546:Первое подключение СССР к интернету произошло 28 августа 1990 года, когда программисты с Овчинниковской набережной обменялись электронными письмами с коллегами из университета Хельсинки. Финляндия была выбрана не случайно: после московской Олимпиады это была единственная страна, с которой сохранилась автоматическая телефонная связь. Вскоре «Релкому» был открыт доступ в общеевропейскую сеть, EUnet. 19 сентября от имени советских пользователей Unix Антонов зарегистрировал домен .su — так появился новый сегмент интернета.
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On
January 1, 1990 EUnet began selling Internet access to non-academic customers in the Netherlands, making them one of the first companies to sell Internet access to the general public. EUnet provided local service through a respective national EUnet business partner in many European countries.
186:. Commercial and non-commercial provision of telecommunications services was prohibited or, at least, took place in a legal "grey zone". During the same period, as part of an industrial political strategy to stop US domination of future network technology, the
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Most national EUnet affiliates or subsidiaries predated other commercial
Internet offerings in the respective countries by many years. Until the early 1990s, nearly every European country had a telecommunications monopoly with an incumbent national
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111:. In 2000, it was estimated that KPNQwest was carrying more than 50% of European IP traffic. Some of the ISPs operating under the name EUnet today can be traced back to the original EUnet.
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Network, go back to 1982 under the auspices of the EUUG (European UNIX Users Group), later EurOpen, and the first international
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In April 1998 the company together with nearly all of the national
European business partners of EUnet was sold to
100:(ISP) in 1993. Jim Omand, the Chairman of EUnet GB, worked with EUnet Europe to form a pan-European Eunet in 1994.
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sites in the 1980s that evolved into the fully commercial entity EUnet
International Ltd in 1996. It was sold to
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A separate company, EUnet GB, was founded in 1993 in the United
Kingdom, which also played a role in the
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Once there was a central
European backbone node that was separate from the expensive telecom network,
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to name a few). During this period, EUnet played an important and decisive role in the adoption of
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Communications
International, which in turn later merged EUnet into the ill-fated joint-venture
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323:"Breaking Rules to Break Ground in Global Internet's Earliest Days | Internet Hall of Fame"
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Inside the
Communication Revolution: Evolving Patterns of Social and Technical Interaction
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Inside the
Communication Revolution: Evolving Patterns of Social and Technical Interaction
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376:"On the Early Days of Usenet: The Roots of the Cooperative Online Culture. (Chapter 10)"
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1996 EUnet
International formed by share swaps with seven of the national organisations.
750:"Kees Neggers: Global Networking Requires Global Collaboration | Internet Hall of Fame"
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EUnet GB Ltd was founded in the United Kingdom by a group of academics as a commercial
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1982 UUCP links established between 4 countries (UK, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden).
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479:"Daniel Karrenberg Helped Bring the Internet to Europe; Now He Keeps It Running"
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was adopted in place of store and forward. This enabled EUnet to connect with
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451:"The path to digital literacy and network culture in France (1980s to 1990s)"
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525:"Как в СССР появился интернет и почему программисты не боялись цензуры"
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See "15:00 Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK (Peter Houlder)"
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1986 FNET, the French branch of EUnet, converted from UUCP to TCP/IP.
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638:"Qwest to Buy Internet Provider EUnet of Europe for $ 154 Million"
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663:"KPN and Qwest Form $ 700 Million European Fiber Network Team"
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The roots of EUnet, originally an abbreviation for European
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http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave.Marshall/Internet/node16.html
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Cardiff University/Dave Marshall, History of the internet
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1994 EUnet GB and EUnet Europe form a pan-European Eunet.
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in 1998. EUnet played a decisive role in the adoption of
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and associated national "research" network operators (
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was a very loose collaboration of individual European
455:
The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories
916:Internet technology companies of the Netherlands
907:
416:"6th UK Network Operators' Forum Meeting Agenda"
93:-powered computers, was connected to the EUnet.
