8133:
AFP: Spanish police dismantle ETA's 'most active' cell
7682:"El Culo de Aldaya y Delclaux – Los secuestros de ETA"
6983:. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute for Peace.
5620:"Fin de la polémica: el DRIL mató a niña Begoña Urroz"
2703:
in 2003 and the imprisonment and trial of its editor,
2216:
Direct attacks: killing by shooting the victim in the
1505:("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal)
7280:
ETA asesina a un empresario Nacionalista · ELPAÍS.com
6330:"ANALYSIS-Spain's PM down but not out after ETA bomb"
6051:"474 personas han muerto por la represión desde 1960"
5566:(in Basque). Berria. 20 February 2011. Archived from
4342:
4340:
4283:"Datos significativos del conflicto vasco, 1968–2003"
3832:
1899:
Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference
1879:
Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference
1185:, ETA was able to take advantage of tolerance by the
824:
without having condemned violence as required by the
457:
and was the most important Basque participant in the
449:
against the regime, which was highly centralised and
10031:
Military units and formations disestablished in 2018
8396:
Krutwigh, Frederico (September 1979). "Ayer y hoy".
7026:"Peace Deal With Basque Separatists Still Tentative"
5946:
Sáenz de Santa María. El general que cambió de bando
5881:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5856:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5831:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5194:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5149:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5040:"October 25, 1998 Election Results - Euskadi Totals"
4947:
De la dirección de Batasuna a la de ETA · ELPAÍS.com
3820:
3554:("His Master's Voice", Emilio Martínez Lázaro, 2001)
2017:
ETA, for its part, issued a statement endorsing the
1901:, which was attended by former UN Secretary-General
1674:
stadiums and tourist destinations throughout Spain.
1321:(PSOE) government, such as former Homeland Minister
490:
of the group in Spain, France, and other countries.
7207:"Basque separatist group Eta announces dissolution"
6711:"ETA hardliners warns of IRA-type split within ETA"
6011:"Los etarras escriben su historia...Euskal Memoria"
5903:
4349:. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4245:
3814:
3736:, the group was represented by the in-game faction
3244:
3084:have been accused of being trained by both ETA and
2583:A trial against a little-known organization called
1575:In 1992, ETA's three top leaders—"military" leader
896:, ‘Jaun-Goikua eta Legi Zarra’ (God and Old Laws).
540:ETA's armed operations were organized in different
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7941:
6771:"Un 'histórico' dirige la posible escisión en ETA"
6255:
5553:
5473:. Spanish Ministry of the Interior. Archived from
5314:
4580:"Basque separatist group Eta 'declares ceasefire'"
4496:
4383:
4381:
4337:
2979:, a Portuguese far-left terrorist group. In 1981,
2718:In May 2008, leading ETA figures were arrested in
2572:, under similar accusations. In August 1999 Judge
2334:ETA operated mainly in Spain, particularly in the
1459:Table") took place between the ETA representative
1093:ETA's first killing occurred on 7 June 1968, when
10026:Military units and formations established in 1959
8447:Rituerto, Ricardo Martínez de (6 November 1985).
8072:ETA terror leader's arrest hailed as 'heavy blow'
7733:
7731:
7729:
7252:. DIANE Publishing. 1 August 1989. pp. 37–.
5985:"Former Spanish ministers jailed for 'terrorism'"
5968:
5731:ETA and Basque nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi
5494:
5492:
5126:(in Polish). Dom Wydawniczy ELISPA. p. 157.
4309:"ETA has killed 829 people as of 19 January 2011"
3438:Fictional films featuring ETA members and actions
1737:2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing
1262:During the 1980s, a "dirty war" ensued using the
9987:
8568:Colombia: Sospechan relación de ETA con las FARC
7708:"Spanish Police Free 2 Kidnapped by the Basques"
6995:"Mariano Rajoy Says the PP Will Not Talk to ETA"
5969:Bew, John; Frampton, Martyn; Gurruchaga, Inigo.
5936:
5934:
5788:
5754:
5065:"May 13, 2001 Election Results - Euskadi Totals"
4719:
4716:(1 December 1997). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4360:"Leader of Eta Basque rebels arrested in France"
3228:explores his relation with his childhood friend
2091:Fascist leaders, such as Prime Minister Admiral
1632:. Changing the constitution was not considered.
1491:Banner in support of imprisoned ETA members, by
1059:Some sources attributed the 1960 bombing of the
23:Former armed Basque separatist group (1959–2018)
8699:"Le preocupaba vínculo de mapuches, FARC y ETA"
8549:Colombia: FARC sought to launch attack with ETA
7056:(in Spanish). 23 September 2016. Archived from
6546:
6544:
6542:
5798:. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Universidad del País Vasco.
5309:
5307:
4754:. New York Times. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4378:
4133:. Reno: Center for Basque Studies. p. 15.
3147:, 2003) about the Basque conflict by filmmaker
2486:quietly tolerated the group, especially during
2049:
1704:in Madrid. On 1 March 2004, in a place between
1073:Directorio Revolucionario Ibérico de Liberación
977:
9852:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
8837:International Journal on Multicultural Studies
8705:(in Spanish). 14 December 2010. Archived from
8275:
7726:
7180:"La carta en la que ETA anuncia su disolución"
6948:"Basque Separatists Halt Campaign of Violence"
6577:Amnistía Internacional España (31 July 2009).
6553:"Spain Hails Arrest of Man Seen as ETA Leader"
6149:
5734:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 128–9.
5489:
5339:
5278:
5210:
5121:
4763:
4609:"Basque group Eta says armed campaign is over"
4603:
4601:
4124:
4122:
3740:and as playable characters on the in-game map
3177:interview local councillors threatened by ETA.
2648:A trial against the prisoner support movement
796:was formed expressly for the elections to the
9248:Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar
8875:
8544:
8542:
8527:
7935:
7933:
7321:"Spain cancels election rallies after murder"
6789:
6463:"Mensaje de ETA en el día del Guerrero Vasco"
6447:(in Spanish). 25 October 2006. Archived from
5940:
5931:
5824:
5822:
5537:(in Spanish). 9 February 2010. Archived from
5393:. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 92–97.
5226:. Alweb.ehu.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3930:
3398:
3388:
3368:
3340:
3330:
3310:
3274:
3256:
2946:from ETA in exchange for explosives training.
2818:
2395:
1696:On 24 December 2003, in San Sebastián and in
1641:
1553:
1511:
1493:
1448:
1421:
1334:
1310:
1291:
1275:
1052:'s (an anarchist of German origin) 1963 book
636:("Column"), replacing the earlier one (1962)
623:
614:
608:
596:
595:Among its members, ETA distinguished between
573:
553:
9826:Party of the Revolutionary Patriotic Workers
8561:
8366:
8260:A history of Iparretarrak, by Eneko Bidegain
8152:France arrests Basque ETA suspects – CNN.com
7901:
7519:"Prosecutor dies after 'ETA-style' shooting"
6941:
6939:
6881:
6879:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6539:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5304:
4770:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 42–.
4574:
4572:
4570:
4301:
4165:
3990:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3426:
3053:pointed to a relationship of the group with
2369:on counter-terrorist surveillance duties in
2024:
1972:Less optimistically, Spanish Prime Minister
1603:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1499:
1479:
1369:
1249:
1004:
684:
676:
668:
660:
648:
637:
629:
602:
583:
563:
547:
541:
531:
525:
519:
465:
416:
144:
9261:Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea
8660:specific terrorist enclaves in the country.
8605:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
8030:
7801:(in French). 28 August 2002. Archived from
7542:"Eta to end attacks on elected politicians"
7282:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6921:ETA Ceasefire: Politicians and Public React
6833:(in Spanish). Europa Press. 19 October 2011
6662:"Autopsy carried out without family doctor"
6233:. Reporters sans frontières. Archived from
6207:. Reporters sans frontières. Archived from
6017:. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016
5973:. London: Hurst & Co. pp. 197–202.
5675:Iglesias, María Antonia (27 January 2001).
5652:[The first day that ETA murdered].
5382:
5380:
5378:
5316:"ETA: from student group to Basque bombers"
4977:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4949:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4812:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4635:"Basque separatists Eta 'ready to disband'"
4598:
4230:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4218:. Elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4119:
3140:The Basque Ball: The Skin Against the Stone
2990:(Ilich Ramírez Sánchez) in the early 1980s.
2823:
2624:A trial against the political organization
1355:ETA members and supporters routinely claim
1333:has to defend itself "even in the sewers" (
999:away from its ethnic and religious origins.
771:Partido Comunista de España (reconstituted)
8882:
8868:
8758:
8539:
8325:. Telegraph. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7930:
7795:"Paris, cible du terrorisme basque ?"
7398:
7396:
6179:"Amnesty International Report 2008: Spain"
6104:
6102:
5819:
4438:
4436:
4184:. Goiz Argi. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3791:
3410:
3380:
3322:
3292:
3190:
3164:
3131:, about the families of Basque politician
3126:
3024:ETA received funding and weapons from the
2737:After Lopez Pena's arrest, along with the
1846:said that warning was part of a strategy.
1745:Barajas Airport parking lot after the bomb
1142:, the December 1973 bomb assassination in
786:) was declared illegal in September 2008.
8740:
8513:
8493:
8042:
7939:
6936:
6876:
6680:
6654:
6628:
5878:
5853:
5828:
5777:
5677:"Hablan las Víctimas de Melitón Manzanas"
5617:
5345:
5217:Euskobarómetro – EUSKOBAROMETRO MAYO 2009
5191:
5171:
5146:
5117:
5115:
4942:
4940:
4902:
4835:"ETA's political wing elects new leaders"
4567:
3910:
3797:Largely as operative base and safe haven.
3720:in Spanish (Juana Cortés Amunarriz, 2021)
3057:. According to this view, ETA trafficked
2752:
2554:initiated a judicial procedure (coded as
1787:30 December 2006 ETA detonated a van bomb
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
8514:McCreanor, Kyle Thomas (28 April 2017).
8494:McCreanor, Kyle Thomas (28 April 2017).
8446:
8395:
8367:Mallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988).
8334:
8323:Spanish PM 'saved' by faulty IRA missile
7985:ETA pide el tercer grado para sus presos
7599:"ETA tries to justify 'tax' on Lizarazu"
7539:
7457:"Jessica, la ultima victima de Hipercor"
6127:
5727:
5721:
5674:
5386:
5375:
5196:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
4824:(in Spanish). Retrieved on 13 July 2017.
4727:«El técnico» construyó loss zulos de ETA
4498:"Eta terrorists demand protection money"
4009:
3965:. Foesnant: Yoran Embanner. p. 136.
3327:("The Trial of ETA", Manuel Macià, 1988)
3279:("The Burgos Trial", Imanol Uribe, 1979)
2949:In the late 1960s, the Portuguese group
2458:. Also, many left-wing parties, such as
2196:as a reprisal for having left the group.
2074:
2058:
1866:
1740:
1486:
1174:or ETA(pm), and ETA military or ETA(m).
1161:
1081:
987:
839:
696:
501:
398:
9743:Communist Party of the Basque Homelands
8781:
8558:France24. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7851:"ETA romper la baraja en Suelo francés"
7393:
7318:
7078:
6851:
6550:
6181:. Amnesty International. Archived from
6099:
5883:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
5858:. Oxford University Press. p. 48.
5833:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
5151:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
4985:
4983:
4884:
4433:
4026:
4024:
4005:
4003:
4001:
1612:, and garbage containers, and throwing
1572:term for other suspects is three days.
1474:. France has taken a similar approach.
1156:last use of capital punishment in Spain
486:. As of 2019, there were more than 260
9988:
9767:People's Socialist Revolutionary Party
8608:
8484:Arcade Publishing, 1998. Pages 129-130
8409:
8407:
8310:Europe | Adams urges ETA towards peace
7371:
7023:
6603:
6249:
5703:"40 Aniversario del Proceso de Burgos"
5112:
4937:
4885:Foruria, Eduardo Vírgula (June 2015).
4470:"Eta gives terrorists disguise manual"
4410:Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
4389:"Schedule 2: Proscribed Organisations"
4128:
3240:a documentary about the history of ETA
3135:and his bodyguard, both killed by ETA.
2920:
2515:
1413:was an attack in a shopping centre in
1233:1978 Spanish constitutional referendum
10036:Military wings of nationalist parties
8863:
8413:
8282:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 436–.
7454:
7291:
7225:
7204:
6945:
6885:
6741:"Doce pistoleros en estado de alerta"
6372:
6231:"Spain: ETA (terrorist organization)"
5948:. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. p. 437.
5650:"El primer día en el que ETA asesinó"
5647:
5498:
5439:
5437:
4399:from the original on 21 January 2013.
4030:
3961:Lionel Henry; Annick Lagadec (2006).
3935:. Madrid: Dykinson. pp. 220–221.
3868:
3852:
3843:
2951:Liga de Unidade e Ação Revolucionária
2811:. He was thought to be staying at an
2621:). The magazine was also closed down.
2592:A trial against the youths' movement
2419:, the nationalist youth organization
774:have also been declared illegal, and
763:Defenders of the law argued that the
9566:Assassination of Miguel Ángel Blanco
9222:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
9158:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
9102:Autonomous Anti-Capitalist Commandos
8721:
8638:
7993:"La dispersión de los presos de ETA"
7954:from the original on 12 January 2022
7943:"Payback for Eta in the Pays Basque"
7940:Wilkinson, Isambard (2 March 2002).
7623:
7374:"Spain Turns on Rebels With Outrage"
6978:
6375:"Madrid Verdicts: Was Justice Done?"
6327:
5904:Fernández Soldevill, Gaizka (2010).
5447:[The first victim of ETA?].
5413:
5390:The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain
5327:from the original on 12 January 2022
4980:
4671:
4555:. El Mundo newspaper. 7 January 2019
4509:from the original on 12 January 2022
4494:
4021:
3998:
3894:"30 años de la disolución de ETA pm"
3512:("Counted Days", Imanol Uribe, 1994)
3224:("Asier and/ETA I", 2013) Filmmaker
3110:
3090:United States diplomatic cables leak
3080:groups in the Argentine province of
3049:Italian author and mafia specialist
2977:Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25)
2857:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
2019:2017 Catalan independence referendum
1659:was kidnapped in the Basque town of
1264:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
1025:. However, in some Basque dialects,
692:
453:. ETA was the main group within the
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
10041:Military wings of socialist parties
9656:
9058:Basque National Liberation Movement
8889:
8782:Webster, Justin (27 January 2017),
8404:
7825:"'Eta attack' kills second officer"
7566:
7024:Minder, Raphael (28 October 2011).
6551:Burnett, Victoria (20 April 2009).
6262:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 147.
6259:From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists
5618:Aizpeolea, Luis R. (24 June 2020).
4081:
3945:
2891:Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas
2613:and his new investigation magazine
2402:Basque National Liberation Movement
1077:Memorial de Víctimas del Terrorismo
871:
832:grounds that it was linked to ETA.
810:Communist Party of the Basque Lands
803:Basque National Liberation Movement
780:Communist Party of the Basque Lands
578:(small rooms concealed in forests,
506:ETA members fire blanks during the
474:by France, the United Kingdom, the
455:Basque National Liberation Movement
191:5 September 2010 (extant ceasefire)
13:
9430:Plaza República Dominicana bombing
8851:ETA terrorism and art. Exhibition
8814:in the Spanish-language Knowledge.
7178:SL, El Diario Norte (2 May 2018).
7177:
6946:Burns, John F. (20 October 2011).
6693:"ETA declares permanent ceasefire"
6348:"Spain papers point finger at Eta"
5499:Núñez, Javier (21 February 2010).
5434:
5096:. 22 November 2008. Archived from
5069:Election Resources on the Internet
5044:Election Resources on the Internet
4919:"Basque nationalist leader jailed"
4767:The ETA: Spain's Basque terrorists
4528:Spain's rail ambitions: Ave Madrid
2564:(and its associated radio-station
2539:The Spanish Government passed the
2532:that allows single-day or weekend
2083:law courts after a bombing in 2006
1913:, former prime minister of Norway
1797:
1407:Plaza República Dominicana bombing
1392:
14:
10087:
9787:Euskal Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
9404:Assassination of Santiago Brouard
8844:
8085:"The Fall of Spain's Most Wanted"
7624:Nash, Elizabeth (31 March 2008).