457:. Taylor & Francis. 2017. pp. 84–89.
78:in the US and with CERN’s TCP/IP connections.
374:Hauben, Michael; Hauben, Ronda (1998-08-03).
233:The following people were involved in EUnet:
600:"Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK"
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849:"Daniel Karrenberg | Internet Hall of Fame"
16:For the Belgrade-based internet brand, see
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780:. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
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564:. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
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144:1990 First offerings for "all comers".
826:Fluckiger, Francois (February 2000).
802:"EUnet Announces Major Restructuring"
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67:FNET was the French branch of EUnet.
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351:"Teus Hagen | Internet Hall of Fame"
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147:1993 GBnet Ltd becomes EUnet GB Ltd.
85:In 1990 the Soviet IP-based network
828:"The European Researchers' Network"
686:KPNQwest hat sein Netz abgeschaltet
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598:Houlder, Peter (January 19, 2007).
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133:1988 First connection in Europe to
46:early commercial Internet in the UK
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710:http://godfatherof.nl/kremvax.html
507:"Stichting NLnet Jaarverslag 1990"
298:List of United Kingdom ISPs by age
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153:1994 EUnet DE purchased by UUnet.
194:protocols, founding for example
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607:6th UK Network Operators' Forum
255:Jim Omand (EUnet GB – Chairman)
190:embarked on efforts to promote
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214:in Europe, beginning in 1988.
156:1995 EUnet GB Ltd sold to PSI.
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931:1982 establishments in Europe
926:Companies established in 1982
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41:in Europe beginning in 1988.
804:. 1996-11-04. Archived from
533:. 2016-10-22. Archived from
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141:, a Dutch computing centre.
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10:
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754:www.internethalloffame.org
688:, heise.de, July 24, 2002.
327:www.internethalloffame.org
252:Peter Collinson (EUnet GB)
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889:, Living Internet Article
667:www.fiberopticsonline.com
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98:Internet Service Provider
23:European computer network
902:, CERN Internet History
774:Mansell, Robin (2002).
558:Mansell, Robin (2002).
293:History of the Internet
853:internethalloffame.org
726:"CWI History: details"
355:internethalloffame.org
230:
483:Internet Hall of Fame
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175:Further information:
89:, mostly operated by
166:for $ 154.4 million.
642:Wall Street Journal
393:10.5210/fm.v3i8.613
898:2015-05-02 at the
887:LivingInternet.com
756:. 9 September 2016
329:. 10 December 2016
231:
188:European Community
787:978-0-19-829656-0
571:978-0-19-829656-0
243:Daniel Karrenberg
127:April Fools Joke.
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856:. Retrieved
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858:2020-02-14
812:2020-07-23
760:2020-04-03
735:2020-02-14
672:2023-03-14
648:2023-04-11
620:2020-02-12
541:2019-12-08
489:2020-04-03
430:2020-02-12
360:2020-02-14
333:2020-04-03
309:References
274:Luc De Vos
238:Teus Hagen
402:1396-0466
896:Archived
511:nlnet.nl
282:See also
115:Timeline
109:KPNQwest
893:CERN.ch
530:Rambler
204:SURFnet
125:kremvax
52:History
837:(328).
784:
568:
461:
400:
218:People
212:TCP/IP
208:SWITCH
171:Legacy
135:NSFnet
87:RELCOM
76:NSFNET
72:TCP/IP
39:TCP/IP
831:(PDF)
614:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
386:(8).
227:EUnet
164:Qwest
123:1984
105:Qwest
91:DEMOS
35:Qwest
27:EUnet
782:ISBN
566:ISBN
459:ISBN
398:ISSN
196:RARE
62:UUCP
58:UNIX
31:UNIX
921:KPN
730:CWI
388:doi
200:DFN
192:OSI
184:PTT
139:CWI
137:by
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