7404:"Spanish cinema breaks ETA taboo"
7001:. 30 October 2011. Archived from
6979:Blum, Andrew (23 February 2011).
6803:. 17 October 2011. Archived from
5090:"Bringing an end to Eta campaign"
3072:United States Department of State
2928:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2639:A trial against the organization
1849:
1715:ETA was initially blamed for the
1583:("Txelis") and logistical leader
1481:"Euskal Presoak – Euskal Herrira"
1036:ETA held their first assembly in
835:
9972:
9971:
9858:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
9165:Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista
9051:
9015:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8775:
8752:
8691:
8663:
8596:
8577:
8507:
8487:
8474:
8440:
8389:
8360:
8328:
8321:Govan, Fiona. (18 January 2010)
8315:
8303:
8269:
8253:
8227:
8218:. 4 October 2008. Archived from
8208:
8183:
8157:
8145:
8126:
8107:
8077:
8065:
7978:
7966:
7895:
7869:
7843:
7817:
7787:
7769:Ministry of the Interior (Spain)
7757:
7739:"Basque terrorism: Dying spasms"
7700:
7674:
7648:
7617:
7591:
7560:
7540:Knewstub, Nikki (19 June 2005).
7533:
7525:. 9 October 2000. Archived from
7511:
7485:
7467:
7455:Ortiz, Ana María (9 June 2002).
7448:
7422:
7372:Simons, Marlise (18 July 1997).
7365:
7339:
7312:
7285:
7273:
7240:
7219:
7198:
7171:
7141:
7115:
7089:
7072:
7042:
7017:
6987:
6972:
6912:
6819:
6763:
6733:
6703:
6597:
6570:
6523:. 5 January 2008. Archived from
6509:
6491:
6473:
6455:
6433:
6410:
6392:
6366:
6340:
6321:
6309:
6283:
6223:
4975:Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005
4810:Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005
3870:[eus̺kaðitaas̺katas̺una]
3810:
3733:Counter-Strike: Global Offensive
3301:when ETA prisoners escaped from
3245:Other fact-based films about ETA
3008:ETA had extensive ties with the
2689:of managing the finances of ETA.
2392:was ETA's main source of funds.
2145:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
2029:In a letter to online newspaper
1733:ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration
1319:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1245:("Left of the Basque Country").
1218:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1069:Spanish Ministry of the Interior
946:, the survey carried out by the
937:
375:
364:
353:
342:
322:
138:
32:
8803:
8414:Noivo, Diogo (2020). "Ibéria".
7430:"MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base"
6886:Blair, Tony (21 October 2011).
6852:Goodman, Al (20 October 2011).
6505:(in Spanish). 30 December 2006.
6487:(in Spanish). 30 December 2006.
6373:Abend, Lisa (31 October 2007).
6328:Webb, Jason (16 January 2007).
6197:
6171:
6073:
6043:
6003:
5977:
5962:
5897:
5872:
5847:
5748:
5695:
5668:
5641:
5611:
5585:
5531:"Cómo se construye una mentira"
5523:
5414:Duva, Jesús (31 January 2010).
5407:
5286:"Basques Stir Ferment in Spain"
5259:
5229:
5185:
5165:
5140:
5082:
5057:
5032:
5009:
4968:
4952:
4911:
4878:
4853:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4791:
4764:Wayne Anderson (January 2003).
4757:
4744:
4703:
4645:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4488:
4462:
4415:
4403:
4352:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4187:
4147:
4075:
4048:
3963:FLB-ARB: L'Histoire (1966–2005)
3859:
3800:
3232:, who had become an ETA member.
3100:
2678:. The case was dropped in 2001.
1581:José Luis Alvarez Santacristina
1346:
1168:Spanish transition to democracy
854:Spanish transition to democracy
43:needs additional citations for
9965:Politics of the Basque Country
9868:Union of the Democratic Centre
9605:Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing
8679:(in Spanish). 6 September 2009
8049:Testimony by Martxelo Otamendi
7347:"Spanish prosecutor shot dead"
7319:Hamilos, Paul (8 March 2008).
7226:Jones, Sam (18 October 2021).
6517:"ETA to follow Kosovo example"
6424:. 3 March 2006. Archived from
5533:[How a lie is built].
5418:[ETA's first victim].
4495:Owen, Edward (7 August 2007).
3969:
3954:
3939:
3924:
3904:
3886:
3724:
2942:stated the IRA received fifty
2473:
2425:Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
2342:with roughly 15%. Navarre and
1376:European Court of Human Rights
1329:was quoted as saying that the
1:
10046:National liberation movements
9895:Union, Progress and Democracy
8091:. 24 May 2008. Archived from
6604:Altuna, Iñaki (16 May 2009).
5445:"¿La primera víctima de ETA?"
5122:Llanos-Antczak, Anna (2019).
4750:Riding, Alan. (11 July 1992)
4448:Council of the European Union
4412:. Retrieved on 16 April 2013.
4010:van Dijk, Lisa (March 2018).
3879:
2699:The closing of the newspaper
2520:ETA considered its prisoners
2063:Flowers and a plate remember
1877:The final declaration of the
1579:("Pakito"), political leader
1519:Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak
1501:Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak
748:, Jon Salaberria and others.
568:s, support groups maintained
9885:Democratic and Social Centre
9801:Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia
8899:
8835:originally published in the
7990:, 5 October 2003, quoted in
7916:10.1080/10242694.2012.710812
7292:Fuchs, Dale (20 June 2005).
7147:The communiqué published in
6747:(in Spanish). Archived from
6612:(in Spanish). Archived from
6205:"Spain – 2006 annual report"
5507:(in Spanish). Archived from
4259:(in Spanish). Archived from
4253:"Lista de víctimas mortales"
4228:ETA, una serpiente vacilante
3638:, 2020). Based on the novel
2380:
2050:Victims, tactics and attacks
1966:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1888:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1776:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1630:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1033:, so the name was changed.)
978:During Franco's dictatorship
497:
187:31 July 1959 – 16 April 2018
7:
8165:"About the listing process"
8060:Universal Forum of Cultures
7904:Defence and Peace Economics
7475:"Madrid bomb injures eight"
6256:Paige Whaley Eager (2008).
5416:"La primera víctima de ETA"
4897:(1). Rio de Janeiro: 1–20.
4423:"About the listing process"
4216:Quiosco | El Mundo en ORBYT
3752:
3018:European Economic Community
2724:Francisco Javier López Peña
2651:Amnistiaren Aldeko Komiteak
2318:Lemóniz Nuclear Power Plant
2310:
2186:, assassinated in May 2000.
2184:José Luis López de la Calle
2071:(visible in the background)
1585:José María Arregi Erostarbe
726:Basque Autonomous Community
708:The former political party
197:16 April 2018 (dissolution)
67:"ETA" separatist group
10:
10092:
9813:Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
9683:Basque nationalist parties
9391:Killing of Lasa and Zabala
9172:Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
9141:Neo-fascist paramilitaries
8241:. London. 13 November 2008
5879:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5854:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5829:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5763:. Routledge. p. 179.
5503:[Eclipsed truth].
5451:(in Spanish). 19 June 2010
5387:Conversi, Daniele (1997).
5192:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5147:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
4904:10.12957/ballot.2015.17895
4476:. London. 15 December 2007
4159:www.generalbundesanwalt.de
4085:ETA: A history of violence
4061:Collins English Dictionary
3684:(Los peces de la amargura)
3284:Escape from Segovia (1981)
3210:, about the history of ETA
2986:ETA acquired weapons from
2865:Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
2819:Other related armed groups
2396:Basque nationalist context
2303:
2299:
2207:
2177:Francisco Tomás y Valiente
2106:in the Basque Country and
2054:
2003:was quoted as having told
1801:
1730:
1602:), dedicated to so-called
1577:Francisco Mujika Garmendia
1397:ETA performed their first
1197:the ‘pact of forgetting’ (
981:
972:
961:These polls did not cover
948:Universidad del País Vasco
552:s were coordinated by the
194:8 April 2017 (disarmament)
15:
9939:
9890:People's Democratic Party
9841:
9717:Basque Nationalist Action
9681:
9672:
9462:Zaragoza barracks bombing
9300:July 1979 Madrid bombings
9235:Cafetería Rolando bombing
9206:
9138:
9048:
9012:
8954:
8945:
8936:
8924:
8911:21 October 2011
8897:
8855:at Fundació Antoni Tàpies
8621:30 September 2007 at the
7205:Jones, Sam (2 May 2018).
6888:"Opinion: A Basque Peace"
6035:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5755:Michel Rosenfeld (2009).
5172:Muro Ruiz, Diego (2004).
3911:Muro Ruiz, Diego (2004).
3718:The Absent (Los Ausentes)
3652:
3427:
3399:
3389:
3369:
3341:
3331:
3311:
3275:
3257:
3092:showed the government of
2995:Breton Revolutionary Army
2642:Joxemi Zumalabe Fundazioa
2541:Ley de Partidos Políticos
2025:End of political activity
1921:, president of Sinn Féin
1679:11 September 2001 attacks
1642:
1449:
1422:
1383:Reporters Without Borders
1311:
1276:
1250:
1005:
932:Joseba Segura Etxezarraga
776:Acción Nacionalista Vasca
757:Ley de Partidos Políticos
722:Ley de Partidos Políticos
624:
609:
597:
574:
554:
508:Day of the Basque Soldier
488:imprisoned former members
417:
387:
337:
274:
231:
214:
204:
181:
154:
145:
137:
132:
9905:People's Socialist Party
9900:Navarrese People's Union
9873:Communist Party of Spain
9843:Spanish unionist parties
9705:Basque Nationalist Party
9186:Acción Nacional Española
9179:Grupos Armados Españoles
8817:Enric Martinez-Herrera,
8633:" de la Ciudad de Panamá
8074:, NZ Herald, 22 May 2008
8054:18 February 2012 at the
7632:. London. Archived from
7249:Terrorist Group Profiles
4129:Watson, Cameron (2007).
4114:Encyclopaedia Britannica
4017:. University of Utrecht.
3784:
3502:("Shadows in a Battle",
3253:(José Luis Madrid, 1977)
3207:ETA. Une histoire basque
3105:
2834:Acción Nacional Española
2824:Disbanded violent groups
2732:José Antonio Barandiarán
2632:), accused of promoting
2466:and some sectors of the
2212:ETA's tactics included:
2130:José Antonio Ortega Lara
2128:Prison officers such as
2121:them for the so-called "
2069:Guggenheim Bilbao Museum
1933:), and British diplomat
1214:Communist Party of Spain
1011:Basque Nationalist Party
924:Community of Sant'Egidio
894:Basque Nationalist Party
9663:ETA ends armed activity
9475:ETA Netherlands attacks
9287:Assassination of Argala
8733:18 October 2017 at the
8276:Tim Pat Coogan (2002).
8062:, Barcelona (May 2004).
7605:. London. 21 March 2001
7493:"European press review"
5728:Sullivan, John (1988).
5018:BBC Monitoring European
4314:Ministerio del Interior
4257:Ministerio del Interior
4240:De patrulla por Vitoria
4180:15 January 2019 at the
4110:ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION
4031:Davis, Ian (May 2002).
3572:Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón
3570:("We are all invited",
3568:Todos estamos invitados
3474:José Antonio de la Loma
3460:("The Death of Mikel",
3419:during his holidays in
3347:, based on the life of
3010:Breton Liberation Front
2746:Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba
2508:the border from Spain.
1844:Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
1773:Presidente del Gobierno
1754:Euskal Irrati-Telebista
1721:Islamic fundamentalists
1021:, creating the acronym
984:Opposition to Francoism
967:Northern Basque Country
447:Southern Basque Country
246:Revolutionary socialism
9996:ETA (separatist group)
9950:History of the Basques
9832:Demokrazia Hiru Milioi
9807:Basque Socialist Party
9151:Batallón Vasco Español
9081:ETA Politiko-Militarra
8900:31 July 1959
8839:, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2002.
8195:The New Zealand Herald
8169:www.publicsafety.gc.ca
5222:11 August 2011 at the
4427:www.publicsafety.gc.ca
3807:English pronunciation:
3681:The Fish of Bitterness
3582:("My Father's House",
3500:Sombras en una batalla
3028:government during the
2850:Batallón Vasco Español
2790:Esteban Murillo Zubiri
2753:International response
2681:Another trial against
2609:Another trial against
2194:María Dolores Katarain
2084:
2072:
1882:
1746:
1604:
1554:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1434:María Dolores Katarain
1370:
1335:
1292:
1278:Batallón Vasco Español
1257:
1202:
1172:ETA political-military
1090:
1065:Donostia-San Sebastian
1000:
849:
737:Supreme Court of Spain
705:
685:
677:
669:
661:
649:
647:ETA also promoted the
638:
630:
615:
603:
584:
564:
548:
542:
532:
527:Zuzendaritza Batzordea
526:
520:
511:
466:
404:
209:Greater Basque Country
10051:Nationalist terrorism
9068:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
8994:National Police Corps
8947:State security forces
8812:corresponding article
8616:Conferencia de Prensa
8264:Euskonews & Media
6585:(in European Spanish)
5648:Staff (4 June 2008).
5271:25 April 2012 at the
3866:Basque pronunciation:
3764:José Larrañaga Arenas
3448:("The Almería Case",
2962:Czechoslovak Republic
2701:Euskaldunon Egunkaria
2512:activities in Spain.
2480:French Basque Country
2452:French Basque country
2223:Bombings (often with
2113:Businessmen (such as
2078:
2062:
1915:Gro Harlem Brundtland
1876:
1831:The Basque newspaper
1826:Amnesty International
1744:
1568:. In comparison, the
1513:Gestoras pro Amnistía
1495:Gestoras pro-Amnistía
1490:
1371:Euskaldunon Egunkaria
1362:Amnesty International
1309:In 1997, the Spanish
1251:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
1162:During the transition
1136:Franco's dictatorship
1085:
1006:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
991:
955:"permanent" ceasefire
883:French Basque Country
862:Amnesty International
843:
700:
524:, an abbreviation of
505:
418:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
402:
146:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
133:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
10066:Resistance movements
10056:Separatism in France
9922:Carlist Party (1970)
9780:Herritarren Zerrenda
9755:Navarrese Left Union
9540:1993 Madrid bombings
9031:National Gendarmerie
8589:3 April 2015 at the
8346:. pp. 177–178.
7775:on 15 September 2010
6864:on 30 September 2020
6721:on 24 September 2010
6469:. 24 September 2006.
6451:on 11 February 2007.
6211:on 30 September 2007
6163:on 21 October 2006.
6141:on 21 October 2006.
5561:"Begoña Urroz afera"
5290:The News and Courier
5247:on 26 September 2011
4325:on 15 September 2010
4263:on 15 September 2010
4202:3 March 2016 at the
3978:Documentos Y Vol. 12
3744:(defusal group) and
3400:Una Bala Para el Rey
3299:Segovia prison break
3276:El proceso de Burgos
3118:Asesinato en febrero
2805:Iñaki de Juana Chaos
2456:Abertzaleen Batasuna
1976:of the centre-right
1717:2004 Madrid bombings
1651:on the life of King
1331:constitutional state
1272:Pyrénées Atlantiques
1207:Rafael Díez Usabiaga
433:organization in the
52:improve this article
18:eta (disambiguation)
10071:Terrorism in France
10061:Separatism in Spain
9927:Spanish Alternative
9592:2001 Madrid bombing
9579:2000 Madrid bombing
9527:1992 Madrid bombing
9417:Monbar Hotel attack
8709:on 20 November 2015
8554:4 June 2008 at the
8369:The Provisional IRA
8138:7 July 2009 at the
8119:5 July 2008 at the
7948:The Daily Telegraph
7529:on 7 December 2006.
7159:. 27 September 2017
7082:The Daily Telegraph
6928:. 21 October 2011.
6616:on 17 November 2011
6166:committed; ...
6087:. 15 September 2003
5991:. 12 September 1998
5323:. 20 October 2011.
5321:The Daily Telegraph
4641:. 25 November 2012.
4503:The Daily Telegraph
4429:. 21 December 2018.
3544:("Arián's Voyage",
3536:Michael Caton-Jones
2921:International links
2842:Anti-Terrorismo ETA
2522:political prisoners
2516:Government response
2423:, the labour union
2306:List of ETA attacks
2284:Miguel Angel Blanco
2201:the bombing in 1987
2137:Luis Carrero Blanco
2093:Luis Carrero Blanco
1994:Jean-Noël Etxeverry
1804:List of ETA attacks
1657:Miguel Ángel Blanco
1549:visiting families.
1183:Franco dictatorship
1148:Luis Carrero Blanco
1088:Luis Carrero Blanco
890:liberation theology
858:Miguel Ángel Blanco
789:A new party called
701:A pro-ETA mural in
266:European federalism
261:Liberation theology
215:Active regions
10076:Terrorism in Spain
9945:Basque nationalism
9761:Euskal Herritarrok
9657:2010 ETA ceasefire
9644:Palma Nova bombing
9618:2008 Getxo bombing
9456:Dissolution of GAL
9313:Alonsotegi bombing
9193:Antiterrorismo ETA
9129:Euskal Zuzentasuna
8635:. 7 November 2000.
8627:Felipe Pérez Roque
8570:General Commander
8222:on 4 October 2008.
8171:. 21 December 2018
7805:on 8 December 2008
7712:The New York Times
7662:. 19 February 2008
7379:The New York Times
7038:on 1 January 2022.
7030:The New York Times
7005:on 2 December 2011
6968:on 1 January 2022.
6952:The New York Times
6908:on 1 January 2022.
6892:The New York Times
6807:on 21 October 2011
6751:on 20 January 2011
6715:Barcelona Reporter
6699:. 10 January 2011.
6583:www.es.amnesty.org
6557:The New York Times
6237:on 9 February 2008
5541:on 24 October 2011
5501:"Verdad eclipsada"
4841:. 14 February 1998
4741:, 18 October 2004.
4732:8 May 2008 at the
4586:. 5 September 2010
4393:Terrorism Act 2000
4319:Gobierno de España
4289:(in Spanish). 2003
3492:("Days of Smoke",
3482:("Ander and Yul",
3457:La Muerte de Mikel
3417:Juan Carlos I
3001:from magazines in
2898:Euskal Zuzentasuna
2771:Terrorism Act 2000
2634:civil disobedience
2165:Audiencia Nacional
2157:Mondragon/Arrasate
2085:
2073:
1954:The New York Times
1950:George J. Mitchell
1883:
1747:
1653:Juan Carlos I
1626:self-determination
1556:Audiencia Nacional
1507:
1432:, ETA gunned down
1313:Audiencia Nacional
1099:Txabi Etxebarrieta
1091:
1001:
997:Basque nationalism
920:Jose Tomas Sanchez
850:
714:Euskal Herritarrok
706:
562:"). To supply the
512:
478:, Canada, and the
424:Basque nationalist
405:
241:Basque nationalism
183:Dates of operation
162:Josu Urrutikoetxea
9983:
9982:
9960:History of France
9935:
9934:
9794:Eusko Sozialistak
9737:Euskadiko Ezkerra
9711:Eusko Alkartasuna
9674:Political parties
9274:1978 Getxo attack
9202:
9201:
9044:
9043:
8931:
8930:
8647:(28 April 2006):
8425:978-989-8973-15-3
8353:978-0-00-638674-2
8289:978-0-312-29416-8
8005:on 4 January 2006
7883:. 25 January 2008
7857:. 2 December 2007
7831:. 5 December 2007
7765:"Víctimas de ETA"
7688:. 30 October 2002
7259:978-1-56806-864-0
6999:Typically Spanish
6297:. 20 October 2021
6269:978-0-7546-7225-8
5890:978-0-19-938754-0
5865:978-0-19-938754-0
5840:978-0-19-938754-0
5770:978-1-135-25327-1
5741:978-0-415-00366-7
5709:. 3 December 2010
5511:on 2 January 2013
5400:978-0-87417-362-8
5203:978-0-19-938754-0
5158:978-0-19-938754-0
5133:978-83-8017-280-7
5020:. 24 March 2011.
4997:. 8 February 2011
4777:978-0-8239-3818-6
4714:El Correo Digital
4615:. 20 October 2011
4140:978-1-877802-75-1
3950:. pp. 89–90.
3712:Fernando Aramburu
3688:Fernando Aramburu
3670:The Sands of Time
3646:Fernando Aramburu
3542:El viaje de Arián
3524:Daniel Calparsoro
3450:Pedro Costa Musté
3390:Tiro en la Cabeza
3111:Documentary films
3094:Michelle Bachelet
3070:) with Cuba. The
2988:Carlos the Jackal
2829:Anti-ETA groups:
2743:Interior Minister
2739:Basque referendum
2705:Martxelo Otamendi
2496:counter-terrorist
2484:French government
2444:Eusko Alkartasuna
2240:or self-produced
2123:revolutionary tax
2108:Mossos d'Esquadra
1874:
1756:and the journals
1706:Alcalá de Henares
1702:Chamartín Station
1614:Molotov cocktails
1542:Basque Government
1461:Eugenio Etxebeste
1401:assassination in
1268:counter-terrorist
1242:Euskadiko Ezkerra
1187:French government
1115:Proceso de Burgos
928:Jaime Mayor Oreja
909:José María Setién
798:Basque Parliament
794:(All the Options)
693:Political support
657:Molotov cocktails
397:
396:
128:
127:
120:
102:
10083:
9975:
9974:
9955:History of Spain
9679:
9678:
9653:
9640:
9627:
9614:
9601:
9588:
9575:
9562:
9553:Vallecas bombing
9549:
9536:
9523:
9514:Mutxamel bombing
9510:
9497:
9488:Sabadell bombing
9484:
9471:
9452:
9443:Hipercor bombing
9439:
9426:
9413:
9400:
9387:
9374:
9361:
9348:
9339:1980 Orio ambush
9335:
9322:
9309:
9296:
9283:
9270:
9257:
9244:
9231:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9020:
9019:
9018:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8952:
8951:
8943:
8942:
8927:
8926:
8918:
8916:
8907:
8905:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8861:
8860:
8834:
8826:
8825:. 12 March 2020.
8824:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8759:Justin Webster.
8756:
8750:
8744:
8738:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8667:
8661:
8653:, FARC, and the
8642:
8636:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8581:
8575:
8565:
8559:
8546:
8537:
8531:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8491:
8485:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8411:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8332:
8326:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8273:
8267:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8231:
8225:
8223:
8212:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8191:"NZherald.co.nz"
8187:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8130:
8124:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8004:
7998:. Archived from
7997:
7988:Libertad Digital
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7959:
7945:
7937:
7928:
7927:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7771:. Archived from
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7735:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7579:on 19 March 2008
7575:. Archived from
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7461:Crónica El Mundo
7452:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7436:on 5 August 2009
7432:. Archived from
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7353:. 9 October 2000
7343:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7060:on 23 April 2018
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7032:. Archived from
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6962:. Archived from
6943:
6934:
6933:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6902:. Archived from
6883:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6860:. Archived from
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6717:. Archived from
6707:
6701:
6700:
6689:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6668:on 22 March 2010
6664:. Archived from
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6638:. Archived from
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6548:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6406:. 23 March 2006.
6400:"ETA cease-fire"
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6159:. Archived from
6153:
6147:
6146:
6137:. Archived from
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6061:on 12 April 2013
6057:. Archived from
6047:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5805:978-849860-636-2
5797:
5786:
5775:
5774:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5573:on 27 April 2012
5572:
5565:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5384:
5373:
5372:
5361:). p. 254.
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5318:
5311:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5292:. 1 October 1968
5282:
5276:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5243:. Archived from
5233:
5227:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5119:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4761:
4755:
4748:
4742:
4723:
4717:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4576:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4500:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4321:. Archived from
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4126:
4117:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3748:(hostage group).
3738:The Separatists
3659:The Spanish Game
3579:Casa de mi padre
3560:("Those skies",
3552:La voz de su amo
3432:
3414:
3402:
3392:
3384:
3372:
3346:
3336:
3326:
3314:
3296:
3278:
3269:Gillo Pontecorvo
3262:
3214:Chronique Basque
3194:
3168:
3130:
2959:
2936:José María Aznar
2765:listed ETA as a
2715:with terrorism.
2669:people's taverns
2664:Herriko Tabernak
2657:A trial against
2356:Laurence Le Vert
2276:Bixente Lizarazu
2159:on 7 March 2008.
2149:Juan Mari Atutxa
2002:
1982:José María Aznar
1875:
1821:Jurdan Martitegi
1645:
1644:
1637:José María Aznar
1607:
1559:
1539:
1532:("Freedom") and
1531:
1521:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1483:
1454:
1453:
1445:Ajuria-Enea pact
1427:
1426:
1424:Gesto por la Paz
1411:Hipercor bombing
1373:
1338:
1323:José Barrionuevo
1316:
1315:
1297:
1281:
1280:
1253:
1252:
1103:Melitón Manzanas
1050:Federico Krutwig
1008:
1007:
993:Federico Krutwig
872:Clerical support
688:
682:
674:
666:
654:
643:
635:
627:
618:
612:
606:
600:
587:
577:
567:
557:
551:
545:
535:
529:
523:
469:
464:ETA's motto was
420:
419:
388:Battles and wars
380:
379:
369:
368:
358:
357:
347:
346:
329:Republika Srpska
327:
326:
256:Marxism-Leninism
184:
148:
147:
142:
130:
129:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
10091:
10090:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10016:Basque conflict
9986:
9985:
9984:
9979:
9970:
9969:
9931:
9879:Alianza Popular
9844:
9837:
9684:
9675:
9668:
9647:
9634:
9621:
9608:
9595:
9582:
9569:
9556:
9543:
9530:
9517:
9504:
9491:
9478:
9465:
9446:
9433:
9420:
9407:
9394:
9381:
9378:Rentería ambush
9368:
9355:
9342:
9329:
9326:Ispaster attack
9316:
9303:
9290:
9277:
9264:
9251:
9238:
9225:
9209:
9198:
9143:
9134:
9060:
9052:
9050:
9040:
9036:National Police
9024:
9016:
9014:
9008:
8980:
8972:
8970:
8965:
8963:
8958:
8956:
8948:
8939:
8932:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8903:
8901:
8893:
8891:Basque Conflict
8888:
8847:
8842:
8828:
8822:
8818:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8791:
8789:
8780:
8776:
8766:
8764:
8761:"El fin de ETA"
8757:
8753:
8745:
8741:
8735:Wayback Machine
8726:
8722:
8712:
8710:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8682:
8680:
8669:
8668:
8664:
8643:
8639:
8623:Wayback Machine
8613:
8609:
8601:
8597:
8591:Wayback Machine
8582:
8578:
8574:in August 2001.
8572:Fernando Tapias
8566:
8562:
8556:Wayback Machine
8547:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8480:Follain, John.
8479:
8475:
8465:
8463:
8445:
8441:
8426:
8412:
8405:
8394:
8390:
8383:
8375:. p. 308.
8365:
8361:
8354:
8333:
8329:
8320:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8197:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8174:
8172:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8150:
8146:
8140:Wayback Machine
8131:
8127:
8121:Wayback Machine
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8056:Wayback Machine
8047:
8043:
8035:
8031:
8016:
8008:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7991:
7983:
7979:
7971:
7967:
7957:
7955:
7938:
7931:
7900:
7896:
7886:
7884:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7745:. 6 August 2009
7737:
7736:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7691:
7689:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7665:
7663:
7660:El Confidencial
7654:
7653:
7649:
7639:
7637:
7636:on 1 April 2008
7630:The Independent
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7603:The Independent
7597:
7596:
7592:
7582:
7580:
7567:Zuloaga, J. M.
7565:
7561:
7551:
7549:
7538:
7534:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7481:. 12 July 2000.
7473:
7472:
7468:
7463:. No. 347.
7453:
7449:
7439:
7437:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7330:
7328:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7290:
7286:
7278:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7224:
7220:
7203:
7199:
7189:
7187:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7155:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6977:
6973:
6944:
6937:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6884:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6691:
6690:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6642:on 28 July 2011
6634:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6549:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6428:on 25 May 2006.
6416:
6415:
6411:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6371:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6354:. 12 March 2004
6346:
6345:
6341:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6300:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6185:on 11 June 2008
6177:
6176:
6172:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6028:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5939:
5932:
5922:
5920:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5827:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5795:
5787:
5778:
5771:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5497:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5477:on 6 April 2012
5469:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5385:
5376:
5369:
5347:Kurlansky, Mark
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5273:Wayback Machine
5264:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5224:Wayback Machine
5215:
5211:
5204:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5120:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5094:The Irish Times
5088:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4745:
4734:Wayback Machine
4724:
4720:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4474:The Independent
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4204:Wayback Machine
4193:
4192:
4188:
4182:Wayback Machine
4171:
4170:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4127:
4120:
4116:20 October 2011
4108:
4101:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4035:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4008:
3999:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3959:
3955:
3944:
3940:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3849:
3840:
3833:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3779:Kasilda Hernáez
3774:Julen Madariaga
3769:Felix Likiniano
3755:
3727:
3698:M. Bryce Ternet
3663:Charles Cumming
3655:
3636:Aitor Gabilondo
3608:Olivier Assayas
3562:Aitzpea Goenaga
3445:El caso Almería
3440:
3251:Commando Txikia
3247:
3230:Asier Aranguren
3182:Trece entre mil
3175:Elías Querejeta
3145:La Pelota Vasca
3113:
3108:
3103:
3068:Felipe González
3051:Roberto Saviano
2953:
2923:
2826:
2821:
2786:María Lizarraga
2767:terrorist group
2755:
2574:Baltasar Garzón
2552:Baltasar Garzón
2518:
2494:still hindered
2488:Franco's regime
2476:
2398:
2383:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2234:Detente Y Ayuda
2210:
2153:Isaías Carrasco
2079:Repairs to the
2057:
2052:
2027:
1996:
1958:Provisional IRA
1935:Jonathan Powell
1867:
1865:
1852:
1806:
1800:
1798:2008 to present
1739:
1731:Main articles:
1729:
1688:Baltasar Garzón
1643:Partido Popular
1395:
1393:Under democracy
1349:
1327:Felipe González
1304:state terrorism
1260:
1203:pacto de olvido
1164:
1105:, chief of the
986:
980:
975:
940:
874:
838:
826:Ley de Partidos
821:Ley de Partidos
765:Ley de Partidos
733:Baltasar Garzón
703:Durango, Biscay
695:
500:
472:terrorist group
459:Basque conflict
439:Francoist Spain
392:Basque conflict
374:
373:
363:
362:
352:
351:
341:
333:
321:
302:Provisional IRA
270:
227:
200:
182:
177:
174:Mikel Irastorza
150:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
10089:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10011:Anti-Francoism
10008:
10003:
9998:
9981:
9980:
9968:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9917:National Front
9914:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9863:People's Party
9860:
9855:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9828:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9764:
9757:
9752:
9745:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9714:
9707:
9702:
9699:Herri Batasuna
9695:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9660:
9654:
9641:
9631:Burgos bombing
9628:
9615:
9602:
9589:
9576:
9563:
9550:
9537:
9524:
9511:
9498:
9485:
9472:
9459:
9453:
9440:
9427:
9414:
9401:
9388:
9375:
9365:Zarautz attack
9362:
9352:Markina attack
9349:
9336:
9323:
9310:
9297:
9284:
9271:
9258:
9245:
9232:
9219:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9161:
9154:
9146:
9144:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9099:
9092:
9085:
9077:
9063:
9061:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9027:
9025:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8983:
8981:
8955:
8949:
8946:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8887:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8846:
8845:External links
8843:
8841:
8840:
8815:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8774:
8751:
8747:Asier ETA biok
8739:
8737:official site.
8728:Asier ETA biok
8720:
8690:
8662:
8637:
8607:
8595:
8576:
8560:
8538:
8526:
8506:
8486:
8473:
8455:(in Spanish).
8439:
8424:
8403:
8388:
8381:
8359:
8352:
8336:Geraghty, Tony
8327:
8314:
8302:
8288:
8268:
8252:
8226:
8207:
8182:
8156:
8144:
8125:
8106:
8095:on 27 May 2008
8076:
8064:
8041:
8029:
8017:(47.2 KB)
7977:
7965:
7929:
7910:(4): 317–338.
7894:
7868:
7842:
7816:
7786:
7756:
7725:
7699:
7673:
7647:
7616:
7590:
7559:
7532:
7510:
7484:
7466:
7447:
7421:
7410:. 4 April 2000
7392:
7364:
7338:
7311:
7284:
7272:
7258:
7239:
7218:
7197:
7170:
7140:
7129:. 8 April 2017
7114:
7103:. 7 April 2017
7088:
7071:
7041:
7016:
6986:
6971:
6935:
6911:
6875:
6844:
6818:
6788:
6775:Diario Crítico
6762:
6732:
6702:
6679:
6653:
6627:
6596:
6569:
6538:
6508:
6490:
6472:
6454:
6432:
6409:
6391:
6365:
6339:
6320:
6308:
6282:
6268:
6248:
6222:
6196:
6170:
6148:
6126:
6098:
6072:
6042:
6015:Minuto digital
6002:
5976:
5961:
5954:
5930:
5896:
5889:
5871:
5864:
5846:
5839:
5818:
5804:
5776:
5769:
5747:
5740:
5720:
5694:
5667:
5640:
5626:(in Spanish).
5610:
5584:
5552:
5522:
5488:
5462:
5433:
5406:
5399:
5374:
5367:
5338:
5303:
5277:
5258:
5228:
5209:
5202:
5184:
5164:
5157:
5139:
5132:
5111:
5100:on 20 May 2011
5081:
5056:
5031:
5008:
4979:
4967:
4965:, 5 June 2002.
4951:
4936:
4910:
4877:
4865:Britannica.com
4852:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4776:
4756:
4743:
4718:
4702:
4670:
4659:. 7 April 2017
4644:
4626:
4597:
4566:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4487:
4461:
4450:. 15 June 2009
4432:
4414:
4402:
4377:
4351:
4336:
4317:(in Spanish).
4300:
4274:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4186:
4164:
4146:
4139:
4118:
4099:
4074:
4047:
4020:
3997:
3980:. p. 386.
3968:
3953:
3938:
3923:
3903:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3858:
3854:[ˈeta]
3799:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3710:) in Spanish (
3701:
3694:A Basque Story
3691:
3678:
3675:Sidney Sheldon
3666:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3527:
3513:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3394:
3386:
3364:
3356:
3338:
3328:
3306:
3280:
3272:
3259:Operación Ogro
3254:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3221:Asier ETA biok
3217:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3178:
3152:
3136:
3133:Fernando Buesa
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3075:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3040:
3033:
3022:
3006:
2991:
2984:
2973:Carrero Blanco
2947:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2759:European Union
2754:
2751:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2690:
2679:
2672:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2590:
2545:Herri Batasuna
2517:
2514:
2505:European Union
2475:
2472:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2379:
2336:Basque Country
2312:
2309:
2304:Main article:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2173:Manuel Broseta
2169:
2160:
2141:People's Party
2133:
2126:
2111:
2096:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2026:
2023:
1978:People's Party
1864:
1861:
1851:
1850:2010 ceasefire
1848:
1819:In April 2009
1799:
1796:
1728:
1725:
1605:"kale borroka"
1472:Canary Islands
1441:Herri Batasuna
1394:
1391:
1348:
1345:
1259:
1256:
1222:Herri Batasuna
1163:
1160:
1140:Operación Ogro
1046:third-worldist
979:
976:
974:
971:
944:Euskobarometro
939:
936:
873:
870:
837:
836:Social support
834:
791:Aukera Guztiak
718:Herri Batasuna
694:
691:
644:("Standing").
555:cúpula militar
499:
496:
480:European Union
443:Basque culture
435:Basque Country
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
349:European Union
339:
335:
334:
332:
331:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Herri Batasuna
284:
278:
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272:
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269:
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263:
258:
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206:
202:
201:
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185:
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175:
172:
171:Izaskun Lesaka
169:
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158:
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152:
151:
143:
135:
134:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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9457:
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9450:
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9437:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9411:
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9389:
9385:
9379:
9376:
9372:
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9340:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9320:
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9311:
9307:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9249:
9246:
9242:
9236:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9216:Burgos trials
9214:
9213:
9211:
9205:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9183:
9181:
9180:
9176:
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9119:
9117:
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9112:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9074:ETA Militarra
9070:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9047:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9011:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8953:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8928:
8923:
8919:
8908:
8896:
8892:
8885:
8880:
8878:
8873:
8871:
8866:
8865:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8849:
8848:
8838:
8832:
8821:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8787:
8786:
8785:El fin de ETA
8778:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8743:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8658:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8625:ofrecida for
8624:
8620:
8617:
8611:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8580:
8573:
8569:
8564:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8545:
8543:
8535:
8530:
8519:
8518:
8510:
8499:
8498:
8490:
8483:
8477:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8408:
8399:
8392:
8384:
8382:0-7475-3818-2
8378:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8355:
8349:
8345:
8344:HarperCollins
8341:
8337:
8331:
8324:
8318:
8311:
8306:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8272:
8265:
8261:
8256:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8153:
8148:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8110:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8073:
8068:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8045:
8038:
8033:
8026:
8022:
8001:
7994:
7989:
7986:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7936:
7934:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7744:
7743:The Economist
7740:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7714:. 2 July 1997
7713:
7709:
7703:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7604:
7600:
7594:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7547:
7543:
7536:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7499:. 25 May 2001
7498:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7368:
7352:
7348:
7342:
7326:
7322:
7315:
7299:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7276:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7222:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7144:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7085:. p. 18.
7084:
7083:
7075:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6982:
6975:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6940:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6880:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6527:on 1 May 2009
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6252:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5955:84-8460-309-1
5951:
5947:
5943:
5942:Diego Carcedo
5937:
5935:
5919:
5915:
5912:(33): 55–96.
5911:
5907:
5900:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5823:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5793:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:"Chapter 4.3"
5751:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5724:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5629:
5628:San Sebastián
5625:
5621:
5614:
5599:on 7 May 2013
5598:
5594:
5588:
5569:
5562:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5368:0-224-06251-4
5364:
5360:
5356:
5355:Jonathan Cape
5352:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5012:
4996:
4995:LA VANGUARDIA
4992:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4925:. 26 May 2005
4924:
4920:
4914:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4585:
4581:
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4366:. 16 May 2019
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4095:
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4082:Goodman, Al.
4078:
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4062:
4057:
4051:
4044:. p. 55.
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3845:[eta]
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3620:Borga Cabeaga
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:Daniel Monzón
3594:("Cell 211",
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:Gorka Merchán
3581:
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3510:Días contados
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3494:Antton Eceiza
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3349:Mikel Lejarza
3345:
3344:
3339:
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3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
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3313:
3312:Proceso a ETA
3307:
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3273:
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3266:
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3249:
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3237:El fin de ETA
3234:
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3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
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3171:Eterio Ortega
3167:
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3030:Yugoslav Wars
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2940:Maria McGuire
2938:. IRA member
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2115:Javier Ybarra
2112:
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2100:Guardia Civil
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2090:
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2077:
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2040:Arnaldo Otegi
2036:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1983:
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1974:Mariano Rajoy
1970:
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1810:Kosovo status
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1570:habeas corpus
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1451:Mesa de Argel
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1412:
1408:
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1400:
1390:
1388:
1387:press freedom
1384:
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1300:investigative
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1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Burgos trials
1108:
1107:secret police
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Guardia Civil
1089:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Amara station
1057:
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1012:
998:
994:
990:
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970:
968:
964:
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951:
949:
945:
938:Opinion polls
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:San Sebastián
901:
899:
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746:Arnaldo Otegi
741:
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467:Bietan jarrai
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69: –
68:
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63:Find sources:
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53:
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41:This article
39:
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29:
26:
19:
9911:Fuerza Nueva
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9697:
9690:
9477:(1989–1990)
9191:
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9163:
9156:
9149:
9127:
9120:
9115:Kale borroka
9113:
9106:
9094:
9089:Iparretarrak
9087:
9079:
9072:
9067:
9066:
8999:Spanish Army
8986:
8938:Participants
8852:
8836:
8804:Bibliography
8790:, retrieved
8784:
8777:
8765:. Retrieved
8754:
8742:
8723:
8711:. Retrieved
8707:the original
8702:
8693:
8681:. Retrieved
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8598:
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8563:
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8516:
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8476:
8464:. Retrieved
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8362:
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8293:. Retrieved
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8220:the original
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8159:
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8109:
8097:. Retrieved
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8007:. Retrieved
8000:the original
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7956:. Retrieved
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7897:
7885:. Retrieved
7881:El Imparcial
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7871:
7859:. Retrieved
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7807:. Retrieved
7803:the original
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7690:. Retrieved
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7634:the original
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7607:. Retrieved
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7550:. Retrieved
7546:The Guardian
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7527:the original
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7355:. Retrieved
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7329:. Retrieved
7325:The Guardian
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7302:. Retrieved
7298:The Guardian
7297:
7287:
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7263:. Retrieved
7248:
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7233:The Guardian
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7212:The Guardian
7210:
7200:
7188:. Retrieved
7186:(in Spanish)
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7173:
7161:. Retrieved
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7131:. Retrieved
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7117:
7105:. Retrieved
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7064:26 September
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6805:the original
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6753:. Retrieved
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6697:The Guardian
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6666:the original
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5711:. Retrieved
5706:
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5685:. Retrieved
5683:(in Spanish)
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5658:. Retrieved
5656:(in Spanish)
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5513:. Retrieved
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5359:Random House
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5341:
5329:. Retrieved
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5294:. Retrieved
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4693:. Retrieved
4691:. 2 May 2018
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4511:. Retrieved
4502:
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3037:Terra Lliure
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9501:Vic bombing
9004:Civil Guard
8713:18 November
8683:18 November
8466:13 February
8373:Corgi Books
8200:29 November
8009:17 December
7583:31 December
7440:29 November
6868:21 December
6672:24 December
6241:21 December
6215:21 December
6091:29 November
6065:29 November
6021:29 November
5241:Euskadi.net
5074:21 December
5049:21 December
5001:29 November
4590:5 September
3742:de_Inferno
3725:Video games
3615:Bomb Scared
3558:Esos cielos
3504:Mario Camus
3480:Ander y Yul
3263:(Operation
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3149:Julio Medem
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2619:Black Sheep
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2530:open prison
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2474:French role
2460:Ezker Batua
2427:(LAB), and
2360:Gendarmerie
1997: [
1923:Gerry Adams
1919:Pierre Joxe
1909:of Ireland
1468:reinsertion
1443:signed the
1181:During the
1166:During the
1146:of Admiral
1017:instead of
570:safe houses
558:("military
9990:Categories
9749:Askatasuna
9208:Chronology
8988:Ertzaintza
8915:2011-10-21
8904:1959-07-31
8829:(119
8434:1247684111
8295:30 January
8025:¡Basta Ya!
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7950:. London.
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7835:30 January
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7779:30 January
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7265:30 January
6837:19 October
6811:18 October
6620:20 October
6531:30 January
6358:30 January
6119:30 January
6114:Público.es
5995:30 January
5713:21 October
5577:23 October
5545:23 October
5481:23 October
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5353:. London:
5331:21 October
5296:21 October
5104:30 January
4800:in Spanish
4783:30 January
4619:20 October
4559:16 January
4505:. London.
4293:19 January
4287:Eusko News
4041:Saferworld
3880:References
3704:Fatherland
3531:The Jackal
2999:explosives
2722:, France.
2713:connivance
2694:Udalbiltza
2429:Askatasuna
2412:Abertzalea
2104:Ertzaintza
1942:Tony Blair
1903:Kofi Annan
1802:See also:
1528:Askatasuna
1325:. Premier
1298:, with an
982:See also:
484:terrorists
431:separatist
403:ETA emblem
108:April 2024
78:newspapers
8763:. Netflix
8461:1134-6582
8239:The Times
7924:153856551
7184:El Diario
7163:5 October
7054:La Gaceta
6960:0362-4331
6900:0362-4331
6646:5 January
6301:11 August
5918:1131-5350
5449:El Correo
5026:858354060
4798:Party Law
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4175:Goiz Argi
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3267:, 1979),
3055:the Mafia
2997:to steal
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2782:Unai Fano
2534:furloughs
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2381:Financing
2371:Capbreton
2344:Catalonia
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2225:car bombs
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2081:Balmaseda
2032:El Diario
1907:Taoiseach
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610:liberados
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533:Zuba-hits
498:Structure
338:Opponents
251:Factions:
167:David Pla
149:'s symbol
9977:Category
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9108:Irrintzi
9096:Iraultza
8731:Archived
8703:RioNegro
8676:El Mundo
8619:Archived
8587:Archived
8552:Archived
8338:(1998).
8245:27 March
8136:Archived
8117:Archived
8052:Archived
7958:27 March
7952:Archived
7829:BBC News
7573:La Razón
7548:. London
7497:BBC News
7479:BBC News
7408:BBC News
7357:27 March
7351:BBC News
7327:. London
7300:. London
7127:BBC News
7101:BBC News
7009:14 April
6930:Archived
6926:Euronews
6831:El Mundo
6781:23 March
6755:23 March
6745:Interviu
6725:23 March
6562:27 March
6467:El Mundo
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6352:BBC News
6295:euronews
6275:5 August
6031:cite web
5989:BBC News
5944:(2004).
5707:El Mundo
5515:9 August
5349:(2004).
5325:Archived
5269:Archived
5251:14 April
5220:Archived
5022:ProQuest
4963:El Mundo
4923:BBC News
4870:14 April
4839:BBC News
4739:La Razón
4730:Archived
4657:BBC News
4639:BBC News
4613:BBC News
4584:BBC News
4513:27 March
4507:Archived
4480:27 March
4397:Archived
4364:BBC News
4200:Archived
4178:Archived
4094:Archived
3850:Spanish:
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2932:Strela 2
2912:Irrintzi
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2761:and the
2720:Bordeaux
2661:and the
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2246:Titadyne
2065:Ertzaina
2044:EH Bildu
2006:Le Monde
1892:Real IRA
1814:Scotland
1672:football
1596:Y Groups
1566:coroners
1536:Senideak
1399:car bomb
1294:El Mundo
1119:commuted
1054:Vasconia
917:cardinal
914:Filipino
710:Batasuna
625:quemados
428:far-left
282:Batasuna
233:Ideology
9820:Auzolan
9646:(2009)
9633:(2009)
9620:(2008)
9607:(2006)
9594:(2001)
9581:(2000)
9568:(1997)
9555:(1995)
9542:(1993)
9529:(1992)
9516:(1991)
9503:(1991)
9490:(1990)
9464:(1987)
9445:(1987)
9432:(1986)
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9406:(1984)
9393:(1983)
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9367:(1980)
9354:(1980)
9341:(1980)
9328:(1980)
9315:(1980)
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9237:(1974)
9224:(1973)
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8279:The IRA
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8058:at the
8023:in the
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6589:27 June
6503:El País
6485:El País
6334:Reuters
6189:19 June
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5811:27 June
5687:19 June
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5660:25 June
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5426:25 June
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4689:Reuters
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4663:7 April
4454:9 March
4329:29 July
4067:8 March
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3714:, 2016)
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3520:Blinded
3506:, 1993)
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2798:Europol
2728:Andoain
2468:EAJ-PNV
2440:EAJ-PNV
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2208:Tactics
2055:Victims
1698:Hernani
1649:Majorca
1457:Algiers
1430:Ordizia
1357:torture
1199:Spanish
1042:Marxist
1038:Bayonne
1019:Euskadi
973:History
963:Navarre
866:torture
604:legalak
598:legales
580:garrets
510:of 2006
412:acronym
297:FLB-ARB
155:Leaders
92:scholar
9730:Aralar
9665:(2011)
9659:(2010)
9458:(1987)
9218:(1970)
9022:France
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8631:Atlapa
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1765:Berria
1710:Madrid
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1600:minors
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1562:Madrid
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1029:means
1015:Aberri
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7503:2 May
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8685:2015
8468:2022
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8430:OCLC
8420:ISBN
8398:Muga
8377:ISBN
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8297:2011
8284:ISBN
8247:2010
8202:2014
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8089:Time
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7066:2016
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6813:2011
6801:EITB
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3992:link
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3730:In
3407:IMDb
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